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Yang Q, Huang W, Liu X, Sami R, Fan X, Dong Q, Luo J, Tao R, Fu C. Simple, and highly efficient edge-effect surface acoustic wave atomizer. ULTRASONICS 2024; 142:107359. [PMID: 38823151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Conventional surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizers require a direct water supply on the surface, which can be complex and cumbersome. This paper presents a novel SAW atomizer that uses lateral acoustic wetting to achieve atomization without a direct water supply. The device works by simply pressing a piece of wetted paper strip against the bottom of an excited piezoelectric transducer. The liquid then flows along the side to the unmodified surface edge, where it is atomized into a well-converging mist in a stable and sustainable manner. We identified this phenomenon as the edge effect, using numerical simulation results of surface displacement mode. The feasibility of the prototype design was demonstrated by observing and investigating the integrated process of liquid extraction, transport, and atomization. We further explored the hydrodynamic principles of the change and breakup in liquid film geometry under different input powers. Experiments demonstrate that our atomizer is capable of generating high-quality fine liquid particles stably and rapidly even at very high input power. Compared to conventional SAW atomizer, the dispersion of mist width can be scaled down by 70%, while the atomization rate can be increased by 37.5%. Combined with the advantages of easy installation and robustness, the edge effect-based atomizer offers an attractive alternative to current counterparts for applications requiring high efficiency and miniaturization, such as simultaneous synthesis and encapsulation of nanoparticles, pulmonary drug delivery and portable inhalation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ramadan Sami
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, UK
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Nampoothiri KN, Nath A, Satpathi NS, Sen AK. Deicing of Sessile Droplets Using Surface Acoustic Waves. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3934-3941. [PMID: 36883239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deicing has significant relevance in various applications such as transportation, energy production, and telecommunication. The use of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is an attractive option for deicing as it offers several advantages such as localized heating, in situ control, low power, and system integration for highly efficient deicing. Here, we report an understanding of the dynamics of deicing of microlitre volume water droplets (1 to 30 μL) exposed to low power (0.3 W) SAW actuation using an interdigitated electrode on a piezoelectric (LiNbO3) substrate. We study the time variation of the volume of liquid water from the onset of SAW actuation to complete deicing, which takes 2.5 to 35 s depending on the droplet volume. The deicing phenomenon is attributed to acoustothermal heating which is found to be greatly influenced by the loss of ice adhesion with the substrate and the acoustic streaming within the liquid water. Acoustothermal heating inside the droplet is characterized by the temperature distribution inside the droplet using infrared thermography, and acoustic streaming is observed using dye-based optical microscopy. A rapid enhancement in deicing is observed upon the detachment of ice from the substrate and the onset of acoustic streaming, marked by a sudden increase in the liquid water volume, droplet temperature, and heat transfer coefficient. The deicing time is found to increase linearly with droplet volume as observed from experiments and further verified using a theoretical model. Our study provides an improved understanding of the recently introduced SAW-based deicing technique that may open up the avenue for a suitable alternative to standard deicing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Nampoothiri
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, Tamilnadu 601103, India
| | - A Nath
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
| | - N S Satpathi
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
| | - A K Sen
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
- Micro Nano Bio-Fluidics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India
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3
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Karra N, Fernandes J, Swindle EJ, Morgan H. Integrating an aerosolized drug delivery device with conventional static cultures and a dynamic airway barrier microphysiological system. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054102. [PMID: 36118260 PMCID: PMC9473724 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organ on a chip or microphysiological systems (MPSs) aim to resolve current challenges surrounding drug discovery and development resulting from an unrepresentative static cell culture or animal models that are traditionally used by generating a more physiologically relevant environment. Many different airway MPSs have been developed that mimic alveolar or bronchial interfaces, but few methods for aerosol drug delivery at the air-liquid interface exist. This work demonstrates a compact Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) drug delivery device that generates an aerosol of respirable size for delivery of compounds directly onto polarized or differentiated epithelial cell cultures within an airway barrier MPS and conventional static inserts. As proof of principle, the SAW drug delivery device was used to nebulize viral dsRNA analog poly I:C and steroids fluticasone and dexamethasone without disrupting their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Karra
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joao Fernandes
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hywel Morgan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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4
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Nampoothiri KN, Satpathi NS, Sen AK. Surface acoustic wave-based generation and transfer of droplets onto wettable substrates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23400-23410. [PMID: 36090390 PMCID: PMC9382648 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid manipulation using surface acoustic waves (SAW) has been utilized as a promising technique in the field of microfluidics due to its numerous advantages, over other active techniques, such as low power requirement, facile fabrication methods, and non-invasive nature. Even though SAW-based generation of micron-sized droplets through atomization has been studied, the role of substrate wettability on the characteristics of the transferred droplets has not been explored to date. Here, we study the generation and effective transfer of micron-sized droplets using SAW onto wettable substrates whose water contact angles vary from 5° to 145°. The characteristics of transferred droplets after impacting the wettable substrates are characterized in terms of the contact line diameter and polydispersity index. A theoretical model is formulated to predict the initial average size of the transferred droplets on the wettable substrates of different contact angles. The variation of polydispersity and number density with contact angle is explained by considering droplet coalescence and bouncing. The relevance of the technique in biological assays is demonstrated by transferring droplets of streptavidin protein samples onto a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niladri Sekhar Satpathi
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai-600036 India
| | - Ashis Kumar Sen
- Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai-600036 India
- Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai-600036 India
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5
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Cortez-Jugo C, Masoumi S, Chan PPY, Friend J, Yeo L. Nebulization of siRNA for inhalation therapy based on a microfluidic surface acoustic wave platform. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106088. [PMID: 35797825 PMCID: PMC9263997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The local delivery of therapeutic small interfering RNA or siRNA to the lungs has the potential to improve the prognosis for patients suffering debilitating lung diseases. Recent advances in materials science have been aimed at addressing delivery challenges including biodistribution, bioavailability and cell internalization, but an equally important challenge to overcome is the development of an inhalation device that can deliver the siRNA effectively to the lung, without degrading the therapeutic itself. Here, we report the nebulization of siRNA, either naked siRNA or complexed with polyethyleneimine (PEI) or a commercial transfection agent, using a miniaturizable acoustomicrofluidic nebulization device. The siRNA solution could be nebulised without significant degradation into an aerosol mist with tunable mean aerodynamic diameters of approximately 3 µm, which is appropriate for deep lung deposition via inhalation. The nebulized siRNA was tested for its stability, as well as its toxicity and gene silencing properties using the mammalian lung carcinoma cell line A549, which demonstrated that the gene silencing capability of siRNA is retained after nebulization. This highlights the potential application of the acoustomicrofluidic device for the delivery of efficacious siRNA via inhalation, either for systemic delivery via the alveolar epithelium or local therapeutic delivery to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cortez-Jugo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Sarah Masoumi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Peggy P Y Chan
- School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - James Friend
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Leslie Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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6
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Huang QY, Le Y, Hu H, Wan ZJ, Ning J, Han JL. Experimental research on surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization for drug delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7930. [PMID: 35562384 PMCID: PMC9106708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomization can produce suitable aerosol concentration and size distribution for efficient inhaled lung drug delivery and is a potential atomization device for asthma treatment. Using the SAW device, we present comprehensive experimental results exploring the complexity of the acoustic atomization process and the influence of input power, device frequency, and liquid flow rate on aerosol size distribution. It is hoped that these studies will explain the mechanism of SAW atomization aerosol generation and how they can be controlled. The insights from the high-speed flow visualization studies reveal that it is possible by setting the input power above 4.17 W, thus allowing atomization to occur from a relatively thin film, forming dense, monodisperse aerosols. Moreover, we found that the aerosol droplet size can be effectively changed by adjusting the input power and liquid flow rate to change the film conditions. In this work, we proposed a method to realize drug atomization by a microfluidic channel. A SU-8 flow channel was prepared on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate by photolithography technology. Combined with the silicon dioxide coating process and PDMS process closed microfluidic channel was prepared, and continuous drug atomization was provided to improve the deposition efficiency of drug atomization by microfluidic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Le
