1
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bianco A, Blasi E, Cappello M, Caputo D, Chougan M, Coffetti D, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, D’Amore A, Daniele V, Di Maio L, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Ferrara G, Filippi S, Gastaldi M, Generosi N, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Lamastra F, Liguori B, Macera L, Maqbool Q, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Mobili A, Montesperelli G, Pia G, Redaelli E, Ruello ML, Scarfato P, Taglieri G, Tittarelli F, Tulliani JM, Valenza A. New Materials and Technologies for Durability and Conservation of Building Heritage. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1190. [PMID: 36770195 PMCID: PMC9921096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increase in concrete structures' durability is a milestone to improve the sustainability of buildings and infrastructures. In order to ensure a prolonged service life, it is necessary to detect the deterioration of materials by means of monitoring systems aimed at evaluating not only the penetration of aggressive substances into concrete but also the corrosion of carbon-steel reinforcement. Therefore, proper data collection makes it possible to plan suitable restoration works which can be carried out with traditional or innovative techniques and materials. This work focuses on building heritage and it highlights the most recent findings for the conservation and restoration of reinforced concrete structures and masonry buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Blasi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Miriam Cappello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mehdi Chougan
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, INSTM R.U., 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto D’Amore
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrara
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Generosi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lamastra
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Liguori
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ludovico Macera
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Qaisar Maqbool
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mascolo
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- Department of Heritage-Architecture-Urbanism, University of Reggio Calabria “Mediterranea”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giampiero Montesperelli
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini”, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, INSTM R.U., 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM R.U., 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Tulliani
- Lince Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, INSTM R.U., 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonino Valenza
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Shevtsov D, Cao NL, Nguyen VC, Nong QQ, Le HQ, Nguyen DA, Zartsyn I, Kozaderov O. Progress in Sensors for Monitoring Reinforcement Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures—A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093421. [PMID: 35591110 PMCID: PMC9099831 DOI: 10.3390/s22093421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Non-destructive monitoring methods and continuous monitoring systems based on them are crucial elements of modern systems for the management and maintenance of assets which include reinforced concrete structures. The purpose of our study was to summarise the data on the most common sensors and systems for the non-destructive monitoring of reinforced concrete structures developed over the past 20 years. We considered systems based on electrochemical (potentiometry, methods related to polarisation) and physical (electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves, piezoelectric effect, thermography) examination methods. Special focus is devoted to the existing sensors and the results obtained using these sensors, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their setups or other equipment used. The review considers earlier approaches and available commercial products, as well as relatively new sensors which are currently being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevtsov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (I.Z.); (O.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (N.L.C.); Tel.: +7-(952)-554-14-31 (D.S.); +84-(86)-245-26-09 (N.L.C.)
| | - Nhat Linh Cao
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre, Nguyen Thien Thuat St., 30, Nha Trang 57127, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam; (V.C.N.); (Q.Q.N.); (H.Q.L.); (D.A.N.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (N.L.C.); Tel.: +7-(952)-554-14-31 (D.S.); +84-(86)-245-26-09 (N.L.C.)
| | - Van Chi Nguyen
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre, Nguyen Thien Thuat St., 30, Nha Trang 57127, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam; (V.C.N.); (Q.Q.N.); (H.Q.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Quoc Quang Nong
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre, Nguyen Thien Thuat St., 30, Nha Trang 57127, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam; (V.C.N.); (Q.Q.N.); (H.Q.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Hong Quan Le
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre, Nguyen Thien Thuat St., 30, Nha Trang 57127, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam; (V.C.N.); (Q.Q.N.); (H.Q.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Duc Anh Nguyen
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre, Nguyen Thien Thuat St., 30, Nha Trang 57127, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam; (V.C.N.); (Q.Q.N.); (H.Q.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Ilya Zartsyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (I.Z.); (O.K.)
| | - Oleg Kozaderov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia; (I.Z.); (O.K.)
