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Tefek U, Sari B, Alhmoud HZ, Hanay MS. Permittivity-Based Microparticle Classification by the Integration of Impedance Cytometry and Microwave Resonators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304072. [PMID: 37498158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Permittivity of microscopic particles can be used as a classification parameter for applications in materials and environmental sciences. However, directly measuring the permittivity of individual microparticles has proven to be challenging due to the convoluting effect of particle size on capacitive signals. To overcome this challenge, a sensing platform is built to independently obtain both the geometric and electric size of a particle, by combining impedance cytometry and microwave resonant sensing in a microfluidic chip. This way the microwave signal, which contains both permittivity and size effects, can be normalized by the size information provided by impedance cytometry to yield an intensive parameter that depends only on permittivity. The technique allows to differentiate between polystyrene and soda lime glass microparticles-below 22 µm in diameter-with more than 94% accuracy, despite their similar sizes and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that the same technique can be used to differentiate between normal healthy cells and fixed cells of the same geometric size. The technique offers a potential route for targeted applications such as environmental monitoring of microplastic pollution or quality control in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay Tefek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Burak Sari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Hashim Z Alhmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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2
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Sabrin S, Karmokar DK, Karmakar NC, Hong SH, Habibullah H, Szili EJ. Opportunities of Electronic and Optical Sensors in Autonomous Medical Plasma Technologies. ACS Sens 2023; 8:974-993. [PMID: 36897225 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature plasma technology is proving to be at the frontier of emerging medical technologies with real potential to overcome escalating healthcare challenges including antimicrobial and anticancer resistance. However, significant improvements in efficacy, safety, and reproducibility of plasma treatments need to be addressed to realize the full clinical potential of the technology. To improve plasma treatments recent research has focused on integrating automated feedback control systems into medical plasma technologies to maintain optimal performance and safety. However, more advanced diagnostic systems are still needed to provide data into feedback control systems with sufficient levels of sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. These diagnostic systems need to be compatible with the biological target and to also not perturb the plasma treatment. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art electronic and optical sensors that might be suitable to address this unmet technological need, and the steps needed to integrate these sensors into autonomous plasma systems. Realizing this technological gap could facilitate the development of next-generation medical plasma technologies with strong potential to yield superior healthcare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumyea Sabrin
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Debabrata K Karmokar
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nemai C Karmakar
- Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Ha Hong
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Habibullah Habibullah
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Endre J Szili
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Microfluidic Modules Integrated with Microwave Components-Overview of Applications from the Perspective of Different Manufacturing Technologies. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051710. [PMID: 33801309 PMCID: PMC7958350 DOI: 10.3390/s21051710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The constant increase in the number of microfluidic-microwave devices can be explained by various advantages, such as relatively easy integration of various microwave circuits in the device, which contains microfluidic components. To achieve the aforementioned solutions, four trends of manufacturing appear—manufacturing based on epoxy-glass laminates, polymer materials (mostly common in use are polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl 2-methylpropenoate (PMMA)), glass/silicon substrates, and Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCCs). Additionally, the domains of applications the microwave-microfluidic devices can be divided into three main fields—dielectric heating, microwave-based detection in microfluidic devices, and the reactors for microwave-enhanced chemistry. Such an approach allows heating or delivering the microwave power to the liquid in the microchannels, as well as the detection of its dielectric parameters. This article consists of a literature review of exemplary solutions that are based on the above-mentioned technologies with the possibilities, comparison, and exemplary applications based on each aforementioned technology.
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Tran AK, Kawashima D, Sugarawa M, Obara H, Okeyo KO, Takei M. Development of a noise elimination electrical impedance spectroscopy (neEIS) system for single cell identification. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this paper, a novel methodology is proposed for material identification. It is based on the use of a microwave sensor array with the elements of the array resonating at various frequencies within a wide range and applying machine learning algorithms on the collected data. Unlike the previous microwave sensing systems which are mainly based on a single resonating sensor, the proposed methodology allows for material characterization over a wide frequency range which, in turn, improves the accuracy of the material identification procedure. The performance of the proposed methodology is tested via the use of easily available materials such as woods, cardboards, and plastics. However, the proposed methodology can be extended to other applications such as industrial liquid identification and composite material identification, among others.
