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Wang G, Ma F, Zhu L, Zhu P, Tang L, Hu H, Liu L, Li S, Zeng Z, Wang L, Xue Q. Bioinspired Slippery Surfaces for Liquid Manipulation from Tiny Droplet to Bulk Fluid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311489. [PMID: 38696759 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Slippery surfaces, which originate in nature with special wettability, have attracted considerable attention in both fundamental research and practical applications in a variety of fields due to their unique characteristics of superlow liquid friction and adhesion. Although research on bioinspired slippery surfaces is still in its infancy, it is a rapidly growing and enormously promising field. Herein, a systematic review of recent progress in bioinspired slippery surfaces, beginning with a brief introduction of several typical creatures with slippery property in nature, is presented. Subsequently,this review gives a detailed discussion on the basic concepts of the wetting, friction, and drag from micro- and macro-aspects and focuses on the underlying slippery mechanism. Next, the state-of-the-art developments in three categories of slippery surfaces of air-trapped, liquid-infused, and liquid-like slippery surfaces, including materials, design principles, and preparation methods, are summarized and the emerging applications are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of various slippery surfaces are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Fuliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Luqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Qunji Xue
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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Hu J, Zhang D, Li W, Li Y, Shan G, Zuo M, Song Y, Wu Z, Ma L, Zheng Q, Du M. Construction of a Soft Antifouling PAA/PSBMA Hydrogel Coating with High Toughness and Low Swelling through the Dynamic Coordination Bonding Provided by Al(OH) 3 Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6433-6446. [PMID: 38289030 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Marine biofouling, resulting from the adhesion of marine organisms to ship surfaces, has long been a significant issue in the maritime industry. In this paper, we focused on utilizing soft and hydrophilic hydrogels as a potential approach for antifouling (AF) coatings. Acrylic acid (AA) with a polyelectrolyte effect and N-(3-sulfopropyl)-N-(methacryloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium betaine (SBMA) with an antipolyelectrolyte effect were selected as monomers. By adjusting the monomer ratio, we were able to create hydrogel coatings that exhibited low swelling ratio in both fresh water and seawater. The Al(OH)3 nanoparticle, as a physical cross-linker, provided better mechanical properties (higher tensile strength and larger elongation at break) than the chemical cross-linker through the dynamic coordination bonds and plentiful hydrogen bonds. Additionally, we incorporated trehalose into the hydrogel, enabling the repair of the hydrogel network through covalent-like hydrogen bonding. The zwitterion compound SBMA endowed the hydrogel with excellent AF performance. It was found that the highest SBMA content did not lead to the best antibacterial performance, as bacterial adhesion quantity was also influenced by the charge of the hydrogel. The hydrogel with appropriate SBMA content being close to electrical neutrality exhibits the strongest zwitterionic property of PSBMA chains, resulting in the best antibacterial adhesion performance. Furthermore, the pronounced hydrophilicity of SBMA enhanced the lubrication of the hydrogel surface, thereby reducing the friction resistance when applied to the hull surface during ship navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wenbao Li
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guorong Shan
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ziliang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lie Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Miao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030000, China
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Kanduč M, Schneck E, Netz RR. Understanding the "Berg limit": the 65° contact angle as the universal adhesion threshold of biomatter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:713-723. [PMID: 38100091 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Surface phenomena in aqueous environments such as long-range hydrophobic attraction, macromolecular adhesion, and even biofouling are predominantly influenced by a fundamental parameter-the water contact angle. The minimal contact angle required for these and related phenomena to occur has been repeatedly reported to be around 65° and is commonly referred to as the "Berg limit." However, the universality of this specific threshold across diverse contexts has remained puzzling. In this perspective article, we aim to rationalize the reoccurrence of this enigmatic contact angle. We show that the relevant scenarios can be effectively conceptualized as three-phase problems involving the surface of interest, water, and a generic oil-like material that is representative of the nonpolar constituents within interacting entities. Our analysis reveals that attraction and adhesion emerge when substrates display an underwater oleophilic character, corresponding to a "hydrophobicity under oil", which occurs for contact angles above approximately 65°. This streamlined view provides valuable insights into macromolecular interactions and holds implications for technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Kanduč
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 8, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Moawad MN, El-Damhogy KA, Ghobashy MM, Radwan IM, Alabssawy AN. Fabrication of environmentally safe antifouling coatings using nano-MnO 2/cellulose nanofiber composite with BED/GMA irradiated by electron beam. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19289. [PMID: 37935757 PMCID: PMC10630369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling, undesirable growth of organisms on submerged surfaces, poses significant challenges in various industries and marine applications. The development of environmentally safe antifouling coatings employing nano-MnO2/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite with bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (BED/GMA) irradiated by electron beam (T1) has been achieved in the current work. The physico-chemical characteristics of the fabricated coatings have been studied using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, water contact angle, and X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of T1 formulation and pure BED/GMA polymer (T2) in inhibiting biofouling formation was investigated in seawater of Alexandria Eastern Harbour by examining biofilm development morphologically and biochemically. In addition, regular analyses of seawater physicochemical parameters were conducted monthly throughout study. Results provide valuable information on coating performance as well as the complex interactions between coatings, biofilms, and environmental factors. The T1 formulation exhibited strong anti-fouling and anticorrosion properties over 2 months. However, after four months of immersion, all coated steel surfaces, including T1, T2, and T0, were heavily covered with macro-fouling, including tubeworms, barnacles, and algae. Biochemical analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) showed statistically significant variations in carbohydrates content between the coated surfaces. The T1 formulation showed decreased protein and carbohydrate content in EPS fractions after 14 days of immersion indicating less biofouling. Moreover, elemental analysis showed that carbon, oxygen, and iron were the predominant elements in the biofilm. Other elements such as sodium, silicon, chloride, and calcium were in lower concentrations. T2 and T0 surfaces revealed higher calcium levels and the appearance of sulphur peaks if compared with T1 surface. Diatoms and bacteria were detected on T1, T2, and T0 surfaces. The observed warming of seawater and nutrient-rich conditions were found to promote the growth of fouling organisms, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental factors in biofouling management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn N Moawad
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Khaled A El-Damhogy
- Marine Science and Fishes Branch, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Islam M Radwan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Nasr Alabssawy
- Marine Science and Fishes Branch, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhao Z, Zharnikov M. Exploiting epoxy-rich poly(ethylene glycol) films for highly selective ssDNA sensing via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26538-26548. [PMID: 37752830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an alternative approach to immobilize thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the DNA sensing. In contrast to the standard, monomolecular assembly of such moieties on gold substrate, over the thiolate-gold anchors, we propose to use bioinert, porous polyethylene glycol (PEG) films as a 3D template for ssDNA immobilization. The latter process relies on the reaction between the thiol group of the respectively decorated ssDNA and the epoxy groups in the epoxy-rich PEG matrix. The immobilization process and subsequent hybridization ability of the resulting sensing assembly were monitored using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with the latter tool proving itself as the most suitable transduction technique. Electrochemical data confirmed the successful immobilization of thiol-decorated ssDNA probes into the PEG matrix over the thiol-epoxy linkage as well as high hybridization efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity of the resulting DNA sensor. Whereas this sensor was equivalent to the direct ssDNA assembly in terms of the efficiency, it exhibited a better selectivity and bioinert properties in view of the bioinert character of the PEG matrix. The above findings place PEG films as a promising platform for highly selective ssDNA sensing, leveraging their flexible chemistry, 3D character, and bioinert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Londero VS, Rosa ME, Baitello JB, Costa-Silva TA, Cruz LMS, Tempone AG, Caseli L, Lago JHG. Barbellatanic acid, a new antitrypanosomal pseudo-disesquiterpenoid isolated from Nectandra barbellata, displayed interaction with protozoan cell membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184184. [PMID: 37301246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing studies involving the discovery of new natural prototypes with antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi from Brazilian plant species, the chromatographic fractionation of hexane extract from leaves of Nectandra barbellata afforded one new pseudo-disesquiterpenoid, barbellatanic acid. The structure of this compound was elucidated by NMR and HR-ESIMS data analysis. Barbellatanic acid displayed a trypanocidal effect with IC50 of 13.2 μM to trypomastigotes and no toxicity against NCTC cells (CC50 > 200 μM), resulting in an SI value higher than 15.1. The investigation of the lethal mechanism of barbellatanic acid in trypomastigotes, using both fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetric analysis, revealed a time-dependent permeation of the plasma membrane. Based on these results, this compound was incorporated in cellular membrane models built with lipid Langmuir monolayers. The interaction of barbellatanic acid with the models was inferred by tensiometric, rheological, spectroscopical, and morphological techniques, which showed that this compound altered the thermodynamic, viscoelastic, structural, and morphological properties of the film. Taking together, these results could be employed when this prodrug interacts with lipidic interfaces, such as protozoa membranes or liposomes for drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Londero
