1
|
Wright MJ, Bai G. Bacterial second messenger cyclic di-AMP in streptococci. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:791-804. [PMID: 37898560 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) has been well studied in bacteria, including those of the genus Streptococcus, since the first recognition of this dinucleotide in 2008. Streptococci possess a sole diadenylate cyclase, CdaA, and distinct c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases. Interestingly, cdaA is required for viability of some streptococcal species but not all when streptococci are grown in standard laboratory media. Bacteria of this genus also have distinct c-di-AMP effector proteins, diverse c-di-AMP-signaling pathways, and subsequent biological outcomes. In streptococci, c-di-AMP may influence bacterial growth, morphology, biofilm formation, competence program, drug resistance, and bacterial pathogenesis. c-di-AMP secreted by streptococci has also been shown to interact with the mammalian host and induces immune responses including type I interferon production. In this review, we summarize the reported c-di-AMP networks in seven species of the genus Streptococcus, which cause diverse clinical manifestations, and propose future perspectives to investigate the signaling molecule in these streptococcal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wright
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Guangchun Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shang M, Lu K, Guan W, Cao S, Ren M, Zhou C. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP Dinucleotides for STING-Mediated Immune Modulation: Principles, Immunotherapeutic Potential, and Synthesis. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100671. [PMID: 34807508 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway discovered ten years ago is an important component of the innate immune system. Activation of cGAS-STING triggers downstream signalling, such as TBK1-IRF3, NF-κB and autophagy, which in turn leads to antipathogen responses, durable antitumour immunity or autoimmune diseases. 2',3'-Cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotides (2',3'-cGAMP), the key second messengers produced by cGAS, play a pivotal role in cGAS-STING signalling by binding and activating STING. Thus, 2',3'-cGAMP has immunotherapeutic potential, which in turn has stimulated research on the design and synthesis of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues for clinical applications over the past ten years. This review presents the discovery, metabolism, and function of 2',3'-cGAMP in the cGAS-STING innate immune signalling axis. The enzymatic and chemical syntheses of 2',3'-cGAMP analogues as STING-targeting therapeutics are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenli Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shujie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengtian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Melander RJ, Basak AK, Melander C. Natural products as inspiration for the development of bacterial antibiofilm agents. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1454-1477. [PMID: 32608431 PMCID: PMC7677205 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been a rich source of diverse chemical matter with numerous biological activities, and have played an important role in drug discovery in many areas including infectious disease. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry have been, and continue to be, important tools to realize the potential of natural products as therapeutics and as chemical probes. The formation of biofilms by bacteria in an infection setting is a significant factor in the recalcitrance of many bacterial infections, conferring increased tolerance to many antibiotics and to the host immune response, and as yet there are no approved therapeutics for combatting biofilm-based bacterial infections. Small molecules that interfere with the ability of bacteria to form and maintain biofilms can overcome antibiotic tolerance conferred by the biofilm phenotype, and have the potential to form combination therapies with conventional antibiotics. Many natural products with anti-biofilm activity have been identified from plants, microbes, and marine life, including: elligic acid glycosides, hamamelitannin, carolacton, skyllamycins, promysalin, phenazines, bromoageliferin, flustramine C, meridianin D, and brominated furanones. Total synthesis and medicinal chemistry programs have facilitated structure confirmation, identification of critical structural motifs, better understanding of mechanistic pathways, and the development of more potent, more accessible, or more pharmacologically favorable derivatives of anti-biofilm natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chouhan OP, Roske Y, Heinemann U, Biswas S. Structure of the active GGEEF domain of a diguanylate cyclase from Vibrio cholerae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 523:287-292. [PMID: 31862141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) synthesized by diguanylate cyclases has been an important and ubiquitous secondary messenger in almost all bacterial systems. In Vibrio cholerae, c-di-GMP plays an intricate role in the production of the exopolysaccharide matrix, and thereby, in biofilm formation. The formation of the surface biofilm enables the bacteria to survive in aquatic bodies, when not infecting a human host. Diguanylate cyclases are the class of enzymes which synthesize c-di-GMP from two molecules of GTP and are endowed with a GGDEF or, a GGEEF signature domain. The VC0395_0300 protein from V. cholerae, has been established as a diguanylate cyclase with a necessary role in biofilm formation. Here we present the structure of an N-terminally truncated form of VC0395_0300, which retains the active GGEEF domain for diguanylate cyclase activity but lacks 160 residues from the poorly organized N-terminal domain. X-ray diffraction data was collected from a crystal of VC0395_0300(161-321) to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The structure displays remarkable topological similarity with diguanylate cyclases from other bacterial systems, but lacks the binding site for c-di-GMP present in its homologues. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of the truncated diguanylate cyclase VC0395_0300(161-321) to produce c-di-GMP, and its role in biofilm formation for the bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvette Roske