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Lacroix A, Deluche E, Zhang LY, Dalmay C, Mélin C, Leroy J, Babay M, Morand Du Puch C, Giraud S, Bessette B, Bégaud G, Saada S, Lautrette C, Pothier A, Battu S, Lalloué F. A New Label-Free Approach to Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cell Sorting and Detection. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8948-8957. [PMID: 31179686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play critical roles in cancer, making them important targets for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Since CSCs are heterogeneous and not abundant in tumors, and few specific markers for these cells currently exist, new methods to isolate and characterize them are required. To address this issue, we developed a new label-free methodology to isolate, enrich, and identify CSCs from an heterogeneous tumor cell subpopulation using a cell sorting method (sedimentation field flow fractionation, SdFFF) and a biosensor as a detector. Enrichment was optimized using an original protocol and U87-MG glioblastoma cells cultured in a normal (N) or defined (D) medium (± fetal bovine serum, FBS) under normoxic (N, pO2 = 20%) or hypoxic (H, pO2 < 2%) conditions to obtain four cell populations: NN, NH, DN, and DH. After elution of CSCs via SdFFF using the hyperlayer mode (inertial elution mode for micrometer-sized species), we isolated eight subpopulations with distinct CSC contents based on phenotypical and functional properties, ranging from NN F1 with a lower CSC content to DH F3 with a higher CSC content. Reflecting biological differences, the intrinsic intracellular dielectric permittivity increased from NN to DH conditions. The largest difference in electromagnetic signature was observed between NN F1 and DH F3, in which the CSC content was lowest and highest, respectively. The results demonstrate that microwave dielectric spectroscopy can be used to reliably and efficiently distinguish stem cell characteristics. This new instrumental and methodological approach is an important innovation that allows both enrichment and detection of CSCs, opening the door to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacroix
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Elise Deluche
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France.,Department of Medical Oncology , Limoges University Hospital , 2 rue Martin Luther King , 87042 Limoges , France
| | - Ling Yan Zhang
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252 , Université de Limoges , 123, avenue Albert Thomas , 87060 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Claire Dalmay
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252 , Université de Limoges , 123, avenue Albert Thomas , 87060 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Carole Mélin
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Jonathan Leroy
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252 , Université de Limoges , 123, avenue Albert Thomas , 87060 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Meissa Babay
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252 , Université de Limoges , 123, avenue Albert Thomas , 87060 Limoges Cedex , France
| | | | | | - Barbara Bessette
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Gaëlle Bégaud
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | | | - Arnaud Pothier
- XLIM-UMR CNRS 7252 , Université de Limoges , 123, avenue Albert Thomas , 87060 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Serge Battu
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- EA3842- CAPTuR, GEIST, Faculté de Médecine , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Dr Marcland , 87025 Limoges Cedex , France
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Chien JC, Ameri A, Yeh EC, Killilea AN, Anwar M, Niknejad AM. A high-throughput flow cytometry-on-a-CMOS platform for single-cell dielectric spectroscopy at microwave frequencies. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2065-2076. [PMID: 29872834 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a microfluidics-integrated label-free flow cytometry-on-a-CMOS platform for the characterization of the cytoplasm dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. Compared with MHz impedance cytometers, operating at GHz frequencies offers direct intracellular permittivity probing due to electric fields penetrating through the cellular membrane. To overcome the detection challenges at high frequencies, the spectrometer employs on-chip oscillator-based sensors, which embeds simultaneous frequency generation, electrode excitation, and signal detection capabilities. By employing an injection-locking phase-detection technique, the spectrometer offers state-of-the-art sensitivity, achieving a less than 1 aFrms capacitance detection limit (or 5 ppm in frequency-shift) at a 100 kHz noise filtering bandwidth, enabling high throughput (>1k cells per s), with a measured cellular SNR of more than 28 dB. With CMOS/microfluidics co-design, we distribute four sensing