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Wang N, Zhang J, Xiao B, Chen A. Microfluidic-assisted integrated nucleic acid test strips for POCT. Talanta 2024; 267:125150. [PMID: 37672986 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous diseases have posed significant threats to public health, notably the global pandemic of COVID-19, resulting in widespread devastation due to its high infectivity and severity. The nucleic acid lateral flow assay (NALFA) addresses challenges of complexity, cost, and time associated with traditional assays, offering a reliable platform for rapid and precise nucleic acid target detection. NALFA is gaining prominence as a point-of-care testing (POCT) technique, thanks to its user-friendly operation and rapid results. Nevertheless, conventional NALFA relies on specialized technicians and involves labor-intensive steps like DNA extraction and PCR processes, impeding its efficiency. To overcome these limitations, integrating NALFA with microfluidic technology, widely employed in rapid field detection, holds promise. This review comprehensively outlines prevailing strategies for integrating NALFA, encompassing both research initiatives and commercial applications. Addressing the bottleneck of nucleic acid amplification as a rate-limiting step, the review delves into progress in amplification-free NALFA and highlights prevalent signal amplification techniques. Ultimately, the review outlines the future prospect of integrated NALFA development, capturing the technology's evolution and providing valuable insights for academic and commercial endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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2
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Skaltsounis P, Kokkoris G, Papaioannou TG, Tserepi A. Closed-Loop Microreactor on PCB for Ultra-Fast DNA Amplification: Design and Thermal Validation. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:172. [PMID: 36677232 PMCID: PMC9860919 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most common method used for nucleic acid (DNA) amplification. The development of PCR-performing microfluidic reactors (μPCRs) has been of major importance, due to their crucial role in pathogen detection applications in medical diagnostics. Closed loop (CL) is an advantageous type of μPCR, which uses a circular microchannel, thus allowing the DNA sample to pass consecutively through the different temperature zones, in order to accomplish a PCR cycle. CL μPCR offers the main advantages of the traditional continuous-flow μPCR, eliminating at the same time most of the disadvantages associated with the long serpentine microchannel. In this work, the performance of three different CL μPCRs designed for fabrication on a printed circuit board (PCB) was evaluated by a computational study in terms of the residence time in each thermal zone. A 3D heat transfer model was used to calculate the temperature distribution in the microreactor, and the residence times were extracted by this distribution. The results of the computational study suggest that for the best-performing microreactor design, a PCR of 30 cycles can be achieved in less than 3 min. Subsequently, a PCB chip was fabricated based on the design that performed best in the computational study. PCB constitutes a great substrate as it allows for integrated microheaters inside the chip, permitting at the same time low-cost, reliable, reproducible, and mass-amenable fabrication. The fabricated chip, which, at the time of this writing, is the first CL μPCR chip fabricated on a PCB, was tested by measuring the temperatures on its surface with a thermal camera. These results were then compared with the ones of the computational study, in order to evaluate the reliability of the latter. The comparison of the calculated temperatures with the measured values verifies the accuracy of the developed model of the microreactor. As a result of that, a total power consumption of 1.521 W was experimentally measured, only ~7.3% larger than the one calculated (1.417 W). Full validation of the realized CL μPCR chip will be demonstrated in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skaltsounis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center of Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou Ε’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokkoris
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center of Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou Ε’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Theodoros G. Papaioannou
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Tserepi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center of Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou Ε’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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3
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Chen S, Sun Y, Fan F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Meng X, Lin JM. Present status of microfluidic PCR chip in nucleic acid detection and future perspective. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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An Integrated, Real-Time Convective PCR System for Isolation, Amplification, and Detection of Nucleic Acids. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Convective PCR (CPCR) can perform rapid nucleic acid amplification by inducing thermal convection to continuously, cyclically driving reagent between different zones of the reactor for spatially separate melting, annealing, and extending in a capillary tube with constant heating temperatures at different locations. CPCR is promoted by incorporating an FTA membrane filter into the capillary tube, which constructs a single convective PCR reactor for both sample preparation and amplification. To simplify fluid control in sample preparation, lysed sample or wash buffer is driven through the membrane filter through centrifugation. A movable resistance heater is used to heat the capillary tube for amplification, and meanwhile, a smartphone camera is adopted to monitor in situ fluorescence signal from the reaction. Different from other existing CPCR systems with the described simple, easy-to-use, integrated, real-time microfluidic CPCR system, rapid nucleic acid analysis can be performed from sample to answer. A couple of critical issues, including wash scheme and reaction temperature, are analyzed for optimized system performance. It is demonstrated that influenza A virus with the reasonable concentration down to 1.0 TCID50/mL can be successfully detected by the integrated microfluidic system within 45 min.