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus E Rosa
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João B Baitello
- Division of Dasonomy, Forestry Institute, 02377-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais A Costa-Silva
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Monteiro S Cruz
- Organic Contaminants Nucleus - Contaminants Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 01246-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre G Tempone
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 01246-902 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, 09210-180 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yagasaki T, Matubayasi N. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Antifouling Mechanism of Hydrophilic Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13158-13168. [PMID: 37672759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption of amino acid side-chain analogues on polymer brushes. The analogues examined are nonpolar isobutane, polar propionamide, negatively charged propionate ion, and positively charged butylammonium ion. The polymer brushes consist of a sheet of graphene and strongly hydrophilic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA) or weakly hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). The effective interactions between isobutane and polymer chains are repulsive for PCBMA and attractive for PHEMA. Gibbs energy decomposition analysis shows that this is due to the abundance of water in the PCBMA brush, which increases the steric repulsion and decreases the Lennard-Jones attraction. The affinity of the hydrophilic analogues is low for both PCBMA and PHEMA chains, but the balance between the components of the Gibbs energy is different for the two polymers. The simulations are performed at several θ, where θ is the degree of overlap of polymer chains. The antifouling performance against the neutral analogues is better for PCBMA than for PHEMA in the low and high θ regimes. However, in the middle θ regime, the antifouling performance of PHEMA is close to or better than that of PCBMA. This is attributed to the formation of a dense layer of PHEMA on the graphene surface that inhibits direct adsorption of analogue molecules on graphene. The charged analogues do not bind to either the PHEMA or PCBMA brush irrespective of θ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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Šako M, Staniscia F, Schneck E, Netz RR, Kanduč M. Conditions for the stable adsorption of lipid monolayers to solid surfaces. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad190. [PMID: 37383024 PMCID: PMC10299894 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid monolayers are ubiquitous in biological systems and have multiple roles in biotechnological applications, such as lipid coatings that enhance colloidal stability or prevent surface fouling. Despite the great technological importance of surface-adsorbed lipid monolayers, the connection between their formation and the chemical characteristics of the underlying surfaces has remained poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the conditions required for stable lipid monolayers nonspecifically adsorbed on solid surfaces in aqueous solutions and water/alcohol mixtures. We use a framework that combines the general thermodynamic principles of monolayer adsorption with fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We find that, very universally, the chief descriptor of adsorption free energy is the wetting contact angle of the solvent on the surface. It turns out that monolayers can form and remain thermodynamically stable only on substrates with contact angles above the adsorption contact angle, θads. Our analysis establishes that θads falls into a narrow range of around 60∘-70∘ in aqueous media and is only weakly dependent on the surface chemistry. Moreover, to a good approximation, θads is roughly determined by the ratio between the surface tensions of hydrocarbons and the solvent. Adding small amounts of alcohol to the aqueous medium lowers θads and thereby facilitates monolayer formation on hydrophilic solid surfaces. At the same time, alcohol addition weakens the adsorption strength on hydrophobic surfaces and results in a slowdown of the adsorption kinetics, which can be useful for the preparation of defect-free monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Šako
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Staniscia
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 8, Darmstadt 64289, Hesse, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Oves M, Ansari MO, Ansari MS, Memić A. Graphene@Curcumin-Copper Paintable Coatings for the Prevention of Nosocomial Microbial Infection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062814. [PMID: 36985785 PMCID: PMC10051306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance has brought into focus the urgent need for the next generation of antimicrobial coating. Specifically, the coating of suitable antimicrobial nanomaterials on contact surfaces seems to be an effective method for the disinfection/contact killing of microorganisms. In this study, the antimicrobial coatings of graphene@curcumin-copper (GN@CR-Cu) were prepared using a chemical synthesis methodology. Thus, the prepared GN@CR-Cu slurry was successfully coated on different contact surfaces, and subsequently, the GO in the composite was reduced to graphene (GN) by low-temperature heating/sunlight exposure. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the coated GN@CR-Cu for the coating properties, X-ray photon scattering were used for structural characterization and material confirmation. From the morphological analysis, it was seen that CR and Cu were uniformly distributed throughout the GN network. The nanocomposite coating showed antimicrobial properties by contact-killing mechanisms, which was confirmed by zone inhibition and scanning electron microscopy. The materials showed maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli (24 ± 0.50 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (18 ± 0.25 mm) at 25 µg/mL spot inoculation on the solid media plate, and a similar trend was observed in the minimum inhibition concentration (80 µg/mL) and bactericidal concentration (160 µg/mL) in liquid media. The synthesized materials showed excellent activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. These materials, when coated on different contact surfaces such medical devices, might significantly reduce the risk of nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Oves
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Adnan Memić
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Tong CY, Chua MX, Tan WH, Derek CJC. Microalgal extract as bio-coating to enhance biofilm growth of marine microalgae on microporous membranes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137712. [PMID: 36592830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biofilm is a popular platform for algal production, nutrient removal and carbon capture; however, it suffers from significant biofilm exfoliation under shear force exposure. Hence, a biologically-safe coating made up of algal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was utilized to secure the biofilm cell retention and cell loading on commercial microporous membrane (polyvinylidene fluoride), making the surfaces more hydrophobic (contact angle increase up to 12°). Results demonstrated that initial cell adhesion of three marine microalgae (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis and Navicula incerta) was enhanced by at least 1.3 times higher than that of pristine control within only seven days with minimized biofilm exfoliation issue due to uniform distribution of sticky transparent exopolymer particles. Bounded extracellular polysaccharide gathered was approximately 23% higher on EPS-coated membranes to improve the biofilm's hydraulic resistance, whereas bounded extracellular protein would only be substantially elevated after the attached cells re-accommodate themselves onto the EPS pre-coating of themselves. In accounting the rises of hydrophobic protein content, biofilm was believed to be more stabilized, presumably via hydrophobic interactions. EPS biocoating would generate a groundswell of interest for bioprocess intensifications though there are lots of inherent technical and molecular challenges to be further investigated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M X Chua
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Win Hung Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C J C Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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11
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Lou T, Bai X, He X, Liu W, Yang Z, Yang Y, Yuan C. Enhanced antifouling properties of marine antimicrobial peptides by PEGylation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1124389. [PMID: 36777243 PMCID: PMC9909351 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1124389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent immobilisation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on underwater surfaces to combat marine biofouling is of great interest as it is an efficient, broad-spectrum and environmentally friendly strategy. Similar to post-translational modifications of natural proteins, artificial modifications of antimicrobial peptides can introduce important impacts on their properties and functions. The present work revealed the enhanced effect of PEGylation on the antifouling properties of marine antimicrobial peptides (LWFYTMWH) through grafting the modified peptides on aluminium surfaces. PEG was coupled to the peptide by solid-phase peptide synthesis, and the PEGylated peptides were bioconjugated to the aluminium surfaces which was pre-treated by aryldiazonium salts to introduce carboxyl groups. The carboxy group has been activated through the reaction with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The successful modification was confirmed via FT-IR and XPS. Interestingly, the PEGylated peptides modified surfaces could kill 90.0% Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and 76.1% Bacillus sp. (Gram-positive), and showed better antifouling performance than the original peptides modified surfaces. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed PEGylation could enhance the ability of peptides to destroy membrane. The PEGylated peptides inserted into the membrane and induced the change in local curvature of membrane, leading to the rupture of membrane. The presence of PEG changed the antimicrobial peptides into more flexible conformations and the high hydrophilicity of PEG hindered the settlement of bacteria. These might be the two main working mechanisms for the increased antifouling efficiency of PEGylated peptides modified surface. This study provided a feasible modification strategy of antimicrobial peptides to enhance their antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lou
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuqin Bai
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Xiuqin Bai,
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Wencheng Liu
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongcheng Yang
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chengqing Yuan
- Reliability Engineering Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Manderfeld E, Balasubramaniam A, Özcan O, Anderson C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Hunsucker K, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Visible light-induced surface grafting polymerization of perfluoropolyether brushes as marine low fouling materials. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Controlled grafting of perfluoropolyether brushes from polymer substrates as low fouling marine coatings. ITX coupled to OTS-monolayers was used as dormant group and activated by visible light to induce the polymerization reaction.