channels at 6.5, 11, 17.5, and 30 GHz in an arrayed format whereas the frequencies are selected to center around the water relaxation frequency at 18 GHz. An issue in the integration of CMOS and microfluidics due to size mismatch is also addressed through introducing a cost-efficient epoxy-molding technique. With 3-D hydrodynamic focusing microfluidics, we perform characterization on four different cell lines including two breast cell lines (MCF-10A and MDA-MB-231) and two leukocyte cell lines (K-562 and THP-1). After normalizing the higher frequency signals to the 6.5 GHz ones, the size-independent dielectric opacity shows a differentiable distribution at 17.5 GHz between normal (0.905 ± 0.160, mean ± std.) and highly metastatic (1.033 ± 0.107) breast cells with p ≪ 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chau Chien
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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8
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Liu W, Sun H, Xu L. A Microwave Method for Dielectric Characterization Measurement of Small Liquids Using a Metamaterial-Based Sensor. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051438. [PMID: 29734738 PMCID: PMC5982113 DOI: 10.3390/s18051438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a microwave method for the dielectric characterization of small liquids based on a metamaterial-based sensor The proposed sensor consists of a micro-strip line and a double split-ring resonator (SRR). A large electric field is observed on the two splits of the double SRRs at the resonance frequency (1.9 GHz). The dielectric property data of the samples under test (SUTs) were obtained with two measurements. One is with the sensor loaded with the reference liquid (REF) and the other is with the sensor loaded with the SUTs. Additionally, the principle of extracting permittivity from measured changes of resonance characteristics changes of the sensor loaded with REF and SUTs is given. Some measurements were carried out at 1.9 GHz, and the calculated results of methanol–water mixtures with different molar fractions agree well with the time-domain reflectometry method. Moreover, the proposed sensor is compact and highly sensitive for use of sub-wavelength resonance. In comparison with literature data, relative errors are less than 3% for the real parts and 2% for the imaginary parts of complex permittivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Liu
- College of Electric and Electrical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Haoran Sun
- College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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9
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Mao Z, Liu Z, Yang J, Han X, Zhao B, Zhao C. In situ semi-quantitative assessment of single-cell viability by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7135-7138. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel method for quantifying single-cell viability with high selectivity by resonance Raman scattering. This powerful tool will allow researchers to study cellular metabolism at the level of a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science
| | - Zhuo Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Anatomy
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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Guha S, Jamal FI, Wenger C. A Review on Passive and Integrated Near-Field Microwave Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040042. [PMID: 28946617 PMCID: PMC5746765 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review the advancement of passive and integrated microwave biosensors. The interaction of microwave with biological material is discussed in this paper. Passive microwave biosensors are microwave structures, which are fabricated on a substrate and are used for sensing biological materials. On the other hand, integrated biosensors are microwave structures fabricated in standard semiconductor technology platform (CMOS or BiCMOS). The CMOS or BiCMOS sensor technology offers a more compact sensing approach which has the potential in the future for point of care testing systems. Various applications of the passive and the integrated sensors have been discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Guha
- IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
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11
