Iodine Doping Implementation Effect on the Electrical Response in Metallophthalocyanines (M = Cu, Co, Zn), for Electronic and Photovoltaic Applications

We report the structural organization and its effect on the current response of the conducting domains in MPcs (M = Cu, Co, Zn) films, deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation and doped by the presence of iodine vapors. Structural and surface features of the doped metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) were studied by using IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DFT calculations were carried to study the interaction between iodine and MPcs molecules and establish the influence of iodine on the electronic behavior of these species and the changes on the frontier molecular orbitals. This interaction is thermodynamically favored, and the mechanism of electronic transit involving the iodine atoms providing electrons to the transfer. The I-MPc films have a mainly amorphous structure, some crystallinity in the MPcs α and β forms. A roughness between 18.41 and 99.02 nm and particle size between 1.35 and 15 μm. By evaluating the electrical behavior of the flexible PET/ITO/I-MPc/Ag devices, it was found that J-V curves under illuminated conditions show an increase of curves values upon the I-MPc, indicating that the flexible films are photosensible. Jsc between 1.59 × 10−5 and 2.41 × 10−7 A/cm2, conductivities between 6.17 × 10−8–2.54 × 10−7 Scm−1 and photosensibility values of up to 133%.

Phthalocyanines and porphyrinoid analogues as hole- and electron-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells

Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite absorbers in combination with electron and hole transporting selective contacts result in power conversion efficiencies of over 23% under AM 1.5 sun conditions. The advantage of perovskite solar cells is their simple fabrication through solution-processing methods either in n-i-p or p-i-n configurations. Using TiO₂ or SnO₂ as an electron transporting layer, a compositionally engineered perovskite as an absorber layer, and Spiro-OMeTAD as a HTM, several groups have reported over 20% efficiency. Though perovskite solar cells reached comparable efficiency to that of crystalline silicon ones, their stability remains a bottleneck for commercialization partly due to the use of doped Spiro-OMeTAD. Several organic and inorganic hole transporting materials have been explored to increase the stability and power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. IIn this review, we analyse the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells incorporating phthalocyanine and porphyrin macrocycles as hole- and electron transporting materials. The π-π stacking orientation of these macrocycles on the perovskite surface is important in facilitating a vertical charge transport, resulting in high power conversion efficiency.

Discotic liquid crystals of transition metal complexes, 55: Novel chlorine-substituted phthalocyanine derivatives showing mesomorphism and low HOMO energy level

We have synthesized a series of novel phthalocyaninato copper(II) (abbreviated as PcCu) compounds, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakisalkoxy-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octachloro-phthalocyaninato copper(II) (abbreviated as ([Formula: see text]-C[Formula: see text]O)[Formula: see text]-Cl)[Formula: see text]PcCu (4a–4d): [Formula: see text] 6 (a), 8 (b), 10 (c) and 12 (d)) and, for comparison, another series of PcCu compounds, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakisalkoxyphthalocyaninato copper(II) (abbreviated as ([Formula: see text]-C[Formula: see text]O)[Formula: see text]PcCu (1a–1d)). The PcCu derivatives 1a–1d are substituted by alkoxy chains only at the [Formula: see text] positions (1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25). On the other hand, the PcCu derivatives 4a–4d are substituted by alkoxy chains at the [Formula: see text] positions and chlorine atoms at the [Formula: see text] positions (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24). We have investigated the influence of chlorine atoms substituted at the [Formula: see text] positions of the Pc ring on mesomorphism, spectroscopic and electronic properties for these two series of PcCu derivatives 1 and 4 by using a polarizing optical microscope, DSC, temperature-variable small angle X-ray diffractometer, a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and cyclic voltammetry. Each of the derivatives 1a–1d is crystalline without showing mesomorphism. On the other hand, each of the chlorine-substituted PcCu derivatives 4a–4d shows plural phase transitions, and the longer chain-substituted PcCu derivatives 4c–4d show a rectangular ordered columnar [Col[Formula: see text](P2m)] mesophase. Furthermore, we have revealed that each of the PcCu derivatives 4a–4d shows a Q-band in the near-infrared region and a lower HOMO energy level than conventional phthalocyanine derivatives.