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Kim H, Won Y, Song HW, Kwon Y, Jun M, Oh JH. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Bioelectronic Sensors: Materials and Operation Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306191. [PMID: 38148583 PMCID: PMC11251567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has gained significant attention due to their ability to transport both electrons and ions, making them promising candidates for various applications. Initially focused on inorganic materials, the exploration of mixed conduction has expanded to organic materials, especially polymers, owing to their advantages such as solution processability, flexibility, and property tunability. OMIECs, particularly in the form of polymers, possess both electronic and ionic transport functionalities. This review provides an overview of OMIECs in various aspects covering mechanisms of charge transport including electronic transport, ionic transport, and ionic-electronic coupling, as well as conducting/semiconducting conjugated polymers and their applications in organic bioelectronics, including (multi)sensors, neuromorphic devices, and electrochromic devices. OMIECs show promise in organic bioelectronics due to their compatibility with biological systems and the ability to modulate electronic conduction and ionic transport, resembling the principles of biological systems. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on OMIECs offer significant potential for bioelectronic applications, responding to external stimuli through modulation of ionic transport. An in-depth review of recent research achievements in organic bioelectronic applications using OMIECs, categorized based on physical and chemical stimuli as well as neuromorphic devices and circuit applications, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Song
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Minsang Jun
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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2
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Schmidt M, Karg M, Thelakkat M, Brendel JC. Correlating Molar Mass, π-Conjugation, and Optical Properties of Narrowly Distributed Anionic Polythiophenes in Aqueous Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300396. [PMID: 37533353 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Polythiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) are attracting increasing attention as sensor or interface materials in chemistry and biology. While cationic polythiophenes are better understood, limited structural information is available on their anionic counterparts. Limited access to well-defined polymers has made the study of structure-property relationships difficult and clear correlations have remained elusive. By combining controlled Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization with a polymer-analog substitution, regioregular and narrowly distributed poly(6-(thiophen-3-yl)hexane-1-sulfonate)s (PTHS) with tailored chain length are prepared. Analysis of their aqueous solution structures by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) revealed a cylindrical conformation for all polymers tested, with a length close to the contour length of the polymer chains, while the estimated radii remain too small (<1.5 nm) for extensive π-stacking of the chains. The latter is particularly interesting as the longest polymer exhibits a concentration-independent structured absorption typical of crystalline polythiophenes. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution diminishes these features as the Coulomb repulsion between the charged repeat units is shielded, allowing the polymer to adopt a more coiled conformation. The extended π-conjugation, therefore, appears to be a key parameter for these unique optical features, which are not present in the corresponding cationic polythiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schmidt
- Applied Functional Polymers (AFUPO), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers (AFUPO), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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3
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Kang S, Fan J, Soares JBP, Gupta M. Naphthalene diimide-based n-type small molecule organic mixed conductors for accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5096-5106. [PMID: 36762077 PMCID: PMC9907564 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), which transport both ionic and electronic charges, development are important for progressing bioelectronic and energy storage devices. The p-type OMIECs are extensively investigated and used in various applications, whereas the n-type ones lag far behind due to their moisture and air instability. Here, we report the synthesis of the novel n-type naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based small-molecule OMIECs for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The electro-active NDI molecule with the linear ethylene glycol side chains is a promising candidate for n-type channel material to obtain accumulation mode OECTs. This NDI-based small-molecule OMIEC, gNDI-Br2, demonstrates ion permeability due to the attachment of the glycol side chains with optimized ionic-electronic conductions. OECT devices with gNDI-Br2 channel material displays excellent performance in water and ambient stability. OECTs fabricated with two different concentrations, 50 mg mL-1 and 100 mg mL-1 of gNDI-Br2 demonstrate a transconductance value of 344 ± 19.7 μS and 814 ± 124.2 μS with the mobility capacitance product (μC*) of 0.13 ± 0.03 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 and 0.23 ± 0.04 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, respectively. These results demonstrate the n-type OMIEC behaviour of the NDI-based small-molecule and its applicability as an OECT channel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongdae Kang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 1H9Canada
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 1H9Canada
| | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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Jaiswal R, Saha U, Prasad NE, Goswami TH. Microwave assisted synthesis of low band gap water soluble dyad materials using polythiophene carboxylic acids as donor and fullerenol as acceptor. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rimpa Jaiswal
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment Kanpur India