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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4
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Chaudhri N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. β-Trioxopyrrocorphins: pyrrocorphins of graded aromaticity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12292-12301. [PMID: 34603659 PMCID: PMC8480330 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Octaethyltrioxopyrrocorphins unexpectedly show macrocycle-aromatic properties, even though they contain the macrocyclic π-system of the non-aromatic pyrrocorphins (hexahydroporphyrins). Two of the four possible triketone regioisomers were first reported in 1969 by one-pot oxidation of octaethylporphyrin but remained essentially unexplored since. We detail here the targeted preparation of the remaining two triketone isomers and the optical and NMR spectroscopic properties of all isomers. All four regioisomers possess unique electronic properties, including broadly varying degrees of diatropicity that were experimentally determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy and computationally verified. Structural patterns modulating the aromaticity were recognized. These differences highlight the regioisomerically differentiated influences of the three β-oxo-functionalities. We also present the solid state structure of the two most common isomers (in their free base form or as zinc complexes), allowing further conclusions to be made about the resonance structures present in these triketones. Remarkably, also, the halochromic properties of the triketones differ sharply from those of regular (hydro)porphyrins, providing further support for the proposed 16-membered, 18 π-electron aromatic ring-current. The work conceptually expands the understanding of tris-modified hydroporphyrinoid analogues and the factors that enable and control porphyrinoid aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | | | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
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5
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Inserra B, Hayashi K, Marchisio A, Tulliani JM. Sol-gel-entrapped pH indicator for monitoring pH variations in cementitious materials. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2020; 18:2280800020936540. [PMID: 33151786 DOI: 10.1177/2280800020936540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors for pH evaluation of concrete were made by a sol-gel process with alizarin yellow as pH indicator. The optical absorbance was measured with a visible spectrophotometer coupled with optical fibers. Results showed that the sensors had good reversibility, reproducibility, and fast response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Inserra
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), INSTM R.U. LINCE Laboratory, Turin, Italy
| | - Kaname Hayashi
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrea Marchisio
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), INSTM R.U. LINCE Laboratory, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Tulliani
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), INSTM R.U. LINCE Laboratory, Turin, Italy
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7
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Thuita D, Damunupola D, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 21. Most Efficient Access to meso-Tetraphenyl- and meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactones, and Their Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4351. [PMID: 32972021 PMCID: PMC7570530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
meso-Phenyl- and meso-pentafluorophenyl-porpholactones, their metal complexes, as well as porphyrinoids directly derived from them are useful in a number of technical and biomedical applications, and more uses are expected to be discovered. About a dozen competing and complementary pathways toward their synthesis were reported. The suitability of the methods changes with the meso-aryl group and whether the free base or metal derivatives are sought. These circumstances make it hard for anyone outside of the field of synthetic porphyrin chemistry to ascertain which pathway is the best to produce which specific derivative. We report here on what we experimentally evaluated to be the most efficient pathways to generate the six key compounds from the commercially available porphyrins, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP): free base meso-tetraphenylporpholactone (TPL) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone (TFPL), and their platinum(II) and zinc(II) complexes TPLPt, TFPLPt, TPLZn, and TFPLZn, respectively. Detailed procedures are provided to make these intriguing molecules more readily available for their further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269–3060, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
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8
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Jin GQ, Xue HZ, Zhang JL. Porpholactone Chemistry: Shining New Light on an Old Cofactor. Chempluschem 2020; 86:71-81. [PMID: 32844583 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of porpholactone chemistry, discovered over 30 years ago, has significantly stimulated the development of biomimetic tetrapyrrole chemistry. It offers an opportunity, through modifications of non-pyrrolic building blocks, to clarify the relationship between chemical structure and excited-state properties, deciphering the structural code for the biological functions of life pigments. With intriguing photophysical properties in the red to near-infrared (NIR) regions, facile modulation of their electronic nature by fine-tuning chemical structures, and coordination ability with diverse metal ions, these novel porphyrinoids have favorable prospects in the fields of optical materials, bioimaging and therapy, and catalysis. In this Minireview, we summarize the brief history of porpholactone chemistry, and focus on the studies carried out in our group, particularly on the regioisomeric effect, NIR lanthanide luminescence, and metal catalysis. We outline the perspectives of these compounds in the construction of porpholactone-related biomedical applications and optical and energy materials, in order to inspire more interest and further advance bioinspired inorganic chemistry and lanthanide chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Zong Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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9
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Moseev TD, Varaksin MV, Gorlov DA, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Transition-Metal-Free C–H/C–Li Coupling of Nonaromatic 2H-Imidazole 1-Oxides with Pentafluorophenyl Lithium in the Design of Novel Fluorophores with Intramolecular Charge Transfer Effect. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11124-11133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V. Varaksin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620041 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Denis A. Gorlov
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620041 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620041 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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10