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5
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Convective polymerase chain reaction in standard microtubes. Anal Biochem 2022; 641:114565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Kimoto T, Suzuki K, Fukuda T, Emoto A. An on-demand bench-top fabrication process for fluidic chips based on cross-diffusion through photopolymerization. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044104. [PMID: 32699564 PMCID: PMC7354092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel approach to fabricate fluidic chips. The method utilizes molecular cross-diffusion, induced by photopolymerization under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in a channel pattern, to form the channel structures. During channel structure formation, the photopolymer layer still contains many uncured molecules. Subsequently, a top substrate is attached to the channel structure under adequate pressure, and the entire chip is homogenously irradiated by UV light. Immediately thereafter, a sufficiently sealed fluidic chip is formed. Using this fabrication process, the channel pattern of a chip can be designed quickly by a computer as binary images, and practical chips can be produced on demand at a benchtop, instead of awaiting production in specialized factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kou Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Emoto
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics (pLED), Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Rajendran VK, Bakthavathsalam P, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Smartphone technology facilitates point-of-care nucleic acid diagnosis: a beginner's guide. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:77-100. [PMID: 32609551 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1781779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The reliable detection of nucleic acids at low concentrations in clinical samples like blood, urine and saliva, and in food can be achieved by nucleic acid amplification methods. Several portable and hand-held devices have been developed to translate these laboratory-based methods to point-of-care (POC) settings. POC diagnostic devices could potentially play an important role in environmental monitoring, health, and food safety. Use of a smartphone for nucleic acid testing has shown promising progress in endpoint as well as real-time analysis of various disease conditions. The emergence of smartphone-based POC devices together with paper-based sensors, microfluidic chips and digital droplet assays are used currently in many situations to provide quantitative detection of nucleic acid targets. State-of-the-art portable devices are commercially available and rapidly emerging smartphone-based POC devices that allow the performance of laboratory-quality colorimetric, fluorescent and electrochemical detection are described in this review. We present a comprehensive review of smartphone-based POC sensing applications, specifically on microbial diagnostics, assess their performance and propose recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padmavathy Bakthavathsalam
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Miao G, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ge S, Xia N, Qian S, Yu D, Qiu X. Free convective PCR: From principle study to commercial applications-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:177-197. [PMID: 32222239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely important tool for molecular diagnosis, as it can specifically amplify nucleic acid templates for sensitive detection. As another division of PCR, free convective PCR was invented in 2001, which can be performed in a capillary tube pseudo-isothermally within a significantly short time. Convective PCR thermal cycling is implemented by inducing thermal convection inside the capillary tube, which stratifies the reaction into spatially separate and stable melting, annealing, and extension zones created by the temperature gradient. Convective PCR is a promising tool that can be used for nucleic acid diagnosis as a point-of-care test (POCT) due to the significantly simplified heating strategy, reduced cost, and shortened detection time without sacrificing sensitivity and accuracy. Here, we review the history of free convective PCR from its invention to development and its commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Miao
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Duli Yu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xianbo Qiu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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9
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Lee NY. A review on microscale polymerase chain reaction based methods in molecular diagnosis, and future prospects for the fabrication of fully integrated portable biomedical devices. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:285. [PMID: 29736588 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of microfabrication technology and soft lithography, the lab-on-a-chip concept has emerged as a state-of-the-art miniaturized tool for conducting the multiple functions associated with micro total analyses of nucleic acids, in series, in a seamless manner with a miniscule volume of sample. The enhanced surface-to-volume ratio inside a microchannel enables fast reactions owing to increased heat dissipation, allowing rapid amplification. For this reason, PCR has been one of the first applications to be miniaturized in a portable format. However, the nature of the basic working principle for microscale PCR, such as the complicated temperature controls and use of a thermal cycler, has hindered its total integration with other components into a micro total analyses systems (μTAS). This review (with 179 references) surveys the diverse forms of PCR microdevices constructed on the basis of different working principles and evaluates their performances. The first two main sections cover the state-of-the-art in chamber-type PCR microdevices and in continuous-flow PCR microdevices. Methods are then discussed that lead to microdevices with upstream sample purification and downstream detection schemes, with a particular focus on rapid on-site detection of foodborne pathogens. Next, the potential for miniaturizing and automating heaters and pumps is examined. The review concludes with sections on aspects of complete functional integration in conjunction with nanomaterial based sensing, a discussion on future prospects, and with conclusions. Graphical abstract In recent years, thermocycler-based PCR systems have been miniaturized to palm-sized, disposable polymer platforms. In addition, operational accessories such as heaters and mechanical pumps have been simplified to realize semi-automatted stand-alone portable biomedical diagnostic microdevices that are directly applicable in the field. This review summarizes the progress made and the current state of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea.
