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Gholami MD, Alzubaidi FM, Liu Q, Izake EL, Sonar P. Rapidly and simply detecting Cr (VI) in aqueous media via a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based chemosensor with both high selectivity and low LOD. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342861. [PMID: 38969410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high toxicity of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] could not only cause harmful effects on humans, including carcinogenicity, respiratory issues, genetic damage, and skin irritation, but also contaminate drinking water sources, aquatic ecosystems, and soil, impairing the reproductive capacity, growth, and survival of organisms. Due to these harmful effects, detecting toxic Cr (VI) is of great significance. However, the rapid, simple, and efficient detection at a low Cr (VI) concentration is extremely challenging, especially in an acidic condition (existing as HCrO4-) due to its low adsorption free energy. RESULTS A diketopyrrolopyrrole-based small molecule (DPPT-PhSMe) is designed and characterized to act as a chemosensor, which allows a high selectivity to Cr (VI) at an acidic condition with a low limit of detection to 10-8 M that is two orders of magnitude lower than the cut of limit (1 μM) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Mechanism study indicates that the rich sulfur atoms enhance the affinity to HCrO4-. Combining with favorable features of diketopyrrolopyrrole, DPPT-PhSMe not only allows dual-mode detection (colorimetric and spectroscopic) to Cr (VI), but also enables disposable paper-based sensor for naked-eye detection to Cr (VI) from fully aqueous media. The investigation of DPPT-PhSMe chemosensor for the quantification of Cr (VI) in real life samples demonstrates a high reliability and accuracy with an average percentage recovery of 102.1 % ± 4 (n = 3). SIGNIFICANCE DPPT-PhSMe represents the first diketopyrrolopyrrole-derived chemosensor for efficient detection to toxic Cr (VI), not only providing a targeted solution to the bottleneck of Cr (VI) detection in acidic conditions (existing as HCrO4-) caused by its low adsorption free energy, but also opening a new scenario for simple, selective, and efficient Cr (VI) detection with conjugated dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz D Gholami
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Fatimah M Alzubaidi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Emad L Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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2
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Shukla S, Mehata MS. Selective picomolar detection of carcinogenic chromium ions using silver nanoparticles capped via biomolecules from flowers of Plumeria obtusa. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Hasanova N, Çelik SE, Apak R. Dithioerythritol functionalized gold nanoparticles−based fluorometric sensing of biogenic amines in food samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Chatterjee S, Lou XY, Liang F, Yang YW. Surface-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles for colorimetric and fluorescent sensing of metal ions and biomolecules. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Kokilavani S, Syed A, Raju LL, Marraiki N, Al-Rashed S, Elgorban AM, Thomas AM, Khan SS. Highly selective and sensitive tool for the detection of Hg(II) using 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate functionalized Ag-Ce nanocomposite from real water sample. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 242:118738. [PMID: 32731149 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury and its derivates cause distinct toxicity and it is detrimental to the ecosystem where the excessive concentration contributes towards the environmental pollutants. The current study reported a colorimetric method for the detection of Hg(II) ion with high specificity and selectivity using Ag-Ce nanocomposite (NC) functionalized by 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate. The synthesized Ag-Ce NC was characterized by using double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer, zeta sizer, EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XRD and particle size analyzer. The synthesized particle possessed an average particle size of 27 ± 1 nm and zeta potential of -39.32 ± 3 mV. The brownish yellow colored Ag-Ce NC changed to colorless in presence of Hg(II) where the colorimetric detection was extremely specific and superior towards Hg(II) ion on comparing the tests with other metal ions. An excellent linear correlation was observed between absorbance (395 nm) and Hg(II) concentrations (1 nM-10 μM) (R2 = 0.988) with LOD of 0.03 nM. A cotton swab based probe was prepared for selective, elegant and low cost colorimetric method to detect Hg(II). The parametric study was performed for optimizing the suitable condition. The colorimetric probe developed by this study for Hg(II) detection using Ag-Ce NC shows excellent practical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kokilavani
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lija L Raju
- Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Al-Rashed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajith M Thomas
