1
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Myllys N. The role of hydration in atmospheric salt particle formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7394-7400. [PMID: 36843365 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
New-particle formation from condensable acid and base molecules is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the atmosphere. The role of water in salt particle formation is not fully understood as it can stabilize or destabilize cluster structures, which leads to non-linear effects on cluster formation dynamics. In the studied systems, increased relative humidity can enhance the particle formation for up to four orders of magnitude in the case of nitric acid, but it can also slightly reduce the particle formation in the cases of sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid. As the effect of relative humidity in salt particle formation varies many orders of magnitude depending on the acid and base molecules, neglecting hydration or using the same value for different systems may introduce remarkable inaccuracies in large-scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. .,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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2
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Santos LFED, Salo K, Thomson ES. Quantification and physical analysis of nanoparticle emissions from a marine engine using different fuels and a laboratory wet scrubber. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1769-1781. [PMID: 36000533 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A marine test-bed diesel engine was used to study how international fuel sulfur content (FSC) regulations and wet scrubbing can affect physical properties of submicron exhaust particles. Particle size distributions, particle number and mass emission factors as well as effective densities of particulate emissions were measured for three distillate fuels of varying FSC and a laboratory wet scrubber. While particle number concentrations were reduced by up to 9% when switching to low FSC fuels, wet scrubbing led to increased ultrafine particulate emissions (<30 nm). Exhaust processed through the scrubber was also found to have particles with greater effective densities, a result that directly contradicts the particulate characteristics of low FSC fuel emissions. The results demonstrate that alternative pathways to comply with marine FSC regulations can have opposing effects and thus may have very different implications for important atmospheric processes. The relevance for air quality, and the potential implications for cloud and climate interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F E D Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Kent Salo
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Maritime Studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41756, Sweden
| | - Erik S Thomson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
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3
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Immersion Freezing Ability of Freshly Emitted Soot with Various Physico-Chemical Characteristics. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immersion freezing ability of soot particles has in previous studies been reported in the range of low/insignificant to very high. The aims of this study were to: (i) perform detailed physico-chemical characterisation of freshly produced soot particles with very different properties, (ii) investigate the immersion freezing ability of the same particles, and (iii) investigate the potential links between physico-chemical particle properties and ice-activity. A miniCAST soot generator was used to produce eight different soot samples representing a wide range of physico-chemical properties. A continuous flow diffusion chamber was used to study each sample online in immersion mode over the temperature (T) range from −41 to −32 °C, at a supersaturation of about 10% with respect to liquid water. All samples exhibited low to no heterogeneous immersion freezing. The most active sample reached ice-activated fractions (AF) of 10−3 and 10−4 at temperatures of 1.7 and 1.9 K , respectively, above the homogeneous freezing temperature. The samples were characterized online with respect to a wide range of physico-chemical properties including effective particle density, optical properties, particle surface oxidation and soot maturity. We did observe indications of increasing immersion freezing ice-activity with increasing effective particle density and increasing particulate PAH fraction. Hence, those properties, or other properties co-varying with those, could potentially enhance the immersion freezing ice-activity of the studied soot particle types. However, we found no significant correlation between the physico-chemical properties and the observed ice-nucleating ability when the particle ensemble was extended to include previously published results including more ice-active biomass combustion soot particles. We conclude that it does not appear possible in general and in any straightforward way to link observed soot particle physico-chemical properties to the ice-nucleating ability using the online instrumentation included in this study. Furthermore, our observations support that freshly produced soot particles with a wide range of physico-chemical properties have low to insignificant immersion freezing ice-nucleating ability.