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | | | - Jia Ning
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jun-Long Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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7
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Steinacher M, Amstad E. Spray-Assisted Formation of Micrometer-Sized Emulsions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13952-13961. [PMID: 35258934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion drops with defined sizes are frequently used to conduct chemical reactions on picoliter scales or as templates to form microparticles. Despite tremendous progress that has been achieved in the production of emulsions, the high throughput formation of drops with well-defined diameters of a few micrometers remains challenging. Drops of this size, however, are in high demand, for example, for many pharmaceutical, food, and materials science applications. Here, we introduce a scalable method to produce water-in-oil emulsion drops possessing controlled diameters of just a few micrometers: We fabricate calibrated aerosol drops and transfer them into an oil bath to form stable emulsions at rates up to 480 μL min-1 of the dispersed phase. We demonstrate that the emulsification is thermodynamically driven such that design principles to successfully form emulsions can easily be deduced. We employ these emulsion drops as templates to form well-defined micrometer-sized hydrogel spheres and capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Steinacher
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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8
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Mazalan MB, Noor AM, Wahab Y, Yahud S, Zaman WSWK. Current Development in Interdigital Transducer (IDT) Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Live Cell In Vitro Studies: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010030. [PMID: 35056195 PMCID: PMC8779155 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustics have a wide range of uses, from noise-cancelling to ultrasonic imaging. There has been a surge in interest in developing acoustic-based approaches for biological and biomedical applications in the last decade. This review focused on the application of surface acoustic waves (SAW) based on interdigital transducers (IDT) for live-cell investigations, such as cell manipulation, cell separation, cell seeding, cell migration, cell characteristics, and cell behaviours. The approach is also known as acoustofluidic, because the SAW device is coupled with a microfluidic system that contains live cells. This article provides an overview of several forms of IDT of SAW devices on recently used cells. Conclusively, a brief viewpoint and overview of the future application of SAW techniques in live-cell investigations were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazlee Bin Mazalan
- AMBIENCE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.M.); (W.S.W.K.Z.)
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- AMBIENCE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yufridin Wahab
- AMBIENCE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuhaida Yahud
- AMBIENCE, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (A.M.N.); (Y.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.B.M.); (W.S.W.K.Z.)
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9
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Jiang D, Liu J, Pan Y, Zhuang L, Wang P. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) techniques in tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:215-226. [PMID: 34390407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique for microfluidics has drawn a lot of attention. The pattern and mutual communication in cell layers, tissues, and organs play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and may contribute to disease occurrence and progression. Tissue engineering aims to repair and regenerate damaged organs, depending on biomimetic scaffolds and advanced fabrication technology. However, traditional bioengineering synthesis approaches are time-consuming, heterogeneous, and unmanageable. It is hard to pattern cells in scaffolds effectively with no impact on cell viability and function. Here, we summarize a biocompatible, easily available, label-free, and non-invasive tool, surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique, which is getting a lot of attention in tissue engineering. SAW technique can realize accurate sorting, manipulation, and cells' pattern and rapid formation of spheroids. By integrating several SAW devices onto lab-on-a-chip platforms, tissue engineering lab-on-a-chip system was proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to summarize the application of this novel technique in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Jiang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Sensor Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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10
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Bandara GC, Unitan LJ, Kremer MH, Shellhammer OT, Bracha S, Remcho VT. Wicking microfluidic approach to separate blood plasma from whole blood to facilitate downstream assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4511-4520. [PMID: 34046699 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation of blood plasma or serum from blood is essential for accurate analysis. Conventional blood separation requires instrumentation, reagents, and large sample volumes, limiting this process to laboratory environments with trained personnel. Full implementation of effective blood separation and analysis on microliter sample volumes for point of care (POC) diagnostics has proven extremely challenging resulting in a growing market demand, with common challenges such as expensive device fabrication processes or devices being comprised of materials which are not easily disposable. We developed a membrane-based wicking microfluidic device which is made using a simple fabrication process. This device uses a unique 3D flow channel geometry, fabricated in a polycaprolactone-filled glass microfiber membrane, to efficiently separate microliter sample volumes of blood. Colorimetric assay chemistries were integrated to demonstrate utility of these devices in POC diagnostics. The devices are capable of separating both fresh and anticoagulant-treated blood at microscale sample volumes (<15.0 μL). Modifications to the base device are also reported herein which increased sample volume capacity and separation efficiency. Integrated colorimetric assay enabled semi-quantitative detection of conjugated bilirubin in real blood samples (1.0-1.5 mg/dL). These blood separation devices, fabricated on polycaprolactone-filled glass microfiber, enabled effective blood plasma (anticoagulant-treated blood) and serum (fresh blood) separation with microscale sample volumes. Sample volume capacity and separation efficiency are customizable for specific applications and devices can be integrated with downstream assay chemistries to develop complete POC devices that offer blood separation and diagnostics at the same time on a single membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan C Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Linus J Unitan
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Matthew H Kremer
- Materials Science Program, College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Owen T Shellhammer
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Shay Bracha
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Vincent T Remcho
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. .,Materials Science Program, College of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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11
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Huang A, Connacher W, Stambaugh M, Zhang N, Zhang S, Mei J, Jain A, Alluri S, Leung V, Rajapaksa AE, Friend J. Practical microcircuits for handheld acoustofluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1352-1363. [PMID: 33565534 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics has promised to enable lab-on-a-chip and point-of-care devices in ways difficult to achieve using other methods. Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers-as small as the chips they actuate-provide rapid fluid and suspended object transport. Acoustofluidic lab-on-chip devices offer a vast range of benefits in early disease identification and noninvasive drug delivery. However, their potential has long been undermined by the need for benchtop or rack-mount electronics. The piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers within require these equipment and thus acoustofluidic device implementation in a bedside setting has been limited. Here we detail a general process to enable the reader to produce battery or mains-powered microcircuits ideal for driving 1-300 MHz acoustic devices. We include the general design strategy for the circuit, the blocks that collectively define it, and suitable, specific choices for components to produce these blocks. We furthermore illustrate how to incorporate automated resonance finding and tracking, sensing and feedback, and built-in adjustability to accommodate devices' vastly different operating frequencies and powers in a single driver, including examples of fluid and particle manipulation typical of the needs in our discipline. With this in hand, the many groups active in lab-on-a-chip acoustofluidics can now finally deliver on the promise of handheld, point-of-care technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. http://friend.ucsd.edu
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12
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Charbaji A, Heidari-Bafroui H, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. A New Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Improved Detection of Nitrate in Water. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010102. [PMID: 33375290 PMCID: PMC7794956 DOI: 10.3390/s21010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a simple and inexpensive paper-based microfluidic device for detecting nitrate in water. This device incorporates two recent developments in paper-based technology suitable for nitrate detection and has an optimized microfluidic design. The first technical advancement employed is an innovative fibrous composite material made up of cotton fibers and zinc microparticles that can be incorporated in paper-based devices and results in better nitrate reduction. The second is a detection zone with an immobilized reagent that allows the passage of a larger sample volume. Different acids were tested—citric and phosphoric acids gave better results than hydrochloric acid since this acid evaporates completely without leaving any residue behind on paper. Different microfluidic designs that utilize various fluid control technologies were investigated and a design with a folding detection zone was chosen and optimized to improve the uniformity of the signal produced. The optimized design allowed the device to achieve a limit of detection and quantification of 0.53 ppm and 1.18 ppm, respectively, for nitrate in water. This accounted for more than a 40% improvement on what has been previously realized for the detection of nitrate in water using paper-based technology.