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Hou J, Shui Z, Li J, Huo D, Tang X, Yu C, He Q, Qiao C. A novel colorimetric probe with positive correlation between toxicity and the reaction for the assessment of chromium ions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4996-5003. [PMID: 33021259 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01291b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different valence states of chromium ions possess huge differences in toxicity. Hence, it is an innovative idea to design a reasonable probe to detect Cr according to the toxicity characteristics of different valence states. We report a novel, rapid, simple and accurate probe for the detection of Cr3+ and Cr6+ ions. As a probe, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are successfully modified using tartaric acid (TA) and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) via a two-step modification; the probe shows an increase in the sensitivity towards Cr6+ and decreases towards Cr3+, which is consistent with their toxicity characteristics, benefiting the assessment of total Cr toxicity. The proposed probe achieves considerable two-channel (ultraviolet absorption spectrum and naked eye vision) detection of Cr3+ and Cr6+ providing wide linearity regions and low detection limits. Meanwhile, the results of the interference experiments and analysis of the real samples showed high selectivity and accuracy of the proposed method. With popularization, this method possesses great potential in environmental monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Hou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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7
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A highly sensitive and selective ON-OFF fluorescent sensor based on functionalized magnetite nanoparticles for detection of Cr(VI) metal ions in the aqueous medium. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Bilgic A, Cimen A. Two Novel BODIPY-Functional Magnetite Fluorescent Nano-Sensors for Detecting of Cr(VI) Ions in Aqueous Solutions. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:867-881. [PMID: 32494934 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed two different very sensitive magnetite fluorescent Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED-BODIPY and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA-BODIPY nano-sensors for the selective detection of Cr(VI) ions. The Cr(VI) metal ions sensing is based on the fluorescent quenching of BODIPY functionalized with Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA nanoparticles in the ethanol-water environment. Characterization of the newly synthesized fluorescent BODIPY compound was performed on a 1H and 13C-NMR spectrometer. The morphology, chemical and physical properties of the sensing nano-sensors were studied by transmission thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-visible and fluorescent spectroscopy were used to characterize BODIPY functionalized magnetite fluorescent nano-sensors. Characterization measurements revealed that the mean particle diameter of magnetite fluorescent Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED-BODIPY and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA-BODIPY nano-sensors was 18.5 and 19 nm, respectively. The magnetite fluorescent Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED-BODIPY and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA-BODIPY nano-sensors (0.1 gL-1 in EtOH/H2O, v/v (3/7)) showed fluorescence quenching responses towards Cr(VI) ions in the medium at pH:1. The fluorescence quenches of the magnetite fluorescent Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED-BODIPY and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA-BODIPY nano-sensors by Cr(VI) were completed in first 5 and 3 min. Respectively. These features provide potential uses of BODIPY functionalized magnetite fluorescent nano-sensors (Fe3O4@SiO2-TPED-BODIPY and Fe3O4@SiO2-TMPTA-BODIPY) as a new class of non-toxic sensors for environmental applications. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bilgic
- Faculty of Kamil Ozdag Science, Department of Chemistry, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Aysel Cimen
- Faculty of Kamil Ozdag Science, Department of Chemistry, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200, Karaman, Turkey
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9
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Mousapour K, Hajizadeh S, Farhadi K. Colorimetric speciation analysis of chromium using 2-thiobarbituric acid capped silver nanoparticles. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2484-2490. [PMID: 32930238 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been introduced as a novel nanoprobe in the construction of a sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) ions. Cr(iii) can be linked to TBA on the AgNP surface via -N or -OH groups and form a bridge between two or more AgNPs causing their aggregation. This phenomenon leads to a dramatic color change in TBA-AgNPs from yellow to pinkish red. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized for quantitative analyses, characterization of modified AgNPs and determination of the interaction mechanism of TBA-AgNPs - Cr(iii). The color change depended on the concentration of Cr(iii) and the ratio of UV-Vis absorption intensity at 520 nm to that at 418 nm (A520/A418) was linearly proportional to the concentration of Cr(iii) from 0.012 to 3.25 mg L-1 (LOD = 8.4 µg L-1). To eliminate or reduce the interference of other cations in Cr(iii) determination, EDTA was used as a masking agent at pH 6.5. Moreover, the developed method was used for the determination of Cr(vi) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) (as a reducing agent) in the concentration range of 0.20 to 1.40 mg L-1. The proposed probe was successfully applied for the determination of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) in cement factory wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salahaddin Hajizadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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10
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Subrahmanya TM, Naik NS, Padaki M, Geetha Balakrishna R, Jyothi MS, Yadav S, Hung W. Synthesis of poly(4, 4′‐biphenylene sulfonyl succinamide)‐polysulfone blend membranes for removal of toxic metal ions from water. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Subrahmanya