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4
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Xue H, Fu Y, Lu Y, Hao D, Li K, Bai G, Ou-Yang ZC, Wang J, Zhou X. Spontaneous Freezing of Water between 233 and 235 K Is Not Due to Homogeneous Nucleation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13548-13556. [PMID: 34406749 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous freezing of microdroplets around 233 K has long been regarded as the occurrence of homogeneous ice nucleation. The corresponding temperature has been directly regarded as the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, which is an intrinsic character of water. However, many recent investigations indicate that the spontaneous freezing may be still induced by surfaces of the water microdroplets or the residual impurities inside. Therefore, it is highly desired to reveal with solid evidence the exact origin of the spontaneous freezing. Here we show with no ambiguity that the spontaneous freezing between 233 and 235 K is actually triggered by the surface of microdroplets, as the nucleation rate is found to be proportional to the surface area of droplets, via systematically investigating the freezing of water droplets with varying sizes under various cooling rates followed by a new approach in data analysis. The conclusion is further consolidated by published experimental data from other groups when using our data analysis approach. This study is critical for understanding the sources of "no-man's land" and features of homogeneous nucleation, as well as studying the structure and properties of deeply supercooled liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xue
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Hao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Bai
- Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Can Ou-Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, People's Republic of China
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5
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Esmeryan KD, Stoimenov NI. Studying the Bulk and Contour Ice Nucleation of Water Droplets via Quartz Crystal Microbalances. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:463. [PMID: 33924179 PMCID: PMC8074365 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the stochastic and time-dependent character of the ice embryo formation and growth (i.e., a process that can be analyzed statistically, but cannot be predicted precisely), the heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols or macroscopic solid surfaces is still shrouded in mystery, regardless of the extremely active research and exponential progress within this scientific field. For instance, whether the icing appears from outside-in or inside-out is a subject of intense controversy, with practicability in designing passive icephobic coatings or improving the effectiveness of the cryopreservation technologies. Here, we propose an artful technique for quantitative analysis of the different modes of water freezing using super-nonwettable soot-coated quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). To achieve this goal, a set of 5 MHz QCMs are loaded one at a time with a 50 μL droplet, whose bulk or contour solidification is detected in real-time. The obtained experimental results show that our sensor devices recognize explicitly if the ice nuclei form predominantly at the liquid-solid interface or spread along the droplet's entire outer shell by triggering individual reproducible responses in terms of the direction of signal evolution in time. Our results may serve as a foundation for the future incorporation of QCM devices in different freezing assays, where gaining information about the ice adhesion forces and ice layer's thickness is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin Dikran Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Ivanov Stoimenov
- Department of Distributed Information and Control Systems, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl.2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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6
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Jahl LG, Brubaker TA, Polen MJ, Jahn LG, Cain KP, Bowers BB, Fahy WD, Graves S, Sullivan RC. Atmospheric aging enhances the ice nucleation ability of biomass-burning aerosol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabd3440. [PMID: 33627419 PMCID: PMC7904250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in biomass-burning aerosol (BBA) that affect cloud glaciation, microphysics, precipitation, and radiative forcing were recently found to be driven by the production of mineral phases. BBA experiences extensive chemical aging as the smoke plume dilutes, and we explored how this alters the ice activity of the smoke using simulated atmospheric aging of authentic BBA in a chamber reactor. Unexpectedly, atmospheric aging enhanced the ice activity for most types of fuels and aging schemes. The removal of organic carbon particle coatings that conceal the mineral-based ice-active sites by evaporation or oxidation then dissolution can increase the ice activity by greater than an order of magnitude. This represents a different framework for the evolution of INPs from biomass burning where BBA becomes more ice active as it dilutes and ages, making a larger contribution to the INP budget, resulting cloud microphysics, and climate forcing than is currently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia G Jahl
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas A Brubaker
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael J Polen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Leif G Jahn
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kerrigan P Cain
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bailey B Bowers
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William D Fahy
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sara Graves
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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7
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Joghataei M, Ostovari F, Atabakhsh S, Tobeiha N. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation by Graphene Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9723. [PMID: 32546729 PMCID: PMC7298023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructure, chemical composition and size distribution of aerosols have prime important effects on their efficiency in heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN). The ice nucleation usually requires active sites in the aerosols in order to act as ice nuclei (IN). In this study, HIN and probable active sites of the graphene-graphene oxide nanoparticles (GGON), obtained from graphite oxide by low temperature thermal shock (LTTS), were investigated. Characteristics and size distribution of the GGON were identified using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image processing of the results, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of their sheets. The FTIR spectra indicate stronger carbon-oxygen bonds in the samples obtained by LTTS. In addition, maximum size distribution of the GGON was ranged around 160-180 nm. After introducing these particles in the cloud chamber, HIN has occurred and ice crystals were formed. Size distribution of crystals were obtained from image processing of the plates, where covered by a thin layer of Formvar, showed the number of ice crystals in the GGON were increased as temperature increased from -20 °C to -10 °C. In addition, two possible mechanisms of asymmetry and deformation in ice crystals of the GGON were described.
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8
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Sanz-Morère I, Eastham SD, Speth RL, Barrett SRH. Reducing Uncertainty in Contrail Radiative Forcing Resulting from Uncertainty in Ice Crystal Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:371-375. [PMID: 32596410 PMCID: PMC7313655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The radiative forcing resulting from condensation clouds behind aircraft ("contrails") has been estimated to have an effect on the same order of magnitude as all accumulated aviation-attributable CO2. However, contrail impacts are highly uncertain, with estimates of total contrail-driven forcing made in the past five years varying by a factor of 4. Two of the key driving uncertainties are the crystal shape and size, which describe the cloud optical properties. Here we combine data from high-fidelity scattering simulations of single crystals with in situ measurement of bulk contrail ice properties to bound the range of realistic optical properties for contrail ice. Accounting for the full range of measured contrail microphysical evolution pathways, and for a given estimate of contrail coverage, we find that the global net radiative forcing due to contrails in 2015 is between 8.6 and 10.7 mW/m2. Relative to the midpoint, this uncertainty range is less than one-quarter of that recently reported in the literature. This reduction in uncertainty is primarily due to the elimination of spheres as a plausible long-term shape for contrail ice, leaving questions of contrail coverage and optical depth as the primary causes of contrail forcing uncertainty.