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13
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Wong KS, Lim WTH, Ooi CW, Yeo LY, Tan MK. In situ generation of plasma-activated aerosols via surface acoustic wave nebulization for portable spray-based surface bacterial inactivation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1856-1868. [PMID: 32342089 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of reactive species in plasma-activated water is known to induce oxidative stresses in bacterial species, which can result in their inactivation. By integrating a microfludic chipscale nebulizer driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with a low-temperature atmospheric plasma source, we demonstrate an efficient technique for in situ production and application of plasma-activated aerosols for surface disinfection. Unlike bulk conventional systems wherein the water is separately batch-treated within a container, we show in this work the first demonstration of continuous plasma-treatment of water as it is transported through a paper strip from a reservoir onto the chipscale SAW device. The significantly larger surface area to volume ratio of the water within the paper strip leads to a significant reduction in the duration of the plasma-treatment, while maintaining the concentration of the reactive species. The subsequent nebulization of the plasma-activated water by the SAW then allows the generation of plasma-activated aerosols, which can be directly sprayed onto the contaminated surface, therefore eliminating the storage of the plasma-activated water and hence circumventing the typical limitation in conventional systems wherein the concentration of the reactive species diminishes over time during storage, resulting in a reduction in the efficacy of bacterial inactivation. In particular, we show up to 96% reduction in Escherichia coli colonies through direct spraying with the plasma-activated aerosols. This novel, low-cost, portable and energy-efficient hybrid system necessitates only minimal maintenance as it only requires the supply of tap water and battery power for operation, and is thus suitable for decontamination in home environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiing S Wong
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chan JS, Poh PE, Ismadi MZP, Yeo LY, Tan MK. Enhancing greywater treatment via MHz-Order surface acoustic waves. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115187. [PMID: 31671294 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for efficient biological treatment systems for the removal of organic compounds in greywater given the rapid increase in household wastewater produced as a consequence of rapid urbanisation. Moreover, proper treatment of greywater allows its reuse that can significantly reduce the demand for freshwater supplies. Herein, we demonstrate the possibility of enhancing the removal efficiency of solid contaminants from greywater using MHz-order surface acoustic waves (SAWs). A key distinction of the use of these high frequency surface acoustic waves, compared to previous work on its lower frequency (kHz order) bulk ultrasound counterpart for wastewater treatment, is the absence of cavitation, which can inflict considerable damage on bacteria, thus limiting the intensity and duration, and hence the efficiency enhancement, associated with the acoustic exposure. In particular, we show that up to fivefold improvement in the removal efficiency can be obtained, primarily due to the ability of the acoustic pressure field in homogenizing and reducing the size of bacterial clusters in the sample, therefore providing a larger surface area that promotes greater bacteria digestion. Alternatively, the SAW exposure allows the reduction in the treatment duration to achieve a given level of removal efficiency, thus facilitating higher treatment rates and hence processing throughput. Given the low-cost of the miniature chipscale platform, these promising results highlight its possibility for portable greywater treatment for domestic use or for large-scale industrial wastewater processing through massive parallelization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing S Chan
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Phaik E Poh
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Zulhilmi P Ismadi
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ming K Tan
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Influence of Waterproof Films on the Atomization Behavior of Surface Acoustic Waves. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10110794. [PMID: 31752420 PMCID: PMC6915636 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the reasons why commercial application of surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomization is not possible is due to the condensation of aerosol droplets generated during atomization, which drip on the interdigitated transducer (IDT), thereby causing electrodes to short-circuit. In order to solve this problem, a SU-8-2002 film coating on an IDT is proposed in this paper. The waterproof performance of the film coating was tested on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device several times. The experimental results reveal that the film coating was robust. The experiment also investigated the effects of the SU-8-2002 film on atomization behavior and heating.