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Bartelmess J, Zimmek D, Bartholmai M, Strangfeld C, Schäferling M. Fibre optic ratiometric fluorescence pH sensor for monitoring corrosion in concrete. Analyst 2020; 145:2111-2117. [PMID: 32016189 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this communication a novel concept for pH sensing is introduced which is specifically adapted to monitor carbonation induced corrosion in concrete structures. The method is based on a ratiometric measurement principle, exploiting the pH sensitive colour switching of thymol blue in the basic pH regime and the emissive properties of two different (Zn)CdSe/ZnS core shell quantum dots. The transition point of thymol blue in a Hydrogel D4 matrix was determined to be at around pH 11.6, which fits ideally to the intended application. Next to the fundamental spectroscopic characterization of the ratiometric response, a new design for a sensor head, suitable for the incorporation into concrete matrices is presented. Toward this, a manufacturing process was developed which includes the preparation of a double layer of polymers containing either thymol blue or a quantum dot mixture inside a porous ceramic tube. Results of a proof-of-priciple performance test of the sensor head in solutions of different pH and in cement specimens are presented, with encouraging results paving the way for future field tests in concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Bartelmess
- Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.9 - Chemical and Optical Sensing, Richard-Willstaedter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Schnable D, Chaudhri N, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Evaluation of Octaethyl-7,17-dioxobacteriochlorin as a Ligand for Transition Metals. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2870-2880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schnable
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 101 Wetherill Hall, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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12
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Brückner C, Atoyebi AO, Girouard D, Lau KSF, Akhigbe J, Samankumara L, Damunupola D, Khalil GE, Gouterman M, Krause JA, Zeller M. Stepwise Preparation of
meso
‐Tetraphenyl‐ and
meso
‐Tetrakis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)bacteriodilactones and their Zinc(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Adewole O. Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Derek Girouard
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Kimberly S. F. Lau
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Lalith Samankumara
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Gamal E. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Martin Gouterman
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati 45221‐0172 Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 47907‐2084 West Lafayette IN USA
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13
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Ma X, Chen S, Yu H, Guan Y, Li J, Yan X, Zhang Z. A Phenanthroline-Based Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Extreme Alkalinity (pH > 14) in Aqueous Solution. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:318. [PMID: 31535227 PMCID: PMC6751243 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous fluorescent probes are designed to detect the pH value in the past decades, developing fluorescent probes for extreme alkalinity (pH > 14) detection in aqueous solution is still a great challenge. In this work, we utilized 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1, 10] phenanthroline (IP) group as the recognition group of hydroxyl ion and introduced two triethylene glycol monomethyl ether groups to improve its solubility. This IP derivative, BMIP, possessed good solubility (25 mg/mL) in water. It displayed high selectivity toward extreme alkalinity (pH > 14) over other ions and pH (from extreme acidity to pH = 14). From 3 to 6 mol/L OH-, the exact concentration of OH- could be revealed by BMIP and the whole detection process just needed a short time (≤ 10 s). Meanwhile, it exhibited good anti-interference ability and repeatability during the detection process. Through optical spectra and NMR analysis, its detection mechanism was proved to be deprotonation by hydroxyl ion and then aggregation-induced enhanced emission. Our study presents a new basic group based on which researchers can develop new fluorescent probes that can detect extreme alkalinity (pH > 14) in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanyong Chen
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youwei Guan
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwu Yan
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Corporation Chengxi District Supply Company, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ning Y, Jin GQ, Zhang JL. Porpholactone Chemistry: An Emerging Approach to Bioinspired Photosensitizers with Tunable Near-Infrared Photophysical Properties. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2620-2633. [PMID: 31298833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls, known as the key building blocks of natural light-harvesting antennae, are essential to utilize solar energy from visible to near-infrared (NIR) region during the photosynthesis process. The fundamental studies for the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of chlorophylls disclosed the importance of β-peripheral modification and thus boosted the fast growth of NIR absorbing/emissive porphyrinoids via altering the extent of π-conjugation and the degree of distortion from the planarity of macrocycle. Despite the tremendous progress made in various porphyrin-based synthetic models, it still remains a challenge to precisely modulate photophysical properties through fine-tuning of β-peripheral structures in the way natural chlorophylls do. With this in mind, we initiated a program and focused on meso-C6F5-substituted porpholactone (F20TPPL), in which one β-pyrrolic double bond was replaced by a lactone moiety, as an attractive platform to construct the bioinspired library of NIR porphyrinoids. In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions to the bioinspired design, synthesis, photophysical characterization, and applications of porpholactones and their derivatives. We have developed a general, convenient method to directly prepare porpholactones in large scale up to gram, which forms the chemical basis of porpholactone chemistry. By modulation of the saturation level and in particular regioisomerization of β-dilactone moieties, a synthetic library constituted by a series of porpholactones and their derivatives has been established. Thanks to the electron-withdrawing nature of lactone moiety, derivation of the saturation levels gives help to build stable models for chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and tunichlorin. It is worth noting that regioisomerization of dilactone moieties mimics the relative orientation of β-substituents in natural chlorophylls and hemes, which was considered as the key factor to tune NIR absorption and reactivity. Porpholactones can illustrate the capability of fine-tuning photophysical properties including the excited triplet states by subtle alteration of β-peripheral structures in the presence of transition metals and lanthanides (Ln). Furthermore, they can serve as efficient photosensitizers for singlet oxygen and NIR Ln, showing potential applications in cell imaging and photocytotoxicity studies. The high luminescence, tunable structures, high cellular uptake, and intense NIR absorption render them as promising and competitive candidates for theranostics in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, extending the studies of "porpholactone chemistry" not only tests the fundamental understanding of the structure-function relationship that governs NIR photophysical properties of natural tetrapyrrole cofactors such as chlorophylls but also provides the guiding principles for the bioinspired design of NIR luminescent molecular probes with various applications. Taken together, as a new synthetic porphyrin derivative, porpholactone chemistry shines light on synthetic porphyrin, bioinorganic, and lanthanide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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15