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9
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Mahrt F, Alpert PA, Dou J, Grönquist P, Arroyo PC, Ammann M, Lohmann U, Kanji ZA. Aging induced changes in ice nucleation activity of combustion aerosol as determined by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:895-907. [PMID: 32188960 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fresh soot particles are generally hydrophobic, however, particle hydrophilicity can be increased through atmospheric aging processes. At present little is known on how particle chemical composition and hydrophilicity change upon atmospheric aging and associated uncertainties governing the ice cloud formation potential of soot. Here we sampled two propane flame soots referred to as brown and black soot, characterized as organic carbon rich and poor, respectively. We investigated how the ice nucleation activity of these particles changed through aging in water and aqueous acidic solutions, using a continuous flow diffusion chamber operated at cirrus cloud temperatures (T ≤ 233 K). Single aggregates of both unaged and aged soot were chemically characterized by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (STXM/NEXAFS) measurements. Particle wettability was determined through water sorption measurements. Unaged black and brown soot particles exhibited significantly different ice nucleation activities. Our experiments revealed significantly enhanced ice nucleation activity of the aged soot particles compared to the fresh samples, lowering the required relative humidities at which ice formation can take place at T = 218 K by up to 15% with respect to water (ΔRHi ≈ 25%). We observed an enhanced water uptake capacity for the aged compared to the unaged samples, which was more pronounced for the black soot. From these measurements we concluded that there is a change in ice nucleation mechanism when aging brown soot. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged soot samples revealed a unique spectral feature around 287.5 eV in the case of black soot that was absent for the brown soot, indicative of carbon with hydroxyl functionalities. Comparison of the NEXAFS spectra of unaged and aged soot particles indicates changes in organic functional groups, and the aged spectra were found to be largely similar across soot types, with the exception of the water aged brown soot. Overall, we conclude that atmospheric aging is important to representatively assess the ice cloud formation activity of soot particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mahrt
- Department of Environmental System Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Barman N, Gokhale S. Urban black carbon - source apportionment, emissions and long-range transport over the Brahmaputra River Valley. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133577. [PMID: 31369895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates whether the vehicular black carbon emissions originated in the North-Eastern city of Guwahati are transported over and in the Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas. The total black carbon was apportioned between the fossil fuel and biomass burning by real-time measurements of black carbon concentrations at two distinct locations having different traffic volumes in 2016-17. The average observed BC concentrations were 20.58, 6.42, 3.50 and 5.29 μg/m3 at the low traffic location and 22.44, 17.14, 9.2 and 16.87 μg/m3 at the high traffic location in winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were found to have significant negative correlations with BC concentrations, while relative humidity had positive correlations. It was found that vehicles contributed over 85% of the ambient black carbon at both locations. Black carbon emission from this dominant source was estimated for 2018, which showed that from vehicles it increased to 0.44-0.55 Gg in 2018 from 0.29 to 0.33 Gg in 2011, which may result in the adverse impacts on the eco-sensitive Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas. The transport and deposition of black carbon under different climatic seasons was modelled using HYSPLIT. The results showed that black carbon particulates are being transported and deposited all-round the year in the Himalayas and the surrounding region. Pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons contributed to the largest amounts of deposition, and a clear relation was found between deposition and rainfall. The total BC deposited in the Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas during one year was 22,142.69 kg and 1566.53 kg with average deposition rates of 0.6452 μgm-2 day-1 and 0.0182 μgm-2 day-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeldip Barman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Sharad Gokhale
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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11
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Friebel F, Mensah AA. Ozone Concentration versus Temperature: Atmospheric Aging of Soot Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14437-14450. [PMID: 31545616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of soot particles with ozone (O3) increases the particles' ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). To assess if this process is a relevant source for CCN in the atmosphere, the reaction rate at atmospheric conditions must be known. Here we investigate the increase in CCN activity of soot particles rich in organic carbon at O3 concentrations ranging from 0-200 ppb and between 5 and 35 °C. We operated an ∼3 m3 aerosol chamber as a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor which allows for aging times of up to 12 h and beyond and of particle size selection prior to the aging step. We applied the activation time (tact) concept to retrieve kinetic data. It was found that 100 nm soot particles can be CCN-active down