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Macromolecular Structure and Interaction Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumit Biswas
- ViStA Lab, BITS, Pilani - K K Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsukamoto M, Oyama KI. Recent application of acidic 1,3-azolium salts as promoters in the solution-phase synthesis of nucleosides and nucleotides. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
6
|
Advanced acuity in microbial biofilm genesis, development, associated clinical infections and control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antinf.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
7
|
Inuzuka S, Nishimura KI, Kakizawa H, Fujita Y, Furuta H, Matsumura S, Ikawa Y. Mutational analysis of structural elements in a class-I cyclic di-GMP riboswitch to elucidate its regulatory mechanism. J Biochem 2016; 160:153-62. [PMID: 27033943 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vc2 riboswitch possesses an aptamer domain belonging to the class-I c-di-GMP riboswitch family. This domain has been analysed and the molecular mechanism by which it recognizes the c-di-GMP ligand has been elucidated. On the other hand, the regulatory mechanism of the full-length Vc2 riboswitch to control its downstream open reading frame (ORF) remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed in vivo reporter assays and in vitro biochemical analyses of the full-length riboswitch and its aptamer domain. We evaluated the results of in vivo and in vitro analyses to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the Vc2 riboswitch. The present results suggest that recognition of c-di-GMP ligand by the Vc2 riboswitch aptamer domain downregulates expression of its downstream ORF primarily at the translational level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Inuzuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kakizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chouhan OP, Bandekar D, Hazra M, Baghudana A, Hazra S, Biswas S. Effect of site-directed mutagenesis at the GGEEF domain of the biofilm forming GGEEF protein from Vibrio cholerae. AMB Express 2016; 6:2. [PMID: 26728467 PMCID: PMC4700032 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the cause of seven noted pandemics, leads a dual lifecycle—one in the human host in its virulent form, and the other as a sessile, non-virulent bacterium in aquatic bodies in surface biofilms. Surface biofilms have been attributed to be associated with a ubiquitous protein domain present in all branches of bacteria, known as the GGD(/E)EF domain. While the diguanlyate cyclase activities of these proteins are universally established, the role of these proteins as diguanlyate-specific phosphodiesterases in conjunction with a EAL domain has also been reported. The VC0395_0300 protein from V. cholerae which shows biofilm forming abilities also acts as a phosphodiesterase. Interestingly, this GGD(/E)EF protein contains a EAL site in the reverse orientation. We attempted to mutate the GGEEF signature along the sequence by site-directed mutagenesis. The resultant mutants (Sebox5–7) did not show much difference in phosphodiesterase activity in comparison with the wild type protein (Sebox3), indicating the independence of the phosphodiesterase activity of the protein from the GGD(/E)EF domain. However, the ability of the mutants to form surface biofilm was significantly lesser in the case of mutations in the three central positions of the signature domain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Romero-Jiménez L, Rodríguez-Carbonell D, Gallegos MT, Sanjuán J, Pérez-Mendoza D. Mini-Tn7 vectors for stable expression of diguanylate cyclase PleD* in Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:190. [PMID: 26415513 PMCID: PMC4587759 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is currently considered an ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria that influences a wide range of cellular processes. One of the methodological approaches to unravel c-di-GMP regulatory networks involves raising the c-di-GMP intracellular levels, e.g. by expressing a diguanylate cyclase (DGC), to provoke phenotypic changes. Results We have constructed mini-Tn7 delivery vectors for the integration and stable expression of the pleD* gene encoding a highly active DGC, which can be used to artificially increase the intracellular levels of c-di-GMP in Gram negative bacteria. The functionality of these new vectors has been validated in several plant-interacting α- and γ-proteobacteria. Similarly to vector plasmid-borne pleD*, the genome-borne mini-Tn7pleD* constructs provide significant increases in intracellular c-di-GMP, provoking expected phenotypic changes such as enhanced polysaccharide production, biofilm formation and reduced motility. However, the mini-Tn7pleD* constructs resulted far more stable in the absence of antibiotics than the plasmid-based pleD* constructs. Furthermore, we have also implemented an inducible system to modulate pleD* expression and intracellular c-di-GMP rises “on demand”. Conclusions mini-Tn7pleD* constructs are very stable and are maintained during bacterial free-living growth as well as during interaction with eukaryotic hosts, in the absence of selective pressure. This high stability ensures experimental homogeneity in time and space with regard to enhancing c-di-GMP intracellular levels in bacteria of interest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0521-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Romero-Jiménez
- Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - David Rodríguez-Carbonell
- Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - María Trinidad Gallegos
- Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Sanjuán
- Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - Daniel Pérez-Mendoza
- Departamento Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fei N, Häussinger D, Blümli S, Laventie BJ, Bizzini LD, Zimmermann K, Jenal U, Gillingham D. Catalytic carbene transfer allows the direct customization of cyclic purine dinucleotides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:8499-502. [PMID: 24946836 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple method for the direct modification of nucleobases in cyclic purine dinucleotides, important signalling molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The method tolerates all members of the cyclic dinucleotide family and could be used to modulate their function or introduce useful side-chains such as fluorophores and photo-crosslinking groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Fei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yildiz S, Alpdundar E, Gungor B, Kahraman T, Bayyurt B, Gursel I, Gursel M. Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of cyclic dinucleotides on mouse cells when complexed with a cell-penetrating peptide or combined with CpG. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1170-9. [PMID: 25581346 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by immune cells is critical for the activation of protective innate immune responses. Bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are small nucleic acids that are directly recognized by the cytosolic DNA sensor STING (stimulator of IFN genes), initiating a response characterized by proinflammatory cytokine and type I IFN production. Strategies to improve the immune stimulatory activities of CDNs can further their potential for clinical development. Here, we demonstrate that a simple complex of cylic-di-GMP with a cell-penetrating peptide enhances both cellular delivery and biological activity of the cyclic-di-GMP in murine splenocytes. Furthermore, our findings establish that activation of the TLR-dependent and TLR-independent DNA recognition pathways through combined use of CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) and CDN results in synergistic activity, augmenting cytokine production (IFN-α/β, IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10), costimulatory molecule upregulation (MHC class II, CD86), and antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Results presented herein indicate that 3'3'-cGAMP, a recently identified bacterial CDN, is a superior stimulator of IFN genes ligand than cyclic-di-GMP in human PBMCs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the immune-stimulatory properties of CDNs can be augmented through peptide complexation or synergistic use with CpG oligonucleotide and may be of interest for the development of CDN-based immunotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soner Yildiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Melander RJ, Melander C. Innovative strategies for combating biofilm-based infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 831:69-91. [PMID: 25384664 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09782-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Sajid M, Cameotra SS. Current and Emergent Control Strategies for Medical Biofilms. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53833-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate represses bacterial flagella synthesis by interacting with the Walker A motif of the enhancer-binding protein FleQ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18478-83. [PMID: 24167275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318972110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FleQ is a bacterial AAA+ ATPase enhancer-binding protein that is the master activator of flagella gene expression in the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Homologs of FleQ are present in all Pseudomonas species and in many polarly flagellated gamma proteobacteria. Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger that controls the transition between planktonic and biofilm modes of growth in bacteria in response to diverse environmental signals. C-di-GMP binds to FleQ to dampen its activity, causing down-regulation of flagella gene expression. This action is potentiated in the simultaneous presence of another protein, FleN. We explored the effect of c-di-GMP and FleN on the ATPase activity of FleQ and found that a relatively low concentration of c-di-GMP competitively inhibited FleQ ATPase activity, suggesting that c-di-GMP competes with ATP for binding to the Walker A motif of FleQ. Confirming this, a FleQ Walker A motif mutant failed to bind c-di-GMP. FleN, whose gene is regulated by FleQ, also inhibited FleQ ATPase activity, and FleQ ATPase activity was much more inhibited by c-di-GMP in the presence of FleN than in its absence. These results indicate that FleN and c-di-GMP cooperate to inhibit FleQ activity and, by extension, flagella synthesis in P. aeruginosa. The Walker A motif of FleQ is perfectly conserved, opening up the possibility that other AAA+ ATPases may respond to c-di-GMP.
