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Manzoor AA, Romita L, Hwang DK. A review on microwell and microfluidic geometric array fabrication techniques and its potential applications in cellular studies. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Manzoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lauren Romita
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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2
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A single-cell micro-trench platform for automatic monitoring of cell division and apoptosis after chemotherapeutic drug administration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18042. [PMID: 30575776 PMCID: PMC6303304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells vary in their dynamic response to external stimuli, due to stochastic fluctuations and non-uniform progression through the cell cycle. Hence, single-cell studies are required to reveal the range of heterogeneity in their responses to defined perturbations, which provides detailed insight into signaling processes. Here, we present a time-lapse study using arrays of micro-trenches to monitor the timing of cell division and apoptosis in non-adherent cells at the single-cell level. By employing automated cell tracking and division detection, we precisely determine cell cycle duration and sister-cell correlations for hundreds of individual cells in parallel. As a model application we study the response of leukemia cells to the chemostatic drug vincristine as a function of cell cycle phase. The time-to-death after drug addition is found to depend both on drug concentration and cell cycle phase. The resulting timing and dose-response distributions were reproduced in control experiments using synchronized cell populations. Interestingly, in non-synchronized cells, the time-to-death intervals for sister cells appear to be correlated. Our study demonstrates the practical benefits of micro-trench arrays as a platform for high-throughput, single-cell time-lapse studies on cell cycle dependence, correlations and cell fate decisions in general.
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3
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Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Rodriguez-Moncayo R, Cedillo-Alcantar DF, Garcia-Cordero JL. Massive Parallel Analysis of Single Cells in an Integrated Microfluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5210-5220. [PMID: 28406613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New tools that facilitate the study of cell-to-cell variability could help uncover novel cellular regulation mechanisms. We present an integrated microfluidic platform to analyze a large number of single cells in parallel. To isolate and analyze thousands of individual cells in multiplexed conditions, our platform incorporates arrays of microwells (7 pL each) in a multilayered microfluidic device. The device allows the simultaneous loading of cells into 16 separate chambers, each containing 4640 microwells, for a total of 74 240 wells per device. We characterized different parameters important for the operation of the microfluidic device including flow rate, solution exchange rate in a microchamber, shear stress, and time to fill up a single microwell with molecules of different molecular weight. In general, after ∼7.5 min of cell loading our device has an 80% microwell occupancy with 1-4 cells, of which 36% of wells contained a single cell. To test the functionality of our device, we carried out a cell viability assay with adherent and nonadherent cells. We also studied the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from single neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood, observing the existence of temporal heterogeneity in NETs production, perhaps having implications in the type of the neutrophil response to an infection or inflammation. We foresee our platform will have a variety of applications in drug discovery and cellular biology by facilitating the characterization of phenotypic differences in a monoclonal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio J Jimenez-Valdes
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Moncayo
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
| | - Diana F Cedillo-Alcantar
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Via del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León CP 66628, Mexico
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4
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Wang B, Prinsen P, Wang H, Bai Z, Wang H, Luque R, Xuan J. Macroporous materials: microfluidic fabrication, functionalization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:855-914. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an up-to-date highly comprehensive overview (594 references) on the state of the art of the synthesis and design of macroporous materials using microfluidics and their applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Pepijn Prinsen
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Huizhi Wang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Zhishan Bai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- Campus de Rabanales
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Jin Xuan
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
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5
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Delincé MJ, Bureau JB, López-Jiménez AT, Cosson P, Soldati T, McKinney JD. A microfluidic cell-trapping device for single-cell tracking of host-microbe interactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3276-85. [PMID: 27425421 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cellular individuality on host-microbe interactions is increasingly appreciated but studying the temporal dynamics of single-cell behavior in this context remains technically challenging. Here we present a microfluidic platform, InfectChip, to trap motile infected cells for high-resolution time-lapse microscopy. This approach allows the direct visualization of all stages of infection, from bacterial uptake to death of the bacterium or host cell, over extended periods of time. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by co-culturing an established host-cell model, Dictyostelium discoideum, with the extracellular pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae or the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. We show that the outcome of such infections is surprisingly heterogeneous, ranging from abortive infection to death of the bacterium or host cell. InfectChip thus provides a simple method to dissect the time-course of host-microbe interactions at the single-cell level, yielding new insights that could not be gleaned from conventional population-based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu J Delincé