to supersaturations of 0.3% after 12 h of exposure to 200 ppb O3 at 35 °C. The reaction rate was found to be not directly proportional to the O3 concentration. Instead, a Langmuir-type reaction kinetic was found to be the best fit to parametrize the reaction rates. The initial reaction step is therefore the adsorption of O3 molecules, which could be detected by an increase in the particle diameter of up to 3.7 nm within several minutes after exposure. The increase in particle diameter agrees well with the calculated change in the O3 surface coverage, which was obtained from CCN activation data under the assumption of a Langmuir-sorption isotherm. Further, we found that a temperature increase from 5 to 35 °C increases the reaction rate by a factor of 5 which corresponds to an activation energy of 38.5 kJ·mol-1. Extrapolation to atmospheric conditions allows for the conclusion that the temperature is as important as the O3 concentration for the CCN activation of soot particles within the atmospheric range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Friebel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092 , Switzerland
| | - Amewu A Mensah
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science , ETH Zurich , Zurich 8092 , Switzerland
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12
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Chong E, King M, Marak KE, Freedman MA. The Effect of Crystallinity and Crystal Structure on the Immersion Freezing of Alumina. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2447-2456. [PMID: 30821971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Determining the factors that constitute an efficient ice nucleus is an ongoing area of research in the atmospheric community. In particular, surface characteristics such as functional groups and surface defects impact the ice nucleation efficiency. Crystal structure has been proposed to be a possible factor that can dictate ice nucleation activity through the templating of water molecules on the surface of the aerosol particle. If the crystal structure of the surface matches that of the crystal structure of ice, it has been shown to increase ice nucleation activity. In this study, alumina was chosen as a model system because crystal structure and crystallinity can be tuned, and the effect on immersion freezing was explored. The nine alumina samples include polymorphs of AlOOH, Al(OH)3, and Al2O3, which have a range of crystal structures and crystallinities. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. From the immersion freezing experiments, corundum [α-Al2O3] was shown to have the highest ice nucleation activity likely because of its high lattice match and high degree of crystallinity. Crystal structure alone did not show a strong correlation with ice nucleation activity, but a combination of a hexagonal crystal structure and a highly crystalline surface was seen to nucleate ice at warmer temperatures than the other alumina samples. This study provides experimental results in the study of ice nucleation of a range of alumina samples, which have possible implications for alumina-based mineral dust particles. Our findings suggest that crystallinity and crystal structure are important to consider when evaluating the ice nucleation efficiency of aerosol particles in laboratory and modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Chong
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Megan King
- Department of Geology , State University of New York at New Paltz , New Paltz , New York 12561 , United States
| | - Katherine E Marak
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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13
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Shen Y, Xie X, Xie Y, Tao J, Jiang J, Chen H, Lu Y, Xu Y. Statistically understanding the roles of nanostructure features in interfacial ice nucleation for enhancing icing delay performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19785-19794. [PMID: 31478533 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We designed and constructed two kinds of superhydrophobic nanostructures with sealed layered porous and open cone features for the discussion of the roles of nanostructure geometrical features in interfacial ice nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Shen
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
- Department of Materials Chemistry
| | - Yuehan Xie
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Tao
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Materials Chemistry
- Qiuzhen School, Huzhou University
- Huzhou 313000
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
| | - Yangjiangshan Xu
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- P. R. China
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14
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Charnawskas JC, Alpert PA, Lambe AT, Berkemeier T, O'Brien RE, Massoli P, Onasch TB, Shiraiwa M, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR, Knopf DA. Condensed-phase biogenic-anthropogenic interactions with implications for cold cloud formation. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:165-194. [PMID: 28574555 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic and biogenic gas emissions contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). When present, soot particles from fossil fuel combustion can acquire a coating of SOA. We investigate SOA-soot biogenic-anthropogenic interactions and their impact on ice nucleation in relation to the particles' organic phase state. SOA particles were generated from the OH oxidation of naphthalene, α-pinene, longifolene, or isoprene, with or without the presence of sulfate or soot particles. Corresponding particle glass transition (Tg) and full deliquescence relative humidity (FDRH) were estimated using a numerical diffusion model. Longifolene SOA particles are solid-like and all biogenic SOA sulfate mixtures exhibit a core-shell configuration (i.e. a sulfate-rich core coated with SOA). Biogenic SOA with or without sulfate formed ice at conditions expected for homogeneous ice nucleation, in agreement with respective Tg and FDRH. α-pinene SOA coated soot particles nucleated ice above the homogeneous freezing temperature with soot acting as ice nuclei (IN). At lower temperatures the α-pinene SOA coating can be semisolid, inducing ice nucleation. Naphthalene SOA coated soot particles acted as ice nuclei above and below the homogeneous freezing limit, which can be explained by the presence of a highly viscous SOA phase. Our results suggest that biogenic SOA does not play a significant role in mixed-phase cloud formation and the presence of sulfate renders this even less likely. However, anthropogenic SOA may have an enhancing effect on cloud glaciation under mixed-phase and cirrus cloud conditions compared to biogenic SOA that dominate during pre-industrial times or in pristine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Charnawskas
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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15
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Penner JE, Zhou C, Garnier A, Mitchell DL. Anthropogenic Aerosol Indirect Effects in Cirrus Clouds. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:11652-11677. [PMID: 30775191 PMCID: PMC6360521 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have implemented a parameterization for forming ice in large-scale cirrus clouds that accounts for the changes in updrafts associated with a spectrum of waves acting within each time step in the model. This allows us to account for the frequency of homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing events that occur within each time step of the model and helps to determine more realistic ice number concentrations as well as changes to ice number concentrations. The model is able to fit observations of ice number at the lowest temperatures in the tropical tropopause but is still somewhat high in tropical latitudes with temperatures between 195°K and 215°K. The climate forcings associated with different representations of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN or INPs) are primarily negative unless large additions of IN are made, such as when we assumed that all aircraft soot acts as an IN. However, they can be close to zero if it is assumed that all background dust can act as an INP irrespective of how much sulfate is deposited on these particles. Our best estimate for the forcing of anthropogenic aircraft soot in this model is -0.2 ± 0.06 W/m2, while that from anthropogenic fossil/biofuel soot is -0.093 ± 0.033 W/m2. Natural and anthropogenic open biomass burning leads to a net forcing of -0.057 ± 0.05 W/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E. Penner
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Anne Garnier
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
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16
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Impact of Air Mass Conditions and Aerosol Properties on Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is the source of primary ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds. Only a small fraction of aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) catalyze ice formation, with their nature and origin remaining unclear. In this study, we investigate potential predictor parameters of meteorological conditions and aerosol properties for INP concentrations at mixed-phase cloud condition at 242 K. Measurements were conducted at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.), which is located predominantly in the free troposphere (FT) but can occasionally receive injections from the boundary layer (BLI). Measurements are taken during a long-term study of eight field campaigns, allowing for the first time an interannual (2014–2017) and seasonal (spring, summer, and winter) distinction of high-time-resolution INP measurements. We investigate ranked correlation coefficients between INP concentrations and meteorological parameters and aerosol properties. While a commonly used parameterization lacks in predicting the observed INP concentrations, the best INP predictor is the total available surface area of the aerosol particles, with no obvious seasonal trend in the relationship. Nevertheless, the predicting capability is less pronounced in the FT, which might be caused by ageing effects. Furthermore, there is some evidence of anthropogenic influence on INP concentrations during BLI. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of ice nucleation in the free troposphere, however, it also underlines that a knowledge gap of ice nucleation in such an environment exists.
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17
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Kärcher B. Formation and radiative forcing of contrail cirrus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1824. [PMID: 29739923 PMCID: PMC5940853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aircraft-produced contrail cirrus clouds contribute to anthropogenic climate change. Observational data sets and modelling approaches have become available that clarify formation pathways close to the source aircraft and lead to estimates of the global distribution of their microphysical and optical properties. While contrail cirrus enhance the impact of natural clouds on climate, uncertainties remain regarding their properties and lifecycle. Progress in representing aircraft emissions, contrail cirrus and natural cirrus in global climate models together with tighter constraints on the sensitivity of the climate system will help judge efficiencies of and trade-offs between mitigation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kärcher
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR Oberpfaffenhofen), 82234 Wessling, Germany.