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Zhou W, Chen M, Liu X, Zhang W, Cai F, Li F, Wu J, Wang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Lin Z, Zhou H, Meng L, Niu L, Zheng H. Selective photothermal ablation of cancer cells by patterned gold nanocages using surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3387-3396. [PMID: 31517364 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of nanoparticles, which are promising photothermal agents, is of great importance to selectively and precisely ablate tissues by thermal effects. In this paper, we demonstrated that nano-sized gold particles (gold nanocages, AuNCS) with a hollow structure could be used to generate various wavefront patterns of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and the aligned AuNC lines facilitated the destruction of cancer cells by the thermal effect with high spatial resolution. The hollow structure improved the acoustic sensitivity of AuNCs, making them more sensitive to the acoustic radiation force. Moreover, the multi-scale patterning of AuNCs could be achieved by the interference of multiple acoustic beams. Given the photothermal characteristics of AuNCs, selective temperature elevation within a micrometer-sized region could be realized when the patterned AuNCs were irradiated by a laser. The cancer cells where the patterned AuNCs were located were eliminated by thermal ablation, while other cells remained alive. In particular, the acoustic frequency used in this study was as low as 11. 35 MHz and was in the range of diagnostic ultrasound (less than 12 MHz), offering a potential to serve as a powerful tool in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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17
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Ashtiani D, de Marco A, Neild A. Tailoring surface acoustic wave atomisation for cryo-electron microscopy sample preparation. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1378-1385. [PMID: 30869091 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomisation has been widely explored for use in pharmacological delivery, hence performance is characterised predominately in terms of droplet size and maximum delivery of fluid, to ensure sufficient dosage is delivered to the right location. For the application of cryo electron microscopy grid preparation, however, what is required is the transfer of very little fluid onto the grid in a well-defined manner. To meet this requirement, the analysis of SAW atomisation needs to focus on very different characteristics. Specifically, we examine the aerosol jet geometry, in terms of width, cone angle, and elevation angle, and its stability at low power, and hence low flow rates. The variables used are the width and the location of the channel delivering the fluid to the site of atomization. From the experiments, it is observed that we can reach a flowrate as low as 0.55 μl s-1 with reasonable aerosol jet stability, a jet width of 0.5 mm wide and an elevation angle variation as low as 2°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Ashtiani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Connacher W, Zhang N, Huang A, Mei J, Zhang S, Gopesh T, Friend J. Micro/nano acoustofluidics: materials, phenomena, design, devices, and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1952-1996. [PMID: 29922774 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation of fluids at small scales may finally enable a comprehensive lab-on-a-chip revolution in microfluidics, overcoming long-standing difficulties in fluid and particle manipulation on-chip. In this comprehensive review, we examine the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, and transducers; revisit the basics of acoustofluidics; and give the reader a detailed look at recent technological advances and current scientific discussions in the discipline. Recent achievements are placed in the context of classic reports for the actuation of fluid and particles via acoustic waves, both within sessile drops and closed channels. Other aspects of micro/nano acoustofluidics are examined: atomization, translation, mixing, jetting, and particle manipulation in the context of sessile drops and fluid mixing and pumping, particle manipulation, and formation of droplets in the context of closed channels, plus the most recent results at the nanoscale. These achievements will enable applications across the disciplines of chemistry, biology, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and we suspect a number of others yet unimagined. Basic design concepts and illustrative applications are highlighted in each section, with an emphasis on lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Connacher
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA.
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Decontaminating surfaces with atomized disinfectants generated by a novel thickness-mode lithium niobate device. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6459-6467. [PMID: 29804135 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of a novel lithium niobate (LN) thickness-mode device to atomize disinfectants and reduce microbial burden on model surface materials. A small-scale plastic model housed the LN thickness-mode device and circular coupon surface materials including polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, stainless steel, borosilicate glass, and natural rubber. Coupon surfaces were coated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii), atomized with disinfectant solutions of varying viscosity (including 10% bleach, 70% ethanol (EtOH), or 25% triethylene glycol (TEG)) using the LN thickness-mode device, and assessed for surviving bacteria. The LN thickness-mode device effectively atomized disinfectants ranging from low viscosity 10% bleach solution or 70% EtOH to highly viscous 25% TEG. Coupons harboring MDR bacteria and atomized with 10% bleach solution or 70% EtOH were effectively decontaminated with ~ 100% bacterial elimination. Atomized 25% TEG effectively eliminated 100% of K. pneumoniae (CRE) from contaminated coupon surfaces but not MRSA. The enclosed small-scale plastic model established proof-of-principle that the LN thickness-mode device could atomize disinfectants of varying viscosities and decontaminate coupon surface materials harboring MDR organisms. Future studies evaluating scaled devices for patient rooms are warranted to determine their utility in hospital environmental decontamination.
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20
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Go DB, Atashbar MZ, Ramshani Z, Chang HC. Surface acoustic wave devices for chemical sensing and microfluidics: A review and perspective. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:4112-4134. [PMID: 29151901 PMCID: PMC5685524 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay00690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs), are electro-mechanical waves that form on the surface of piezoelectric crystals. Because they are easy to construct and operate, SAW devices have proven to be versatile and powerful platforms for either direct chemical sensing or for upstream microfluidic processing and sample preparation. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of SAW devices for chemical sensing and analysis. The use of SAW techniques for chemical detection in both gaseous and liquid media is discussed, as well as recent fabrication advances that are pointing the way for the next generation of SAW sensors. Similarly, applications and progress in using SAW devices as microfluidic platforms are covered, ranging from atomization and mixing to new approaches to lysing and cell adhesion studies. Finally, potential new directions and perspectives on the field as it moves forward are offered, with a specific focus on potential strategies for making SAW technologies for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Go
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Masood Z. Atashbar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Zeinab Ramshani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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21
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Chang CT, Daniel S, Steen PH. Footprint geometry and sessile drop resonance. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:033109. [PMID: 28415319 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.033109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examine experimentally the resonance of a sessile drop with a square footprint (square drop) on a flat plate. Two families of modal behaviors are reported. One family is identified with the modes of sessile drops with circular footprints (circular drop), denoted as "spherical modes." The other family is associated with Faraday waves on a square liquid bath (square Faraday waves), denoted as "grid modes." The two families are distinguished based on their dispersion behaviors. By comparing the occurrence of the modes, we recognize spherical modes as the characteristic of sessile drops, and grid modes as the constrained response. Within a broader context, we further discuss the resonance modes of circular sessile drops and free spherical drops, and we recognize various modal behaviors as surface waves under different extents of constraint. From these, we conclude that sessile drops resonate according to how wave-number selection by footprint geometry and capillarity compete. For square drops, a dominant effect of footprint constraint leads to grid modes; otherwise, the drops exhibit spherical modes, the characteristic of sessile drops on flat plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ti Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 16017, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Susan Daniel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Paul H Steen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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22
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Gomez EF, Berggren M, Simon DT. Surface Acoustic Waves to Drive Plant Transpiration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45864. [PMID: 28361922 PMCID: PMC5374464 DOI: 10.1038/srep45864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging fields of research in electronic plants (e-plants) and agro-nanotechnology seek to create more advanced control of plants and their products. Electronic/nanotechnology plant systems strive to seamlessly monitor, harvest, or deliver chemical signals to sense or regulate plant physiology in a controlled manner. Since the plant vascular system (xylem/phloem) is the primary pathway used to transport water, nutrients, and chemical signals-as well as the primary vehicle for current e-plant and phtyo-nanotechnology work-we seek to directly control fluid transport in plants using external energy. Surface acoustic waves generated from piezoelectric substrates were directly coupled into rose leaves, thereby causing water to rapidly evaporate in a highly localized manner only at the site in contact with the actuator. From fluorescent imaging, we find that the technique reliably delivers up to 6x more water/solute to the site actuated by acoustic energy as compared to normal plant transpiration rates and 2x more than heat-assisted evaporation. The technique of increasing natural plant transpiration through acoustic energy could be used to deliver biomolecules, agrochemicals, or future electronic materials at high spatiotemporal resolution to targeted areas in the plant; providing better interaction with plant physiology or to realize more sophisticated cyborg systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F. Gomez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Richards KE, Go DB, Hill R. Surface Acoustic Wave Lysis and Ion-Exchange Membrane Quantification of Exosomal MicroRNA. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1580:59-70. [PMID: 28439826 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6866-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA detection and quantification are commonly explored techniques for diagnostic and prognostic predictions. Typically, microRNAs are extracted and purified from a biological source, converted into complementary DNA (cDNA), and amplified using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The number of RT-PCR cycles required to reach the threshold of detection provides a relative quantification of the target microRNA when this data is normalized to the quantity of a control microRNA. This methodology has several drawbacks, including the need to artificially amplify the target microRNA for detection as well as quantification errors that can occur due to expression level differences of the control microRNAs for normalization in various sample sources. Here, we provide a technique to quantify actual concentrations of target microRNAs directly from any biological source without the requirement of these additional steps. In addition, we describe an alternative approach for obtaining exosomal microRNAs directly from biological samples without the use of harsh detergents and RNA isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, A126 Harper Hall, 1234 North Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA
| | - David B Go
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Reginald Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, A126 Harper Hall, 1234 North Notre Dame Avenue, South Bend, IN, 46617, USA.