| | - Uttam Saha
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment Kanpur India
| | - N. Eswara Prasad
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment Kanpur India
| | - Thako Hari Goswami
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment Kanpur India
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Pipertzis A, Papamokos G, Mühlinghaus M, Mezger M, Scherf U, Floudas G. What Determines the Glass Temperature and dc-Conductivity in Imidazolium-Polymerized Ionic Liquids with a Polythiophene Backbone? Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Pipertzis
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Papamokos
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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6
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Emrick T, Russell TP. Polymer design to promote low work function surfaces in organic electronics. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Paulsen BD, Tybrandt K, Stavrinidou E, Rivnay J. Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:13-26. [PMID: 31427743 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials that efficiently transport and couple ionic and electronic charge are key to advancing a host of technological developments for next-generation bioelectronic, optoelectronic and energy storage devices. Here we highlight key progress in the design and study of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), a diverse family of soft synthetically tunable mixed conductors. Across applications, the same interrelated fundamental physical processes dictate OMIEC properties and determine device performance. Owing to ionic and electronic interactions and coupled transport properties, OMIECs demand special understanding beyond knowledge derived from the study of organic thin films and membranes meant to support either electronic or ionic processes only. We address seemingly conflicting views and terminology regarding charging processes in these materials, and highlight recent approaches that extend fundamental understanding and contribute to the advancement of materials. Further progress is predicated on multimodal and multi-scale approaches to overcome lingering barriers to OMIEC design and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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So RC, Carreon-Asok AC. Molecular Design, Synthetic Strategies, and Applications of Cationic Polythiophenes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11442-11509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina C. So
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Katipunan, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
| | - Analyn C. Carreon-Asok
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Katipunan, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University−Ateneo de Cagayan University, Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City 9000, Philippines
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9
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Ogura T, Kubota C, Suzuki T, Okano K, Tanaka N, Matsumoto T, Nishino T, Mori A, Okita T, Funahashi M. Synthesis and Properties of Regioregular Polythiophene Bearing Cyclic Siloxane Moiety at the Side Chain and the Formation of Polysiloxane Gel by Acid Treatment of the Thin Film. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Ogura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kubota
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toyoko Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norikazu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Okita
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Masahiro Funahashi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
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10
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Pipertzis A, Mühlinghaus M, Mezger M, Scherf U, Floudas G. Polymerized Ionic Liquids with Polythiophene Backbones: Self-Assembly, Thermal Properties, and Ion Conduction. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Pipertzis
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Markus Mezger
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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12
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Houston JE, Chevrier M, Appavou MS, King SM, Clément S, Evans RC. A self-assembly toolbox for thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes: surfactants, solvent and copolymerisation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17481-17493. [PMID: 29106435 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06169b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted control of the aggregation, morphology and optical properties of conjugated polymers is critical for the development of high performance optoelectronic devices. Here, self-assembly approaches are used to strategically manipulate the order, conformation and spatial distribution of conjugated polymers in solution and subsequently prepared thin films. The supramolecular complex organisation of phosphonium-functionalised homo- (P3HTPMe3) and diblock (P3HT-b-P3HTPMe3) ionic conjugated polythiophenes upon solvent-mediation and co-assembly with oppositely charged surfactants is investigated. UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to probe the organisation and photophysical response of the aggregates formed. Subtle differences in the surfactant mole fraction and structure, as well as the solvent polarity, yield differences in the nature of the resultant homopolyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes. In contrast, only moderate structural transformations are observed for the amphiphilic diblock copolyelectrolyte, emphasising the structure "anchoring" effect of a neutral polymer block when amphiphilic copolymers are dissolved in polar solvents. These results highlight the versatility of self-assembly to access a range of nanomorphologies, which could be crucial for the design of the next generation of organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Houston
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Michèle Chevrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Stephen M King
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt - UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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13