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18
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Vergara‐Temprado J, Holden MA, Orton TR, O'Sullivan D, Umo NS, Browse J, Reddington C, Baeza‐Romero MT, Jones JM, Lea‐Langton A, Williams A, Carslaw KS, Murray BJ. Is Black Carbon an Unimportant Ice-Nucleating Particle in Mixed-Phase Clouds? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:4273-4283. [PMID: 29938147 PMCID: PMC6001433 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that black carbon (BC) influences mixed-phase clouds by acting as an ice-nucleating particle (INP). However, the literature data for ice nucleation by BC immersed in supercooled water are extremely varied, with some studies reporting that BC is very effective at nucleating ice, whereas others report no ice-nucleating ability. Here we present new experimental results for immersion mode ice nucleation by BC from two contrasting fuels (n-decane and eugenol). We observe no significant heterogeneous nucleation by either sample. Using a global aerosol model, we quantify the maximum relative importance of BC for ice nucleation when compared with K-feldspar and marine organic aerosol acting as INP. Based on the upper limit from our laboratory data, we show that BC contributes at least several orders of magnitude less INP than feldspar and marine organic aerosol. Representations of its atmospheric ice-nucleating ability based on older laboratory data produce unrealistic results when compared against ambient observations of INP. Since BC is a complex material, it cannot be unambiguously ruled out as an important INP species in all locations at all times. Therefore, we use our model to estimate a range of values for the density of active sites that BC particles must have to be relevant for ice nucleation in the atmosphere. The estimated values will guide future work on BC, defining the required sensitivity of future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vergara‐Temprado
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mark A. Holden
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Thomas R. Orton
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at Lloyd's of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel O'Sullivan
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nsikanabasi S. Umo
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research‐Atmospheric Aerosol ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein‐LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Jo Browse
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at School of GeographyUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Carly Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Jenny M. Jones
- School of Chemical and Process EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Amanda Lea‐Langton
- School of Chemical and Process EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Alan Williams
- School of Chemical and Process EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ken S. Carslaw
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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19
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Singh S, Tiwari S, Hopke PK, Zhou C, Turner JR, Panicker AS, Singh PK. Ambient black carbon particulate matter in the coal region of Dhanbad, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:955-963. [PMID: 29020648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing, atmospheric particles have gained greater attention in recent years because of their direct and indirect impacts on regional and global climate. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) aerosol is a leading climate warming agent, yet uncertainties in the global direct aerosol radiative forcing remain large. Based on a year of aerosol absorption measurements at seven wavelengths, BC concentrations were investigated in Dhanbad, the coal capital of India. Coal is routinely burned for cooking and residential heat as well as in small industries. The mean daily concentrations of ultraviolet-absorbing black carbon measured at 370nm (UVBC) and black carbon measured at 880nm (BC) were 9.8±5.7 and 6.5±3.8μgm-3, respectively. The difference between UVBC and BC, Delta-C, is an indicator of biomass or residential coal burning and averaged 3.29±4.61μgm-3. An alternative approach uses the Ǻngstrom Exponent (AE) to estimate the biomass/coal and traffic BC concentrations. Biomass/coal burning contributed ~87% and high temperature, fossil-fuel combustion contributed ~13% to the annual average BC concentration. The post-monsoon seasonal mean UVBC values were 10.9μgm-3 and BC of 7.2μgm-3. Potential source contribution function analysis showed that in the post-monsoon season, air masses came from the central and northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains where there is extensive agricultural burning. The mean winter UVBC and BC concentrations were 15.0 and 10.1μgm-3, respectively. These higher values were largely produced by local sources under poor dispersion conditions. The direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to UVBC and BC at the surface (SUR) and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) were calculated. The mean atmospheric heating rates due to UVBC and BC were estimated to be 1.40°Kday-1 and 1.18°Kday-1, respectively. This high heating rate may affect the monsoon circulation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India.
| | - S Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - C Zhou
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - J R Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - A S Panicker
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India
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20
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Qiu Y, Lupi L, Molinero V. Is Water at the Graphite Interface Vapor-like or Ice-like? J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:3626-3634. [PMID: 29298058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic surfaces are the main component of soot, a major constituent of atmospheric aerosols. Experiments indicate that soots of different origins display a wide range of abilities to heterogeneously nucleate ice. The ability of pure graphite to nucleate ice in experiments, however, seems to be almost negligible. Nevertheless, molecular simulations with the monatomic water model mW with water-carbon interactions parameterized to reproduce the experimental contact angle of water on graphite predict that pure graphite nucleates ice. According to classical nucleation theory, the ability of a surface to nucleate ice is controlled by the binding free energy between ice immersed in liquid water and the surface. To establish whether the discrepancy in freezing efficiencies of graphite in mW simulations and experiments arises from the coarse resolution of the model or can be fixed by reparameterization, it is important to elucidate the contributions of the water-graphite, water-ice, and ice-water interfaces to the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of binding for both water and the model. Here we use thermodynamic analysis and free energy calculations to determine these interfacial properties. We demonstrate that liquid water at the graphite interface is not ice-like or vapor-like: it has similar free energy, entropy, and enthalpy as water in the bulk. The thermodynamics of the water-graphite interface is well reproduced by the mW model. We find that the entropy of binding between graphite and ice is positive and dominated, in both experiments and simulations, by the favorable entropy of reducing the ice-water interface. Our analysis indicates that the discrepancy in freezing efficiencies of graphite in experiments and the simulations with mW arises from the inability of the model to simultaneously reproduce the contact angle of liquid water on graphite and the free energy of the ice-graphite interface. This transferability issue is intrinsic to the resolution of the model, and arises from its lack of rotational degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , United States
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21
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Thomson ES, Weber D, Bingemer HG, Tuomi J, Ebert M, Pettersson JBC. Intensification of ice nucleation observed in ocean ship emissions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1111. [PMID: 29348652 PMCID: PMC5773617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shipping contributes primary and secondary emission products to the atmospheric aerosol burden that have implications for climate, clouds, and air quality from regional to global scales. In this study we exam the potential impact of ship emissions with regards to ice nucleating particles. Particles that nucleate ice are known to directly affect precipitation and cloud microphysical properties. We have collected and analyzed particles for their ice nucleating capacity from a shipping channel outside a large Scandinavia port. We observe that ship plumes amplify the background levels of ice nucleating particles and discuss the larger scale implications. The measured ice nucleating particles suggest that the observed amplification is most likely important in regions with low levels of background particles. The Arctic, which as the sea ice pack declines is opening to transit and natural resource exploration and exploitation at an ever increasing rate, is highlighted as such a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Thomson
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden.