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13
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Eskhan A, Johnson D. Microscale characterization of abiotic surfaces and prediction of their biofouling/anti-biofouling potential using the AFM colloidal probe technique. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 310:102796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Yagasaki T, Matubayasi N. Molecular dynamics study of the interactions between a hydrophilic polymer brush on graphene and amino acid side chain analogues in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22877-22888. [PMID: 36124732 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes in aqueous solutions of isobutane, propionamide, and sodium propionate. These solutes are side chain analogues to leucine, glutamine, and glutamic acid, respectively. We compute the Gibbs energy profile of the solute's adsorption to the polymer brush and decompose it into the contributions from the steric repulsion, van der Waals interaction, and Coulomb interaction to reveal the energetic origin of repulsion or attraction of the solute by the polymer brush. The Henry adsorption constant is the amount of adsorption normalized by the concentration in aqueous solution. We examine the dependence of this quantity on the grafting density and chain length. Our results suggest that the concurrent primary and ternary adsorption mechanism may be more important than previously expected when the solute is hydrophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yagasaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.
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15
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Zhao Z, Das S, Zharnikov M. Rational Design of Porous Poly(ethylene glycol) Films as a Matrix for ssDNA Immobilization and Hybridization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090414. [PMID: 36134960 PMCID: PMC9496007 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films, fabricated by thermally induced crosslinking of amine- and epoxy-terminated four-arm STAR-PEG precursors, were used as porous and bioinert matrix for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immobilization and hybridization. The immobilization relied on the reaction between the amine groups in the films and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester groups of the NHS-ester-decorated ssDNA. Whereas the amount of reactive amine groups in the films with the standard 1:1 composition of the precursors turned out to be too low for efficient immobilization, it could be increased noticeably using an excess (2:1) concentration of the amine-terminated precursor. The respective films retained the bioinertness of the 1:1 prototype and could be successfully decorated with probe ssDNA, resulting in porous, 3D PEG-ssDNA sensing assemblies. These assemblies exhibited high selectivity with respect to the target ssDNA strands, with a hybridization efficiency of 78–89% for the matching sequences and full inertness for non-complementary strands. The respective strategy can be applied to the fabrication of DNA microarrays and DNA sensors. As a suitable transduction technique, requiring no ssDNA labeling and showing high sensitivity in the PEG-ssDNA case, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is suggested.
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16
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Bing W, Jin E, Tian L, Jin H, Liu Z. Construction and application of bionic antifouling coatings inspired by soft coral. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1049/bsb2.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bing
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - E. Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Limei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics‐Jilin University Weihai China
| | - Huichao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of the Lymphatic and Vascular Surgery Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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17
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Wang K, Lin H, Wang S, Dong X, Sun L, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Su B, Pan Z, Chen B, Gao Y. Species diversity and community structure of microalgae living on microplastics in Luoyuan Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113809. [PMID: 35688065 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in Luoyuan Bay in March 2021. The species composition of microalgae community colonizing on microplastics called epimicroplastic microalgae (EMP-MA) was analyzed and compared with planktonic microalgae (PM) community. The species number of EMP-MA community (73) was higher than that of PM community (56). However Simpson Index and Pielou Evenness Index of EMP-MA community were significantly lower than that of PM community (P < 0.05). Although diatom was the most diverse and abundant taxa in both EMP-MA and PM community, their species compositions were significantly different (P < 0.05). Dominant species were also different between the two communities. Moreover, 12 harmful algal species were found in EMP-MA community, which may drift with microplastics and increase the risks of harmful algal blooms (HABs). This study is helpful to reveal the dispersal mechanism of HABs and potential impacts of EMP-MA on marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanghang Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Baosi Su
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong Pan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Baohong Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yahui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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18
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Xie Y, Iwata J, Matsumoto T, Yamada NL, Nemoto F, Seto H, Nishino T. Hydrophobicity of the Pentafluorosulfanyl Group in Side Chains of Polymethacrylates by Evaluation with Surface Free Energy and Neutron Reflectivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6472-6480. [PMID: 35544954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A hydrophobic surface or coating is required for surface protection, anti-fouling, adhesion, and other applications. For the achievements of hydrophobic properties, fluorine-based coatings, such as the introduction of trifluoromethyl or difluoromethylene groups, are conventionally employed. Recent developments in synthetic chemistry have indicated other organic fluoroalkyl groups that are suitable for achieving a more hydrophobic surface. In this study, we focused on the hydrophobic properties of the pentafluorosulfanyl (-SF5) group. We synthesized polymethacrylates with -SF5 groups or other functional groups (-CF3, -CH3, and -H) in their side chains and evaluated their hydrophobicity based on contact angles of water and ethylene glycol and the affinities of their films to water through neutron reflectivity measurements to demonstrate the superior hydrophobic properties of the -SF5 group. The water contact angle on the polymethacrylate film with -SF5 groups was larger, which suggested that the surface free energy was lower than that of the other polymethacrylate thin films with pendant side chains of -CF3, -CH3, and -H. In addition, the fitting analyses of the neutron reflectivity profiles of the thin polymer films in contact with air and water revealed the lowest affinity between water and the surface of polymethacrylate films with -SF5 groups among the films of the synthesized polymers. Thus, we demonstrated the potential of pentafluorosulfanyl groups as advanced hydrophobic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Xie
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Iwata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumiya Nemoto
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka 239-8686, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Seto
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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19
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Elastic Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanomembranes and Respective Implications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050509. [PMID: 35629834 PMCID: PMC9143594 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Free-standing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) membranes were prepared from amine- and epoxy-terminated four-arm STAR-PEG precursors in a thickness range of 40–320 nm. The membranes feature high stability and an extreme elasticity, as emphasized by the very low values of Young’s modulus, varying from 2.08 MPa to 2.6 MPa over the studied thickness range. The extreme elasticity of the membranes stems from the elastomer-like character of the PEG network, consisting of the STAR-PEG cores interconnected by crosslinked PEG chains. This elasticity is only slightly affected by a moderate reduction in the interconnections at a deviation from the standard 1:1 composition of the precursors. However, both the elasticity and stability of the membranes are strongly deteriorated by a strong distortion of the network imposed by electron irradiation of the membranes. In contrast, exposure of the membranes to ultraviolet (UV) light (254 nm) does not affect their elastic properties, supporting the assumption that the only effect of such treatment is the decomposition of the PEG material with subsequent desorption of the released fragments. An analysis of the data allowed for the exclusion of so called “hot electrons” as a possible mechanism behind the modification of the PEG membranes by UV light.