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Cui H, Yang X, Peng J, Qiu F. Controlling the morphology and crystallization of a thiophene-based all-conjugated diblock copolymer by solvent blending. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5261-5268. [PMID: 28702655 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the crystallization and microphase separation behavior of an all-conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly[3-(6-hydroxy)hexylthiophene] (P3HT-b-P3HHT) block copolymer in mixed solvents and demonstrate how the conformations of P3HT and P3HHT chains influence the photophysical properties of the copolymer. It is shown that the balance among π-π stacking of P3HT, P3HHT and microphase separation of the copolymer can be dynamically shifted by controlling the rod-rod interactions of the copolymer via changing the block ratio and solvent blending. A series of nanostructures such as well-ordered nanofibers, spheres and lamellar structures are formed and their formation mechanisms and kinetics are discussed in detail. The variations in P3HT-b-P3HHT conformations are concomitant with a hybrid photophysical property depending on the competition between intrachain and interchain excitonic coupling, resulting in the transformation between J- and H-aggregation. Overall, this work demonstrates how the P3HT-b-P3HHT conformations crystallize and phase-separate in the solution and solid state, and the correlation between their structures and photophysical properties, which improves our understanding of all-conjugated rod-rod block copolymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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14
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Houston JE, Richeter S, Clément S, Evans RC. Molecular design of interfacial layers based on conjugated polythiophenes for polymer and hybrid solar cells. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Houston
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Garching Germany
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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15
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Steverlynck J, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Synthesis and energy transfer in original poly(3-alkylthiophene)-g-poly(fluorene) toothbrush copolymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Willis-Fox N, Gutacker A, Browne MP, Khan AR, Lyons MEG, Scherf U, Evans RC. Selective recognition of biologically important anions using a diblock polyfluorene–polythiophene conjugated polyelectrolyte. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence detection of nucleotide phosphates with a polyfluorene–polythiophene diblock copolymer is demonstrated, accompanied by determination of the sensor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Willis-Fox
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Michelle P. Browne
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Michael E. G. Lyons
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
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17
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Zhou D, Liu J, Chen L, Xu H, Cheng X, Wu F, Chen Y. Self-assembled diblock conjugated polyelectrolytes as electron transport layers for organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembled diblock CPEs PFEO-b-PCNBr and PFEO-b-PTNBr can simultaneously tune the interfacial work function and the upper active layer morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Haitao Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Fangying Wu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
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18
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Costa T, de Azevedo D, Stewart B, Knaapila M, Valente AJM, Kraft M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Interactions of a zwitterionic thiophene-based conjugated polymer with surfactants. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural organization and photoluminescence properties of zwitterionic conjugated polymer–surfactant assemblies depend on specific and non-specific polymer–surfactant interactions within the aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Costa
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Diego de Azevedo
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- D-42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- D-42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Centro de Química de Coimbra, Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
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Takagi K, Kawagita E, Kouchi R, Kawai J. Aggregation of polythiophene homopolymer and block copolymer in solution utilizing the characteristics of pyridine at the side chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takagi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho; Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Eiki Kawagita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho; Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Ryo Kouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho; Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Junpei Kawai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho; Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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20
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Kraft M, Adamczyk S, Polywka A, Zilberberg K, Weijtens C, Meyer J, Görrn P, Riedl T, Scherf U. Polyanionic, alkylthiosulfate-based thiol precursors for conjugated polymer self-assembly onto gold and silver. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11758-11765. [PMID: 24995578 DOI: 10.1021/am5025148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anionic, conjugated thiophene- and fluorene-based polyelectrolytes with alkylthiosulfate side chains undergo hydrolysis under formation of alkylthiol and dialkyldisulfide functions. The hydrolysis products can be deposited onto gold or silver surfaces by self-assembly from solutions of the anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) precursors in polar solvents such as methanol. This procedure allows solution-based surface modifications of gold and silver electrodes using environmentally friendly solvents and enables the formation of conjugated polymer bilayers. The herein presented alkylthiosulfate-substituted CPEs are promising candidates for increasing the work function of gold and silver electrodes thus improving hole injection from such electrode assemblies into organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kraft