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24
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Barani A, Paktinat H, Janmaleki M, Mohammadi A, Mosaddegh P, Fadaei-Tehrani A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Microfluidic integrated acoustic waving for manipulation of cells and molecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:714-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Nam J, Lim CS. A conductive liquid-based surface acoustic wave device. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3750-5. [PMID: 27528442 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00827e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave-based microfluidic devices are popular for fluid and particle manipulation because of their noninvasiveness, low energy consumption, and easy integration with other systems. However, they have been limited by the use of patterned metal electrodes on a piezoelectric substrate, which requires expensive and complicated fabrication processes. Herein, we show a simpler and more cost-effective method for generating surface acoustic waves using eutectic gallium indium as a conductive liquid which can replace conventional patterned metal electrodes. We also demonstrate the comparable performance for acoustic streaming and mixing using conductive liquid-based surface acoustic wave devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Korea University Guro Hospital, Guro 2-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-703, Korea.
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26
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Ang KM, Yeo LY, Hung YM, Tan MK. Graphene-mediated microfluidic transport and nebulization via high frequency Rayleigh wave substrate excitation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3503-3514. [PMID: 27502324 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00780e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of a thin graphene film atop a chip scale piezoelectric substrate on which surface acoustic waves are excited is observed to enhance its performance for fluid transport and manipulation considerably, which can be exploited to achieve further efficiency gains in these devices. Such gains can then enable complete integration and miniaturization for true portability for a variety of microfluidic applications across drug delivery, biosensing and point-of-care diagnostics, among others, where field-use, point-of-collection or point-of-care functionality is desired. In addition to a first demonstration of vibration-induced molecular transport in graphene films, we show that the coupling of the surface acoustic wave gives rise to antisymmetric Lamb waves in the film which enhance molecular diffusion and hence the flow through the interstitial layers that make up the film. Above a critical input power, the strong substrate vibration displacement can also force the molecules out of the graphene film to form a thin fluid layer, which subsequently destabilizes and breaks up to form a mist of micron dimension aerosol droplets. We provide physical insight into this coupling through a simple numerical model, verified through experiments, and show several-fold improvement in the rate of fluid transport through the film, and up to 55% enhancement in the rate of fluid atomization from the film using this simple method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar M Ang
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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27
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Ramesan S, Rezk AR, Cheng KW, Chan PPY, Yeo LY. Acoustically-driven thread-based tuneable gradient generators. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2820-2828. [PMID: 27334420 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thread-based microfluidics offer a simple, easy to use, low-cost, disposable and biodegradable alternative to conventional microfluidic systems. While it has recently been shown that such thread networks facilitate manipulation of fluid samples including mixing, flow splitting and the formation of concentration gradients, the passive capillary transport of fluid through the thread does not allow for precise control due to the random orientation of cellulose fibres that make up the thread, nor does it permit dynamic manipulation of the flow. Here, we demonstrate the use of high frequency sound waves driven from a chip-scale device that drives rapid, precise and uniform convective transport through the thread network. In particular, we show that it is not only possible to generate a stable and continuous concentration gradient in a serial dilution and recombination network, but also one that can be dynamically tuned, which cannot be achieved solely with passive capillary transport. Additionally, we show a proof-of-concept in which such spatiotemporal gradient generation can be achieved with the entire thread network embedded in a three-dimensional hydrogel construct to more closely mimic the in vivo tissue microenvironment in microfluidic chemotaxis studies and cell culture systems, which is then employed to demonstrate the effect of such gradients on the proliferation of cells within the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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28
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Wang Y, Rezk AR, Khara JS, Yeo LY, Ee PLR. Stability and efficacy of synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides nebulized using high frequency acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034115. [PMID: 27375820 PMCID: PMC4902807 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW), a nanometer amplitude electroelastic wave generated and propagated on low-loss piezoelectric substrates (such as LiNbO3), is an extremely efficient solid-fluid energy transfer mechanism. The present study explores the use of SAW nebulization as a solution for effective pulmonary peptide delivery. In vitro deposition characteristics of the nebulized peptides were determined using a Next Generation Cascade Impactor. 70% of the peptide-laden aerosols generated were within a size distribution favorable for deep lung distribution. The integrity of the nebulized peptides was found to be retained, as shown via mass spectrometry. The anti-mycobacterial activity of the nebulized peptides was found to be uncompromised compared with their non-nebulized counterparts, as demonstrated by the minimum inhibition concentration and the colony forming inhibition activity. The peptide concentration and volume recoveries for the SAW nebulizer were significantly higher than 90% and found to be insensitive to variation in the peptide sequences. These results demonstrate the potential of the SAW nebulization platform as an effective delivery system of therapeutic peptides through the respiratory tract to the deep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jasmeet Singh Khara
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Pui Lai Rachel Ee
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore 117543
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Tang RH, Yang H, Choi JR, Gong Y, Feng SS, Pingguan-Murphy B, Huang QS, Shi JL, Mei QB, Xu F. Advances in paper-based sample pretreatment for point-of-care testing. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:411-428. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1164664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Carvalho TC, McConville JT. The function and performance of aqueous aerosol devices for inhalation therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:556-78. [PMID: 27061412 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review paper, we explore the interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations for several types of devices, namely jet, ultrasonic and vibrating-mesh nebulizers; colliding and extruded jets; electrohydrodynamic mechanism; surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization; and capillary aerosol generation. KEY FINDINGS Nebulization is the transformation of bulk liquids into droplets. For inhalation therapy, nebulizers are widely used to aerosolize aqueous systems, such as solutions and suspensions. The interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations plays a significant role in the performance of aerosol generation appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Certain types of nebulizers have consistently presented temperature increase during the nebulization event. Therefore, careful consideration should be given when evaluating thermo-labile drugs, such as protein therapeutics. We also present the general approaches for characterization of nebulizer formulations. SUMMARY In conclusion, the interplay between the dosage form (i.e. aqueous systems) and the specific type of device for aerosol generation determines the effectiveness of drug delivery in nebulization therapies, thus requiring extensive understanding and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Carvalho
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Product Science & Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason T McConville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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31
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Meng L, Deng Z, Niu L, Cai F, Zheng H. Controlled thermal-sensitive liposomes release on a disposable microfluidic device. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:5912-5. [PMID: 26737637 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) triggered drug release as one of promising approaches for local drug delivery is gaining more attention as ultrasound allows the deposition of the thermal and mechanical energies to a specific localized region in a noninvasive manner. Release of encapsulated drugs from a nano-carrier such as liposome could further achieve a higher local drug concentration and reduce the toxicity effects under the stimulus of temperature elevation. This paper presents a micro HIFU (MHIFU) microfluidic device to enable mimic the bulky HIFU transmission system without the need of high power consumption and control the release of low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSL). Moreover, by adjusting the input signal, the temperature can be elevated and maintained at 37°C, 42°C and 50°C precisely with the error of ±0.3°C. The flow cytometry results show that HIFU-mediated drug delivery lead to an increase in uptake compared to water incubation-induced drug release at 42°C. Microfluidic technology may offer a promising alternative method for investigation of the complex dynamics between ultrasound and organisms in an ultramicroscopic manner.