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain University, Ramanagaram Bangalore 562112 India
| | - Nagaraj S. Naik
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain University, Ramanagaram Bangalore 562112 India
| | - Mahesh Padaki
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain University, Ramanagaram Bangalore 562112 India
| | - R. Geetha Balakrishna
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain University, Ramanagaram Bangalore 562112 India
| | - M. S. Jyothi
- Centre for Nano and Material SciencesJain University, Ramanagaram Bangalore 562112 India
| | - Sudesh Yadav
- Department of Chemical engineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Song Hung
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 10607 Taiwan
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11
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Colorimetric detection of chromium(VI) using graphene oxide nanoparticles acting as a peroxidase mimetic catalyst and 8-hydroxyquinoline as an inhibitor. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 186:36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Liu W, Wang Y, Bai Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Xu L, Diwu J, Chai Z, Wang S. Hydrolytically Stable Luminescent Cationic Metal Organic Framework for Highly Sensitive and Selective Sensing of Chromate Anions in Natural Water Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16448-16457. [PMID: 28440630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective detection of chromate anions in aqueous solution is highly desirable because of their high solubility, environmental mobility, carcinogenicity, and bioaccumulation effect. A new strategy for precise detection of chromate anions in the presence of a large excess of other anions, such as Cl-, NO3-, and HCO3-, in drinking water and natural water systems remains a challenge. Herein, a hydrolytically stable cationic luminescent europium(III)-based metal organic framework (MOF), 1, was successfully synthesized and investigated as a luminescent sensor that exhibits instant and selective luminescence quenching properties toward chromate ions in aqueous solutions. Moreover, 1 can be introduced into high-ionic-strength water system (e.g., seawater) for chromate detection as a consequence of the excellent sensing selectivity. The real environmental application of 1 as a chromate probe is studied in deionized water, lake water, and seawater. The detection limits in these aqueous media are calculated to be 0.56, 2.88, and 1.75 ppb, respectively. All of these values are far below the maximum contamination standard of Cr(VI) in drinking water of 100 ppb, defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This excellent chromate sensing capability originates from the fast enrichment of chromate ions in solids of 1 from solutions, followed by efficient energy transfer from the MOF skeleton to the chromate anion, as demonstrated by solution absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and chromate uptake kinetics and isotherm investigations. To the best of our knowledge, 1 possesses the lowest chromate detection limit among all reported MOFs up to date and is the only MOF material reported for chromate sensing application under environmentally relevant conditions with high ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuanling Bai
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lanhua Chen
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Juan Diwu
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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Huang D, Wei J, Yue G, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang C, Zhao P. Facile Synthesis of Iminodiacetate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles with Sensitive Detection of CrIII. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deshun Huang
- Institute of Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; 621908 Jiangyou P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Wei
- Institute of Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; 621908 Jiangyou P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education; Sichuan University; 610065 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Guozong Yue
- Institute of Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; 621908 Jiangyou P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute of Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; 621908 Jiangyou P. R. China
| | - Luming Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education; Sichuan University; 610065 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing R&D Centre; 610207 Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Institute of Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; 621908 Jiangyou P. R. China
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14