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal , Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institut für Polymertechnlogie (IfP), Gauss-Strasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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21
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Lin F, Zhou TY, Zhan TG, Zhao X. Wholly-rigid rod–rod amphiphiles: synthesis, crystal structures, and self-assembling behavior in water. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Shi Y, Tan L, Chen L, Chen Y. In Situ Fabricating One-Dimensional Donor–Acceptor Core–Shell Hybrid Nanobeams Network Driven by Self-Assembly of Diblock Copolythiophenes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Shi
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Institute of Polymers/Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Jiangxi Provincial
Key Laboratory of New Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
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23
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Thomas A, Houston JE, Van den Brande N, De Winter J, Chevrier M, Heenan RK, Terry AE, Richeter S, Mehdi A, Van Mele B, Dubois P, Lazzaroni R, Gerbaux P, Evans RC, Clément S. All-conjugated cationic copolythiophene “rod–rod” block copolyelectrolytes: synthesis, optical properties and solvent-dependent assembly. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical and thermal properties and solvent-dependent assembly of all-conjugated cationic copolythiophene block copolyelectrolytes are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Thomas
- Institut Charles Gerhardt – UMR 5253
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide
- Université Montpellier 2 – CC1701
- F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
| | - Judith E. Houston
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Laboratory of organic synthesis and mass spectrometry
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Michèle Chevrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt – UMR 5253
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide
- Université Montpellier 2 – CC1701
- F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Laboratory for Polymeric and Composites Materials
| | | | - Ann E. Terry
- ISIS, STFC
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt – UMR 5253
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide
- Université Montpellier 2 – CC1701
- F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt – UMR 5253
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide
- Université Montpellier 2 – CC1701
- F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory for Polymeric and Composites Materials
- Center for Innovation in Materials and Polymers
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials
- University of Mons – UMONS
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- Center for Innovation in Materials and Polymers
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials
- University of Mons – UMONS
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Laboratory of organic synthesis and mass spectrometry
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt – UMR 5253
- Equipe Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide
- Université Montpellier 2 – CC1701
- F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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24
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Xia H, Ye Z, Liu X, Peng J, Qiu F. Synthesis, characterization, and solution structure of all-conjugated polyelectrolyte diblock copoly(3-hexylthiophene)s. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Lin F, Zhan TG, Zhou TY, Zhang KD, Li GY, Wu J, Zhao X. The construction of rigid supramolecular polymers in water through the self-assembly of rod-like monomers and cucurbit[8]uril. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7982-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02971b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of stick-like supramolecular polymers possessing rigid backbones have been fabricated through the self-assembly of rod-like monomers and cucurbit[8]uril in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Guang Zhan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Kang-Da Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
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26
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Georgiadou DG, Vasilopoulou M, Palilis LC, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Constantoudis V, Kennou S, Karantonis A, Dimotikali D, Argitis P. All-organic sulfonium salts acting as efficient solution processed electron injection layer for PLEDs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12346-12354. [PMID: 24195694 DOI: 10.1021/am402991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein we introduce the all-organic triphenylsulfonium (TPS) salts cathode interfacial layers (CILs), deposited from their methanolic solution, as a new simple strategy for circumventing the use of unstable low work function metals and obtaining charge balance and high electroluminescence efficiency in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). In particular, we show that the incorporation of TPS-triflate or TPS-nonaflate at the polymer/Al interface improved substantially the luminous efficiency of the device (from 2.4 to 7.9 cd/A) and reduced the turn-on and operating voltage, whereas an up to 4-fold increase in brightness (∼11 250 cd/m(2) for TPS-triflate and ∼14 682 cd/m(2) for TPS-nonaflate compared to ∼3221 cd/m(2) for the reference device) was observed in poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-benzo-2,1',3-thiadiazole)] (F8BT)-based PLEDs. This was mainly attributed to the favorable decrease of the electron injection barrier, as derived from the open-circuit voltage (Voc) measurements, which was also assisted by the conduction of electrons through the triphenylsulfonium salt sites. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the total energy of the anionic (reduced) form of the salt, that is, upon placing an electron to its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, is lower than its neutral state, rendering the TPS-salts stable upon electron transfer in the solid state. Finally, the morphology optimization of the TPS-salt interlayer through controlling the processing parameters was found to be critical for achieving efficient electron injection and transport at the respective interfaces.