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Alhasan L, Qi A, Rezk AR, Yeo LY, Chan PPY. Assessment of the potential of a high frequency acoustomicrofluidic nebulisation platform for inhaled stem cell therapy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:12-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of a novel high frequency acoustic nebulisation platform as an effective aerosolisation technique for inhaled mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Biological Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
| | - Aisha Qi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Amgad R. Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Peggy P. Y. Chan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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33
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Winkler A, Bergelt P, Hillemann L, Menzel S. Influence of Viscosity in Fluid Atomization with Surface Acoustic Waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/oja.2016.63003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Winkler A, Harazim SM, Menzel SB, Schmidt H. SAW-based fluid atomization using mass-producible chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3793-9. [PMID: 26262577 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based fluid atomizers are ideally suited to generate micrometer-sized droplets without any moving parts or nozzles. Versatile application fields can be found for instance in biomedical, aerosol or thin film technology, including medical inhalators or particle deposition for advanced surface treatment. Such atomizers also show great potential for on-chip integration and can lead to economic production of hand-held and even disposable devices, with either a single functionality or integrated in more complex superior systems. However, this potential was limited in the past by fluid supply mechanisms inadequate for mass production, accuracy and reliability. In this work, we briefly discuss existing fluid supply methods and demonstrate a straightforward new approach suited for reliable and cost-effective mass-scale manufacturing of SAW atomizer chips. Our approach is based on a fluid supply at the boundary of the acoustic beam via SU-8 microchannels produced by a novel one-layer/double-exposure photolithography method. Using this technique, we demonstrate precise and stable fluid atomization with almost ideal aerosol plume geometry from a dynamically stabilized thin fluid film. Additionally, we demonstrate the possibility of in situ altering the droplet size distribution by controlling the amount of fluid available in the active region of the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkler
- IFW Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, PF 270116, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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35
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Cortez-Jugo C, Qi A, Rajapaksa A, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Pulmonary monoclonal antibody delivery via a portable microfluidic nebulization platform. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:052603. [PMID: 25945147 PMCID: PMC4393410 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nebulizers have considerable advantages over conventional inhalers for pulmonary drug administration, particularly because they do not require coordinated breath actuation to generate and deliver the aerosols. Nevertheless, besides being less amenable to miniaturization and hence portability, some nebulizers are prone to denature macromolecular drugs due to the large forces generated during aerosolization. Here, we demonstrate a novel portable acoustomicrofluidic device capable of nebulizing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies into a fine aerosol mist with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of approximately 1.1 μm, optimal for deep lung deposition via inhalation. The nebulized monoclonal antibodies were tested for their stability, immunoactivity, and pharmacological properties, which confirmed that nebulization did not cause significant degradation of the antibody. In particular, flow cytometry demonstrated that the antigen binding capability of the antibody is retained and able to reduce phosphorylation in cells overexpressing the EGFR, indicating that the aerosols generated by the device were loaded with stable and active monoclonal antibodies. The delivery of antibodies via inhalation, particularly for the treatment of lung cancer, is thus expected to enhance the efficacy of this protein therapeutic by increasing the local concentration where they are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisha Qi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Anushi Rajapaksa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - James R Friend
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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36
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Meng L, Deng Z, Niu L, Li F, Yan F, Wu J, Cai F, Zheng H. A Disposable Microfluidic Device for Controlled Drug Release from Thermal-Sensitive Liposomes by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Theranostics 2015; 5:1203-13. [PMID: 26379786 PMCID: PMC4568448 DOI: 10.7150/thno.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug release triggered thermally by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been considered a promising drug delivery strategy due to its localized energy and non-invasive characters. However, the mechanism underlying the HIFU-mediated drug delivery remains unclear due to its complexity at the cellular level. In this paper, micro-HIFU (MHIFU) generated by a microfluidic device is introduced which is able to control the drug release from temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSL) and evaluate the thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound on the cellular drug uptake and apoptosis. By simply adjusting the input electrical signal to the device, the temperature of sample can be maintained at 37 °C, 42 °C and 50 °C with the deviation of ± 0.3 °C as desired. The flow cytometry results show that the drug delivery under MHIFU sonication leads to a significant increase in apoptosis compared to the drug release by incubation alone at elevated temperature of 42 °C. Furthermore, increased squamous and protruding structures on the surface membrane of cells were detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) after MHIFU irradiation of TSL. We demonstrate that compared to the routine HIFU treatment, MHIFU enables monitoring of in situ interactions between the ultrasound and cell in real time. Furthermore, it can quantitatively analyze and characterize the alterations of the cell membrane as a function of the treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Meng
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Zhiting Deng
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Lili Niu
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Fei Li
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Fei Yan
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Junru Wu
- 2. Department of Physics, University of Vermont, USA
| | - Feiyan Cai
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
| | - Hairong Zheng
- 1. Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedicaland Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China, 518055
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37
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Xie Y, Chindam C, Nama N, Yang S, Lu M, Zhao Y, Mai JD, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Exploring bubble oscillation and mass transfer enhancement in acoustic-assisted liquid-liquid extraction with a microfluidic device. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26223474 PMCID: PMC4519785 DOI: 10.1038/srep12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated bubble oscillation and its induced enhancement of mass transfer in a liquid-liquid extraction process with an acoustically-driven, bubble-based microfluidic device. The oscillation of individually trapped bubbles, of known sizes, in microchannels was studied at both a fixed frequency, and over a range of frequencies. Resonant frequencies were analytically identified and were found to be in agreement with the experimental observations. The acoustic streaming induced by the bubble oscillation was identified as the cause of this enhanced extraction. Experiments extracting Rhodanmine B from an aqueous phase (DI water) to an organic phase (1-octanol) were performed to determine the relationship between extraction efficiency and applied acoustic power. The enhanced efficiency in mass transport via these acoustic-energy-assisted processes was confirmed by comparisons against a pure diffusion-based process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chandraprakash Chindam
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mengqian Lu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D Mai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- 1] Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA [2] Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2] Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA [3] Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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38