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Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Lalisse RF, Hewage N, Brückner C, Gascón JA. Origins of the Electronic Modulations of Bacterio- and Isobacteriodilactone Regioisomers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7470-7485. [PMID: 31361130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the utilization of porphyrinoids for photomedicine, catalysis, and artificial photosynthesis require a fundamental understanding of the relationships between their molecular connectivity and resulting electronic structures. Herein, we analyze how the replacement of two pyrrolic Cβ═Cβ bonds of a porphyrin by two lactone (O═C-O) moieties modulates the ground-state thermodynamic stability and electronic structure of the resulting five possible pyrrole-modified porphyrin isomers. We made these determinations based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations of the optical spectra of all regioisomers. We also analyzed the computed magnetically induced currents of their aromatic π-systems. All regioisomers adopt the tautomeric state that maximizes aromaticity, whether or not transannular steric strains are incurred. In all isomers, the O═Cβ-Oβ bonds were found to support a macrocycle diatropic ring current. We attributed this to the delocalization of nonbonding electrons from the ring oxa- and oxo-atoms into the macrocycle. As a consequence of this delocalization, the dilactone regioisomers are as-or even more-aromatic than their hydroporphyrin congeners. The electronic structures follow different trends for the bacteriochlorin- and isobacteriochlorin-type isomers. The presence of either oxo- or oxa-oxygens conjugated with the macrocyclic π-system was found to be the minimal structural requirement for the regioisomers to exhibit distinct electronic properties. Our computational methods and mechanistic insights provide a basis for the systematic exploration of the physicochemical properties of porphyrinoids as a function of the number, relative orientation, and degree of macrocycle-π-conjugation of β-substituents, in general, and for dilactone-based porphyrinic chromophores, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
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16
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Kielmann M, Prior C, Senge MO. Porphyrins in troubled times: a spotlight on porphyrins and their metal complexes for explosives testing and CBRN defense. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical perspective on (metallo)porphyrins in security-related applications: the past, present and future of explosives detection, CBRN defense, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
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17
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Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 1. Baeyer–Villiger‐Oxidation Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
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18
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Li R, Zeller M, Bruhn T, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 3. Schmidt‐Reaction Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
| | - Mathias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University One University Plaza 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs 06368‐3060 CT USA
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19
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Abstract
A number of oxidants convert chromene-annulated porphyrins into porpholactones, monomeric or dimeric β-modified chromene-annulated chlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry
- Youngstown State University
- One University Plaza
- Youngstown
- USA
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20
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Paolesse R, Nardis S, Monti D, Stefanelli M, Di Natale C. Porphyrinoids for Chemical Sensor Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2517-2583. [PMID: 28222604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been intensively exploited as sensing materials in chemical sensors, since in these devices they mimic most of their biological functions, such as reversible binding, catalytic activation, and optical changes. Such a magnificent bouquet of properties allows applying porphyrin derivatives to different transducers, ranging from nanogravimetric to optical devices, also enabling the realization of multifunctional chemical sensors, in which multiple transduction mechanisms are applied to the same sensing layer. Potential applications are further expanded through sensor arrays, where cross-selective sensing layers can be applied for the analysis of complex chemical matrices. The possibility of finely tuning the macrocycle properties by synthetic modification of the different components of the porphyrin ring, such as peripheral substituents, molecular skeleton, coordinated metal, allows creating a vast library of porphyrinoid-based sensing layers. From among these, one can select optimal arrays for a particular application. This feature is particularly suitable for sensor array applications, where cross-selective receptors are required. This Review briefly describes chemical sensor principles. The main part of the Review is divided into two sections, describing the porphyrin-based devices devoted to the detection of gaseous or liquid samples, according to the corresponding transduction mechanism. Although most devices are based on porphyrin derivatives, seminal examples of the application of corroles or other porphyrin analogues are evidenced in dedicated sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
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21
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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22
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Sharma M, Meehan E, Mercado BQ, Brückner C. β-Alkyloxazolochlorins: Revisiting the Ozonation of Octaalkylporphyrins, and Beyond. Chemistry 2016; 22:11706-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Chemical & Biophysical Instrumentation Center; Yale University, Chemistry Department; 350 Edwards St. New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
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23