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27
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Imidazolium-substituted ionic (co)polythiophenes: Compositional influence on solution behavior and thermal properties. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Robb MJ, Ku SY, Hawker CJ. 25th anniversary article: no assembly required: recent advances in fully conjugated block copolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5686-700. [PMID: 24115326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fully conjugated block copolymers have emerged as promising materials that combine semiconducting properties with the ability to self-assemble at the nanoscale. The convergence of these two features has tremendous implications for a number of fundamental molecular assembly and transport questions, while also offering unique advantages for a variety of applications. For example, a nanostructured active layer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices may provide for efficient charge separation while simultaneously affording continuous, unimpeded pathways for charge carriers to migrate to their respective electrodes within each individual microphase. This review details the recent progress made in the preparation and application of fully conjugated block copolymers and serves as a comprehensive reference for the materials that have been reported in the literature to date. Focus is placed on fully conjugated block copolymers prepared using chemistries that are relevant to high-performance polymers in organic electronics research, for example Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, and Yamamoto coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Robb
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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29
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Lee W, Seo JH, Woo HY. Conjugated polyelectrolytes: A new class of semiconducting material for organic electronic devices. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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31
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Fonseca SM, Galvão RP, Burrows HD, Gutacker A, Scherf U, Bazan GC. Selective Fluorescence Quenching in Cationic Fluorene-Thiophene Diblock Copolymers for Ratiometric Sensing of Anions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:717-22. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Kaeser A, Fischer I, Abbel R, Besenius P, Dasgupta D, Gillisen MAJ, Portale G, Stevens AL, Herz LM, Schenning APHJ. Side chains control dynamics and self-sorting in fluorescent organic nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2013; 7:408-416. [PMID: 23256849 DOI: 10.1021/nn305477u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To develop fluorescent organic nanoparticles with tailored properties for imaging and sensing, full control over the size, fluorescence, stability, dynamics, and supramolecular organization of these particles is crucial. We have designed, synthesized, and fully characterized 12 nonionic fluorene co-oligomers that formed self-assembled fluorescent nanoparticles in water. In these series of molecules, the ratio of hydrophilic ethylene glycol and hydrophobic alkyl side chains was systematically altered to investigate its role on the above-mentioned properties. The nanoparticles consisting of π-conjugated oligomers containing polar ethylene glycol side chains were less stable and larger in size, while nanoparticles self-assembled from oligomers containing nonpolar pendant chains were more stable, smaller, and generally had a higher fluorescence quantum yield. Furthermore, the dynamics of the molecules between the nanoparticles was enhanced if the number of hydrophilic side chains increased. Energy transfer studies between naphthalene and benzothiadiazole fluorene co-oligomers with the same side chains showed no exchange of molecules between the particles for the apolar molecules. For the more polar systems, the exchange of molecules between nanoparticles took place at room temperature or after annealing. Self-assembled nanoparticles consisting of π-conjugated oligomers having different side chains caused self-sorting, resulting either in the formation of domains within particles or the formation of separate nanoparticles. Our results show that we can control the stability, fluorescence, dynamics, and self-sorting properties of the nanoparticles by simply changing the nature of the side chains of the π-conjugated oligomers. These findings are not only important for the field of self-assembled nanoparticles but also for the construction of well-defined multicomponent supramolecular materials in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Kaeser
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Duan C, Zhang K, Zhong C, Huang F, Cao Y. Recent advances in water/alcohol-soluble π-conjugated materials: new materials and growing applications in solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9071-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Lin YH, Smith KA, Kempf CN, Verduzco R. Synthesis and crystallinity of all-conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene) block copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Ying L, Zalar P, Collins SD, Chen Z, Mikhailovsky AA, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC. All-conjugated triblock polyelectrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:6496-6501. [PMID: 23027579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