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bureau
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Pierre Cosson
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Guldevall K, Brandt L, Forslund E, Olofsson K, Frisk TW, Olofsson PE, Gustafsson K, Manneberg O, Vanherberghen B, Brismar H, Kärre K, Uhlin M, Önfelt B. Microchip Screening Platform for Single Cell Assessment of NK Cell Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:119. [PMID: 27092139 PMCID: PMC4820656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a screening platform for assessment of the cytotoxic potential of individual natural killer (NK) cells within larger populations. Human primary NK cells were distributed across a silicon-glass microchip containing 32,400 individual microwells loaded with target cells. Through fluorescence screening and automated image analysis, the numbers of NK and live or dead target cells in each well could be assessed at different time points after initial mixing. Cytotoxicity was also studied by time-lapse live-cell imaging in microwells quantifying the killing potential of individual NK cells. Although most resting NK cells (≈75%) were non-cytotoxic against the leukemia cell line K562, some NK cells were able to kill several (≥3) target cells within the 12-h long experiment. In addition, the screening approach was adapted to increase the chance to find and evaluate serial killing NK cells. Even if the cytotoxic potential varied between donors, it was evident that a small fraction of highly cytotoxic NK cells were responsible for a substantial portion of the killing. We demonstrate multiple assays where our platform can be used to enumerate and characterize cytotoxic cells, such as NK or T cells. This approach could find use in clinical applications, e.g., in the selection of donors for stem cell transplantation or generation of highly specific and cytotoxic cells for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Guldevall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Ludwig Brandt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Elin Forslund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Olofsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Thomas W Frisk
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Per E Olofsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Karin Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Otto Manneberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Bruno Vanherberghen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , Solna , Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Michael Uhlin
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chorin E, Gal-Garber O, Yagel Y, Turner D, Avidor B, Berke G, Hassin D. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients contain CD8 T cells that form conjugates with and kill HIV-infected autologous CD4 T cells. Immunology 2015; 144:412-421. [PMID: 25216453 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of untreated, HIV-infected patients contain HIV-specific CD8 T cells as well as their corresponding targets, HIV-infected CD4 T cells. To determine if CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-infected patients may result from autologous CD8-CD4 T-cell interaction, CD8 and CD4 T cells procured from PBMC of acute and chronic untreated HIV-infected patients were sorted and co-incubated. Formation of CD8-CD4 T-cell conjugates was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis of CD4 T cells in conjugation was recorded by digitized images and was further observed and measured by FACS using Annexin staining. Perforin expression in the CD8 T cells was measured using intracellular monoclonal perforin antibody staining. HIV DNA in the conjugated CD4 T cells was detected by in situ PCR. We found that 6·1 ± 0·5% of CD4 T cells from acute HIV-infected patients and 3·0 ± 0·5% from chronic HIV-infected patients formed CD8-CD4 T-cell conjugates. Annexin binding and cell morphology typical of apoptosis were observed in the conjugated CD4 T cells. The majority of CD8 T cells that had conjugated to CD4 T cells expressed perforin. The conjugated CD4 T cells exhibited nuclear HIV DNA. CD8 T cells and HIV-infected CD4 T cells, both procured from the PBMC of untreated HIV-infected patients, form conjugates. Apoptotic lytic activity has been observed in the conjugated CD4 T cells. We propose that CD4 T-cell annihilation in HIV-infected patients results, at least in part, from the interactions of perforin-rich CD8 T cells with autologous, HIV-infected CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Chorin
- Department of Internal Medicine 'H' and the Kobler AIDS Centre, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Gal-Garber
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Yagel
- Department of Internal Medicine 'H' and the Kobler AIDS Centre, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Turner
- Department of Internal Medicine 'H' and the Kobler AIDS Centre, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Avidor
- Department of Internal Medicine 'H' and the Kobler AIDS Centre, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Berke
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Hassin
- Department of Internal Medicine 'H' and the Kobler AIDS Centre, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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8
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Li M, Humayun M, Kozinski JA, Hwang DK. Functional polymer sheet patterning using microfluidics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8637-44. [PMID: 24967616 DOI: 10.1021/la501723n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidics provide a novel approach to advanced material synthesis. While PDMS has been successfully used in a wide range of industrial applications, due to the weak mechanical property channels generally possess low aspect ratios (AR) and thus produce microparticles with similarly low ARs. By increasing the channel width to nearly 1 cm, AR to 267, and implementing flow lithography, we were able to establish the slit-channel lithography. Not only does this allow us to synthesize sheet materials bearing multiscale features and tunable chemical anisotropy but it also allows us to fabricate functional layered sheet structures in a one-step, high-throughput fashion. We showcased the technique's potential role in various applications, such as the synthesis of planar material with micro- and nanoscale features, surface morphologies, construction of tubular and 3D layered hydrogel tissue scaffolds, and one-step formation of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The method introduced offers a novel route to functional sheet material synthesis and sheet system fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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9
