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Tefek U, Sari B, Alhmoud HZ, Hanay MS. Permittivity-Based Microparticle Classification by the Integration of Impedance Cytometry and Microwave Resonators. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2304072. [PMID: 37498158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Permittivity of microscopic particles can be used as a classification parameter for applications in materials and environmental sciences. However, directly measuring the permittivity of individual microparticles has proven to be challenging due to the convoluting effect of particle size on capacitive signals. To overcome this challenge, a sensing platform is built to independently obtain both the geometric and electric size of a particle, by combining impedance cytometry and microwave resonant sensing in a microfluidic chip. This way the microwave signal, which contains both permittivity and size effects, can be normalized by the size information provided by impedance cytometry to yield an intensive parameter that depends only on permittivity. The technique allows to differentiate between polystyrene and soda lime glass microparticles-below 22 µm in diameter-with more than 94% accuracy, despite their similar sizes and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that the same technique can be used to differentiate between normal healthy cells and fixed cells of the same geometric size. The technique offers a potential route for targeted applications such as environmental monitoring of microplastic pollution or quality control in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay Tefek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Burak Sari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Hashim Z Alhmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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2
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Marcelli R, Sardi GM, Proietti E, Capoccia G, Iannacci J, Tagliapietra G, Giacomozzi F. Triangular Sierpinski Microwave Band-Stop Resonators for K-Band Filtering. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8125. [PMID: 37836955 PMCID: PMC10574942 DOI: 10.3390/s23198125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Triangular resonators re-shaped with Sierpinski geometry were designed, manufactured, and tested for potential applications in the K-Band. Prototypes of band-stop filters working around 20 GHz and 26 GHz, interesting for RADAR and satellite communications, were studied in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration. Single and coupled structures were analyzed to give evidence for: (i) the tuning of the resonance frequency by increasing the internal complexity of the triangle and (ii) resonance enhancement when coupled structures are considered. The exploited devices were part of the more extended family of metamaterial-inspired structures, and they were studied for their heuristic approach to the prediction of the spectrum using experimental results supported by electromagnetic simulations. As a result, a Sierpinski resonator, not only fed into but also fully embedded into a CPW environment, had a frequency response that was not easily determined by classical theoretical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jacopo Iannacci
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy; (J.I.); (G.T.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Flavio Giacomozzi
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy; (J.I.); (G.T.); (F.G.)
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Niksan O, Wyatt BC, Kazemi KK, Anasori B, Zarifi MH. MXene Free Standing Films: Unlocking the Impact of Flake Sizes in Microwave Resonant Structures in Humid Environments. Small 2023; 19:e2300848. [PMID: 37096923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microwave communication devices necessitate elements with high electrical conductivity, a property which was traditionally found in metals (e.g., copper). However, in applications such as satellite communications, metals prevent the payload from achieving lightweight and flexible characteristics. Here, we demonstrate the development of MXene film microwave resonators, leveraging MXene's high electrical conductivity and unique mechanical properties. To investigate resonant performance in humid conditions and study the effects of MXene's processing and treatment, MXene films with different flake sizes are prepared and exposed to cyclic humidity. For the large- and small-flake Ti3 C2 MXene films in cyclic humidity, the large-flake film demonstrates higher electrical conductivity, higher resonance quality factor (150 and 35 as unloaded, and loaded), and less fluctuation of performance (≈1.7% total shift in resonance frequency). Further, by implementing MXene films of two different diameters, the correlation between film size and resonant frequency is demonstrated. By introducing an active resonant configuration, the effect of MXene degradation and microwave losses can be compensated. This active feedback loop demonstrates a ≈300 times increase in the quality factor of MXene resonators. As a building block for terrestrial and satellite communication modules, MXene resonators potentiate the replacement of metals in achieving unique electrical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Niksan
- Okanagan Microelectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brian C Wyatt
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nano systems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kasra Khorsand Kazemi
- Okanagan Microelectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nano systems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohammad H Zarifi