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10
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Mendoza-Gallegos RA, Rios A, Garcia-Cordero JL. An Affordable and Portable Thermocycler for Real-Time PCR Made of 3D-Printed Parts and Off-the-Shelf Electronics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5563-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Mendoza-Gallegos
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Amelia Rios
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
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11
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Saito M, Takahashi K, Kiriyama Y, Espulgar WV, Aso H, Sekiya T, Tanaka Y, Sawazumi T, Furui S, Tamiya E. Centrifugation-Controlled Thermal Convection and Its Application to Rapid Microfluidic Polymerase Chain Reaction Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12797-12804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Saito
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1,
Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1,
Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kiriyama
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1,
Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wilfred Villariza Espulgar
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1,
Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aso
- Konica Minolta, Inc., JP Tower,
2-7-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-7015, Japan
| | - Tadanobu Sekiya
- Konica Minolta, Inc., JP Tower,
2-7-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-7015, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Konica Minolta, Inc., JP Tower,
2-7-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-7015, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Sawazumi
- Konica Minolta, Inc., JP Tower,
2-7-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-7015, Japan
| | - Satoshi Furui
- Food
Entomology Unit, Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12, Kannondai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Department
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1,
Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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A Point-of-Need infrared mediated PCR platform with compatible lateral flow strip for HPV detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 96:213-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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A sample-to-answer, real-time convective polymerase chain reaction system for point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2017. [PMID: 28624618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Timely and accurate molecular diagnostics at the point-of-care (POC) level is critical to global health. To this end, we propose a handheld convective-flow real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system capable of direct sample-to-answer genetic analysis for the first time. Such a system mainly consists of a magnetic bead-assisted photothermolysis sample preparation, a closed-loop convective PCR reactor, and a wireless video camera-based real-time fluorescence detection. The sample preparation exploits the dual functionality of vancomycin-modified magnetic beads (VMBs) for bacteria enrichment and photothermal conversion, enabling cell pre-concentration and lysis to be finished in less than 3min. On the presented system, convective thermocycling is driven by a single-heater thermal gradient, and its amplification is monitored in real-time, with an analysis speed of less than 25min, a dynamic linear range from 106 to 101 copies/µL and a detection sensitivity of as little as 1 copies/µL. Additionally, the proposed PCR system is self-contained with a control electronics, pocket-size and battery-powered, providing a low-cost genetic analysis in a portable format. Therefore, we believe that this integrated system may become a potential candidate for fast, accurate and affordable POC molecular diagnostics.