Collapse
|
16
|
Functional characterization of core components of the Bacillus subtilis cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathway. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:4782-92. [PMID: 23893111 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00373-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is an intracellular second messenger that regulates adaptation processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we have characterized the core components of a c-di-GMP signaling pathway in the model Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Specifically, we have directly identified and characterized three active diguanylate cyclases, DgcP, DgcK, and DgcW (formerly YtrP, YhcK, and YkoW, respectively), one active c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, PdeH (formerly YuxH), and a cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) receptor, DgrA (formerly YpfA). Furthermore, elevation of c-di-GMP levels in B. subtilis led to inhibition of swarming motility, whereas biofilm formation was unaffected. Our work establishes paradigms for Gram-positive c-di-GMP signaling, and we have shown that the concise signaling system identified in B. subtilis serves as a powerful heterologous host for the study of c-di-GMP enzymes from bacteria predicted to possess larger, more-complex signaling systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Genetic analysis of the role of yfiR in the ability of Escherichia coli CFT073 to control cellular cyclic dimeric GMP levels and to persist in the urinary tract. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3089-98. [PMID: 23774594 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01396-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During urinary tract infections (UTIs), uropathogenic Escherichia coli must maintain a delicate balance between sessility and motility to achieve successful infection of both the bladder and kidneys. Previous studies showed that cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) levels aid in the control of the transition between motile and nonmotile states in E. coli. The yfiRNB locus in E. coli CFT073 contains genes for YfiN, a diguanylate cyclase, and its activity regulators, YfiR and YfiB. Deletion of yfiR yielded a mutant that was attenuated in both the bladder and the kidneys when tested in competition with the wild-type strain in the murine model of UTI. A double yfiRN mutant was not attenuated in the mouse model, suggesting that unregulated YfiN activity and likely increased cytoplasmic c-di-GMP levels cause a survival defect. Curli fimbriae and cellulose production were increased in the yfiR mutant. Expression of yhjH, a gene encoding a proven phosphodiesterase, in CFT073 ΔyfiR suppressed the overproduction of curli fimbriae and cellulose and further verified that deletion of yfiR results in c-di-GMP accumulation. Additional deletion of csgD and bcsA, genes necessary for curli fimbriae and cellulose production, respectively, returned colonization levels of the yfiR deletion mutant to wild-type levels. Peroxide sensitivity assays and iron acquisition assays displayed no significant differences between the yfiR mutant and the wild-type strain. These results indicate that dysregulation of c-di-GMP production results in pleiotropic effects that disable E. coli in the urinary tract and implicate the c-di-GMP regulatory system as an important factor in the persistence of uropathogenic E. coli in vivo.
Collapse
|
18
|
Clivio P, Coantic-Castex S, Guillaume D. (3'-5')-Cyclic dinucleotides: synthetic strategies and biological potential. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7354-401. [PMID: 23767818 DOI: 10.1021/cr300011s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Clivio
- UMR 6229, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS-Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grajkowski A, Cieślak J, Schindler C, Beaucage SL. Biotinylation of a propargylated cyclic (3'-5') diguanylic acid and of its mono-6-thioated analog under "click" conditions. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 14:14.9.1-14.9.20. [PMID: 23512694 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1409s52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-(propargyl)guanosine is converted to its 3'-O-levulinyl ester in a yield of 91%. The reaction of commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl]guanosine with N(2)-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-(levulinyl)guanosine provides, after P(III) oxidation, 3'-/5'-deprotection, and purification, the 2'-O-propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine 2-cyanoethyl phosphate triester in a yield of 88%. Phosphitylation of this dinucleoside phosphate triester with 2-cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite and 1H-tetrazole, followed by an in situ intramolecular cyclization, gives the propargylated cyclic dinucleoside phosphate triester, which is isolated in a yield of 40% after P(III) oxidation and purification. Complete removal of the nucleobases, phosphates, and 2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl protecting groups leads to the desired propargylated c-di-GMP diester. Cycloaddition of a biotinylated azide with the propargylated c-di-GMP diester under click conditions provides the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate in an isolated yield of 62%. Replacement of the 6-oxo function of N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-O-levulinyl-2'-O-(propargyl)guanosine with a 2-cyanoethylthio group is effected by treatment with 2,4,6-triisopropybenzenesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine to give a 6-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonic acid) ester intermediate. Reaction of this key intermediate with 3-mercaptoproprionitrile and triethylamine, followed by 5'-dedimethoxytritylation, affords the 6-(2-cyanoethylthio)guanosine derivative in a yield of 70%. The 5'-hydroxy function of this derivative is reacted with commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl]guanosine. The reaction product is then converted to the mono-6-thioated c-di- GMP biotinylated conjugate under conditions highly similar to those described above for the preparation of the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate, and isolated in similar yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Schindler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Erythritol triggers expression of virulence traits in Brucella melitensis. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:440-9. [PMID: 23421980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar preferentially utilized by Brucella spp. The presence of erythritol in the placentas of goats, cows, and pigs has been used to explain the localization of Brucella to these sites and the subsequent accumulation of large amounts of bacteria, eventually leading to abortion. Here we show that Brucella melitensis will also localize to an artificial site of erythritol within a mouse, providing a potential model system to study the pathogenesis of Brucella abortion. Immunohistological staining of the sites of erythritol within infected mice indicated a higher than expected proportion of extracellular bacteria. Ensuing experiments suggested intracellular B. melitensis was unable to replicate within macrophages in the presence of erythritol and that erythritol was able to reach the site of intracellular bacteria. The intracellular inhibition of growth was found to encourage the bacteria to replicate extracellularly rather than intracellularly, a particularly interesting development in Brucella pathogenesis. To determine the effect of erythritol on expression of B. melitensis genes, bacteria grown either with or without erythritol were analyzed by microarray. Two major virulence pathways were up-regulated in response to exposure to erythritol (the type IV secretion system VirB and flagellar proteins), suggesting a role for erythritol in virulence.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ora M, Martikainen K, Lautkoski K. Hydrolytic reactions of cyclic bis(3′-5′)diadenylic acid (c-di-AMP). J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- University of Turku; Department of Chemistry; Turku Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are defined as a surface attached community of bacteria embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that they have produced. When in the biofilm state, bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics and the host immune response than are their planktonic counterparts. Biofilms are increasingly recognized as being significant in human disease, accounting for 80% of bacterial infections in the body and diseases associated with bacterial biofilms include: lung infections of cystic fibrosis patients, colitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis, otitis, endocarditis and periodontitis. Additionally, biofilm infections of indwelling medical devices are of particular concern, as once the device is colonized infection is virtually impossible to eradicate. Given the prominence of biofilms in infectious diseases, there has been an increased effort toward the development of small molecules that will modulate bacterial biofilm development and maintenance. In this review, we highlight the development of small molecules that inhibit and/or disperse bacterial biofilms through non-microbicidal mechanisms. The review discuses the numerous approaches that have been applied to the discovery of lead small molecules that mediate biofilm development. These approaches are grouped into: (1) the identification and development of small molecules that target one of the bacterial signaling pathways involved in biofilm regulation, (2) chemical library screening for compounds with anti-biofilm activity, and (3) the identification of natural products that possess anti-biofilm activity, and the chemical manipulation of these natural products to obtain analogues with increased activity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO. Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:305-41. [PMID: 23023210 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from various environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers to regulate the metabolism of various nucleotide second messengers c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP and ppGpp, which control several key processes required for adaptation is key for efforts to develop agents to curb bacterial infections. In this review, we provide an update of nucleotide signaling in bacteria and show how these signals intersect or integrate to regulate the bacterial phenotype. The intracellular concentrations of nucleotide second messengers in bacteria are regulated by synthases and phosphodiesterases and a significant number of these metabolism enzymes had been biochemically characterized but it is only in the last few years that the effector proteins and RNA riboswitches, which regulate bacterial physiology upon binding to nucleotides, have been identified and characterized by biochemical and structural methods. C-di-GMP, in particular, has attracted immense interest because it is found in many bacteria and regulate both biofilm formation and virulence factors production. In this review, we discuss how the activities of various c-di-GMP effector proteins and riboswitches are modulated upon c-di-GMP binding. Using V. cholerae, E. coli and B. subtilis as models, we discuss how both environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers regulate the metabolism and/or processing of nucleotide second messengers. The chemical syntheses of the various nucleotide second messengers and the use of analogs thereof as antibiofilm or immune modulators are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimpy Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bellows LE, Koestler BJ, Karaba SM, Waters CM, Lathem WW. Hfq-dependent, co-ordinate control of cyclic diguanylate synthesis and catabolism in the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:661-74. [PMID: 22924957 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the cause of the disease plague, forms biofilms to enhance flea-to-mammal transmission. Biofilm