- Okanagan Microelectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Alghadeer M, Banerjee A, Hajr A, Hussein H, Fariborzi H, Rao SG. Surface Passivation of Niobium Superconducting Quantum Circuits Using Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:2319-2328. [PMID: 36573579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) microwave resonators in quantum circuits are the best components for reading and changing the state of artificial atoms because of their excellent coupling to quantum systems. This coupling forms the basis of the developing circuit quantum electrodynamic architecture. In quantum processors, oscillators are used to store and transmit quantum information using microwave-frequency wave packets. However, the presence of amorphous thin-film defects is deleterious and can result in an irrevocable loss of coherent information with uncontrolled degrees of freedom. Although there has been extensive research into techniques to reduce the coherent loss of such devices, the precise structure of amorphous dielectric layers on surfaces and interfaces and their associated loss mechanism are being actively studied. In particular, planar superconducting resonators are very sensitive to defects on their surfaces, such as two-level systems in oxidized metals and nonequilibrium quasiparticles, making these devices suitable probes for the different loss mechanisms. In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of Nb CPW resonators with different surface treatments with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which mitigate the growth of oxides in superconducting circuits. We demonstrate SAM-passivated resonators having internal quality factors of greater than 106 at a single-photon excitation power (measured at 100 mK), which were probed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate the efficiency of our surface treatment. Finally, we compared the improvements in the experimental quality factors to those obtained by numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alghadeer
- Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Archan Banerjee
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Ahmed Hajr
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hussein Hussein
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein Fariborzi
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Ghaffar Rao
- Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
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Giacomozzi F, Proietti E, Capoccia G, Sardi GM, Bartolucci G, Iannacci J, Tagliapietra G, Margesin B, Marcelli R. Design of U-Shaped Frequency Tunable Microwave Filters in MEMS Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:466. [PMID: 36617066 PMCID: PMC9824530 DOI: 10.3390/s23010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
U-shaped microwave resonators implemented by RF MEMS switches can be considered the result of a novel design approach for obtaining small-footprint tunable resonators, owing to the bent shape of the resonator and the microsystem solution for changing the frequency of resonance. In this paper, we discuss the design approach for potential configurations of U-shaped structures combined with ohmic RF MEMS switches. Owing to their prospective application in RADAR and satellite systems, the devices were assessed for K-Band operation, specifically for 15 GHz, 20 GHz, and 26 GHz. The ON-OFF states determined by an electrostatic actuation of metal beams composing the RF MEMS ohmic switches allow for selecting different path lengths corresponding to different frequencies. In this contribution, initial configurations were designed and manufactured as a proof-of-concept. The advantages and critical aspects of the designs are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Bartolucci
- CNR-IMM, 00133 Roma, Italy
- Electronic Engineering Department, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Dayan N, Artzi Y, Jbara M, Cristea D, Blank A. Pulsed Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance in the Fourier Regime. Chemphyschem 2022; 24:e202200624. [PMID: 36464644 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides atomic-level molecular structural information. However, in molecules containing unpaired electron spins, NMR signals are difficult to measure directly. In such cases, data is obtained using the electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) method, where nuclei are detected through their interaction with nearby unpaired electron spins. Unfortunately, electron spins spread the ENDOR signals, which challenges current acquisition techniques, often resulting in low spectral resolution that provides limited structural details. Here, we show that by using miniature microwave resonators to detect a small number of electron spins, integrated with miniature NMR coils, one can excite and detect a wide bandwidth of ENDOR data in a single pulse. This facilitates the measurement of ENDOR spectra with narrow lines spread over a large frequency range at much better spectral resolution than conventional approaches, which helps reveal details of the paramagnetic molecules' chemical structure that were not accessible before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Dayan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Artzi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moamen Jbara
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Cristea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aharon Blank
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
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Gugliandolo G, Tabandeh S, Rosso L, Smorgon D, Fernicola V. Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Precision Temperature Metrology Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21082844. [PMID: 33920723 PMCID: PMC8073797 DOI: 10.3390/s21082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the authors exploited the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator properties as a thermometer. The sensor is made of a cylindrical sapphire microwave resonator in the center of a gold-plated copper cavity. Two coaxial cables act as antennas and excite the WGM standing waves in the cylindrical sapphire at selected resonance frequencies in the microwave range. The system affords a high quality factor that enables temperature measurements with a resolution better than 15 µK and a measurement standard uncertainty of 1.2 mK, a value approximately three times better than that achieved in previous works. The developed sensor could be a promising alternative to platinum resistance thermometers, both as a transfer standard in industrial applications and as an interpolating instrument for the dissemination of the kelvin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahin Tabandeh
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Lucia Rosso
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy; (L.R.); (D.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Denis Smorgon
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy; (L.R.); (D.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Vito Fernicola
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy; (L.R.); (D.S.); (V.F.)