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Label-free colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) in aqueous systems based on flower shaped silver nanoparticles. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Anti-aggregation-based spectrometric detection of Hg(II) at physiological pH using gold nanorods. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:711-716. [PMID: 27287171 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Li SG, Hou J, Liu XH, Cui BS, Bai JH. Morphological and transcriptional responses of Lycopersicon esculentum to hexavalent chromium in agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1751-1758. [PMID: 26627465 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) on living organisms through the food chain raise the immediate need to assess the potential toxicological impacts of Cr(VI) on human health. Therefore, the concentration-dependent responses of 12 Cr(VI)-responsive genes selected from a high-throughput Lycopersicon esculentum complementary DNA microarray were examined at different Cr concentrations. The results indicated that most of the genes were differentially expressed from 0.1 mg Cr/kg soil, whereas the lowest-observable-adverse-effect concentrations of Cr(VI) were 1.6 mg Cr/kg soil, 6.4 mg Cr/kg soil, 3.2 mg Cr/kg soil, and 0.4 mg Cr/kg soil for seed germination, root elongation, root biomass, and root morphology, respectively, implying that the transcriptional method was more sensitive than the traditional method in detecting Cr(VI) toxicity. Dose-dependent responses were observed for the relative expression of expansin (p = 0.778), probable chalcone-flavonone isomerase 3 (p = -0.496), and 12S seed storage protein CRD (p = -0.614); therefore, the authors propose the 3 genes as putative biomarkers in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1751-1758. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Guo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Shan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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17
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Photometric and visual detection of Cr(VI) using gold nanoparticles modified with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Nayak V, Jyothi MS, Balakrishna RG, Padaki M, Isloor AM. Synthesis and characterization of novel sulfanilic acid–polyvinyl chloride–polysulfone blend membranes for metal ion rejection. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel facile method is developed for the modification of polyvinyl chloride and blend membranes are fabricated for heavy metal removal. This method is straightforward, has a high efficiency and is done at low pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Nayak
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | - M. S. Jyothi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | | | - Mahesh Padaki
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences
- Jain University
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | - Arun M. Isloor
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- Chemistry Department
- National Institute of Technology-Karnataka
- Mangalore 575 025
- India
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Dong C, Wu G, Wang Z, Ren W, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Li T, Wu A. Selective colorimetric detection of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using gallic acid capped gold nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:8347-54. [PMID: 26606324 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04099j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric assay is proposed for the selective detection of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) via the aggregation-induced color change of gallic acid capped gold nanoparticles (GA-AuNPs). The AuNPs are characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). To detect Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) coexisting in a sample, citrate and thiosulfate were applied to mask Cr(vi) for the detection of Cr(iii), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) was applied to mask Cr(iii) for the detection of Cr(vi). At optimized experimental conditions, the selectivity of these AuNPs-based detection systems is excellent for Cr(iii) and/or Cr(vi) compared with other types of metal ions. The limit of detections (LODs) of a mixture of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi), Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) by eye vision are 1.5, 1.5 and 2 μM, respectively, and those by UV-vis spectroscopy are 0.05, 0.1 and 0.1 μM, respectively. The minimum detectable concentrations for Cr(iii) or Cr(vi) are all below the guideline value set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The applicability of the AuNPs-based colorimetric sensor is also validated by the detection of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) in electroplating wastewater and real water samples with high recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal College, Anqing, Anhui 246001, China.
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Nayak V, Jyothi MS, Balakrishna RG, Padaki M, Ismail AF. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Thin Films on Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Complete Removal of Chromium. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:278-87. [PMID: 26246989 PMCID: PMC4522177 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we present a new approach for the complete removal of Cr(VI) species, through reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), followed by adsorption of Cr(III). Reduction of chromium from water is an important challenge, as Cr(IV) is one of the most toxic substances emitted from industrial processes. Chitosan (CS) thin films were developed on plain polysulfone (PSf) and PSf/TiO2 membrane substrates by a temperature-induced technique using polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. Structure property elucidation was carried out by X-ray diffraction, microscopy, spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and water uptake studies. The increase in hydrophilicity followed the order: PSf < PSf/TiO2 < PSf/TiO2/CS membranes. Use of this thin-film composite membrane for chromium removal was investigated with regards to the effects of light and pH. The observations reveal 100 % reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) through electrons and protons donated from OH and NH2 groups of the CS layer; the reduced Cr(III) species are adsorbed onto the CS layer via complexation to give chromium-free water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Nayak