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Brückner C. The Breaking and Mending of meso-Tetraarylporphyrins: Transmuting the Pyrrolic Building Blocks. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1080-92. [PMID: 26967793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring porphyrins and hydroporphyrins vary with respect to their ring substituents and oxidation states, but their tetrapyrrolic frameworks remain fully preserved across all kingdoms of life; there are no naturally occurring porphyrin-like macrocycles known that contain nonpyrrolic building blocks. However, the study of porphyrin analogues in which one or two pyrroles were replaced with nonpyrrolic building blocks might shed light on the correlation between structural modulation and ground and excited state optical properties of the "pigments of life", unlocking their mechanisms of function. Also, porphyrinoids with strong absorbance and emission spectra in the NIR are sought after in technical (e.g., light-harvesting) and biomedical (e.g., imaging and photochemotherapy) applications. These porphyrin analogues, the so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), are synthetically accessible using total syntheses. Alternatively-and most handily-they can also be formed by conversion of synthetic porphyrins. Guided by older reports of the fortuitous modifications of porphyrins into PMPs, our research program generalized the so-dubbed "Breaking and Mending of Porphyrins" approach toward PMPs. This method to convert a pyrrole in meso-tetraarylporphyrins to a nonpyrrolic building block with high precision relies on a number of distinct steps. Step 1: The porphyrin is functionalized in a way that activates one or two peripheral double bonds toward breakage; in all cases surveyed here, this step is an osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation to generate dihydroxychlorin and tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. Step 2: The activated, dihydroxylated β,β'-bond is "broken". Step 3: The functional groups resulting from the ring-cleavage reactions are utilized in subsequent "mending" steps to form the PMPs, that themselves may be subject to further modifications, Step 4. Thus, PMPs in which a pyrrole was degraded to an imine linkage, contracted to a four-membered ring, or expanded by oxygen, sulfur, carbon, or nitrogen atoms to form six-membered building blocks have become accessible. This approach also allowed the replacement of a single β-carbon atom by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Depending on the ring size, conformation, conformational flexibility, the oxidation state of the pyrrole replacements, or the presence of substituents that π-extend the chromophores, the PMPs possess porphyrin- or hydroporphyrin-like optical spectra, or they show altogether unique electronic properties. Some PMP classes allow the fine-tuning of their absorption range; others exhibit panchromatic absorption spectra from the UV to the NIR. Several PMPs take up persistent chiral helimeric conformations that could be resolved. This Account summarizes the scopes of the "Breaking and Mending" methodology with a special focus on laying out the structural diversity of PMPs accessible from meso-tetraarylporphyrins and highlighting their optical properties, with the aim of encouraging their further study and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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24
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Ke XS, Ning Y, Tang J, Hu JY, Yin HY, Wang GX, Yang ZS, Jie J, Liu K, Meng ZS, Zhang Z, Su H, Shu C, Zhang JL. Gadolinium(III) Porpholactones as Efficient and Robust Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2016; 22:9676-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Jialong Jie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Sha Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Chunying Shu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
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25
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Costa LD, Costa JIT, Tomé AC. Porphyrin Macrocycle Modification: Pyrrole Ring-Contracted or -Expanded Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2016; 21:320. [PMID: 27005605 PMCID: PMC6274216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several synthetic strategies aiming at the peripheral functionalization of porphyrins were developed. Particularly interesting are those involving the modification of β-pyrrolic positions leading to pyrrole-modified porphyrins containing four-, five-, six- or seven-membered heterocycles. Azeteoporphyrins, porpholactones and morpholinoporphyrins are representative examples of such porphyrinoids. These porphyrin derivatives have recently gained an increasing interest due to their potential application in PDT, as multimodal imaging contrast agents, NIR-absorbing dyes, optical sensors for oxygen, cyanide, hypochlorite and pH, and in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana I T Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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26
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Head ML, Zarate G, Brückner C. Pyrazinoporphyrins: Expanding a Pyrrolic Building Block in meso
-Tetraphenylporphyrin by a Nitrogen Atom. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Staudinger C, Borisov SM. Long-wavelength analyte-sensitive luminescent probes and optical (bio)sensors. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042005. [PMID: 27134748 PMCID: PMC4849553 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-wavelength luminescent probes and sensors become increasingly popular. They offer the advantage of lower levels of autofluorescence in most biological probes. Due to high penetration depth and low scattering of red and NIR light such probes potentially enable in vivo measurements in tissues and some of them have already reached a high level of reliability required for such applications. This review focuses on the recent progress in development and application of long-wavelength analyte-sensitive probes which can operate both reversibly and irreversibly. Photophysical properties, sensing mechanisms, advantages and limitations of individual probes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Staudinger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
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28
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Ke XS, Zhao H, Zou X, Ning Y, Cheng X, Su H, Zhang JL. Fine-Tuning of β-Substitution to Modulate the Lowest Triplet Excited States: A Bioinspired Approach to Design Phosphorescent Metalloporphyrinoids. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10745-52. [PMID: 26247480 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Learning nature's approach to modulate photophysical properties of NIR porphyrinoids by fine-tuning β-substituents including the number and position, in a manner similar to naturally occurring chlorophylls, has the potential to circumvent the disadvantages of traditional "extended π-conjugation" strategy such as stability, molecular size, solubility, and undesirable π-π stacking. Here we show that such subtle structural changes in Pt(II) or Pd(II) cis/trans-porphodilactones (termed by cis/trans-Pt/Pd) influence photophysical properties of the lowest triplet excited states including phosphorescence, Stokes shifts, and even photosensitization ability in triplet-triplet annihilation reactions with rubrene. Prominently, the overall upconversion capability (η, η = ε·Φ(UC)) of Pd or Pt trans-complex is 10(4) times higher than that of cis-analogue. Nanosecond time-resolved infrared (TR-IR) spectroscopy experiments showed larger frequency shift of ν(C═O) bands (ca. 10 cm(-1)) of cis-complexes than those of trans-complexes in the triplet excited states. These spectral features, combining with TD-DFT calculations, suggest the strong electronic coupling between the lactone moieties and the main porphyrin chromophores and thus the importance of precisely positioning β-substituents by mimicking chlorophylls, as an alternative to "extended π-conjugation", in designing NIR active porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoran Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P.R.China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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29