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20
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Staniscia F, Guzman HV, Kanduč M. Tuning Contact Angles of Aqueous Droplets on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces by Surfactants. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3374-3384. [PMID: 35468298 PMCID: PMC9082615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Adsorption of small
amphiphilic molecules occurs in various biological
and technological processes, sometimes desired while other times unwanted
(e.g., contamination). Surface-active molecules preferentially bind
to interfaces and affect their wetting properties. We use molecular
dynamics simulations to study the adsorption of short-chained alcohols
(simple surfactants) to the water–vapor interface and solid
surfaces of various polarities. With a theoretical analysis, we derive
an equation for the adsorption coefficient, which scales exponentially
with the molecular surface area and the surface wetting coefficient
and is in good agreement with the simulation results. We apply the
outcomes to aqueous sessile droplets containing surfactants, where
the competition of surfactant adsorptions to both interfaces alters
the contact angle in a nontrivial way. The influence of surfactants
is the strongest on very hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, whereas
droplets on moderately hydrophilic surfaces are less affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Staniscia
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Horacio V Guzman
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Matej Kanduč
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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21
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Tong CY, Derek CJC. Membrane surface roughness promotes rapid initial cell adhesion and long term microalgal biofilm stability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112602. [PMID: 34968430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In biofilm membrane photobioreactors development, conscientious works revolving around the effect of external environment factors on microalgal biofilm growth were assessed but more comparative research about the role of carrier surfaces properties such as surface roughness is necessary. Thus, commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with two different molecular-weight-cut-offs (1 kDa and 30 kDa) were selected as the main representatives of surface roughness in a 20 days long-term biofilm cultivation experiment under dynamic flow condition for the biofilm evolvement of three benthic diatoms (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis and Navicula incerta). Results depicted that rougher 30 kDa PES enable higher cell attachment degree for C. fusiformis (25.85 ± 2.75 × 109 cells m-2), followed by A. coffeaeformis (11.86 ± 2.76 × 109 cells m-2) and N. incerta (10.10 ± 0.65 × 109 cells m-2). Bounded extracellular polymeric substances (bEPS) gathered were relatively higher than soluble EPS (sEPS) while bEPS accumulated at least 10% higher on smooth 1 kDa PES than rough 30 kDa PES for the purpose of enhancing the biofilm disruption resistivity under liquid flow. Moreover, cell adhesion mechanism was proposed via computational fluid dynamics in parallel with EPS analysis. Copious amount of asperities and stagnant zones present on rough 30 kDa surfaces accelerated biofilm development and the consistency of the results have a great valence for interpretation of microalgal biofilm lifestyle on porous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C J C Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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22
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Ma S, Li Y, Guan F, Zhang L, Li J, Tai Y, Ren H, Duan J. Variations in microbial community on different materials in Sanya Marine Environment Experimental Station, China. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:447-455. [PMID: 35412394 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine biofouling occurs through the colonization of undesired microorganisms on the surfaces of structures. In this study, four immersion cycles (2, 5, 15, and 25 days) of total immersion in seawater were carried out at the Sanya Marine Environmental Test Station using three materials: industrial pure titanium (Ti), hot-dip zinc (Zn), and glass slide (GS). Three phyla, four classes, and nine bacterial genera were identified. The dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, and Pseudoalteromonas. The number of bacteria increased with soaking time. Sixty-one species of diatoms belonging to 30 genera, 24 families, and 16 orders were detected, among which the dominant genera were Amphora, Nitzschia, and Navicula. Four genera of ciliates belonged to two classes, three orders, and four families, among which the dominant species were Euplotes sp. and Uronema marinum. Tubular polychaetes was the dominant metazoans. Species diversity increased over time. The highest biofilm diversity was observed on the GS surface. The diversity of biofilms on the Ti surface was higher than that on the Zn surface. This study provides basic data for marine material research, marine corrosion, and national defence construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shide Ma
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fang Guan
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Safety and Environment Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ju Li
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Qingdao Tony Machinery and Equipment Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Sanya, 572032, China
| | - Jizhou Duan
- Open Studio for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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23
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Alexpandi R, Abirami G, Balaji M, Jayakumar R, Ponraj JG, Cai Y, Pandian SK, Ravi AV. Sunlight-active phytol-ZnO@TiO 2 nanocomposite for photocatalytic water remediation and bacterial-fouling control in aquaculture: A comprehensive study on safety-level assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118081. [PMID: 35077939 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With a growing consciousness of the importance of nature stewardship, researchers are focusing their efforts on utilizing renewable energy, particularly solar energy, to address environmental concerns. In this context, photocatalysis has long been viewed as one of the most promising cleaning methods. Hence, we have prepared a sunlight-active phytol-assisted ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite (PZTN) for photocatalytic bacterial deactivation and dye degradation process. The PZTN-photocatalysis effectively deactivated the bacterial pathogens as well as malachite green dye within 240 min under direct-sunlight. Moreover, this will be the first complete study on safety level assessment of photocatalytically-remediated water through toxicity studies. The obtained results evidenced that photocatalytically-deactivated bacteria and MG-dye showed to have no toxic effects, signifying that the PZTN-photocatalyzed water seems to be extremely safe for the environment. As a result of this research, we suggest that the PZTN could be a promising sunlight-active photocatalyst for environmental water treatment. On the other hand, biofouling is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the marine environment. Bacteria are the first organisms to foul surfaces and produce biofilms on man-made submerged materials. Interestingly, PZTN-coated PVC plastic-films effectively disallowed biofilms on their surface. This part of this research suggests that PZTN coated PVC-plastics are the best alternative for biofouling management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Lab in Microbiology & Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Gurusamy Abirami
- Lab in Microbiology & Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Murugesan Balaji
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India; The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rengarajan Jayakumar
- Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyaraj Godfred Ponraj
- TIL Biosciences - Animal Health Division of Tablets (India) Limited, Jhaver Centre, Egmore, Chennai 600 008, India
| | - Yurong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
- Lab in Microbiology & Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Lab in Microbiology & Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India.