| | - D Weber
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - H G Bingemer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - J Tuomi
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - M Ebert
- Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - J B C Pettersson
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
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22
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Uraoka M, Maegawa K, Ishizaka S. Raman Spectroscopy of Single Light-Absorbing Carbonaceous Particles Levitated in Air Using an Annular Laser Beam. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12866-12871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Uraoka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maegawa
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shoji Ishizaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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23
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Alstadt VJ, Dawson JN, Losey DJ, Sihvonen SK, Freedman MA. Heterogeneous Freezing of Carbon Nanotubes: A Model System for Pore Condensation and Freezing in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8166-8175. [PMID: 28953395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation is an important mechanism for cloud formation in the upper troposphere. Recently, pores on atmospheric particles have been proposed to play a significant role in ice nucleation. To understand how ice nucleation occurs in idealized pores, we characterized the immersion freezing activity of various sizes of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are used both as a model for pores and proxy for soot particles. We determined that carbon nanotubes with inner diameters between 2 and 3 nm exhibit the highest ice nucleation activity. Implications for the freezing behavior of porous materials and nucleation on soot particles will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Alstadt
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Nelson Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Delanie J Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sarah K Sihvonen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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24
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Kanji ZA, Ladino LA, Wex H, Boose Y, Burkert-Kohn M, Cziczo DJ, Krämer M. Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luis A. Ladino
- Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heike Wex
- Department of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boose
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Burkert-Kohn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Cziczo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Krämer
- f Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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25
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Xu W, Lan Z, Peng BL, Wen RF, Ma XH. Effect of surface free energies on the heterogeneous nucleation of water droplet: a molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054701. [PMID: 25662654 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nucleation of water droplet on surfaces with different solid-liquid interaction intensities is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The interaction potentials between surface atoms and vapor molecules are adjusted to obtain various surface free energies, and the nucleation process and wetting state of nuclei on surfaces are investigated. The results indicate that near-constant contact angles are already established for nano-scale nuclei on various surfaces, with the contact angle decreasing with solid-liquid interaction intensities linearly. Meanwhile, noticeable fluctuation of vapor-liquid interfaces can be observed for the nuclei that deposited on surfaces, which is caused by the asymmetric forces from vapor molecules. The formation and growth rate of nuclei are increasing with the solid-liquid interaction intensities. For low energy surface, the attraction of surface atoms to water molecules is comparably weak, and the pre-existing clusters can depart from the surface and enter into the bulk vapor phase. The distribution of clusters within the bulk vapor phase becomes competitive as compared with that absorbed on surface. For moderate energy surfaces, heterogeneous nucleation predominates and the formation of clusters within bulk vapor phase is suppressed. The effect of high energy particles that embedded in low energy surface is also discussed under the same simulation system. The nucleation preferably initiates on the high energy particles, and the clusters that formed on the heterogeneous particles are trapped around their original positions instead of migrating around as that observed on smooth surfaces. This feature makes it possible for the heterogeneous particles to act as fixed nucleation sites, and simulation results also suggest that the number of nuclei increases monotonously with the number of high energy particles. The growth of nuclei on high energy particles can be divided into three sub-stages, beginning with the formation of a wet-spot, increase of contact angle with near-constant contact line, and finally growth with constant contact angle. The growth rate of nuclei also increases with the size of high energy particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Z Lan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - B L Peng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - R F Wen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - X H Ma
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Chemical Resources, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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26
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Brooks SD, Suter K, Olivarez L. Effects of Chemical Aging on the Ice Nucleation Activity of Soot and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10036-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508809y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Katie Suter
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Laura Olivarez
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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27
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28
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Xu W, Lan Z, Peng B, Wen R, Ma X. Evolution of transient cluster/droplet size distribution in a heterogeneous nucleation process. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Lupi L, Molinero V. Does Hydrophilicity of Carbon Particles Improve Their Ice Nucleation Ability? J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4118375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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30