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Junkin M, Tay S. Microfluidic single-cell analysis for systems immunology. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1246-60. [PMID: 24503696 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The immune system constantly battles infection and tissue damage, but exaggerated immune responses lead to allergies, autoimmunity and cancer. Discrimination of self from foreign and the fine-tuning of immunity are achieved by information processing pathways, whose regulatory mechanisms are little understood. Cell-to-cell variability and stochastic molecular interactions result in diverse cellular responses to identical signaling inputs, casting doubt on the reliability of traditional population-averaged analyses. Furthermore, dynamic molecular and cellular interactions create emergent properties that change over multiple time scales. Understanding immunity in the face of complexity and noisy dynamics requires time-dependent analysis of single-cells in a proper context. Microfluidic systems create precisely defined microenvironments by controlling fluidic and surface chemistries, feature sizes, geometries and signal input timing, and thus enable quantitative multi-parameter analysis of single cells. Such qualities allow observable dynamic environments approaching in vivo levels of biological complexity. Seamless parallelization of functional units in microfluidic devices allows high-throughput measurements, an essential feature for statistically meaningful analysis of naturally variable biological systems. These abilities recapitulate diverse scenarios such as cell-cell signaling, migration, differentiation, antibody and cytokine production, clonal selection, and cell lysis, thereby enabling accurate and meaningful study of immune behaviors in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Junkin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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10
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Chattopadhyay PK, Gierahn TM, Roederer M, Love JC. Single-cell technologies for monitoring immune systems. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:128-35. [PMID: 24448570 PMCID: PMC4040085 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex heterogeneity of cells, and their interconnectedness with each other, are major challenges to identifying clinically relevant measurements that reflect the state and capability of the immune system. Highly multiplexed, single-cell technologies may be critical for identifying correlates of disease or immunological interventions as well as for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of immunity. Here we review limitations of bulk measurements and explore advances in single-cell technologies that overcome these problems by expanding the depth and breadth of functional and phenotypic analysis in space and time. The geometric increases in complexity of data make formidable hurdles for exploring, analyzing and presenting results. We summarize recent approaches to making such computations tractable and discuss challenges for integrating heterogeneous data obtained using these single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd M Gierahn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Jin J, Xing Y, Xi Y, Liu X, Zhou T, Ma X, Yang Z, Wang S, Liu D. A triggered DNA hydrogel cover to envelop and release single cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4714-4717. [PMID: 23836697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We develop an enzyme-triggered permeable DNA hydrogel cover to envelop and release single cells in microwells. The porous structure of the DNA hydrogel allows nutrients and waste to pass through, leading to a cell viability as high as 98%. The design provides a general method to culture, monitor, and manipulate single cells, and has potential applications in cell patterning and studying cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectrics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Fax: +86-10-62796082; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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13
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Polonsky M, Zaretsky I, Friedman N. Dynamic single-cell measurements of gene expression in primary lymphocytes: challenges, tools and prospects. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 12:99-108. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/els061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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14
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Zaretsky I, Polonsky M, Shifrut E, Reich-Zeliger S, Antebi Y, Aidelberg G, Waysbort N, Friedman N. Monitoring the dynamics of primary T cell activation and differentiation using long term live cell imaging in microwell arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:5007-15. [PMID: 23072772 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40808b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Methods that allow monitoring of individual cells over time, using live cell imaging, are essential for studying dynamical cellular processes in heterogeneous cell populations such as primary T lymphocytes. However, applying single cell time-lapse microscopy to study activation and differentiation of these cells was limited due to a number of reasons. First, primary naïve T cells are non-adherent and become highly motile upon activation through their antigen receptor. Second, CD4(+) T cell differentiation is a relatively slow process which takes 3-4 days. As a result, long-term dynamic monitoring of individual cells during the course of activation and differentiation is challenging as cells rapidly escape out of the microscope field of view. Here we present and characterize a platform which enables capture and growth of primary T lymphocytes with minimal perturbation, allowing for long-term monitoring of cell activation and differentiation. We use standard cell culture plates combined with PDMS based arrays containing thousands of deep microwells in which primary CD4(+) T cells are trapped and activated by antigen coated microbeads. We demonstrate that this system allows for live cell imaging of individual T cells for up to 72 h, providing quantitative data on cell proliferation and death times. In addition, we continuously monitor dynamics of gene expression in those cells, of either intracellular proteins using cells from transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporter proteins, or cell surface proteins using fluorescently labeled antibodies. Finally, we show how intercellular interactions between different cell types can be investigated using our device. This system provides a new platform in which dynamical processes and intercellular interactions within heterogeneous populations of primary T cells can be studied at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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15