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8
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Perez MD, Jeong SH, Raman S, Nowinski D, Wu Z, Redzwan SMS, Velander J, Peng Z, Hjort K, Augustine R. Head-compliant microstrip split ring resonator for non-invasive healing monitoring after craniosynostosis-based surgery. Healthc Technol Lett 2020; 7:29-34. [PMID: 32190338 PMCID: PMC7067054 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2018.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A soft and highly directive, proximity-coupled split-ring resonator fabricated with a liquid alloy, copper and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented. The same was designed for sensing osteogenesis of calvarial bone. As dielectric properties of bone grafts in ossifying calvarial defects should change during the osteogenesis process, devices like this could monitor the gradual transformation of the defect into bone by differentiating changes in the dielectric properties as shifts in the resonance frequency. Computational Software Technology (CST) Microwave Studio®-based simulation results on computational head models were in good agreement with laboratory results on head phantom models, which also included the comparison with an in-vivo measurement on the human head. A discussion based on an inductive reasoning regarding dynamics’ considerations is provided as well. Since the skin elasticity of newborn children is high, stretching and crumpling could be significant. In addition, due to typical head curvatures in newborn children, bending should not be a significant issue, and can provide higher energy focus in the defect area and improve conformability. The present concept could support the development of soft, cheap and portable follow-up monitoring systems to use in outpatient hospital and home care settings for post-operative monitoring of bone healing after reconstructive surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio David Perez
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Seung Hee Jeong
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sujith Raman
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Daniel Nowinski
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing and Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Syaiful M S Redzwan
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacob Velander
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Klas Hjort
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Augustine
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Corchia L, Monti G, De Benedetto E, Cataldo A, Angrisani L, Arpaia P, Tarricone L. Fully-Textile, Wearable Chipless Tags for Identification and Tracking Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E429. [PMID: 31940878 DOI: 10.3390/s20020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two fully-textile wearable devices, to be used as chipless identification tags in identification and tracking applications are presented. For the fabrication of the fully-textile tags, a layer of fleece was used as a substrate, while an adhesive non-woven conductive fabric was employed for the conductive parts. To allow radio-frequency identification of these chipless tags, two alternative techniques were used. One relies on associating a binary code with the resonance frequency of resonant devices: the presence/absence of the resonance peaks in the transmission scattering parameter, | S 21 | , of a set of resonators is used to encode a string of bits. The second technique for accomplishing radio-frequency identification of the chipless tags resorts to a frequency-shift coding technique, which is implemented by modifying the configuration of a hairpin resonator. The obtained numerical and experimental results confirm the suitability of the proposed strategies for obtaining entirely-textile, wearable chipless tags for identification and tracking purposes, which can be particularly useful, especially in the industrial sector. In this field, in fact, the proposed solutions would guarantee a seamless integration with clothes and would facilitate the user's interaction with the IoT infrastructure. In this regard, one of the envisaged application scenarios related to the tracking of hides in the leather industry is also presented.
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Yilmaz T, Foster R, Hao Y. Radio-Frequency and Microwave Techniques for Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9010006. [PMID: 30626128 PMCID: PMC6468903 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews non-invasive blood glucose measurements via dielectric spectroscopy at microwave frequencies presented in the literature. The intent is to clarify the key challenges that must be overcome if this approach is to work, to suggest some possible ways towards addressing these challenges and to contribute towards prevention of unnecessary ‘reinvention of the wheel’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Yilmaz
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Robert Foster
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Yang Hao
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Abstract
The principles and techniques of primary refractive-index gas thermometry (RIGT) are reviewed. Absolute primary RIGT using microwave measurements of helium-filled quasispherical resonators has been implemented at the temperatures of the triple points of neon, oxygen, argon and water, with relative standard uncertainties ranging from 9.1 × 10-6 to 3.5 × 10-5. Researchers are now also using argon-filled cylindrical microwave resonators for RIGT near ambient temperature, with relative standard uncertainties between 3.8 × 10-5 and 4.6 × 10-5, and conducting relative RIGT measurements on isobars at low temperatures. RIGT at optical frequencies is progressing, and has been used to perform a Boltzmann constant measurement at room temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 1.2 × 10-5. Uncertainty budgets from implementations of absolute primary microwave RIGT, relative primary microwave RIGT and absolute primary optical RIGT are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christof Gaiser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Gao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniele Madonna Ripa
- Applied Metrology and Engineering Division, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Michael R Moldover
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8360, United States of America
| | - Laurent Pitre
- Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-Cnam (LCM), 93210 La Plaine Saint-Denis, France
| | - Robin J Underwood
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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