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Taller D, Richards K, Slouka Z, Senapati S, Hill R, Go DB, Chang HC. On-chip surface acoustic wave lysis and ion-exchange nanomembrane detection of exosomal RNA for pancreatic cancer study and diagnosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1656-66. [PMID: 25690152 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00036j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing evidence that micro and messenger RNA derived from exosomes play important roles in pancreatic and other cancers. In this work, a microfluidics-based approach to the analysis of exosomal RNA is presented based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) exosome lysis and ion-exchange nanomembrane RNA sensing performed in conjunction on two separate chips. Using microRNA hsa-miR-550 as a model target and raw cell media from pancreatic cancer cell lines as a biological sample, SAW-based exosome lysis is shown to have a lysis rate of 38%, and an ion-exchange nanomembrane sensor is shown to have a limit of detection of 2 pM, with two decades of linear dynamic range. A universal calibration curve was derived for the membrane sensor and used to detect the target at a concentration of 13 pM in a SAW-lysed sample, which translates to 14 target miRNA per exosome from the raw cell media. At a total analysis time of ~1.5 h, this approach is a significant improvement over existing methods that require two overnight steps and 13 h of processing time. The platform also requires much smaller sample volumes than existing technology (~100 μL as opposed to ~mL) and operates with minimal sample loss, a distinct advantage for studies involving mouse models or other situations where the working fluid is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taller
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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39
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Rajapaksa A, Qi A, Yeo LY, Coppel R, Friend JR. Enabling practical surface acoustic wave nebulizer drug delivery via amplitude modulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1858-65. [PMID: 24740643 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A practical, commercially viable microfluidic device relies upon the miniaturization and integration of all its components--including pumps, circuitry, and power supply--onto a chip-based platform. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) have become popular in microfluidic manipulation, in solving the problems of microfluidic manipulation, but practical applications employing SAW still require more power than available via a battery. Introducing amplitude modulation at 0.5-40 kHz in SAW nebulization, which requires the highest energy input levels of all known SAW microfluidic processes, halves the power required to 1.5 W even while including the power in the sidebands, suitable for small lithium ion batteries, and maintains the nebulization rate, size, and size distributions vital to drug inhalation therapeutics. This simple yet effective means to enable an integrated SAW microfluidics device for nebulization exploits the relatively slow hydrodynamics and is furthermore shown to deliver shear-sensitive biomolecules--plasmid DNA and antibodies as exemplars of future pulmonary gene and vaccination therapies--undamaged in the nebulized mist. Altogether, the approach demonstrates a means to offer truly micro-scale microfluidics devices in a handheld, battery powered SAW nebulization device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushi Rajapaksa
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
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40
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Rezk AR, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Simple, low cost MHz-order acoustomicrofluidics using aluminium foil electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1802-1805. [PMID: 24770695 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to circumvent costly and complex cleanroom fabrication procedures to produce MHz-order acoustically-driven microfluidic platforms through the use of electrode strips cut simply from kitchen aluminium foil and pressed against piezoelectric substrates. Cleanroom deposition, lithographic patterning, and etching are entirely avoided in favor of this cut-and-place technique, which enables the generation of acoustic Lamb waves of sufficient amplitude to demonstrate rapid and efficient microfluidic transport and manipulation, microcentrifugation, and even nebulization of both sessile drops and paper-based substrates. Elimination of microfabrication processes typical of acoustic microfluidics brings us a significant step closer towards commercially-viable consumer diagnostic devices, especially for use in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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41
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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42
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Ding X, Li P, Lin SCS, Stratton ZS, Nama N, Guo F, Slotcavage D, Mao X, Shi J, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Surface acoustic wave microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3626-49. [PMID: 23900527 PMCID: PMC3992948 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology onto lab-on-a-chip platforms has opened a new frontier in microfluidics. The advantages provided by such SAW microfluidics are numerous: simple fabrication, high biocompatibility, fast fluid actuation, versatility, compact and inexpensive devices and accessories, contact-free particle manipulation, and compatibility with other microfluidic components. We believe that these advantages enable SAW microfluidics to play a significant role in a variety of applications in biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine. In this review article, we discuss the theory underpinning SAWs and their interactions with particles and the contacting fluids in which they are suspended. We then review the SAW-enabled microfluidic devices demonstrated to date, starting with devices that accomplish fluid mixing and transport through the use of travelling SAW; we follow that by reviewing the more recent innovations achieved with standing SAW that enable such actions as particle/cell focusing, sorting and patterning. Finally, we look forward and appraise where the discipline of SAW microfluidics could go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zackary S. Stratton
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Slotcavage
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaole Mao
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jinjie Shi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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43
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Li S, Ding X, Guo F, Chen Y, Lapsley MI, Lin SCS, Wang L, McCoy JP, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. An on-chip, multichannel droplet sorter using standing surface acoustic waves. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5468-74. [PMID: 23647057 PMCID: PMC3988909 DOI: 10.1021/ac400548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of droplet microfluidics requires effective on-chip handling and sorting of droplets. In this work, we demonstrate a microfluidic device that is capable of sorting picoliter water-in-oil droplets into multiple outputs using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). This device integrates a single-layer microfluidic channel with interdigital transducers (IDTs) to achieve on-chip droplet generation and sorting. Within the SSAW field, water-in-oil droplets experience an acoustic radiation force and are pushed toward the acoustic pressure node. As a result, by tuning the frequency of the SSAW excitation, the position of the pressure nodes can be changed and droplets can be sorted to different outlets at rates up to 222 droplets s(-1). With its advantages in simplicity, controllability, versatility, noninvasiveness, and capability to be integrated with other on-chip components such as droplet manipulation and optical detection units, the technique presented here could be valuable for the development of droplet-based micro total analysis systems (μTAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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44
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Jing W, Zhao W, Liu S, Li L, Tsai CT, Fan X, Wu W, Li J, Yang X, Sui G. Microfluidic Device for Efficient Airborne Bacteria Capture and Enrichment. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5255-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jing
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Sixiu Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Chi-Tay Tsai
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Fan
- Department of Infection Control, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Infection Control, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Shanghai, 201508, P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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45