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14
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Qiu X, Zhang S, Mei L, Wu D, Guo Q, Li K, Ge S, Ye X, Xia N, Mauk MG. Characterization and analysis of real-time capillary convective PCR toward commercialization. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024103. [PMID: 28798846 PMCID: PMC5533481 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Almost all the reported capillary convective polymerase chain reaction (CCPCR) systems to date are still limited to research use stemming from unresolved issues related to repeatability, reliability, convenience, and sensitivity. To move CCPCR technology forward toward commercialization, a couple of critical strategies and innovations are discussed here. First, single- and dual-end heating strategies are analyzed and compared between each other. Especially, different solutions for dual-end heating are proposed and discussed, and the heat transfer and fluid flow inside the capillary tube with an optimized dual-end heating strategy are analyzed and modeled. Second, real-time CCPCR is implemented with light-emitting diode and photodiode, and the real-time fluorescence detection method is compared with the post-amplification end-point detection method based on a dipstick assay. Thirdly, to reduce the system complexity, e.g., to simplify parameter tuning of the feedback control, an internal-model-control-based proportional-integral-derivative controller is adopted for accurate temperature control. Fourth, as a proof of concept, CCPCR with pre-loaded dry storage of reagent inside the capillary PCR tube is evaluated to better accommodate to point-of-care diagnosis. The critical performances of improved CCPCR, especially with sensitivity, repeatability, and reliability, have been thoroughly analyzed with different experiments using influenza A (H1N1) virus as the detection sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Qiu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lanju Mei
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ke Li
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ye
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Michael G Mauk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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15
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Development of Capillary Loop Convective Polymerase Chain Reaction Platform with Real-Time Fluorescence Detection. INVENTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Chen JJ, Shen CM, Ko YW. Analytical study of a microfludic DNA amplification chip using water cooling effect. Biomed Microdevices 2013. [PMID: 23179465 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel continuous-flow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chip has been analyzed in our work. Two temperature zones are controlled by two external controllers and the other temperature zone at the chip center is controlled by the flow rate of the fluid inside a channel under the glass chip. By employing a water cooling channel at the chip center, the sequence of denaturation, annealing, and extension can be created due to the forced convection effect. The required annealing temperature of PCR less than 313 K can also be demonstrated in this chip. The Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cooling channel with the thin aluminum cover is utilized to enhance the temperature uniformity. The size of this chip is 76 mm × 26 mm × 3 mm. This device represents the first demonstration of water cooling thermocycling within continuous-flow PCR microfluidics. The commercial software CFD-ACE+(TM) is utilized to determine the distances between the heating assemblies within the chip. We investigate the influences of various chip materials, operational parameters of the cooling channel and geometric parameters of the chip on the temperature uniformity on the chip surface. Concerning the temperature uniformity of the working zones and the lowest temperature at the annealing zone, the air gap spacing of 1 mm and the cooling channel thicknesses of 1 mm of the PMMA channel with an aluminum cover are recommended in our design. The hydrophobic surface of the PDMS channel was modified by filling it with 20 % Tween 20 solution and then adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution to the PCR mixture. DNA fragments with different lengths (372 bp and 478 bp) are successfully amplified with the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Jian Chen
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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17
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Hsieh YF, Lee DS, Chen PH, Liao SK, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Yang AS. A real-time convective PCR machine in a capillary tube instrumented with a CCD-based fluorometer. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 183:434-440. [PMID: 32288243 PMCID: PMC7126760 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This research reports the design, analysis, integration, and test of a prototype of a real-time convective polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR) machine that uses a color charged coupled device (CCD) for detecting the emission of fluorescence intensity from an RT-cPCR mix in a microliter volume glass capillary. Because of its simple mechanism, DNA amplification involves employing the cPCR technique with no need for thermocycling control. The flow pattern and temperature distribution can greatly affect the cPCR process in the capillary tube, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was conducted in this study for the first time to estimate the required period of an RT-cPCR cycle. This study also tested the PCR mix containing hepatitis B virus (HBV) plasmid samples by using SYBR Green I fluorescence labeling dye to assess the prototype performance. The measured results from the image-processing scheme indicate that the RT-cPCR prototype with a CCD-based fluorometer can achieve similar DNA quantification reproducibility compared to commercial machines, even when the initial DNA concentration in the test PCR mix is reduced to 10 copies/μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Da-Sheng Lee
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Kai Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - An-Shik Yang