formation is dependent on exopolysaccharide synthesis and is controlled by the intracellular levels of the second messenger molecule cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), but the mechanisms by which Y. pestis regulates c-di-GMP synthesis and turnover are not fully understood. Here we show that the small RNA chaperone Hfq contributes to the regulation of c-di-GMP levels and biofilm formation by modulating the abundance of both the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase HmsP and the diguanylate cyclase HmsT. To do so, Hfq co-ordinately promotes hmsP mRNA accumulation while simultaneously decreasing the stability of the hmsT transcript. Hfq-dependent regulation of HmsP occurs at the transcriptional level while the regulation of HmsT is post-transcriptional and is localized to the 5' untranslated region/proximal coding sequence of the hmsT transcript. Decoupling HmsP from Hfq-based regulation is sufficient to overcome the effects of Δhfq on c-di-GMP and biofilm formation. We propose that Y. pestis utilizes Hfq to link c-di-GMP levels to environmental conditions and that the disregulation of c-di-GMP turnover in the absence of Hfq may contribute to the severe attenuation of Y. pestis lacking this RNA chaperone in animal models of plague.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Bellows
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adjuvants potentiate immune responses, reducing the amount and dosing frequency of antigen required for inducing protective immunity. Adjuvants are of special importance when considering subunit, epitope-based or more unusual vaccine formulations lacking significant innate immunogenicity. While numerous adjuvants are known, only a few are licensed for human use; principally alum, and squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvants. Alum, the most commonly used, is suboptimal. There are many varieties of adjuvant: proteins, oligonucleotides, drug-like small molecules and liposome-based delivery systems with intrinsic adjuvant activity being perhaps the most prominent. AREAS COVERED This article focuses on small molecules acting as adjuvants, with the author reviewing their current status while highlighting their potential for systematic discovery and rational optimisation. Known small molecule adjuvants (SMAs) can be synthetically complex natural products, small oligonucleotides or drug-like synthetic molecules. The author provides examples of each class, discussing adjuvant mechanisms relevant to SMAs, and exploring the high-throughput discovery of SMAs. EXPERT OPINION SMAs, particularly synthetic drug-like adjuvants, are amenable to the plethora of drug-discovery techniques able to optimise the properties of biologically active small molecules. These range from laborious synthetic modifications to modern, rational, effort-efficient computational approaches, such as QSAR and structure-based drug design. In principal, any property or characteristic can thus be designed in or out of compounds, allowing us to tailor SMAs to specific biological functions, such as targeting specific cells or pathways, in turn affording the power to tailor SMAs to better address different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Flower
- University of Aston, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh R, Vince R. 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one: Chemical Profile of a Versatile Synthetic Building Block and its Impact on the Development of Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4642-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baraquet C, Murakami K, Parsek MR, Harwood CS. The FleQ protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions as both a repressor and an activator to control gene expression from the pel operon promoter in response to c-di-GMP. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7207-18. [PMID: 22581773 PMCID: PMC3424551 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) modulates the transition between planktonic and biofilm life styles. In response to c-di-GMP, the enhancer binding protein FleQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa derepresses the expression of Pel exopolysaccharide genes required for biofilm formation when a second protein, FleN is present. A model is that binding of c-di-GMP to FleQ induces its dissociation from the pelA promoter allowing RNA polymerase to access this site. To test this, we analyzed pelA DNA footprinting patterns with various combinations of FleQ, FleN and c-di-GMP, coupled to in vivo promoter activities. FleQ binds to two sites called box 1 and 2. FleN binds to FleQ bound at these sites causing the intervening DNA to bend. Binding of c-di-GMP to FleQ relieves the DNA distortion but FleQ remains bound to the two sites. Analysis of wild type and mutated versions of pelA-lacZ transcriptional fusions suggests that FleQ represses gene expression from box 2 and activates gene expression in response to c-di-GMP from box 1. The role of c-di-GMP is thus to convert FleQ from a repressor to an activator. The mechanism of action of FleQ is distinct from that of other bacterial transcription factors that both activate and repress gene expression from a single promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Baraquet
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abdul-Sater AA, Grajkowski A, Erdjument-Bromage H, Plumlee C, Levi A, Schreiber MT, Lee C, Shuman H, Beaucage SL, Schindler C. The overlapping host responses to bacterial cyclic dinucleotides. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:188-97. [PMID: 21933720 PMCID: PMC3518029 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages respond to infection with Legionella pneumophila by the induction of inflammatory mediators, including type I Interferons (IFN-Is). To explore whether the bacterial second messenger cyclic 3'-5' diguanylate (c-diGMP) activates some of these mediators, macrophages were infected with L. pneumophila strains in which the levels of bacterial c-diGMP had been altered. Intriguingly, there was a positive correlation between c-diGMP levels and IFN-I expression. Subsequent studies with synthetic derivatives of c-diGMP, and newly described cyclic 3'-5' diadenylate (c-diAMP), determined that these molecules activate overlapping inflammatory responses in human and murine macrophages. Moreover, UV crosslinking studies determined that both dinucleotides physically associate with a shared set of host proteins. Fractionation of macrophage extracts on a biotin-c-diGMP affinity matrix led to the identification of a set of candidate host binding proteins. These studies suggest that mammalian macrophages can sense and mount a specific inflammatory response to bacterial dinucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Abdul-Sater