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Samankumara LP, Dorazio SJ, Akhigbe J, Li R, Nimthong-Roldán A, Zeller M, Brückner C. Indachlorins: Nonplanar Indanone-Annulated Chlorin Analogues with Panchromatic Absorption Spectra between 300 and 900 nm. Chemistry 2015; 21:11118-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Worlinsky JL, Halepas S, Ghandehari M, Khalil G, Brückner C. High pH sensing with water-soluble porpholactone derivatives and their incorporation into a Nafion® optode membrane. Analyst 2015; 140:190-6. [PMID: 25406812 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01462f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The known optical high pH sensing chromophores, free base and metal complexes (M = 2H, Zn(ii), Pt(ii)) of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone, and the as yet untested Ga(iii) complex, were made freely water-soluble by derivatization at the aryl group with PEG chains. Their halochromic response profiles were determined and found to be surprisingly shifted toward greater base sensitivity when compared to the parent sensors in aqueous solution in the presence of a surfactant. Select PEG-derivatized chromophores were also incorporated into Nafion®-based membranes. The immobilized sensor was shown to be suitable for a moderately rapid (response time in minutes) sensing of high concentrations of hydroxides (pH 11 and above, up to 5 M NaOH concentrations). The lesser sensitivity of the indicators in the membrane is rationalized by the anionic nature of the membrane material. The membrane shows a perfectly reversible response and remains transparent and stable even under extended times of exposure to very caustic environments, and no leaching of the chromophore is observed. The membrane might find use in fiber optics-based optodes suitable for the monitoring of high hydroxide environments inside chemical reactors or fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Worlinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA.
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31
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Meehan E, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Octaethyl-1,3-oxazinochlorin: A β-Octaethylchlorin Analogue Made by Pyrrole Expansion. Org Lett 2015; 17:2210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Meehan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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32
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Wu YH, Hu LL, Zhang J, Yu J, Tong SL, Yan Y. Schiff base bridged biporphyrin: Synthesis, characterization and spectral properties. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Ke XS, Chang Y, Chen JZ, Tian J, Mack J, Cheng X, Shen Z, Zhang JL. Porphodilactones as Synthetic Chlorophylls: Relative Orientation of β-Substituents on a Pyrrolic Ring Tunes NIR Absorption. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9598-607. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502729x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chang
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhen Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - John Mack
- Department
of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093 P.R. China
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34
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Ke XS, Yang BY, Cheng X, Chan SLF, Zhang JL. Ytterbium(III) porpholactones: β-lactonization of porphyrin ligands enhances sensitization efficiency of lanthanide near-infrared luminescence. Chemistry 2014; 20:4324-33. [PMID: 24590671 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) luminescence efficiency of lanthanide complexes is largely dependent on the electronic and photophysical properties of antenna ligands. Although porphyrin ligands are efficient sensitizers of lanthanide NIR luminescence, non-pyrrolic porphyrin analogues, which have unusual symmetry and electronic states, have been much less studied. In this work, we used porpholactones, a class of β-pyrrolic-modified porphyrins, as ligands and investigated the photophysical properties of lanthanide porpholactones Yb-1 a-5 a. Compared with Yb porphyrin complexes, the porpholactone complexes displayed remarkable enhancement of NIR emission (50-120 %). Estimating the triplet-state levels of porphyrin and porpholactone in Gd complexes revealed that β-lactonization of porphyrinic ligands lowers the ligand T1 state and results in a narrow energy gap between this state and the lowest excited state of Yb(3+) . Transient absorption spectra showed that Yb(III) porpholactone has a longer transient decay lifetime at the Soret band than the porphyrin analogue (30.8 versus 17.0 μs). Thus, the narrower energy gap and longer lifetime arising from β-lactonization are assumed to enhance NIR emission of Yb porpholactones. To demonstrate the potential applications of Yb porpholactone, a water-soluble Yb bioprobe was constructed by conjugating glucose to Yb-1 a. Interestingly, the NIR emission of this Yb porpholactone could be specifically switched on in the presence of glucose oxidase and then switched off by addition of glucose. This is the first demonstration that non-pyrrolic porphyrin ligands enhance the sensitization efficiency of lanthanide luminescence and also display switchable NIR emission in the region of biological analytes (800-1400 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare-Earth Materials Chemistryand Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 1062767034
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35
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Worlinsky JL, Halepas S, Brückner C. PEGylated meso-arylporpholactone metal complexes as optical cyanide sensors in water. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3991-4001. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of water-soluble metal complexes of PEGylatedmeso-fluorophenylporpholactones display a specific optical response upon addition of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Halepas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs, USA
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36
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Tang J, Chen JJ, Jing J, Chen JZ, Lv H, Yu Y, Xu P, Zhang JL. β-Lactonization of fluorinated porphyrin enhances LDL binding affinity, cellular uptake with selective intracellular localization. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. MS/MS fragmentation behavior study of meso-phenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and meso-thienyl-substituted porphyrins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:18-29. [PMID: 24135805 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free base and cobalt(II) complexes of six meso-tetraphenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and of three meso-thienylporphyrins were investigated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their fragmentation was studied in a quadrupole ion trap as a function of the porphyrinoid macrocycle structure and compared with the fragmentation behavior of the benchmark compound meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. In situ oxidation of the neutral cobalt(II) complexes under ESI conditions produced singly charged cobalt(III) porphyrinoid ions; the free bases were ionized by protonation. For the porphyrinoids with an intact porphyrin core, the major fragmentation pathways observed were the losses of the meso-substituent (for meso-phenyl groups) and characteristic fragmentations of one or more meso-substituents (for the meso-thienyl group). Complex fragmentation pathways were observed for porphyrinoids with modifications to the porphyrin core but chemically reasonable structures could be assigned to most fragments, thus delineating general patterns for the behavior of pyrrole-modified porphyrins under CID conditions. ᅟ