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Ji JH, Shin KS, Kang S, Lee SH, Kang JY, Kim S, Jun SC. Fundamental monomeric biomaterial diagnostics by radio frequency signal analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:255-61. [PMID: 27111728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a new diagnostic technique of fundamental monomeric biomaterials that do not rely on any enzyme or chemical reaction. Instead, it only uses radio frequency (RF) signal analysis. The detection and classification of basic biomaterials, such as glucose and albumin, were demonstrated. The device was designed to generate a strong resonance response with glucose solution and fabricated by simple photolithography with PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) well. It even was used to detect the level of glucose in mixtures of glucose and albumin and in human serum, and it operated properly and identified the glucose concentration precisely. It has a detection limit about 100μM (1.8mg/dl), and a sensitivity about 58MHz per 1mM of glucose and exhibited a good linearity in human blood glucose level. In addition, the intrinsic electrical properties of biomaterials can be investigated by a de-embedding technique and an equivalent circuit analysis. The capacitance of glucose containing samples exhibited bell-shaped Gaussian dispersion spectra around 2.4GHz. The Albumin solution did not represent a clear dispersion spectra compared to glucose, and the magnitude of resistance and inductance of albumin was higher than that of other samples. Other parameters also represented distinguishable patterns to classify those biomaterials. It leads us to expect future usage of our technique as a pattern-recognizing biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Nano-Bioresearch Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Songbuk Gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sik Shin
- Nano-Bioresearch Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Songbuk Gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinill Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Nano-Bioresearch Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Songbuk Gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kang
- Nano-Bioresearch Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Songbuk Gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Cui Y, Kenworthy AK, Edidin M, Divan R, Rosenmann D, Wang P. Analyzing Single Giant Unilamellar Vesicles With a Slotline-Based RF Nanometer Sensor. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 2016; 64:1339-1347. [PMID: 27713585 PMCID: PMC5046228 DOI: 10.1109/tmtt.2016.2536021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel techniques that enable reagent free detection and analysis of single cells are of great interest for the development of biological and medical sciences as well as point-of-care health service technologies. Highly sensitive and broadband radio-frequency (RF) sensors are promising candidates for such a technique. In this work, we present a highly sensitive and tunable RF sensor, which is based on interference processes and built with a 100 nm slotline structure. The highly concentrated RF fields, up to ~1.76×107 V/m, enable strong interactions between Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and fields for high sensitivity operations. We also provide two modeling approaches to extract cell dielectric properties from measured scattering parameters. GUVs of different molecular compositions are synthesized and analyzed with the RF sensor at ~2 GHz, ~2.5 GHz, and ~2.8 GHz with an initial |S21 | min of ~-100 dB. Corresponding GUV dielectric properties are obtained. A one-dimensional scanning of single GUV is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Michael Edidin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Daniel Rosenmann
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
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13
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Osterberg J, Wang P. Two-stage radio-frequency interferometer sensors. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2015; 107:172907. [PMID: 26576062 PMCID: PMC4627927 DOI: 10.1063/1.4934622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We show that simple radio-frequency (RF) interferometers can have slow-wave positive group delay (PGD) or negative group delay (NGD), as well as superluminal propagation (SP) regions, due to a destructive interference process. These properties are easily tunable, which makes RF interferometers unique among systems that have NGD and SP regimes. A two-stage interferometer arrangement, which includes a first stage interferometer in the material-under-test path of a second stage, has significantly improved sensitivity in comparison with a one-stage reference interferometer. With a power divider based first stage and at its maximum NGD frequency, the frequency sensitivity improvement is as high as 7 times. With a quadrature based first stage, the sensitivity is increased by as much as 20 times. Sensitivity improvements are also observed at PGD and SP frequency regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Osterberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University , South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University , South Carolina 29634, USA
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14