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Andrzej Grajkowski
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core, Sloan Kettering Inst., Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller Research Laboratories, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Courtney Plumlee
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Immunology, L3074, MC1319, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Asaaf Levi
- University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Room 713, Cummings Life Sciences Center, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Michael T. Schreiber
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Carolyn Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Howard Shuman
- University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Room 713, Cummings Life Sciences Center, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Serge L. Beaucage
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Christian Schindler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kelsey I, Nakayama S, Sintim HO. Diamidinium and iminium aromatics as new aggregators of the bacterial signaling molecule, c-di-GMP. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:881-5. [PMID: 22217869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
C-di-GMP has emerged as an important bacterial signaling molecule that is involved in biofilm formation. Small molecules that can form biologically inactive complexes with c-di-GMP have the potential to be used as anti-biofilm agents. Herein, we report that water-soluble diamidinium/iminium aromatics (such as berenil), which are traditionally considered as minor groove binders of nucleic acids, are capable of aggregating c-di-GMP into G-quadruplexes via π-stacking interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Kelsey
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suzuki N, Oyama KI, Tsukamoto M. Practical Synthesis of Cyclic Bis(3′–5′)diadenylic Acid (c-di-AMP). CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
31
|
Spehr V, Warrass R, Höcherl K, Ilg T. Large-scale production of the immunomodulator c-di-GMP from GMP and ATP by an enzymatic cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:761-75. [PMID: 21710212 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
(3'-5')-Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger with immunomodulatory activities in mice suggesting potential applications as a vaccine adjuvant and as a therapeutic agent. Clinical studies in larger animals or humans will require larger doses that are difficult and expensive to generate by currently available chemical or enzymatic synthesis and purification methods. Here we report the production of c-di-GMP at the multi-gram scale from the economical precursors guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and adenosine triphosphate by a "one-pot" three enzyme cascade consisting of GMP kinase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and a mutated form of diguanylate cyclase engineered to lack product inhibition. The c-di-GMP was purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of anion exchange chromatography and solvent precipitation and was characterized by reversed phase high performance liquid chormatography and mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and further compositional analyses. The immunomodulatory activity of the c-di-GMP preparation was confirmed by its potentiating effect on the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 messenger RNA expression in J774A.1 mouse macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spehr
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mills E, Pultz IS, Kulasekara HD, Miller SI. The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP: mechanisms of signalling. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1122-9. [PMID: 21707905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates many important bacterial processes. Freely diffusible intracellular c-di-GMP is determined by the action of metabolizing enzymes that allow integration of numerous input signals. c-di-GMP specifically regulates multiple cellular processes by binding to diverse target molecules. This review highlights important questions in research into the mechanisms of c-di-GMP signalling and its role in bacterial physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erez Mills
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Habazettl J, Allan MG, Jenal U, Grzesiek S. Solution structure of the PilZ domain protein PA4608 complex with cyclic di-GMP identifies charge clustering as molecular readout. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14304-14. [PMID: 21310957 PMCID: PMC3077631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that controls the switch from a single-cell lifestyle to surface-attached, multicellular communities called biofilms. PilZ domain proteins are a family of bacterial c-di-GMP receptors, which control various cellular processes. We have solved the solution structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa single-domain PilZ protein PA4608 in complex with c-di-GMP by NMR spectroscopy. Isotope labeling by (13)C and (15)N of both the ligand and the protein made it possible to define the structure of c-di-GMP in the complex at high precision by a large number of intermolecular and intraligand NOEs and by two intermolecular hydrogen bond scalar couplings. Complex formation induces significant rearrangements of the C- and N-terminal parts of PA4608. c-di-GMP binds as an intercalated, symmetric dimer to one side of the β-barrel, thereby displacing the C-terminal helix of the apo state. The N-terminal RXXXR PilZ domain motif, which is flexible in the apo state, wraps around the ligand and in turn ties the displaced C terminus in a loose manner by a number of hydrophobic contacts. The recognition of the dimeric ligand is achieved by numerous H-bonds and stacking interactions involving residues Arg(8), Arg(9), Arg(10), and Arg(13) of the PilZ motif, as well as β-barrel residues Asp(35) and Trp(77). As a result of the rearrangement of the N and C termini, a highly negative surface is created on one side of the protein complex. We propose that the movement of the termini and the resulting negative surface form the basis for downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habazettl