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
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38
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Worlinsky JL, Zarate G, Zeller M, Ghandehari M, Khalil G, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 11: Tuning the dynamic high pH sensing range of [meso-tetraarylporpholactonato]M(II) complexes by variation of the central metal ion, the aryl substituents, and introduction of a β-nitro group. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the high pH-sensing ability of [meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porpholactonato]-platinum(II), we investigated the influence of the metal ( M = Zn ( II ), Ni ( II ), Cu ( II ), Pd ( II ), Ag ( II ), Pt ( II )), the aryl group ( Ar = C 6 H 5, C 6 F 5), and the presence of a β- NO 2 group on the pH sensing range. The syntheses of the novel β-nitroporpholactone derivatives are described, and their regiochemistry deduced by spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The UV-vis base titration midpoints for all derivatives were determined in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant, showing that the metal has the least influence, thus identifying a cheaper and easier method to prepare porpholactone M complex-based high pH-sensors. The influence of the pentafluorophenyl groups and the β-nitration were comparable with respect to their ability to increase the nucleophilicity of the porpholactone toward hydroxide, but the optical response for the pentafluorophenyl-substituted derivative were stronger. β-Nitration and pentafluorophenyl-substitution had additive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L. Worlinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Gloria Zarate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA
| | - Masoud Ghandehari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Six MetroTech, Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Gamal Khalil
- Department of Aeronautics & Astroneutics, University of Washington, Box 352400, Seattle, WA 98195-2400, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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39
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Akhigbe J, Brückner C. Expansion of a Pyrrole inmeso-Tetraphenylporphyrin to a Pyrazine Imide Moiety Using a Beckmann Rearrangement. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Yu Y, Czepukojc B, Jacob C, Jiang Y, Zeller M, Brückner C, Zhang JL. Porphothionolactones: synthesis, structure, physical, and chemical properties of a chemodosimeter for hypochlorite. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4613-21. [PMID: 23744405 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, ChengFu Road 202, Beijing 100871, PR China
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41
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Akhigbe J, Haskoor J, Krause JA, Zeller M, Brückner C. Formation, structure, and reactivity of meso-tetraaryl-chlorolactones, -porpholactams, and -chlorolactams, porphyrin and chlorin analogues incorporating oxazolone or imidazolone moieties. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3616-28. [PMID: 23535718 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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42
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Yu Y, Lv H, Ke X, Yang B, Zhang JL. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidation of the Porphyrin β,β′-Pyrrolic Ring: A General and Efficient Approach to Porpholactones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Gilbert TM, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. Erratum to: Axial imidazole binding strengths in porphyrinoid cobalt(III) complexes as studied by tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1428-39. [PMID: 22689323 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Co(II) complexes of twelve meso-tetraaryl-porphyrins, -chlorins, and chlorin analogues containing non-pyrrolic heterocycles were synthesized and converted in situ to the corresponding Co(III) complexes coordinated to one or two imidazoles. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in conjunction with the energy-variable collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique was used to compare the relative gas-phase binding strength of the axially coordinated imidazoles to the octahedral and square planar Co(III) porphyrinoid complex ions. The observed binding energies of these ligands were rationalized in terms of the effects of porphyrinoid core structure and meso-substitution on the electron density on the central Co(III) centers. Some of these trends were supported by DFT-based computational studies. The study highlights to which extend porphyrins vary from chlorins and chlorin analogues in their coordination abilities and to which extraordinary degree meso-thienyl-substituents influence the electronic structure of porphyrins. The study also defines further the scope and limits CID experiments can be used to interrogate the electronic structures of metalloporphyrin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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44
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Brückner C, Ogikubo J, McCarthy JR, Akhigbe J, Hyland MA, Daddario P, Worlinsky JL, Zeller M, Engle JT, Ziegler CJ, Ranaghan MJ, Sandberg MN, Birge RR. meso-arylporpholactones and their reduction products. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6480-94. [PMID: 22734444 DOI: 10.1021/jo300963m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rational syntheses of meso-tetraaryl-3-oxo-2-oxaporphyrins 5, known as porpholactones, via MnO(4)(-)-mediated oxidations of the corresponding meso-tetraaryl-2,3-dihydroxychlorins (7) is detailed. Since chlorin 7 is prepared from the parent porphyrin 1, this amounts to a 2-step replacement of a pyrrole moiety in 1 by an oxazolone moiety. The stepwise reduction of the porpholactone 5 results in the formation of chlorin analogues, meso-tetraaryl-3-hydroxy-2-oxachlorin (11) and meso-tetraaryl-2-oxachlorins (12). The reactivity of 11 with respect to nucleophilic substitution by O-, N-, and S-nucleophiles is described. The profound photophysical consequences of the formal replacement of a pyrrole with an oxazolone (porphyrin-like chromophore) or (substituted) oxazole moiety (chlorin-like chromophore with, for the parent oxazolochlorin 12, red-shifted Q(x) band with enhanced oscillator strengths) are detailed and rationalized on the basis of SAC-CI and MNDO-PSDCI molecular orbital theory calculations. The single crystal X-ray structures of the porpholactones point at a minor steric interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the flanking phenyl group. The essentially planar structures of all chromophores in all oxidation states prove that the observed optical properties originate from the intrinsic electronic properties of the chromophores and are not subject to conformational modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA.