- Center for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain UniversityRamanagaram, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | | | - R Geetha Balakrishna
- Center for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain UniversityRamanagaram, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Mahesh Padaki
- Center for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain UniversityRamanagaram, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Arkhipova VV, Apyari VV, Dmitrienko SG. A colorimetric probe based on desensitized ionene-stabilized gold nanoparticles for single-step test for sulfate ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 139:335-341. [PMID: 25574653 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Desensitized ionene-stabilized gold nanoparticles have been prepared and applied as a colorimetric probe for the single-step test for sulfate ions at the relatively high concentration level. The approach is based on aggregation of the nanoparticles leading to the change in absorption spectra and color of the solution. These nanoparticles are characterized by the decreased sensitivity due to both electrostatic and steric stabilization, which allows for simple, and rapid direct single-step determination of sulfate at the relatively high concentration level in real water samples without sample pretreatment or dilution. Influence of different factors (the time of interaction, pH, the concentrations of sulfate ions and the nanoparticles) on the aggregation and analytical performance of the procedure was investigated. The method allows for the determination of sulfate ions in the mass range of 0.2-0.4 mg with RSD of 5% from the sample volume of less than 2 mL. It has a sharp dependence of the colorimetric response on the concentration of sulfate, which makes it prospective for indicating deviations of the sulfate concentration regarding some declared value chosen within the above range. The time of the analysis is 2 min. The method was applied to the analysis of mineral water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya V Arkhipova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Apyari
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Stanislava G Dmitrienko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Chen W, Cao F, Zheng W, Tian Y, Xianyu Y, Xu P, Zhang W, Wang Z, Deng K, Jiang X. Detection of the nanomolar level of total Cr[(iii) and (vi)] by functionalized gold nanoparticles and a smartphone with the assistance of theoretical calculation models. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2042-2049. [PMID: 25553787 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06726f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for rapid, effective detection of both Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) (in the form of Cr(3+) and Cr2O7(2-), the main species of chromium in the natural environment) by making use of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 nM with the naked eye and the assay can be applied in detecting chromium in polluted soil from Yun-Nan Province in Southwest China. We use density functional theory to calculate the change of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the interactions between the DMSA-Au NP system and various metal ions, which shows that DMSA-Au NPs have high specificity for both Cr(3+) and Cr2O7(2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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Alex SA, Satija J, Khan MA, Bhalerao GM, Chakravarty S, Kasilingam B, Sivakumar A, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Etching-based transformation of dumbbell-shaped gold nanorods facilitated by hexavalent chromium and their possible application as a plasmonic sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS 2015; 7:5583-5592. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the transformation of morphology, optical properties, and zeta potential of dumbbell-shaped gold nanorods upon Cr(vi) interaction was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ann Alex
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- School of Biosciences and Technology
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
| | - Mohd Azeem Khan
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | | | | | | | - A. Sivakumar
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
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Zhu H, Fan J, Wang B, Peng X. Fluorescent, MRI, and colorimetric chemical sensors for the first-row d-block metal ions. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 44:4337-66. [PMID: 25406612 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals (d-blocks) are recognized as playing critical roles in biology, and they most often act as cofactors in diverse enzymes; however, improper regulation of transition metal stores is also connected to serious disorders. Therefore, the monitoring and imaging of transition metals are significant for biological research as well as clinical diagnosis. In this article, efforts have been made to review the chemical sensors that have been developed for the detection of the first-row d-block metals (except Cu and Zn): Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. We focus on the development of fluorescent sensors (fall into three classes: "turn-off", "turn-on", and ratiometric), colorimetric sensors, and responsive MRI contrast agents for these transition metals (242 references). Future work will be likely to fill in the blanks: (1) sensors for Sc, Ti, and V; (2) MRI sensors for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni; (3) ratiometric fluorescent sensors for Cr(6+), Mn(2+), and Ni(2+), explore new ways of sensing Fe(3+) or Cr(3+) without the proton interference, as well as extend applications of MRI sensors to living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China.