- From the Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Allan
- From the Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Jenal
- From the Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Grzesiek
- From the Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao L, KuoLee R, Harris G, Tram K, Yan H, Chen W. c-di-GMP protects against intranasal Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice by chemokine induction and enhanced neutrophil recruitment. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1378-83. [PMID: 21496497 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major cause of both community-associated and nosocomial infections worldwide. A. baumannii rapidly develops resistance to multiple antibiotics; as a result, infections by this pathogen have become increasingly difficult to treat. In this study, we evaluated the effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP), a bacterial second messenger and immunomodulator, in the host defense against A. baumannii infection in a mouse model of intranasal infection. Our results showed that 50 μg of c-di-GMP administered 18 h prior to infection provided the best protection against intranasal infection with A. baumannii. Mechanistically, administration of c-di-GMP induced the production of chemokines KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 and RANTES, and enhanced neutrophil recruitment in the lung. Moreover, depletion of neutrophils abolished the protective role of c-di-GMP. Taken together, our data suggest that c-di-GMP confers resistance against intranasal A. baumannii infection in mice through a neutrophil-dependent mechanism and that c-di-GMP should be further explored as an immunomodulator for the treatment of A. baumannii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zhao
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang L, Meuwly M. Stability and dynamics of cyclic diguanylic acid in solution. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:295-302. [PMID: 21275021 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylic acid (CDG) is a ubiquitous messenger involved in bacterial signaling networks. Despite its central role in motility, biofilm formation, virulence, and flagellum development, fundamental properties such as its aggregation state are still poorly understood. Here the dynamics and stability of metal-free and Mg(2+)-bound CDG are characterized. Atomistic simulations establish that the CDG dimer is slightly favored (by -5 kcal mol(-1)) over its dissociated form (2 CDG), while the Mg(2+) ion coordinated in the X-ray structure readily dissociates from (CDG)(2) in solution and prefers water coordination. As a ligand in a protein, CDG binds both as a U-shaped and a quasilinear monomer. The current results indicate that the energy difference between these two conformations is only a few kilocalories per mole, which explains the facile adaptation to different protein environments. This, together with the slight preference of (CDG)(2) over 2 CDG suggests that (CDG)(2) binding to a protein does probably not occur via sequential binding of two individual monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grajkowski A, Cieślak J, Gapeev A, Schindler C, Beaucage SL. Convenient synthesis of a propargylated cyclic (3'-5') diguanylic acid and its "click" conjugation to a biotinylated azide. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2147-52. [PMID: 20942415 PMCID: PMC2993019 DOI: 10.1021/bc1003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ribonucleoside building block, N²-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-levulinyl guanosine, was prepared from commercial N²-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-propargyl guanosine in a yield of 91%. The propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine phosphotriester was synthesized from the reaction of N²-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-levulinyl guanosine with N²-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl] guanosine and isolated in a yield of 88% after P(III) oxidation, 3'-/5'-deprotection, and purification. The propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine phosphotriester was phosphitylated using 2-cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite and 1H-tetrazole and was followed by an in situ intramolecular cyclization to give a propargylated c-di-GMP triester, which was isolated in a yield of 40% after P(III) oxidation and purification. Complete N-deacylation of the guanine bases and removal of the 2-cyanoethyl phosphate protecting groups from the propargylated c-di-GMP triester were performed by treatment with aqueous ammonia at ambient temperature. The final 2'-desilylation reaction was effected by exposure to triethylammonium trihydrofluoride affording the desired propargylated c-di-GMP diester, the purity of which exceeded 95%. Biotinylation of the propargylated c-di-GMP diester was easily accomplished through its cycloaddition reaction with a biotinylated azide derivative under click conditions to produce the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate of interest in an isolated yield of 62%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Grajkowski
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|