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Ohlander A, Zilio C, Hammerle T, Zelenin S, Klink G, Chiari M, Bock K, Russom A. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by melting curve analysis using thin film semi-transparent heaters integrated in a lab-on-foil system. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2075-2082. [PMID: 23592049 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50171j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent technological advances in micro/nanotechnology present new opportunities to combine microfluidics with microarray technology for the development of small, sensitive, single-use, point-of-care molecular diagnostic devices. As such, the integration of microarray and plastic microfluidic systems is an attractive low-cost alternative to glass based microarray systems. This paper presents the integration of a DNA microarray and an all-polymer microfluidic foil system with integrated thin film heaters, which demonstrate DNA analysis based on melting curve analysis (MCA). A novel micro-heater concept using semi-transparent copper heaters manufactured by roll-to-roll and lift-off on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil has been developed. Using a mesh structure, heater surfaces have been realized in only one single metallization step, providing more efficient and homogenous heating characteristics than conventional meander heaters. A robust DNA microarray spotting protocol was adapted on Parylene C coated heater-foils, using co-polymer poly(DMA-NAS-MAPS) to enable covalent immobilization of DNA. The heaters were integrated in a microfluidic channel using lamination foils and MCA of the spotted DNA duplexes showed single based discrimination of mismatched over matched target DNA-probes. Finally, as a proof of principle, we perform MCA on PCR products to detect the Leu7Pro polymorphism of the neutropeptide Y related to increased risk of Type II diabetes, BMI and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohlander
- Fraunhofer EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany.
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Recent Progress in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology and Its Potential Application to Clinical Diagnoses. Int Neurourol J 2013; 17:2-10. [PMID: 23610705 PMCID: PMC3627994 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2013.17.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the construction of the lab-on-a-chip (LOC) system, a state-of-the-art technology that uses polymer materials (i.e., poly[dimethylsiloxane]) for the miniaturization of conventional laboratory apparatuses, and show the potential use of these microfluidic devices in clinical applications. In particular, we introduce the independent unit components of the LOC system and demonstrate how each component can be functionally integrated into one monolithic system for the realization of a LOC system. In specific, we demonstrate microscale polymerase chain reaction with the use of a single heater, a microscale sample injection device with a disposable plastic syringe and a strategy for device assembly under environmentally mild conditions assisted by surface modification techniques. In this way, we endeavor to construct a totally integrated, disposable microfluidic system operated by a single mode, the pressure, which can be applied on-site with enhanced device portability and disposability and with simple and rapid operation for medical and clinical diagnoses, potentially extending its application to urodynamic studies in molecular level.
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Jung JH, Choi SJ, Park BH, Choi YK, Seo TS. Ultrafast rotary PCR system for multiple influenza viral RNA detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1598-1600. [PMID: 22437437 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21269b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We presented a novel platform for an ultrafast PCR system, called the Rotary PCR Genetic Analyzer, which incorporates a thermal block and resistive temperature detector (RTD) for thermal cycling control, a disposable PCR microchip, and a stepper motor. The influenza viral RNAs from H3N2, H5N1, and H1N1 were simultaneously identified with high sensitivity and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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22
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Tsai YL, Lin YC, Chou PH, Teng PH, Lee PY. Detection of white spot syndrome virus by polymerase chain reaction performed under insulated isothermal conditions. J Virol Methods 2012; 181:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Diagnostic assays are an important part of health care, both in the clinic and in research laboratories. In addition to improving treatments and clinical outcomes, rapid and reliable diagnostics help track disease epidemiology, curb infectious outbreaks, and further the understanding of chronic illness. Disease markers such as antigens, RNA, and DNA are present at low concentrations in biological samples, such that the majority of diagnostic assays rely on an amplification reaction before detection is possible. Ideally, these amplification reactions would be sensitive, specific, inexpensive, rapid, integrated, and automated. Microfluidic technology currently in development offers many advantages over conventional benchtop reactions that help achieve these goals. The small reaction volumes and energy consumption make reactions cheaper and more efficient in a microfluidic reactor. Additionally, the channel architecture could be designed to perform multiple tests or experimental steps on one integrated, automated platform. This review explores the current research on microfluidic reactors designed to aid diagnostic applications, covering a broad spectrum of amplification techniques and designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E McCalla
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Liu D, Liang G, Lei X, Chen B, Wang W, Zhou X. Highly efficient capillary polymerase chain reaction using an oscillation droplet microreactor. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:58-63. [PMID: 22305898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current work presents the development of a capillary-based oscillation droplet approach to maximize the potential of a continuous-flow polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Through the full utilization of interfacial chemistry, a water-in-oil (w/o) droplet was generated by allowing an oil-water plug to flow along a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary. The w/o droplet functioned as the reactor for oscillating-flow PCR to provide a stable reaction environment, accelerate reagent mixing, and eliminate surface adsorption. The capillary PCR approach proposed in the current research offers high amplification efficiency, fast reaction speed, and easy system control attributable to the oscillation droplet reactor. Experimental results show that the droplet-based micro-PCR assay requires lower reaction volume (2 μL) and shorter reaction time (12 min) compared with conventional PCR methods. Taking the amplification of the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1) gene as an example, the present work demonstrates that the oscillation droplet PCR assay is capable of achieving high efficiency up to 89.5% and a detection limit of 10 DNA copies. The miniature PCR protocol developed in the current work is fast, robust, and low-cost, thus exhibiting the potential for expansion into various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China.
