1
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Hatcher LE, Warren MR, Skelton JM, Pallipurath AR, Saunders LK, Allan DR, Hathaway P, Crevatin G, Omar D, Williams BH, Coulson BA, Wilson CC, Raithby PR. LED-pump-X-ray-multiprobe crystallography for sub-second timescales. Commun Chem 2022; 5:102. [PMID: 36697958 PMCID: PMC9814726 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The visualization of chemical processes that occur in the solid-state is key to the design of new functional materials. One of the challenges in these studies is to monitor the processes across a range of timescales in real-time. Here, we present a pump-multiprobe single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) technique for studying photoexcited solid-state species with millisecond-to-minute lifetimes. We excite using pulsed LEDs and synchronise to a gated X-ray detector to collect 3D structures with sub-second time resolution while maximising photo-conversion and minimising beam damage. Our implementation provides complete control of the pump-multiprobe sequencing and can access a range of timescales using the same setup. Using LEDs allows variation of the intensity and pulse width and ensures uniform illumination of the crystal, spreading the energy load in time and space. We demonstrate our method by studying the variable-temperature kinetics of photo-activated linkage isomerism in [Pd(Bu4dien)(NO2)][BPh4] single-crystals. We further show that our method extends to following indicative Bragg reflections with a continuous readout Timepix3 detector chip. Our approach is applicable to a range of physical and biological processes that occur on millisecond and slower timescales, which cannot be studied using existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hatcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark R Warren
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jonathan M Skelton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anuradha R Pallipurath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucy K Saunders
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David R Allan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Paul Hathaway
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Giulio Crevatin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - David Omar
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ben H Williams
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ben A Coulson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ. Structural Capture of η 1-OSO to η 2-(OS)O Coordination Isomerism in a New Ruthenium-Based SO 2-Linkage Photoisomer That Exhibits Single-Crystal Optical Actuation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:6047-6059. [PMID: 35573119 PMCID: PMC9098168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of a range of single-crystal optical actuators are feeding a new form of materials chemistry, given their broad range of potential applications, from light-induced molecular motors to light sensors and optical-memory media. A series of ruthenium-based coordination complexes that exhibit sulfur dioxide linkage photoisomerization is of particular interest because they exhibit single-crystal optical actuation via either optical switching or nano-optomechanical transduction processes. We report the discovery of a new complex in this series of chemicals, [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(3-fluoropyridine)]tosylate2 (1), which forms an η1-OSO photoisomer with 70% photoconversion upon the application of 505 nm light. The uncoordinated oxygen atom in this η1-OSO photoisomer impinges on one of the arene rings in a neighboring tosylate counter ion of 1 just enough that incipient nano-optomechanical transduction is observed. The structure and optical properties of this actuator are characterized via in situ light-induced single-crystal X-ray diffraction (photocrystallography), single-crystal optical absorption spectroscopy and microscopy, as well as single-crystal Raman spectroscopy. These materials-characterization methods were also used to track thermally induced reverse isomerization processes in 1. One of these processes involves an η1-OSO to η2-(OS)O transition, which was found to proceed sufficiently slowly at 110 K that its structural mechanism could be determined via a time sequence of photocrystallography experiments. The resulting data allowed us to structurally capture the transition, which was shown to occur via a form of coordination isomerism. Our newfound knowledge about this structural mechanism will aid the molecular design of new [RuSO2] complexes with functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jose de J. Velazquez-Garcia
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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3
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Jain A, Cole JM, Vázquez-Mayagoitia Á, Sternberg MG. Modeling dark- and light-induced crystal structures and single-crystal optical absorption spectra of ruthenium-based complexes that undergo SO 2-linkage photoisomerization. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234111. [PMID: 34937382 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of coordination complexes of the type [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4X]m+Yn - (m, n = 1 or 2) exhibit optical switching capabilities in their single-crystal states. This striking effect is caused by the light-induced formation of SO2-linkage photoisomers, which are metastable if kept at suitably cool temperatures. We modeled the dark- and light-induced states of these large crystalline complexes via plane-wave (PW)- and molecular-orbital (MO)-based density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT in order to calculate their structural and optical properties; the calculated results are compared with experimental data. We show that the PW-DFT-based periodic models replicate the structural properties of these complexes more effectively than the MO-DFT-based molecular-fragment models, observing only small deviations in key bond lengths relative to the experimentally derived crystal structures. The periodic models were also found to more effectively simulate trends seen in experimental optical absorption spectra, with optical absorbance and coverage of the visible region increasing with the formation of the photoinduced geometries. The contribution of the metastable photoisomeric species more heavily focuses on the lower-energy end of the spectra. Spectra generated from the molecular-fragment models are limited by the geometry of the fragment used and the number of excited-state roots considered in those calculations. In general, periodic models outperform the molecular-fragment models owing to their ability to better appreciate the periodic phenomena that are present in these crystalline materials as opposed to MO approaches, which are finite methods. We thus demonstrate that PW-DFT-based periodic models should be considered as a more than viable method for simulating the optical and electronic properties of these single-crystal optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorv Jain