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45
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Ogikubo J, Meehan E, Engle JT, Ziegler CJ, Brückner C. meso-Aryl-3-alkyl-2-oxachlorins. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6199-207. [PMID: 22731999 DOI: 10.1021/jo300964v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The formal replacement of a pyrrole moiety of meso-tetraarylporphyrin 1 by an oxazole moiety is described. The key step is the conversion of porpholactones 4 (prepared by a known two-step oxidation procedure from 1) by addition of alkyl Grignard reagent to form meso-tetraaryl-3-alkyl-2-oxachlorins 9 (alkyloxazolochlorins; alkyl = Me, Et, iPr). Hemiacetal 9 can be converted to an acetal, reduced to an ether, or converted to bis-alkyloxazolochlorins 11. The optical properties (UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy) are described. The chlorin-like optical properties of the alkyloxazolochlorins are compared to regular chlorins, such as 2,3-dihydroxychlorins and nonalkylated oxazolochlorins made by reduction from porpholactone 4. The conformations of the mono- and bis-alkylated 2-oxachlorins, as determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry, are essentially planar, thus proving that their optical properties are largely due to their intrinsic electronic properties and not affected by conformational effects. The mono- and bis-3-alkyl-2-oxachlorins are a class of readily prepared and oxidatively stable chlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ogikubo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
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46
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Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Gilbert TM, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. Axial imidazole binding strengths in porphyrinoid cobalt(III) complexes as studied by tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1135-1146. [PMID: 22528200 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Co(II) complexes of twelve meso-tetraaryl-porphyrins, -chlorins, and chlorin analogues containing non-pyrrolic heterocycles were synthesized and converted in situ to the corresponding Co(III) complexes coordinated to one or two imidazoles. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in conjunction with the energy-variable collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique was used to compare the relative gas-phase binding strength of the axially coordinated imidazoles to the octahedral and square planar Co(III) porphyrinoid complex ions. The observed binding energies of these ligands were rationalized in terms of the effects of porphyrinoid core structure and meso-substitution on the electron density on the central Co(III) centers. Some of these trends were supported by DFT-based computational studies. The study highlights to which extend porphyrins vary from chlorins and chlorin analogues in their coordination abilities and to which extraordinary degree meso-thienyl-substituents influence the electronic structure of porphyrins. The study also defines further the scope and limits CID experiments can be used to interrogate the electronic structures of metalloporphyrin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
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47
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Hyland MA, Morton MD, Brückner C. meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin-Derived Chromene-Annulated Chlorins. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3038-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hyland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Martha D. Morton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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48
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Liang L, Lv H, Yu Y, Wang P, Zhang JL. Iron(iii) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone catalyzes nitrogen atom transfer to CC and C–H bonds with organic azides. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1457-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11995a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Xu P, Pan C, Zhao Y, Kong X, Sun J, Xu M, Shi Z. Tunable fluorescent pH sensor based on water-soluble perylene tetracarboxylic acid/Fe3+. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 27:307-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxue Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyou Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan; 250014; People's Republic of China
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Ogikubo J, Brückner C. Tunable meso-Tetraphenyl-alkyloxazolo-chlorins and -bacteriochlorins†Oxazolochlorins 4. Oxazolochlorins 3: Khalil, G. E.; Daddario, P.; Lau, K. S. F.; Imtiaz, S.; King, M.; Gouterman, M.; Sidelev, A.; Ghandehari, M.; Brückner, C. Analyst2010, 135, 2125−2131. Org Lett 2011; 13:2380-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2006264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ogikubo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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