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24
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Skoda MWA, Conzelmann NF, Fries MR, Reichart LF, Jacobs RMJ, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Switchable β-lactoglobulin (BLG) adsorption on protein resistant oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1673-1683. [PMID: 34534835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Although protein adsorption at an interface is very common and important in biology and biotechnology, it is still not fully understood - mainly due to the intricate balance of forces that ultimately control it. In food processing (and medicine), controlling and manipulating protein adsorption, as well as avoiding protein adsorption (biofilm formation or membrane fouling) by the production of protein-resistant surfaces is of substantial interest. A major factor conferring resistance towards protein adsorption to a surface is the presence of tightly bound water molecules, as is the case in oligo ethylene glycol (OEG)-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Due to strong attractive protein-protein and protein-surface interactions observed in systems containing trivalent salt ions, we hypothesize that these conditions may lead to a breakdown of protein resistance in OEG SAMs. EXPERIMENTS We studied the adsorption behavior of BLG in the presence of a lanthanum(III) chloride (LaCl3) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.8 and 5.0 mM on normally protein resistant triethylene glycol-termianted (EG3) SAMs on a gold surface. We used quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and neutron reflectivity (NR) to characterize the morphology of the interfacial region of the SAM. FINDINGS We demonstrate that the protein resistance of the EG3 SAM breaks down beyond a threshold salt concentration c∗ and mirrors the bulk behaviour of this system, showing reduced adsorption beyond a second critical salt concentration c∗∗. These results demonstrate for the first time the controlled switching of the protein-resistant properties of this type of SAM by the addition of trivalent salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian W A Skoda
- STFC, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Nina F Conzelmann
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Madeleine R Fries
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Lara F Reichart
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Robert M J Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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25
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Qiu H, Feng K, Gapeeva A, Meurisch K, Kaps S, Li X, Yu L, Mishra YK, Adelung R, Baum M. Functional Polymer Materials for Modern Marine Biofouling Control. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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He Z, Yang X, Wang N, Mu L, Pan J, Lan X, Li H, Deng F. Anti-Biofouling Polymers with Special Surface Wettability for Biomedical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:807357. [PMID: 34950651 PMCID: PMC8688920 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.807357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of anti-biofouling polymers has widespread potential for counteracting marine, medical, and industrial biofouling. The anti-biofouling action is usually related to the degree of surface wettability. This review is focusing on anti-biofouling polymers with special surface wettability, and it will provide a new perspective to promote the development of anti-biofouling polymers for biomedical applications. Firstly, current anti-biofouling strategies are discussed followed by a comprehensive review of anti-biofouling polymers with specific types of surface wettability, including superhydrophilicity, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity. We then summarize the applications of anti-biofouling polymers with specific surface wettability in typical biomedical fields both in vivo and in vitro, such as cardiology, ophthalmology, and nephrology. Finally, the challenges and directions of the development of anti-biofouling polymers with special surface wettability are discussed. It is helpful for future researchers to choose suitable anti-biofouling polymers with special surface wettability for specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoukun He
- Institute for Advanced Study, Research Center of Composites and Surface and Interface Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Research Center of Composites and Surface and Interface Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Research Center of Composites and Surface and Interface Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linpeng Mu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Research Center of Composites and Surface and Interface Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyuan Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Research Center of Composites and Surface and Interface Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Jinniu Hospital of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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27
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Schardt L, Martínez Guajardo A, Koc J, Clarke JL, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Low Fouling Polysulfobetaines with Variable Hydrophobic Content. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100589. [PMID: 34734670 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer coatings combining hydrophilic elements, in particular zwitterionic groups, and hydrophobic elements comprise a promising strategy to decrease biofouling. However, the influence of the content of the hydrophobic component in zwitterionic coatings on the interfacial molecular reorganization dynamics and the anti-fouling performance is not well understood. Therefore, coatings of amphiphilic copolymers of sulfobetaine methacrylate 3-[N-2'-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl]-ammonio propane-1-sulfonate (SPE) are prepared which contain increasing amounts of hydrophobic n-butyl methacrylate (BMA). Their fouling resistance is compared to that of their homopolymers PSPE and PBMA. The photo-crosslinked coatings form hydrogel films with a hydrophilic surface. Fouling by the proteins fibrinogen and lysozyme as well as by the diatom Navicula perminuta and the green algae Ulva linza is assessed in laboratory assays. While biofouling is strongly reduced by all zwitterionic coatings, the best fouling resistance is obtained for the amphiphilic copolymers. Also in preliminary field tests, the anti-fouling performance of the amphiphilic copolymer films is superior to that of both homopolymers. When the coatings are exposed to a marine environment, the reduced susceptibility to silt incorporation, in particular compared to the most hydrophilic polyzwitterion PSPE, likely contributes to the improved fouling resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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28
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Tian L, Wang H, Bing W, Jin H, Shang Y, Dong S, Yan S, Du W. Exploring the antifouling performance of non-bactericidal and bactericidal film for combating marine biofouling. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Halder P, Hossain N, Pramanik BK, Bhuiyan MA. Engineered topographies and hydrodynamics in relation to biofouling control-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40678-40692. [PMID: 32974820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, the unwanted growth of microorganisms on submerged surfaces, has appeared as a significant impediment for underwater structures, water vessels, and medical devices. For fixing the biofouling issue, modification of the submerged surface is being experimented as a non-toxic approach worldwide. This technique necessitated altering the surface topography and roughness and developing a surface with a nano- to micro-structured pattern. The main objective of this study is to review the recent advancements in surface modification and hydrodynamic analysis concerning biofouling control. This study described the occurrence of the biofouling process, techniques suitable for biofouling control, and current state of research advancements comprehensively. Different biofilms under various hydrodynamic conditions have also been outlined in this study. Scenarios of biomimetic surfaces and underwater super-hydrophobicity, locomotion of microorganisms, nano- and micro-hydrodynamics on various surfaces around microorganisms, and material stiffness were explained thoroughly. The review also documented the approaches to inhibit the initial settlement of microorganisms and prolong the subsequent biofilm formation process for patterned surfaces. Though it is well documented that biofouling can be controlled to various degrees with different nano- and micro-structured patterned surfaces, the understanding of the underlying mechanism is still imprecise. Therefore, this review strived to present the possibilities of implementing the patterned surfaces as a physical deterrent against the settlement of fouling organisms and developing an active microfluidic environment to inhibit the initial bacterial settlement process. In general, microtopography equivalent to that of bacterial cells influences attachment via hydrodynamics, topography-induced cell placement, and air-entrapment, whereas nanotopography influences physicochemical forces through macromolecular conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Halder
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Nazia Hossain
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Muhammed A Bhuiyan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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30
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Es-Souni M, Es-Souni M, Bakhti H, Gülses A, Fischer-Brandies H, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Flörke C. A Bacteria and Cell Repellent Zwitterionic Polymer Coating on Titanium Base Substrates towards Smart Implant Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2472. [PMID: 34372075 PMCID: PMC8347386 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling and biofilm formation on implant surfaces are serious issues that more than often lead to inflammatory reactions and the necessity of lengthy post-operation treatments or the removal of the implant, thus entailing a protracted healing process. This issue may be tackled with a biocompatible polymeric coating that at the same time prevents biofouling. In this work, oxygen plasma-activated silanized titanium substrates are coated with poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate), a zwitterionic antibiofouling polymer, using photopolymerization. The characterization of polymer films includes FT-IR, AFM, and adhesion strength measurements, where adhesion strength is analyzed using a cylindrical flat punch indenter and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Both cytotoxicity analysis with primary human fibroblasts and fluorescence microscopy with fibroblasts and plaque bacteria are also performed is this work, with each procedure including seeding on coated and control surfaces. The film morphology obtained by the AFM shows a fine structure akin to nanoropes. The coatings can resist ultrasonic and sterilization treatments. The adhesion strength properties substantially increase when the films are soaked in 0.51 M of NaCl prior to testing when compared to deionized water. The coatings are superhydrophilic with a WCA of 10° that increases to 15° after dry aging. The viability of fibroblasts in the presence of coated substrates is comparable to that of bare titanium. When in direct contact with fibroblasts or bacteria, marginal adhesion for both species occurs on coating imperfections. Because photopolymerization can easily be adapted to surface patterning, smart devices that promote both osseointegration (in non-coated areas) and prevent cell overgrowth and biofilm formation (in coated areas) demonstrate practical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Es-Souni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (M.E.-S.); (A.G.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (C.F.)
| | - Martha Es-Souni
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Hamzah Bakhti
- Department of Mathematics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Aydin Gülses
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (M.E.-S.); (A.G.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (C.F.)
| | | | - Yahya Açil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (M.E.-S.); (A.G.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (C.F.)
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (M.E.-S.); (A.G.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (C.F.)
| | - Christian Flörke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, CAU, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (M.E.-S.); (A.G.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (C.F.)