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael G Sternberg
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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4
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ. Nanooptomechanical Transduction in a Single Crystal with 100% Photoconversion. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:8907-8915. [PMID: 34084264 PMCID: PMC8162413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Materials that exhibit nanooptomechanical transduction in their single-crystal form have prospective use in light-driven molecular machinery, nanotechnology, and quantum computing. Linkage photoisomerization is typically the source of such transduction in coordination complexes, although the isomers tend to undergo only partial photoconversion. We present a nanooptomechanical transducer, trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(3-bromopyridine)]tosylate2, whose S-bound η1-SO2 isomer fully converts into an O-bound η1-OSO photoisomer that is metastable while kept at 100 K. Its 100% photoconversion is confirmed structurally via photocrystallography, while single-crystal optical absorption and Raman spectroscopies reveal its metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and temperature-dependent characteristics. This perfect optical switching affords the material good prospects for nanooptomechanical transduction with single-photon control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jose de J. Velazquez-Garcia
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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5
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Velazquez-Garcia JDJ, Grass Wang S, Chen YS. Rapid build up of nanooptomechanical transduction in single crystals of a ruthenium-based SO 2 linkage photoisomer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1320-1323. [PMID: 33331833 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06755e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal nanooptomechanical transduction occurs in [Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(H2O)]chlorobenzenesulfonate2, reaching maximal levels within 40 s at 100 K when photostimulated by 505 nm light. Its in situ light-induced crystal structure reveals the molecular origins of this optical actuation: 26.0(3)% of the η1-SO2 ligand photoconverts into an η1-OSO photoisomer which, in turn, induces a 49.6(9)° arene ring rotation in its neighbouring counter ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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6
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Cole JM, Gosztola DJ, Sylvester SO. Low-energy optical switching of SO 2 linkage isomerisation in single crystals of a ruthenium-based coordination complex. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13183-13192. [PMID: 35423860 PMCID: PMC8697492 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Single crystals that behave as optical switches are desirable for a wide range of applications, from optical sensors to read–write memory media. A series of ruthenium-based complexes that exhibit optical switching in their single-crystal form via SO2 linkage photoisomerisation are of prospective interest for these technologies. This study explores the optical switching behaviour in one such complex, trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(H2O)]tosylate2 (1), in terms of its dark and photoinduced crystal structure, as well as its light and thermal decay characteristics, which are deduced by photocrystallography, single-crystal optical absorption spectroscopy and microscopy. Photocrystallography results reveal that a photoisomerisation level of 21.5(5)% is achievable in 1. Biphasic photochromic crystals of 1 were generated by applying green and then red light to switch on and off the η2-(OS)O photoisomer in different regions of a crystal. Heat is a known alternative to its thermal decay, whereby a method is demonstrated that employs optical absorption spectra to determine its activation energy of 30 kJ mol−1. This low-energy barrier to optical switching agrees well with computational studies on 1, as well as being comparable to activation energies in ruthenium-based nitrosyl linkage photoisomers that also display solid-state optical switching. Single crystals that behave as optical switches are desirable for a wide range of applications, from optical sensors to read–write memory media.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
| | | | - Sven O. Sylvester
- Cavendish Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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7
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Hatcher LE, Skelton JM, Warren MR, Raithby PR. Photocrystallographic Studies on Transition Metal Nitrito Metastable Linkage Isomers: Manipulating the Metastable State. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1079-1088. [PMID: 30916544 PMCID: PMC7005940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The design of solid-state materials whose properties and functions
can be manipulated in a controlled manner by the application of light
is an important objective in modern materials chemistry. When the
material changes property or function, it is helpful if a simple measurable
response, such as a change in color, can be detected. Potential applications
for such materials are wide ranging, from data storage to smart windows.