All-conjugated triblock polyfluorenes with well-defined molecular weights and low polydispersities are synthesized via chain-growth Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization. Ionization of pendant alkylbromide chains by pyridine affords amphiphilic triblock polyelectrolytes with neutral/charged/neutral or charged/neutral/charged segments. The immiscible blocks lead to aggregation in polar and nonpolar solvents, and to complex surface morphologies depending on the polarity of the substrate. These triblock polyelectrolytes can also be used as interfacial layers in polymer light-emitting diodes to facilitate electron injection from aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ying
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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36
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37
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Marques AT, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Valente AJM, Justino LLG, Scherf U, Fron E, Rocha S, Hofkens J, Snedden EW, Monkman AP. Spectroscopic properties, excitation, and electron transfer in an anionic water-soluble poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)-perylenediimide copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7548-59. [PMID: 22554070 DOI: 10.1021/jp3000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An anionic fluorene-phenylene poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl}-based copolymer containing on-chain perylenediimine (PDI) chromophoric units, PBS-PFP-PDI, was synthesized and its photophysical properties studied as aggregates and isolated chains in water and dioxane/water (1:1) solution. UV-vis and emission spectroscopy measurements, time-correlated single photon counting, and wide field imaging have been employed to investigate the excited-state behavior of the PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer, including the effect of environment on the energy and electron transfer to the on-chain PDI chromophore. Although the Förster overlap integral is favorable, no evidence is found for intramolecular singlet excitation energy transfer in isolated copolymer chains in solution. Fluorescence is suggested to involve an interchain process, thus revealing that isolated copolymer chains in solution do not undergo efficient intramolecular energy transfer. However, quenching of the PBS-PFP excited state by PDI is observed in aqueous media and ultrafast pump-probe studies in water or dioxane-water solutions show that electron transfer occurs from the phenylene-fluorene units to the PDI. The extent of electron transfer increases with aggregation, suggesting it is largely an interchain process. The interaction of the negatively charged PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer with the positively charged surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in solution has also been studied. The copolymer PBS-PFP-PDI aggregates with the surfactant already at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the nonpolar environment allows intermolecular energy transfer, observed by the weak emission band located at 630 nm that is associated with the emission of the PDI chromophore. However, the fact that the PDI photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (~1.4 ns) obtained in the presence of CTAB is considerably shorter than that of the nonaggregated chromophore (~5.4 ns) suggests that even in this case there is considerable PL quenching, possibly through some charge transfer route. The increase of the PBS-PFP-PDI photoluminescence intensity at surfactant concentrations above the cmc indicates deaggregation of polyelectrolyte within the initially formed polyelectrolyte-surfactant aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Marques
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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38
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Gutacker A, Lin CY, Ying L, Nguyen TQ, Scherf U, Bazan GC. Cationic Polyfluorene-b-Neutral Polyfluorene “Rod–Rod” Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202738t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gutacker
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse
20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lei Ying
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse
20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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39
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Martelo L, Jiménez A, Valente AJM, Burrows HD, Marques AT, Forster M, Scherf U, Peltzer M, Fonseca SM. Incorporation of polyfluorenes into poly(lactic acid) films for sensor and optoelectronics applications. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Seo JH, Gutacker A, Sun Y, Wu H, Huang F, Cao Y, Scherf U, Heeger AJ, Bazan GC. Improved High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells via Incorporation of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayer. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8416-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2037673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Seo
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yanming Sun
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alan J. Heeger
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Physics, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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41