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31
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Aghajani M, Esmaeili F. Anti-biofouling assembly strategies for protein & cell repellent surfaces: a mini-review. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1770-1789. [PMID: 34085909 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1932357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein/cell interactions with the surface at the blood-biomaterial interface generally control the efficiency of biomedical devices. A wide range of active processes and slow kinetics occur simultaneously with many biomaterials in healthcare applications, leading to multiple biological reactions and reduced clinical functions. In this work, we present a brief review of studies as the interface between proteins and biomaterials. These include mechanisms of resistance to proteins, protein-rejecting polyelectrolyte multilayers, and coatings of hydrophilic, polysaccharide and phospholipid nature. The mechanisms required to attain surfaces that resist adhesion include steric exclusion, water-related effects, and volume effects. Also, approaches in the use of hydrophilic, highly hydrated, and electrically neutral coatings have demonstrated a good ability to decrease cell adhesion. Moreover, amongst the available methods, the approach of layer-by-layer deposition has been known as an interesting process to manipulate protein and cell adhesion behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Aghajani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fariba Esmaeili
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Wang S, Sun W, Guo S, Liu X, Han X. Effects of Chiral Molecule Modification on Surface Biosorption Behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4441-4448. [PMID: 33829795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling materials have many important applications in biomedical devices and marine coating. Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) exhibit promising antifouling properties and are widely used in biomedical engineering. Chiral selection is an important phenomenon in biological processes. Because of the influence of steric hindrance, the modification of chiral molecules with different chirality at interfaces will affect the intermolecular interaction at the interfaces and lead to different structures of interfacial molecules. The difference of surface structures such as surface hydration structure would impact the adsorption of biomolecules on the surface, thus causing different varieties of cell adhesion and cell growth. In this study, the influence on surface hydration and surface cell adhesion of OEG self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) modified with cysteine showing different chirality are explored. The water structure at the interfaces of OEG/water in different conditions was probed with sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS). The results show that the interfacial water structure can change significantly with either d-cysteine or l-cysteine modification on OEG. Water molecules are more ordered at the OEG/water interface under the d-cysteine modification on OEG SAMs, which improves the protein adsorption resistance of the surface. In contrast, l-cysteine modification would make the water less ordered at the OEG/protein solution interface and enhance the protein adsorption. Additionally, optical micrographs indicate that l-cysteine can significantly promote the OEG SAMs cell adhesion and growth, while d-cysteine exhibits an inhibitory effect, which is consistent with the results of SFG-VS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental, Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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33
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Cao Y, Liu S, Wu Z, Chen H. Synthesis and antifouling performance of tadpole-shaped poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) coatings. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2877-2884. [PMID: 33720249 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb03015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Linear poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) (PHEAA) is regarded as one of the most promising antifouling materials because of its excellent antifouling properties and good hemocompatibility. However, the antifouling performance of topological PHEAAs remains largely unknown. Herein, the preparation of antifouling surfaces based on a tadpole-shaped PHEAA coating is reported for the first time, and how the tadpole-shaped PHEAA architecture affects antifouling performance is investigated. It is shown that the tadpole-shaped PHEAA-modified surfaces exhibit better antifouling performance than linear copolymer precursor-modified surfaces with identical molar masses and chemical compositions. This may be primarily attributed to the presence of cyclic PHEAA head chain segments in the tadpole-shaped PHEAA copolymer, and the absence of interchain entanglements can facilitate the formation of smoother and densely packed grafts, which result in better antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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34
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Yu W, Wang Y, Gnutt P, Wanka R, Krause LMK, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Layer-by-Layer Deposited Hybrid Polymer Coatings Based on Polysaccharides and Zwitterionic Silanes with Marine Antifouling Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2385-2397. [PMID: 35014359 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) assembly is a versatile tool to construct low-fouling coatings. For application in the marine environment, their structure needs to be stabilized by covalent linkage. Here, we introduce an approach for spin coating of silane-based sol-gel chemistries using layer-by-layer assembly of polysaccharide-based hybrid polymer coatings (LBLHPs). The silane sol-gel chemistry allows the films to be cross-linked under water-based and mild reaction conditions. Two different silanes were used for this purpose, a conventional triethoxymethyl silane and a de novo synthesized zwitterionic silane. The polysaccharide-silane hybrid polymer coatings were thoroughly characterized with spectroscopic ellipsometry, water contact angle (WCA) goniometry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The coatings showed good stability in seawater, smooth surfaces, a high degree of hydration, and WCAs below or close to the Berg limit. LBLHPs showed low-fouling properties in biological assays against nonspecific protein adsorption, attachment of the diatom Navicula perminuta, and settlement of zoospores of the macroalga Ulva linza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfa Yu
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patricia Gnutt
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz M K Krause
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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35
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Karthäuser JF, Özcan O, Schanzenbach D, Schardt L, Rosenhahn A, Laschewsky A. Sulfobetaine Methacrylate Polymers of Unconventional Polyzwitterion Architecture and Their Antifouling Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1494-1508. [PMID: 33709699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining high hydrophilicity with charge neutrality, polyzwitterions are intensely explored for their high biocompatibility and low-fouling properties. Recent reports indicated that in addition to charge neutrality, the zwitterion's segmental dipole orientation is an important factor for interacting with the environment. Accordingly, a series of polysulfobetaines with a novel architecture was designed, in which the cationic and anionic groups of the zwitterionic moiety are placed at equal distances from the backbone. They were investigated by in vitro biofouling assays, covering proteins of different charges and model marine organisms. All polyzwitterion coatings reduced the fouling effectively compared to model polymer surfaces of poly(butyl methacrylate), with a nearly equally good performance as the reference polybetaine poly(3-(N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)propanesulfonate). The specific fouling resistance depended on the detailed chemical structure of the polyzwitterions. Still, while clearly affecting the performance, the precise dipole orientation of the sulfobetaine group in the polyzwitterions seems overall to be only of secondary importance for their antifouling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jana F Karthäuser
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Özcan
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Schanzenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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36
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Li K, Qi Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Zhang Z. Microstructure and Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Segmented Polyurethane Antifouling Coatings after Immersion in Seawater. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040573. [PMID: 33672921 PMCID: PMC7918847 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane has a microphase separation structure, while polyethylene glycol (PEG) can form a hydrated layer to resist protein adsorption. In this paper, PEG was introduced to polyurethane to improve the antifouling properties of the polyurethane, providing a new method and idea for the preparation of new antifouling polyurethane materials. The mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, swelling degree, microphase separation and antifouling performance of the coatings were evaluated. The response characteristics of the polyurethane coatings in a seawater environment were studied, and the performance changes of coatings in seawater were tested. The results showed that the crystallized PEG soft segments increased, promoting microphase separation. The stress at 100% and the elasticity modulus of the polyurethane material also markedly increased, in addition to increases in the swelling degree in seawater, the water contact angle decreased. A total of 25% of PEG incorporated into a soft segment can markedly improve the antibacterial properties of the coatings, but adding more PEG has little significant effect. After immersion in seawater, the coatings became softer and more elastic. This is because water molecules formed hydrogen bonding with the amino NH, which resulted in a weakening effect being exerted on the carbonyl C=O hydrogen bonding and ether oxygen group crystallization.