With the growing emphasis on solid-state materials that have two or
more accessible energy states and which exhibit bistability, attention
has turned to transition metal complexes that contain ambidentate
ligands that can switch between linkage isomeric forms when activated
by light. Suitable ligands that show promise in this area include
nitrosyls, nitro groups, and coordinated sulfur dioxide molecules,
each of which can coordinate to a metal center in more than one bonding
mode. A nitrosyl normally coordinates through its N atom (η1-NO) but when photoactivated can undergo isomerism and coordinate
through its O atom (η1-ON). At a molecular level,
converting between these two configurations can act as an “on/off”
switch. The analysis of such materials has been aided by the development
of photocrystallographic techniques, which allow the full three-dimensional
structure of a single crystal of a complex, under photoactivation,
to be determined, when it is in either a metastable or short-lived
excited state. The technique effectively brings the dimension of “time”
to the crystallographic experiment and brings us closer to being able
to watch solid-state processes occur in real time. In this Account,
we highlight the advances made in photocrystallography
for studying solid-state, photoactivated linkage isomerism and describe
the factors that favor the switching process and which allow complete
switching between isomers. We demonstrate that control of temperature
is key to achieving either a metastable state or an excited state
with a specific lifetime. We draw our conclusions from published work
on the formation of photoactivated metastable states for nitrosyl
and sulfur dioxide complexes and from our own work on photoactivated
switching between nitro and nitrito groups. We show that efficient
switching between isomers is dependent on the wavelength of light
used, on the temperature at which the experiment is carried out, on
the flexibility of the crystal lattice, and on both the electronic
and steric environment of the ambidentate ligand undergoing isomerism.
We have designed and prepared a number of nitro/nitrito isomeric metal
complexes that undergo reversible 100% conversion between the two
forms at temperatures close to room temperature. Through our fine
control over the generation of the metastable states, it should be
possible to effectively “dial up” a suitable temperature
to give a metastable or an excited state with a desired lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M. Skelton
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M19 3PL, U.K
| | - Mark R Warren
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Paul R. Raithby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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8
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Kia R, Batmanghelich S, Raithby PR. First heterobimetallic Ag I-Co III coordination compound with both bridging and terminal -NO 2 coordination modes: synthesis, characterization, structural and computational studies of (PPh 3) 2Ag I-(μ-κ 2O,O':κN-NO 2)-Co III(DMGH) 2(κN-NO 2). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:882-888. [PMID: 30080161 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618009257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An unusual heterobimetallic bis(triphenylphosphane)(NO2)AgI-CoIII(dimethylglyoximate)(NO2) coordination compound with both bridging and terminal -NO2 (nitro) coordination modes has been isolated and characterized from the reaction of [CoCl(DMGH)2(PPh3)] (DMGH2 is dimethylglyoxime or N,N'-dihydroxybutane-2,3-diimine) with excess AgNO2. In the title compound, namely bis(dimethylglyoximato-1κ2O,O')(μ-nitro-1κN:2κ2O,O')(nitro-1κN)bis(triphenylphosphane-2κP)cobalt(III)silver(I), [AgCo(C4H7N2O2)2(NO2)2(C18H15P)2], one of the ambidentate -NO2 ligands, in a bridging mode, chelates the AgI atom in an isobidentate κ2O,O'-manner and its N atom is coordinated to the CoIII atom. The other -NO2 ligand is terminally κN-coordinated to the CoIII atom. The structure has been fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) have been used to study the ground-state electronic structure and elucidate the origin of the electronic transitions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kia
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-3516, Iran
| | - Shiva Batmanghelich
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-3516, Iran
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Chemistry Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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9
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Gee WJ, Robertson K, Skelton JM. Anion···π Interactions and Metastability: Structural Transformations in a Silver-Pyrazine Network. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Gee