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Rezk AR, Manor O, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Unique fingering instabilities and soliton-like wave propagation in thin acoustowetting films. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1167. [PMID: 23132017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic-fluid interactions not only has had a long history but has recently experienced renewed scrutiny because of their vast potential for microscale fluid and particle manipulation. Here we unravel a fascinating and anomalous ensemble of dynamic 'acoustowetting' phenomena in which a thin film drawn from a sessile drop first spreads in opposition to the acoustic wave propagation direction. The advancing film front then exhibits fingering instabilities akin to classical viscous fingering, but arising through a different and novel mechanism: transverse Fresnel diffraction of the underlying acoustic wave. Peculiar 'soliton-like' wave pulses are observed to grow above these fingers, which, on reaching a critical size, translate away along the wave propagation direction. By elucidating the complex hydrodynamics underpinning the spreading, and associated flow reversal and instability phenomena, we offer insight into the possibility of acoustically controlling fast and uniform film spreading, constituting a flexible and powerful alternative for microfluidic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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46
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Blamey J, Yeo LY, Friend JR. Microscale capillary wave turbulence excited by high frequency vibration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3835-3845. [PMID: 23428156 DOI: 10.1021/la304608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency (O(10 Hz-10 kHz)) vibration excitation of capillary waves has been extensively studied for nearly two centuries. Such waves appear at the excitation frequency or at rational multiples of the excitation frequency through nonlinear coupling as a result of the finite displacement of the wave, most often at one-half the excitation frequency in so-called Faraday waves and twice this frequency in superharmonic waves. Less understood, however, are the dynamics of capillary waves driven by high-frequency vibration (>O(100 kHz)) and small interface length scales, an arrangement ideal for a broad variety of applications, from nebulizers for pulmonary drug delivery to complex nanoparticle synthesis. In the few studies conducted to date, a marked departure from the predictions of classical Faraday wave theory has been shown, with the appearance of broadband capillary wave generation from 100 Hz to the excitation frequency and beyond, without a clear explanation. We show that weak wave turbulence is the dominant mechanism in the behavior of the system, as evident from wave height frequency spectra that closely follow the Rayleigh-Jeans spectral response η ≈ ω(-17/12) as a consequence of a period-halving, weakly turbulent cascade that appears within a 1 mm water drop whether driven by thickness-mode or surface acoustic Rayleigh wave excitation. However, such a cascade is one-way, from low to high frequencies. The mechanism of exciting the cascade with high-frequency acoustic waves is an acoustic streaming-driven turbulent jet in the fluid bulk, driving the fundamental capillary wave resonance through the well-known coupling between bulk flow and surface waves. Unlike capillary waves, turbulent acoustic streaming can exhibit subharmonic cascades from high to low frequencies; here it appears from the excitation frequency all the way to the fundamental modes of the capillary wave at some four orders of magnitude in frequency less than the excitation frequency, enabling the capillary weakly turbulent wave cascade to form from the fundamental capillary wave upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Blamey
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Bllaci L, Kjellström S, Eliasson L, Friend JR, Yeo LY, Nilsson S. Fast surface acoustic wave-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of cell response from islets of Langerhans. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2623-9. [PMID: 23384197 DOI: 10.1021/ac3019125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A desire for higher speed and performance in molecular profiling analysis at a reduced cost is driving a trend in miniaturization and simplification of procedures. Here we report the use of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizer for fast sample handling in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) peptide and protein profiling of Islets of Langerhans, for future type 2 diabetes (T2D) studies. Here the SAW atomizer was used for ultrasound (acoustic) extraction of insulin and other peptide hormones released from freshly prepared islets, stimulated directly on a membrane. A high energy propagating SAW atomizes the membrane-bound liquid into approximately 2 μm diameter droplets, rich in cell-released molecules. Besides acting as a sample carrier, the membrane provides a purification step by entrapping cell clusters and other impurities within its fibers. A new SAW-based sample-matrix deposition method for MALDI MS was developed and characterized by a strong insulin signal, and a limit of detection (LOD) lower than 100 amol was achieved. Our results support previous work reporting the SAW atomizer as a fast and inexpensive tool for ultrasound, membrane-based sample extraction. When interfaced with MALDI MS, the SAW atomizer constitutes a valuable tool for rapid cell studies. Other biomedical applications of SAW-MALDI MS are currently being developed, aiming at fast profiling of biofluids. The membrane sampling is a simplistic and noninvasive collection method of limited volume biofluids such as the gingival fluid and the tearfilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Bllaci
- Lund University, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Taller D, Go DB, Chang HC. Self-similar micron-size and nanosize drops of liquid generated by surface acoustic waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:224301. [PMID: 23368125 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.224301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A planar surface acoustic wave on a solid substrate and its radiated sound into a static liquid drop produce time-averaged, exponentially decaying acoustic and electric Maxwell pressures near the contact line. These localized contact-line pressures are shown to generate two sequences of hemispherical satellite droplets at the tens of microns and submicron scales, both obeying self-similar exponential scaling but with distinct exponents that correspond to viscous dissipation and field leakage length scales, respectively. The acoustic pressure becomes dominant when the film thickness exceeds (1/4π) of the surface acoustic wave wavelength and it affects the shape and stability of the mother drop. The Maxwell pressure of the nanodrops, which exceeds ten atmospheres, is sensitive to the contact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taller
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Collins DJ, Manor O, Winkler A, Schmidt H, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Atomization off thin water films generated by high-frequency substrate wave vibrations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:056312. [PMID: 23214881 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Generating aerosol droplets via the atomization of thin aqueous films with high frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs) offers several advantages over existing nebulization methods, particularly for pulmonary drug delivery, offering droplet sizes in the 1-5-μm range ideal for effective pulmonary therapy. Nevertheless, the physics underlying SAW atomization is not well understood, especially in the context of thin liquid film formation and spreading and how this affects the aerosol production. Here, we demonstrate that the film geometry, governed primarily by the applied power and frequency of the SAW, indeed plays a crucial role in the atomization process and, in particular, the size of the atomized droplets. In contrast to the continuous spreading of low surface energy liquids atop similar platforms, high surface energy liquids such as water, in the present case, are found to undergo transient spreading due to the SAW to form a quasisteady film whose height is determined by self-selection of the energy minimum state associated with the acoustic resonance in the film and whose length arises from a competition between acoustic streaming and capillary effects. This is elucidated from a fundamental model for the thin film spreading behavior under SAW excitation, from which we show good agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted droplet dimension, both of which consistently indicate a linear relationship between the droplet diameter and the mechanical power coupled into the liquid by the SAW (the latter captured by an acoustic Weber number to the two thirds power, and the reciprocal of the SAW frequency).
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Scheeline A, Behrens RL. Potential of levitated drops to serve as microreactors for biophysical measurements. Biophys Chem 2012; 165-166:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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