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37
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Leiser R, Jongsma R, Bakenhus I, Möckel R, Philipp B, Neu TR, Wendt-Potthoff K. Interaction of cyanobacteria with calcium facilitates the sedimentation of microplastics in a eutrophic reservoir. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116582. [PMID: 33166918 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Low-density microplastics are frequently found in sediments of many lakes and reservoirs. The processes leading to sedimentation of initially buoyant polymers are poorly understood for inland waters. This study investigated the impact of biofilm formation and aggregation on the density of buoyant polyethylene microplastics. Biofilm formation on polyethylene films (4 × 4 × 0.15 mm) was studied in a eutrophic reservoir (Bautzen, Saxony, Germany). Additionally, aggregation dynamics of small PE microplastics (~85 µm) with cyanobacteria were investigated in laboratory experiments. During summer phototrophic sessile cyanobacteria (Chamaesiphon spp. and Leptolyngbya spp.) precipitated calcite while forming biofilms on microplastics incubated in Bautzen reservoir. Subsequently the density of the biofilms led to sinking of roughly 10% of the polyethylene particles within 29 days of incubation. In the laboratory experiments planktonic cyanobacteria (Microcystis spp.) formed large and dense cell aggregates under the influence of elevated Ca2+ concentrations. These aggregates enclosed microplastic particles and led to sinking of a small portion (~0.4 %) of polyethylene microplastics. This study showed that both sessile and planktonic phototrophic microorganisms mediate processes influenced by calcium which facilitates densification and sinking of microplastics in freshwater reservoirs. Loss of buoyancy leads to particle sedimentation and could be a prerequisite for the permanent burial of microplastics within reservoir sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Leiser
- Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Rense Jongsma
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Corrensstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Insa Bakenhus
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Corrensstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Möckel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), Corrensstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg
| | - Katrin Wendt-Potthoff
- Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
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38
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Liu M, Li S, Wang H, Jiang R, Zhou X. Research progress of environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00512j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling mechanisms and research progress in the past three years of environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings are introduced in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Suzhou University of Science andTechnology
- Suzhou 215009
- China
| | - Shaonan Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Suzhou University of Science andTechnology
- Suzhou 215009
- China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Suzhou University of Science andTechnology
- Suzhou 215009
- China
| | - Rijia Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Suzhou University of Science andTechnology
- Suzhou 215009
- China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Suzhou University of Science andTechnology
- Suzhou 215009
- China
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39
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Balasubramaniam A, Manderfeld E, Krause LMK, Wanka R, Schwarze J, Beyer CD, Rosenhahn A. Visible light-induced controlled surface grafting polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate from isopropylthioxanthone semipinacol-terminated organic monolayers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reaction scheme of the visible light-induced controlled surface grafting polymerization of methacrylate monomers onto organosilane-coated silicon initiated by previously coupled dormant ITXSP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Manderfeld
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Lutz M. K. Krause
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Jana Schwarze
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Cindy D. Beyer
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
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40
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Koc J, Schardt L, Nolte K, Beyer C, Eckhard T, Schwiderowski P, Clarke JL, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Muhler M, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Effect of Dipole Orientation in Mixed, Charge-Equilibrated Self-assembled Monolayers on Protein Adsorption and Marine Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50953-50961. [PMID: 33112127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While zwitterionic interfaces are known for their excellent low-fouling properties, the underlying molecular principles are still under debate. In particular, the role of the zwitterion orientation at the interface has been discussed recently. For elucidation of the effect of this parameter, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold were prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of oppositely charged alkyl thiols bearing either a quaternary ammonium or a carboxylate moiety. The alkyl chain length of the cationic component (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, which controls the distance of the positively charged end group from the substrate's surface, was kept constant. In contrast, the anionic component and, correspondingly, the distance of the negatively charged carboxylate groups from the surface was varied by changing the alkyl chain length in the thiol molecules from 7 (8-mercaptooctanoic acid) to 11 (12-mercaptododecanoic acid) to 15 (16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid). In this way, the charge neutrality of the coating was maintained, but the charged groups exposed at the interface to water were varied, and thus, the orientation of the dipoles in the SAMs was altered. In model biofouling studies, protein adsorption, diatom accumulation, and the settlement of zoospores were all affected by the altered charge distribution. This demonstrates the importance of the dipole orientation in mixed-charged SAMs for their inertness to nonspecific protein adsorption and the accumulation of marine organisms. Overall, biofouling was lowest when both the anionic and the cationic groups were placed at the same distance from the substrate's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Kim Nolte
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Cindy Beyer
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Till Eckhard
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | | | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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41
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Pham DQ, Bryant SJ, Cheeseman S, Huang LZY, Bryant G, Dupont MF, Chapman J, Berndt CC, Vongsvivut JP, Crawford RJ, Truong VK, Ang ASM, Elbourne A. Micro- to nano-scale chemical and mechanical mapping of antimicrobial-resistant fungal biofilms. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19888-19904. [PMID: 32985644 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05617k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fungal biofilm refers to the agglomeration of fungal cells surrounded by a polymeric extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is composed primarily of polysaccharides that facilitate strong surface adhesion, proliferation, and cellular protection from the surrounding environment. Biofilms represent the majority of known microbial communities, are ubiquitous, and are found on a multitude of natural and synthetic surfaces. The compositions, and in-turn nanomechanical properties, of fungal biofilms remain poorly understood, because these systems are complex, composed of anisotropic cellular and extracellular material, and importantly are species and environment dependent. Therefore, genomic variation, and/or mutations, as well as environmental and growth factors can change the composition of a fungal cell's biofilm. In this work, we probe the physico-mechanical and biochemical properties of two fungal species, Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), as well as two antifungal resistant sub-species of C. neoformans, fluconazole-resistant C. neoformans (FlucRC. neoformans) and amphotericin B-resistant C. neoformans (AmBRC. neoformans). A new experimental methodology of characterization is proposed, employing a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), instrumented nanoindentation, and Synchrotron ATR-FTIR measurements. This allowed the nano-mechanical and chemical characterisation of each fungal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Quang Pham
- Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Department of Mechanical and Production Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.
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42
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Roeven E, Kuzmyn AR, Scheres L, Baggerman J, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. PLL-Poly(HPMA) Bottlebrush-Based Antifouling Coatings: Three Grafting Routes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10187-10199. [PMID: 32820926 PMCID: PMC7498161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we compare three routes to prepare antifouling coatings that consist of poly(l-lysine)-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) bottlebrushes. The poly(l-lysine) (PLL) backbone is self-assembled onto the surface by charged-based interactions between the lysine groups and the negatively charged silicon oxide surface, whereas the poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) [poly(HPMA)] side chains, grown by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, provide antifouling properties to the surface. First, the PLL-poly(HPMA) coatings are synthesized in a bottom-up fashion through a grafting-from approach. In this route, the PLL is self-assembled onto a surface, after which a polymerization agent is immobilized, and finally HPMA is polymerized from the surface. In the second explored route, the PLL is modified in solution by a RAFT agent to create a macroinitiator. After self-assembly of this macroinitiator onto the surface, poly(HPMA) is polymerized from the surface by RAFT. In the third and last route, the whole PLL-poly(HPMA) bottlebrush is initially synthesized in solution. To this end, HPMA is polymerized from the macroinitiator in solution and the PLL-poly(HPMA) bottlebrush is then self-assembled onto the surface in just one step (grafting-to approach). Additionally, in this third route, we also design and synthesize a bottlebrush polymer with a PLL backbone and poly(HPMA) side chains, with the latter containing 5% carboxybetaine (CB) monomers that eventually allow for additional (bio)functionalization in solution or after surface immobilization. These three routes are evaluated in terms of ease of synthesis, scalability, ease of characterization, and a preliminary investigation of their antifouling performance. All three coating procedures result in coatings that show antifouling properties in single-protein antifouling tests. This method thus presents a new, simple, versatile, and highly scalable approach for the manufacturing of PLL-based bottlebrush coatings that can be synthesized partly or completely on the surface or in solution, depending on the desired production process and/or application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Roeven
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Surfix
BV, Bronland 12 B-1, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andriy R. Kuzmyn
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Aquamarijn
Micro Filtration BV, IJsselkade 7, 7201 HB Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Scheres
- Surfix
BV, Bronland 12 B-1, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Baggerman
- Aquamarijn
Micro Filtration BV, IJsselkade 7, 7201 HB Zutphen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, 300072 Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King
Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Shuai CX, He Y, Su P, Huang Q, Pan D, Xu Q, Feng D, Jiang Y. Integration of PEGylated Polyaniline Nanocoatings with Multiple Plastic Substrates Generates Comparable Antifouling Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9114-9123. [PMID: 32672971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymer nanocoatings render plastics to possess interesting optical, chemical, and electrical properties. It nevertheless remains technically challenging to deposit uniform conducting polymer nanocoatings on ambient plastic substrates ascribed to the inert and varied chemical properties of plastics and the notorious processability of conducting polymers. Previous studies have made progress in delivering various conducting polymer thin films via oxidative chemical vapor deposition. Herein, we develop a solution-based approach to polyaniline (PANI) and PEGylated PANI nanocoatings on multiple engineering plastics followed by evaluating their antifouling performance. The procedure relies on the formation of uniform, lyotropic V2O5·nH2O thin films on plastics assisted by a surfactant-sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate. Next, in situ, oxidative polymerization causes the formation of nanofibrous PANI nanocoatings. Finally, interfacial functionalization leads to PEGylated PANI nanocoatings, and the steric nanolayer effectively repels the adsorption of bovine serum albumin and the attachment of the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. on the surface. It is worth noting that the antifouling properties rely mainly on the presence of PEGylated PANI nanocoatings, irrespective of the type of plastic substrates underneath. The current study therefore opens an avenue for the solution-based delivery of conducting polymer-based, functional nanocoatings on hydrophobic substrates in a controllable manner with the availability of further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Shuai
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qingchi Xu
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Danqing Feng
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Physics, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, College of Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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44
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Koschitzki F, Wanka R, Sobota L, Koc J, Gardner H, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Amphiphilic Dicyclopentenyl/Carboxybetaine-Containing Copolymers for Marine Fouling-Release Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34148-34160. [PMID: 32567832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic materials received great attention in recent studies due to their high antifouling potential, though their application in practical coatings is still challenging. Amphiphilic polymers have been proven to be an effective method to combat fouling in the marine environment. This study reports the incorporation of small amounts of zwitterionic carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) into hydrophobic ethylene glycol dicyclopentenyl ether acrylate (DCPEA). A new set of copolymers with varying amphiphilicities was synthesized and coated on chemically modified glass substrates. The antifouling capabilities were assessed against the diatom Navicula perminuta and multiple species in the field. Unsurprisingly, high diatom densities were observed on the hydrophobic control coatings. The integration of small zwitterionic contents of only ∼5 wt % was already sufficient to rapidly form a hydrophilic interface that led to a strong reduction of fouling. Ultralow fouling was also observed for the pure zwitterionic coatings in laboratory experiments, but it failed when tested in the real ocean environment. We noticed that the ability to absorb large amounts of water and the diffuse nature of the interphase correlate with the adsorption of silt, which can mask the hydrophilic chemistries and facilitate the settlement of organisms. The amphiphilic coatings showed low fouling in dynamic short-term field exposures, which could be explained by the reduced tendency of the coatings for sediment adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Koschitzki
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lennart Sobota
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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45
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Gu Y, Yu L, Mou J, Wu D, Xu M, Zhou P, Ren Y. Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E371. [PMID: 32708476 PMCID: PMC7404020 DOI: 10.3390/md18070371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a research hotspot. Among them, the use of natural biological products with antifouling activity as antifouling agents is an important research direction. In addition, some fouling release coatings without antifoulants, biomimetic coatings, photocatalytic coatings and other novel antifouling coatings have also developed rapidly. On the basis of revealing the mechanism of marine biofouling, this paper reviews the latest research strategies to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. The composition, antifouling characteristics, antifouling mechanism and effects of various coatings were analyzed emphatically. Finally, the development prospects and future development directions of marine antifouling coatings are forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Gu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lingzhi Yu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Jiegang Mou
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Denghao Wu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Maosen Xu
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peijian Zhou
- College of Metrology &Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.G.); (L.Y.); (D.W.); (M.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Yun Ren
- Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312030, China;
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46
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Richards C, Slaimi A, O’Connor NE, Barrett A, Kwiatkowska S, Regan F. Bio-inspired Surface Texture Modification as a Viable Feature of Future Aquatic Antifouling Strategies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145063. [PMID: 32709068 PMCID: PMC7404281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The imitation of natural systems to produce effective antifouling materials is often referred to as “biomimetics”. The world of biomimetics is a multidisciplinary one, needing careful understanding of “biological structures”, processes and principles of various organisms found in nature and based on this, designing nanodevices and nanomaterials that are of commercial interest to industry. Looking to the marine environment for bioinspired surfaces offers researchers a wealth of topographies to explore. Particular attention has been given to the evaluation of textures based on marine organisms tested in either the laboratory or the field. The findings of the review relate to the numbers of studies on textured surfaces demonstrating antifouling potential which are significant. However, many of these are only tested in the laboratory, where it is acknowledged a very different response to fouling is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Richards
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; (C.R.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Asma Slaimi
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; (A.S.); (N.E.O.)
| | - Noel E. O’Connor
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; (A.S.); (N.E.O.)
| | - Alan Barrett
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; (C.R.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sandra Kwiatkowska
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; (C.R.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; (C.R.); (A.B.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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47
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Koc J, Schönemann E, Wanka R, Aldred N, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Effects of crosslink density in zwitterionic hydrogel coatings on their antifouling performance and susceptibility to silt uptake. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:646-659. [PMID: 32718200 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1796983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel coatings effectively reduce the attachment of proteins and organisms in laboratory assays, in particular when made from zwitterionic monomers. In field experiments with multiple species and non-living material, such coatings suffer from adsorption of particulate matter. In this study, the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] propanesulfonate (SPE) was copolymerized with increasing amounts of the photo-crosslinker benzophenon-4-yloxyethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) to systematically alter the density of crosslinks between the polymer chains. The effect of increasing crosslink density on the antifouling (AF) performance of the coatings was investigated in laboratory assays and fields tests. In both cases, the AF performance was improved by increasing the crosslinker content. The coatings reduced protein, diatom, and barnacle accumulation, and showed better resistance to biomass accumulation. The findings underline that the marine AF performance of hydrogel coatings does not only depend on the specific chemical structure of the polymers, but also on their physico-chemical properties such as rigidity and swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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48
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Ching JY, Huang BJ, Hsu YT, Khung YL. Anti-Adhesion Behavior from Ring-Strain Amine Cyclic Monolayers Grafted on Silicon (111) Surfaces. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8758. [PMID: 32472042 PMCID: PMC7260185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, a series of amine tagged short cyclic molecules (cyclopropylamine, cyclobutylamine, cyclopentylamine and cyclohexylamine) were thermally grafted onto p-type silicon (111) hydride surfaces via nucleophilic addition. The chemistries of these grafting were verified via XPS, AFM and sessile droplet measurements. Confocal microscopy and cell viability assay was performed on these surfaces incubated for 24 hours with triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231), gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS) endometrial adenocarcinoma (Hec1A). All cell types had shown a significant reduction when incubated on these ring-strain cyclic monolayer surfaces than compared to standard controls. The expression level of focal adhesion proteins (vinculin, paxilin, talin and zyxin) were subsequently quantified for all three cell types via qPCR analysis. Cells incubate on these surface grafting were observed to have reduced levels of adhesion protein expression than compared to positive controls (collagen coating and APTES). A potential application of these anti-adhesive surfaces is the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype during in-vitro cell expansion. Articular chondrocytes cultured for 6 days on ring strained cyclopropane-modified surfaces was able to proliferate but had maintained a spheroid/aggregated phenotype with higher COL2A1 and ACAN gene expression. Herein, these findings had help promote grafting of cyclic monolayers as an viable alternative for producing antifouling surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan Ching
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brian J Huang
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yit Lung Khung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Green biolubricant infused slippery surfaces to combat marine biofouling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 568:185-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Microfluidic accumulation assay to quantify the attachment of the marine bacterium Cobetia marina on fouling-release coatings. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031014. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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