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
- School of Physical Sciences; University of Kent; CT2 7NH Canterbury Kent UK
| | - Karen Robertson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UK
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10
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Dhandapani A, Manivarman S, Subashchandrabose S. Synthesis, crystal growth, structural evaluation and nonlinear optical analysis of ethyl-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-sulfanylidene-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrimidine-5-carboxylate. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Cole JM, Yeung KYM, Pace G, Sylvester SO, Mersch D, Friend RH. In situ synthesis, crystallisation, and thin-film processing of single crystals of trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(H2O)][p-TolSO3]2 bearing SO2 linkage photo-isomers: towards optical device applications. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-quality microcrystals of trans-[Ru(SO2)(NH3)4(H2O)][p-TolSO3]2 photoisomers are embedded within thin films of polyvinylacrylate, which presents opportunities for optical data storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Cole
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Argonne, USA
| | - K. Y. M. Yeung
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | - G. Pace
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | | | - D. Mersch
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
| | - R. H. Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge, UK
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12
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Hatcher LE, Raithby PR. Dynamic single-crystal diffraction studies using synchrotron radiation. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Hatcher LE, Christensen J, Hamilton ML, Trincao J, Allan DR, Warren MR, Clarke IP, Towrie M, Fuertes S, Wilson CC, Woodall CH, Raithby PR. Steady-state and pseudo-steady-state photocrystallographic studies on linkage isomers of [Ni(Et4dien)(η2-O,ON)(η1-NO2)]: identification of a new linkage isomer. Chemistry 2014; 20:3128-34. [PMID: 24519880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
At temperatures below 150 K, the photoactivated metastable endo-nitrito linkage isomer [Ni(Et4 dien)(η(2)-O,ON)(η(1)-ONO)] (Et4 dien=N,N,N',N'-tetraethyldiethylenetriamine) can be generated with 100 % conversion from the ground state nitro-(η(1)-NO2) isomer on irradiation with 500 nm light, in the single crystal by steady-state photocrystallographic techniques. Kinetic studies show the system is no longer metastable above 150 K, decaying back to the ground state nitro-(η(1)-NO2) arrangement over several hours at 150 K. Variable-temperature kinetic measurements in the range of 150-160 K show that the rate of endo-nitrito decay is highly dependent on temperature, and an activation energy of Eact =+48.6(4) kJ mol(-1) is calculated for the decay process. Pseudo-steady-state experiments, where the crystal is continually pumped by the light source for the duration of the X-ray experiment, show the production of a previously unobserved, exo-nitrito-(η(1)-ONO) linkage isomer only at temperatures close to the metastable limit (ca. 140-190 K). This exo isomer is considered to be a transient excited-state species, as it is only observed in data collected by pseudo-steady-state methods.
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14
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Hatcher LE, Bigos EJ, Bryant MJ, MacCready EM, Robinson TP, Saunders LK, Thomas LH, Beavers CM, Teat SJ, Christensen J, Raithby PR. Thermal and photochemical control of nitro–nitrito linkage isomerism in single-crystals of [Ni(medpt)(NO2)(η2-ONO)]. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00675e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Ni(medpt)(NO2)(η2-ONO)] displays an equilibrium between the η1-NO2 and the η1-ONO linkage isomers between 150–298 K; upon photoactivation at 100 K the percentage of the η1-ONO isomer increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Paul R. Raithby
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
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15
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Warren MR, Brayshaw SK, Hatcher LE, Johnson AL, Schiffers S, Warren AJ, Teat SJ, Warren JE, Woodall CH, Raithby PR. Photoactivated linkage isomerism in single crystals of nickel, palladium and platinum di-nitro complexes – a photocrystallographic investigation. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13173-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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