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Scherf U. Konjugierte Polyelektrolyte mit fixierten Gegenionen für Anwendungen in der organischen Elektronik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Scherf U. Counterion Pinning in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Applications in Organic Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5016-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Okamoto K, Luscombe CK. Controlled polymerizations for the synthesis of semiconducting conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00171j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Knaapila M, Evans RC, Garamus VM, Almásy L, Székely NK, Gutacker A, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Structure and "surfactochromic" properties of conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE): surfactant complexes between a cationic polythiophene and SDS in water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15634-15643. [PMID: 20822163 DOI: 10.1021/la102591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the phase transitions, solution structure, and consequent effect on the photophysical properties of poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] bromide (P3TMAHT) in aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Polythiophene was mixed with SDS or deuterated SDS to form P3TMAHT(SDS)(x) complex (x = the molar ratio of surfactant over monomer units) in D(2)O and studied by small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS/SAXS) and optical spectroscopy. At room temperature, P3TMAHT forms charged aggregates with interparticle order. The addition of SDS eliminates the interparticle order and leads to rod-like (x = 1/5) or sheet-like polymer-SDS aggregates (x = 1/2 to 1) containing rod-like (x = 1/5 to 1/2) or sheet-like (x = 1/2 to 1) polymer associations. Partial precipitation occurs at the charge compensation point (x = 1). Ellipsoidal particles without interparticle order, reminiscent of SDS micelles modified by separated polymer chains, occur for x = 2 to 5. Free SDS micelles dominate for x = 20. Structural transitions lead to a concomitant variation in the solution color from red (P3TMAHT) to violet (x = 1/5 to 1) to yellow (x > 2). The photoluminescence fingerprint changes progressively from a broad featureless band (x = 0) through the band narrowing and appearance of vibronic structure (x = 1/5 to 1) to the return to a blue-shifted broad emission band (x = 5). The polymer stiffness reaches a maximum for x = 1, which leads to minimization of the Stokes shift (0.08 eV). This work gives fundamental information upon how surfactant complexation can influence both the solution structure and photophysical properties of a water-soluble polythiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Evans RC, Macedo AG, Pradhan S, Scherf U, Carlos LD, Burrows HD. Fluorene based conjugated polyelectrolyte/silica nanocomposites: charge-mediated phase aggregation at the organic-inorganic interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3032-3037. [PMID: 20535734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Evans
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Knaapila M, Evans RC, Gutacker A, Garamus VM, Torkkeli M, Adamczyk S, Forster M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Solvent dependent assembly of a polyfluorene-polythiophene "rod-rod" block copolyelectrolyte: influence on photophysical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5056-5066. [PMID: 20085283 DOI: 10.1021/la903520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the solvent-driven assembly of a polyelectrolytic polyfluorene-polythiophene diblock copolymer-poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene]-b-poly[3-(6-trimethylammoniumhexyl)thiophene] (PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT)-in tetrahydrofuran (THF), water, their 1:1 mixture and in subsequently prepared thin films, as investigated using a combination of scattering, microscopic and photoluminescence techniques. In solution PF2/6-b-P3TMAHT forms large (>100 nm) aggregates which undergo a transition from objects with surface fractal interface (THF) to ones with a significant planar component due to the presence of the 2-dimensionally merged ribbon-like aggregates or fused walls of the observed vesicular aggregates [THF-water (1:1)]. In THF-water and water the blocks are loosely segregated into P3TMAHT and PF2/6 rich domains, with PF2/6 dominating the aggregate interior. Depending on solvent, the spun films contain either aggregates with a crystalline interior (THF) or large 200 nm-2 microm vesicular aggregates embedded in a featureless matrix (THF-water and water). Structural variations are concomitant with distinctive solvatochromic changes in the photophysical properties including a color change from deep red (THF) to pale orange (THF-water and water) in solution, a decrease in fluorescence quantum yield with increasing water content, and a shift from photoluminescence of individual PF2/6 blocks (THF) to efficient PF2/6 --> P3TMAHT energy transfer (THF-water and water).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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Gutacker A, Koenen N, Scherf U, Adamczyk S, Pina J, Fonseca SM, Valente AJ, Evans RC, Seixas de Melo J, Burrows HD, Knaapila M. Cationic fluorene-thiophene diblock copolymers: Aggregation behaviour in methanol/water and its relation to thin film structures. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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