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Du J, Zhu B, Peng X, Chen X. Optical reading of contaminants in aqueous media based on gold nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3461-3479. [PMID: 24578321 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With increasing trends of global population growth, urbanization, pollution over-exploitation, and climate change, the safe water supply has become a global issue and is threatening our society in terms of sustainable development. Therefore, there is a growing need for a water-monitoring platform with the capability of rapidness, specificity, low-cost, and robustness. This review summarizes the recent developments in the design and application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based optical assays to detect contaminants in aqueous media with a high performance. First, a brief discussion on the correlation between the optical reading strategy and the optical properties of AuNPs is presented. Then, we summarize the principle behind AuNP-based optical assays to detect different contaminants, such as toxic metal ion, anion, and pesticides, according to different optical reading strategies: colorimetry, scattering, and fluorescence. Finally, the comparison of these assays and the outlook of AuNP-based optical detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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Zhou N, Li J, Chen H, Liao C, Chen L. A functional graphene oxide-ionic liquid composites-gold nanoparticle sensing platform for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of Hg2+. Analyst 2014; 138:1091-7. [PMID: 23314195 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36405k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive electrochemical assay strategy of stripping voltammetry for mercury ions (Hg(2+)) detection is described based on the synergistic effect between ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide (GO-IL) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs-GO-IL modified onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) resulted in highly enhanced electron conductive nanostructured membrane and large electroactive surface area, which was excellently examined by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. After accumulating Hg(2+), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was performed, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for signal recording of Hg(2+). Several main experimental parameters were optimized, i.e., deposition potential and time of AuNPs were -0.2 V and 180 s, respectively, and accumulation potential and time of Hg(2+) were -0.3 V and 660 s, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, this AuNPs-GO-IL-GCE sensor attained a good linearity in a wide range of 0.1-100 nM (R = 0.9808) between the concentration of the Hg(2+) standard and peak current. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.03 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3σ. A variety of common coexistent ions in water samples were investigated, showing no obvious interferences on the Hg(2+) detection. The practical application of the proposed sensor has been carried out and demonstrated as feasible for determination of trace levels of Hg(2+) in drinking and environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Apyari VV, Arkhipova VV, Dmitrienko SG, Zolotov YA. Using gold nanoparticles in spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Apyari VV, Dmitrienko SG, Arkhipova VV, Atnagulov AG, Gorbunova MV, Zolotov YA. Label-free gold nanoparticles for the determination of neomycin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:416-420. [PMID: 23867643 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of neomycin has been developed. The method is based on aggregation of label-free gold nanoparticles leading to change in absorption spectra and color of the solution. Influence of different factors (the concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), pH, the concentrations of neomycin and the nanoparticles) on the aggregation and analytical performance of the method was investigated. EDTA plays an important role not only as a masking agent to eliminate interferences of metal cations but strongly affects the sensitivity of the nanoparticles relative to neomycin. The method allows to determine neomycin with detection limit of 28ngmL(-1). It was applied to analysis of eye- and ear-drops. The sample pretreatment is simply done by diluting the formulation with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Apyari
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Zhao L, Jin Y, Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhu H. Novel, highly selective detection of Cr(III) in aqueous solution based on a gold nanoparticles colorimetric assay and its application for determining Cr(VI). Anal Chim Acta 2012; 731:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Colorimetric detection of lead (II) based on silver nanoparticles capped with iminodiacetic acid. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li DX, Zhang JF, Jang YH, Jang YJ, Kim DH, Kim JS. Plasmonic-coupling-based sensing by the assembly and disassembly of dipycolylamine-tagged gold nanoparticles induced by complexing with cations and anions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1442-8. [PMID: 22378699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A surface-plasmon-coupling-mediated sensor system is developed based on Au nanoparticles tagged with a coordinative dipycolylamine and lipoyl-anchored naphthalimide derivative (AuNP@DPA). The AuNPs with tailored ligands exhibit distinct sensing activity via sequential assembly into nanoparticle aggregates induced by metal ion complexing, and disassembly in the presence of pyrophosphate (PPi) anions, which is accompanied by a swift, reversible color change due to a surface plasmon resonance coupling effect. It is found that divalent metal ions are more effective than mono- or tri-valent ions in the aggregate formation process, Mn(2+)-induced aggregates are more sensitive to the capture of PPi anions than other AuNP aggregates, and the disassembly upon anion complexation exhibits a highly selective response. The AuNP@DPA-based molecular recognition system also demonstrates a viable performance for the detection of total selective metal ions present in different types of water analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Ravindran A, Elavarasi M, Prathna T, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Selective colorimetric detection of nanomolar Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions using unmodified silver nanoparticles. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2012; 166-167:365-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Ben-Amram Y, Tel-Vered R, Riskin M, Wang ZG, Willner I. Ultrasensitive and selective detection of alkaline-earth metal ions using ion-imprinted Au NPs composites and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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