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Razooky B, Gutierrez E, Terry VH, Spina CA, Groisman A, Weinberger L. Microwell devices with finger-like channels for long-term imaging of HIV-1 expression kinetics in primary human lymphocytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4305-12. [PMID: 22976503 PMCID: PMC3589574 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a sub-population of latently infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The cellular and viral mechanisms regulating HIV-1 latency are not completely understood, and a promising technique for probing the regulation of HIV-1 latency is single-cell time-lapse microscopy. Unfortunately, CD4(+) T lymphocytes rapidly migrate on substrates and spontaneously detach, making them exceedingly difficult to track, hampering single-cell level studies. To overcome these problems, we built microdevices with a three-level architecture. The devices contain arrays of finger-like microchannels to "corral" T-lymphocyte migration, round wells that are accessible to pipetting, and microwells connecting the microchannels with the round wells. T lymphocytes that are loaded into a well first settle into the microwells and then to microchannels by gravity. Within the microchannels, T lymphocytes are in favorable culture conditions because they are in physical contact with each other, under no mechanical stress, and fed from a large reservoir of fresh medium. Most importantly, T lymphocytes in the microchannels are not exposed to any flow and their random migration is restricted to a nearly one-dimensional region, greatly facilitating long-term tracking of multiple cells in time-lapse microscopy. The devices have up to nine separate round wells, making it possible to test up to nine different cell lines or medium conditions in a single experiment. Activated primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, resting primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells loaded into the devices maintained viability over multiple days. The devices were used to track the fluorescence level of individual primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) for up to 60 hours (h) and to quantify single-cell gene-expression kinetics of four different HIV-1 variants. The kinetics of GFP expression from the lentiviruses in the primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes agree with previous measurements of these lentiviral vectors in the immortalized Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line. The proposed devices offer a simple, robust approach to long-term single-cell studies of environmentally sensitive primary lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Razooky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA 92161
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Valeri H. Terry
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- Department of Pathology, San Diego, CA 92161
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | | | - Leor Weinberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA 92161
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Wang Y, Shah P, Phillips C, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Trapping cells on a stretchable microwell array for single-cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:1065-72. [PMID: 22086401 PMCID: PMC3249509 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for a technology that can be incorporated into routine laboratory procedures to obtain a continuous, quantitative, fluorescence-based measurement of the dynamic behaviors of numerous individual living cells in parallel, while allowing other manipulations, such as staining, rinsing, and even retrieval of targeted cells. Here, we report a simple, low-cost microarray platform that can trap cells for dynamic single-cell analysis of mammalian cells. The elasticity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was utilized to trap tens of thousands of cells on an array. The PDMS microwell array was stretched by a tube through which cells were loaded on the array. Cells were trapped on the array by removal of the tube and relaxation of the PDMS. Once that was accomplished, the cells remained trapped on the array without continuous application of an external force and permitted subsequent manipulations, such as staining, rinsing, imaging, and even isolation of targeted cells. We demonstrate the utility of this platform by multicolor analysis of trapped cells and monitoring in individual cells real-time calcium flux after exposure to the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Additionally, a proof of concept for target cell isolation was demonstrated by using a microneedle to locally deform the PDMS membrane in order to retrieve a particular cell from the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pavak Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Colleen Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Faley SL, Copland M, Reboud J, Cooper JM. Cell chip array for microfluidic proteomics enabling rapid in situ assessment of intracellular protein phosphorylation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:24106. [PMID: 21673844 PMCID: PMC3112183 DOI: 10.1063/1.3587095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the ability to perform fluorescent immunocytochemistry, following cell fixation, using a microfluidic array of primary, nonadherent, single CD34+ stem cells. The technique requires small cell samples and proceeds with no cell loss, making it well-suited to monitoring these rare patient-derived cells. The chip allows us to correlate live cell dynamics across arrays of individual cells with post-translational modifications of intracellular proteins, following their exposure to drug treatments. Results also show that due to the microfluidic environment, the time scale of cell fixation was significantly reduced compared to conventional methods, leading to greater confidence in the status of the protein modifications studied.