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Guha S, Warsinke A, Tientcheu CM, Schmalz K, Meliani C, Wenger C. Label free sensing of creatinine using a 6 GHz CMOS near-field dielectric immunosensor. Analyst 2015; 140:3019-27. [PMID: 25782697 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a CMOS high frequency direct immunosensor operating at 6 GHz (C-band) for label free determination of creatinine. The sensor is fabricated in standard 0.13 μm SiGe:C BiCMOS process. The report also demonstrates the ability to immobilize creatinine molecules on a Si3N4 passivation layer of the standard BiCMOS/CMOS process, therefore, evading any further need of cumbersome post processing of the fabricated sensor chip. The sensor is based on capacitive detection of the amount of non-creatinine bound antibodies binding to an immobilized creatinine layer on the passivated sensor. The chip bound antibody amount in turn corresponds indirectly to the creatinine concentration used in the incubation phase. The determination of creatinine in the concentration range of 0.88-880 μM is successfully demonstrated in this work. A sensitivity of 35 MHz/10 fold increase in creatinine concentration (during incubation) at the centre frequency of 6 GHz is gained by the immunosensor. The results are compared with a standard optical measurement technique and the dynamic range and sensitivity is of the order of the established optical indication technique. The C-band immunosensor chip comprising an area of 0.3 mm(2) reduces the sensing area considerably, therefore, requiring a sample volume as low as 2 μl. The small analyte sample volume and label free approach also reduce the experimental costs in addition to the low fabrication costs offered by the batch fabrication technique of CMOS/BiCMOS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guha
- IHP, Im Technologie Park 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
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15
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Guha S, Schmalz K, Wenger C, Herzel F. Self-calibrating highly sensitive dynamic capacitance sensor: towards rapid sensing and counting of particles in laminar flow systems. Analyst 2015; 140:3262-72. [PMID: 25793229 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report we propose a sensor architecture and a corresponding read-out technique on silicon for the detection of dynamic capacitance change. This approach can be applied to rapid particle counting and single particle sensing in a fluidic system. The sensing principle is based on capacitance variation of an interdigitated electrode (IDE) structure embedded in an oscillator circuit. The capacitance scaling of the IDE results in frequency modulation of the oscillator. A demodulator architecture is employed to provide a read-out of the frequency modulation caused by the capacitance change. A self-calibrating technique is employed at the read-out amplifier stage. The capacitance variation of the IDE due to particle flow causing frequency modulation and the corresponding demodulator read-out has been analytically modelled. Experimental verification of the established model and the functionality of the sensor chip were shown using a modulating capacitor independent of fluidic integration. The initial results show that the sensor is capable of detecting frequency changes of the order of 100 parts per million (PPM), which translates to a shift of 1.43 MHz at 14.3 GHz operating frequency. It is also shown that a capacitance change every 3 μs can be accurately detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guha
- IHP, Leibniz Institute for Innovative Microelectronics, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
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16
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Cui Y, He Y, Wang P. A Quadrature-Based Tunable Radio-Frequency Sensor for the Detection and Analysis of Aqueous Solutions. IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES SOCIETY 2014; 24:490-492. [PMID: 25197266 PMCID: PMC4154697 DOI: 10.1109/lmwc.2014.2316235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly tunable and sensitive radio-frequency (RF) sensor is presented for the measurement of aqueous-solution dielectric properties. Two quadrature hybrids are utilized to achieve destructive interference that eliminates the probing signals at both measurement ports. As a result, weak signals of material-under-test (MUT) are elevated for high sensitivity detections at different frequencies. The sensor is demonstrated through measuring 2-propanol-water solution permittivity at 0.01 mole fraction concentration level from ~4 GHz to ~12 GHz. De-ionized water and methanol-water solution are used to calibrate the sensor for quantitative MUT analysis through our proposed model. Micro-meter coplanar waveguides (CPW) are fabricated as RF sensing electrodes. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel is employed to introduce 250 nL liquid, of which ~1 nL is effectively the MUT. The permittivity and the relaxation time of 2-propanol-water solution are obtained. Compared with our power divider based sensors, the differential reflection coefficients in this work provide additional information that complements the transmission coefficient methods.