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Lupi L, Hudait A, Molinero V. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on carbon surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3156-64. [PMID: 24495074 DOI: 10.1021/ja411507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols can promote the heterogeneous nucleation of ice, impacting the radiative properties of clouds and Earth's climate. The experimental investigation of heterogeneous freezing of water droplets by carbonaceous particles reveals widespread ice freezing temperatures. It is not known which structural and chemical characteristics of soot account for the variability in ice nucleation efficiency. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the nucleation of ice from liquid water in contact with graphitic surfaces. We find that atomically flat carbon surfaces promote heterogeneous nucleation of ice, while molecularly rough surfaces with the same hydrophobicity do not. Graphitic surfaces and other surfaces that promote ice nucleation induce layering in the interfacial water, suggesting that the order imposed by the surface on liquid water may play an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. We investigate a large set of graphitic surfaces of various dimensions and radii of curvature and find that variations in nanostructures alone could account for the spread in the freezing temperatures of ice on soot in experiments. We conclude that a characterization of the nanostructure of soot is needed to predict its ice nucleation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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31
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Domine F, Bock J, Voisin D, Donaldson DJ. Can We Model Snow Photochemistry? Problems with the Current Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4733-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3123314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Domine
- Takuvik Joint International
Laboratory, Université Laval (Canada) and CNRS (France), Pavillon Alexandre Vachon, 1045 Avenue de
La Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre Vachon,
1045 Avenue de La Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Josué Bock
- Université Joseph Fourier−Grenoble
1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, UMR 5183, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Didier Voisin
- Université Joseph Fourier−Grenoble
1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, UMR 5183, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, and Department of Physical and
Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cziczo DJ, Froyd KD, Hoose C, Jensen EJ, Diao M, Zondlo MA, Smith JB, Twohy CH, Murphy DM. Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud Formation. Science 2013; 340:1320-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1234145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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33
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Suh D, Yasuoka K. Nanoparticle Growth Analysis by Molecular Dynamics: Cubic Seed. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14637-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3044658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Suh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohokuku,
Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohokuku,
Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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34
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Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Murray BJ, O'Sullivan D, Atkinson JD, Webb ME. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6519-54. [PMID: 22932664 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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36
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Bahadur R, Russell LM, Jacobson MZ, Prather K, Nenes A, Adams P, Seinfeld JH. Importance of composition and hygroscopicity of BC particles to the effect of BC mitigation on cloud properties: Application to California conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Grishin I, Thomson K, Migliorini F, Sloan JJ. Application of the Hough transform for the automatic determination of soot aggregate morphology. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:610-620. [PMID: 22330294 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method for automated identification and measurement of primary particles within soot aggregates as well as the sizes of the aggregates and discuss its application to high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the aggregates. The image processing algorithm is based on an optimized Hough transform, applied to the external border of the aggregate. This achieves a significant data reduction by decomposing the particle border into fragments, which are assumed to be spheres in the present application, consistent with the known morphology of soot aggregates. Unlike traditional techniques, which are ultimately reliant on manual (human) measurement of a small sample of primary particles from a subset of aggregates, this method gives a direct measurement of the sizes of the aggregates and the size distributions of the primary particles of which they are composed. The current version of the algorithm allows processing of high-resolution TEM images by a conventional laptop computer at a rate of 1-2 ms per aggregate. The results were validated by comparison with manual image processing, and excellent agreement was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grishin
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Hendricks J, Kärcher B, Lohmann U. Effects of ice nuclei on cirrus clouds in a global climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Friedman B, Kulkarni G, Beránek J, Zelenyuk A, Thornton JA, Cziczo DJ. Ice nucleation and droplet formation by bare and coated soot particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Suh D, Yasuoka K. Nanoparticle Growth Analysis by Molecular Dynamics: Spherical Seed. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10631-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Suh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohokuku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohokuku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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41
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Zelenay V, Monge ME, D'Anna B, George C, Styler SA, Huthwelker T, Ammann M. Increased steady state uptake of ozone on soot due to UV/Vis radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Wang B, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation on particles composed of humic-like substances impacted by O3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Tishkova V, Demirdjian B, Ferry D, Johnson M. Neutron diffraction study of water freezing on aircraft engine combustor soot. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20729-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Popovicheva OB, Persiantseva NM, Kireeva ED, Khokhlova TD, Shonija NK. Quantification of the Hygroscopic Effect of Soot Aging in the Atmosphere: Laboratory Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:298-306. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109238x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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