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18
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A silicon-glass microwell platform for high-resolution imaging and high-content screening with single cell resolution. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:683-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hassin D, Garber OG, Meiraz A, Schiffenbauer YS, Berke G. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte perforin and Fas ligand working in concert even when Fas ligand lytic action is still not detectable. Immunology 2011; 133:190-6. [PMID: 21517838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason(s) why individual cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) possess a fast-acting, perforin/granzyme-mediated, as well as a much slower, Fas ligand (FasL) -driven killing mechanism is not clear, nor is the basis for wide variations in killing activity exhibited by individual CTL, ranging from minutes to hours. We show that perforin expression among individual, conjugated CTL varies widely, which can account for the heterogeneity in killing speeds exhibited by individual CTL. Despite a 2-hr lag in FasL-based killing, CTL lytic action is enhanced when the two mechanisms operate in concert. This is explained by finding that the two pathways in fact are jump-started simultaneously with the lag in FasL lytic action reflecting pre-lytic caspase-8 activation and BH3-interacting domain (BID) cleavage. The complementary action of the two lytic pathways, co-expressed at varying levels among individual CTL, facilitates the lytic action of late-stage poor perforin-expressing CTL, ensuring optimal cytocidal action throughout the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hassin
- Internal Medicine Department H, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Cell Kinetics, Lod, Israel
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20
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Variability in G-protein-coupled signaling studied with microfluidic devices. Biophys J 2011; 99:2414-22. [PMID: 20959081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cells, even those that are genetically identical, can respond differently to identical stimuli, but the precise source of this variability remains obscure. To study this problem, we built a microfluidic experimental system which can track responses of individual cells across multiple stimulations. We used this system to determine that amplitude variation in G-protein-activated calcium release in RAW264.7 macrophages is generally extrinsic, i.e., they arise from long-lived variations between cells and not from stochastic activation of signaling components. In the case of responses linked to P2Y family purine receptors, we estimate that approximately one-third of the observed variability in calcium release is receptor-specific. We further demonstrate that the signaling apparatus downstream of P2Y6 receptor activation is moderately saturable. These observations will be useful in constructing and constraining single-cell models of G protein-coupled calcium dynamics.
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21
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Guldevall K, Vanherberghen B, Frisk T, Hurtig J, Christakou AE, Manneberg O, Lindström S, Andersson-Svahn H, Wiklund M, Önfelt B. Imaging immune surveillance of individual natural killer cells confined in microwell arrays. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15453. [PMID: 21103395 PMCID: PMC2980494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New markers are constantly emerging that identify smaller and smaller subpopulations of immune cells. However, there is a growing awareness that even within very small populations, there is a marked functional heterogeneity and that measurements at the population level only gives an average estimate of the behaviour of that pool of cells. New techniques to analyze single immune cells over time are needed to overcome this limitation. For that purpose, we have designed and evaluated microwell array systems made from two materials, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silicon, for high-resolution imaging of individual natural killer (NK) cell responses. Both materials were suitable for short-term studies (<4 hours) but only silicon wells allowed long-term studies (several days). Time-lapse imaging of NK cell cytotoxicity in these microwell arrays revealed that roughly 30% of the target cells died much more rapidly than the rest upon NK cell encounter. This unexpected heterogeneity may reflect either separate mechanisms of killing or different killing efficiency by individual NK cells. Furthermore, we show that high-resolution imaging of inhibitory synapse formation, defined by clustering of MHC class I at the interface between NK and target cells, is possible in these microwells. We conclude that live cell imaging of NK-target cell interactions in multi-well microstructures are possible. The technique enables novel types of assays and allow data collection at a level of resolution not previously obtained. Furthermore, due to the large number of wells that can be simultaneously imaged, new statistical information is obtained that will lead to a better understanding of the function and regulation of the immune system at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Guldevall
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Vanherberghen
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hurtig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Otto Manneberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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