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40 GHz RF biosensor based on microwave coplanar waveguide transmission line for cancer cells (HepG2) dielectric characterization. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:417-21. [PMID: 24934741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a 40-GHz RF biosensor that involves using a microwave coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line for the dielectric characterization of cancer cells (Hepatoma G2, HepG2). In the past, conventional resonator-based biosensors were designed to operate at a specific resonant peak; however, the dielectric sensitivity of the cells was restricted to a narrow bandwidth. To provide a very wide bandwidth (1-40 GHz), biosensors were based on a microwave CPW transmission line. The proposed biosensor can rapidly measure two frequency-dependent cell-based dielectric parameters of HepG2 cells, microwave attenuation (α(f)cell) and the dielectric constant (εr(f)cell), while removing the microwave parasitic effects (including the cultured medium and substrate materials). The proposed biosensor can be applied in postoperative cancer diagnosis.
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Sun J, Wang P. Note: Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor high voltage pulse generation circuits. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:106111. [PMID: 24182184 DOI: 10.1063/1.4827077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present two types of on-chip pulse generation circuits. The first is based on CMOS pulse-forming-lines (PFLs). It includes a four-stage charge pump, a four-stacked-MOSFET switch and a 5 mm long PFL. The circuit is implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process. Pulses of ~1.8 V amplitude with ~135 ps duration on a 50 Ω load are obtained. The obtained voltage is higher than 1.6 V, the rated operating voltage of the process. The second is a high-voltage Marx generator which also uses stacked MOSFETs as high voltage switches. The output voltage is 11.68 V, which is higher than the highest breakdown voltage (~10 V) of the CMOS process. These results significantly extend high-voltage pulse generation capabilities of CMOS technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Cui Y, Sun J, He Y, Wang Z, Wang P. A simple, tunable, and highly sensitive radio-frequency sensor. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2013; 103:62906. [PMID: 24023393 PMCID: PMC3751936 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a radio frequency (RF) sensor that exploits tunable attenuators and phase shifters to achieve high-sensitivity and broad band frequency tunability. Three frequency bands are combined to enable sensor operations from ∼20 MHz to ∼38 GHz. The effective quality factor (Qeff ) of the sensor is as high as ∼3.8 × 106 with 200 μl of water samples. We also demonstrate the measurement of 2-proponal-water-solution permittivity at 0.01 mole concentration level from ∼1 GHz to ∼10 GHz. Methanol-water solution and de-ionized water are used to calibrate the RF sensor for the quantitative measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, USA
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Labib M, Zamay AS, Muharemagic D, Chechik AV, Bell JC, Berezovski MV. Aptamer-based viability impedimetric sensor for viruses. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1813-6. [PMID: 22303883 DOI: 10.1021/ac203412m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of aptamer-based viability impedimetric sensor for viruses (AptaVISens-V) is presented. Highly specific DNA aptamers to intact vaccinia virus were selected using cell-SELEX technique and integrated into impedimetric sensors via self-assembly onto a gold microelectrode. Remarkably, this aptasensor is highly selective and can successfully detect viable vaccinia virus particles (down to 60 virions in a microliter) and distinguish them from nonviable viruses in a label-free electrochemical assay format. It also opens a new venue for the development of a variety of viability sensors for detection of many microorganisms and spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Zhang H, Divan R, Wang P. Ferromagnetic resonance of a single magnetic nanowire measured with an on-chip microwave interferometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:054704. [PMID: 21639529 DOI: 10.1063/1.3593502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An on-chip microwave interferometer suitable for high-sensitivity nanoscale magnetic material characterization is proposed. The device cancels the background parasitic common mode noise automatically. The magnetization dynamics of a 240 nm wide, 5 μm long, and 70 nm thick single permalloy nanowire is investigated. Compared with a prototype device proposed previously, the proposed device has a more than 20 dB sensitivity improvement. Full wave three-dimensional simulation shows that the device has the capability of studying the fundamental physics of nanoscale magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiao Zhang
- Intel Corporation, Columbia Design Center, South Carolina 29229, USA
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Liang L, Qian S, Xuan X. Three-dimensional electrokinetic particle focusing in a rectangular microchannel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:377-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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