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Wu W, Trinh KTL, Lee NY. Hand-held syringe as a portable plastic pump for on-chip continuous-flow PCR: miniaturization of sample injection device. Analyst 2012; 137:983-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15860d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chou WP, Chen PH, Miao M, Kuo LS, Yeh SH, Chen PJ. Rapid DNA amplification in a capillary tube by natural convection with a single isothermal heater. Biotechniques 2011; 50:52-7. [PMID: 21231923 DOI: 10.2144/000113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a simple platform for rapid DNA amplification using convection. Capillary convective PCR (CCPCR) heats the bottom of a capillary tube using a dry bath maintained at a fixed temperature of 95°C. The tube is then cooled by the surrounding air, creating a temperature gradient in which a sample can undergo PCR amplification by natural convection through reagent circulation. We demonstrate that altering the melting temperature of the primers relative to the lowest temperature in the tube affects amplification efficiency; adjusting the denaturation temperature of the amplicon relative to the highest temperature in the tube affects maximum amplicon size, with amplicon lengths of ≤500 bp possible. Based on these criteria, we successfully amplified DNA sequences from three different viral genomes in 30 min using CCPCR, with a sensitivity of ~30 copies per reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pin Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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So JH, Dickey MD. Inherently aligned microfluidic electrodes composed of liquid metal. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:905-11. [PMID: 21264405 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00501k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of microelectrodes that are inherently aligned with microfluidic channels and in direct contact with the fluid in the channels. Injecting low melting point alloys, such as eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), into microchannels at room temperature (or just above room temperature) offers a simple way to fabricate microelectrodes. The channels that define the shape and position of the microelectrodes are fabricated simultaneously with other microfluidic channels (i.e., those used to manipulate fluids) in a single step; consequently, all of the components are inherently aligned. In contrast, conventional techniques require multiple fabrication steps and registration (i.e., alignment of the electrodes with the microfluidic channels), which are technically challenging. The distinguishing characteristic of this work is that the electrodes are in direct contact with the fluid in the microfluidic channel, which is useful for a number of applications such as electrophoresis. Periodic posts between the microelectrodes and the microfluidic channel prevent the liquid metal from entering the microfluidic channel during injection. A thin oxide skin that forms rapidly and spontaneously on the surface of the metal stabilizes mechanically the otherwise low viscosity, high surface tension fluid within the channel. Moreover, the injected electrodes vertically span the sidewalls of the channel, which allows for the application of uniform electric field lines throughout the height of the channel and perpendicular to the direction of flow. The electrodes are mechanically stable over operating conditions commonly used in microfluidic applications; the mechanical stability depends on the magnitude of the applied bias, the nature of the bias (DC vs. AC), and the conductivity of the solutions in the microfluidic channel. Electrodes formed using alloys with melting points above room temperature ensure mechanical stability over all of the conditions explored. As a demonstration of their utility, the fluidic electrodes are used for electrohydrodynamic mixing, which requires extremely high electric fields (~10(5) V m(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee So
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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