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Müller V, Matthes R, Wagner M, Bros M, Dreier P, Frey H. Tailoring thermoresponsiveness of biocompatible polyethers: copolymers of linear glycerol and ethyl glycidyl ether. Polym Chem 2023; 14:2599-2609. [PMID: 37261292 PMCID: PMC10228176 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Linear polyglycerol is known as a highly hydrophilic and biocompatible polymer that is currently considered for numerous medical applications. Derived from this well-known structure, the synthesis of highly biocompatible, thermoresponsive polyether copolymers via statistical anionic ring-opening copolymerization of ethyl glycidyl ether (EGE) and ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE) is described. Subsequent deprotection of the acetal groups of EEGE yields copolymers of linear glycerol (linG) and EGE, P(linG-co-EGE). These copolymers showed monomodal and narrow molecular weight distributions with dispersities Đ ≤ 1.07. The microstructure was investigated via in situ1H NMR kinetics experiments, revealing reactivity ratios of rEEGE = 1.787 ± 0.007 and rEGE = 0.560 ± 0.002, showing a slightly favored incorporation of EEGE over EGE. Due to the deliberate incorporation of rather hydrophobic EGE units into the water soluble linPG, tunable thermoresponsive behavior is achieved with cloud point temperatures Tcp between 9.0-71.4 °C. Besides the commonly utilized method turbidimetry, temperature-dependent 1H NMR measurements were used for more accurate and reproducible results. The change of the hydrodynamic radii rH of the copolymers and their aggregates upon reaching Tcp was investigated via DOSY NMR spectroscopy. To explore possible biomedical applications, as an example, the cell viability and immunology of an exemplary P(linG-co-EGE) copolymer sample was investigated. Since both, cell viability and immunology are comparable to the gold standard PEG, the herein presented copolymers show high potential as biocompatible and thermoresponsive alternatives to PEG for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Rebecca Matthes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Chemistry Ackermannweg 10 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Langenbeckstraße 1 D-55101 Mainz Germany
| | - Philip Dreier
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
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2
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Stöbener DD, Weinhart M. "Fuzzy hair" promotes cell sheet detachment from thermoresponsive brushes already above their volume phase transition temperature. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 141:213101. [PMID: 36087558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) (PGE) brushes have shown to be viable substrates for the culture and temperature-triggered detachment of confluent cell sheets. Surface-tethered PGEs with a cloud point temperature (TCP) around ~30 °C exhibit phase transitions well-centered within the physiological range (20-37 °C), which makes them ideal candidates for cell sheet fabrication. However, PGEs with TCPs at ~20 °C also afford the detachment of various types of cell sheets, even at room temperature (20-23 °C), i.e., above the polymers' TCPs. In this study, we investigate the phase transition of PGE brushes tethered to polystyrene (PS) culture substrates with varying grafting density and TCP to arrive at a mechanistic understanding of their functionality in cell sheet fabrication. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring, we demonstrate that brushes fabricated from PGEs with TCPs at ~20 °C display volume phase transition temperatures (VPTTs) well below room temperature. Although the investigated coatings obviously do not exhibit marked thermal switching in terms of brush hydration and layer thickness, their physical properties at the brush-water interface, as ascertained by QCM-D and AFM measurements, undergo subtle changes upon cooling from 37 °C to room temperature which is sufficient to promote cell sheet detachment. Thus, it appears that discreet rehydration of the outmost brush layer, resembling "fuzzy hair" at the brush-water interface, renders the surfaces less protein- and cell-adhesive at room temperature. This minor structural change of the interface allows for the reliable detachment of human dermal fibroblast sheets already at 20 °C well above the VPTT of the brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Glitscher EA, Bergueiro J, Calderón M. Synthesis and anisotropic growth of glycerol-based thermoresponsive NIR plasmonic nanogels. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Matthes R, Frey H. Polyethers Based on Short-Chain Alkyl Glycidyl Ethers: Thermoresponsive and Highly Biocompatible Materials. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2219-2235. [PMID: 35622963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of short-chain alkyl glycidyl ethers (SCAGEs) enables the synthesis of biocompatible polyethers with finely tunable hydrophilicity. Aliphatic polyethers, most prominently poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are utilized in manifold biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and aqueous solubility. By incorporation of short hydrophobic side-chains at linear polyglycerol, control of aqueous solubility and the respective lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solution is feasible. Concurrently, the chemically inert character in analogy to PEG is maintained, as no further functional groups are introduced at the polyether structure. Adjustment of the hydrophilicity and the thermoresponsive behavior of the resulting poly(glycidyl ether)s in a broad temperature range is achieved either by the combination of the different SCAGEs or with PEG as a hydrophilic block. Homopolymers of methyl and ethyl glycidyl ether (PGME, PEGE) are soluble in aqueous solution at room temperature. In contrast, n-propyl glycidyl ether and iso-propyl glycidyl ether lead to hydrophobic polyethers. The use of a variety of ring-opening polymerization techniques allows for controlled polymerization, while simultaneously determining the resulting microstructures. Atactic as well as isotactic polymers are accessible by utilization of the respective racemic or enantiomerically pure monomers. Polymer architectures varying from statistical copolymers, di- and triblock structures to star-shaped architectures, in combination with PEG, have been applied in various thermoresponsive hydrogel formulations or polymeric surface coatings for cell sheet engineering. Materials responding to stimuli are of increasing importance for "smart" biomedical systems, making thermoresponsive polyethers with short-alkyl ether side chains promising candidates for future biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Matthes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Stöbener DD, Weinhart M. On the foundation of thermal "Switching": The culture substrate governs the phase transition mechanism of thermoresponsive brushes and their performance in cell sheet fabrication. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:243-253. [PMID: 34530139 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermally "switchable" poly(glycidyl ether) (PGE) brushes constitute effective coatings for the temperature-triggered harvest of confluent cell sheets. Based on a simple "grafting-to" approach, such coatings can be tethered to various applied plastic culture substrate materials. Herein, we elucidate the self-assembly of PGE brushes with tunable grafting densities up to 0.12 and 0.22 chains nm-2 on polystyrene (PS) and tissue culture PS (TCPS), respectively. In terms of temperature-dependent wettability and protein adsorption, we found that brushes exhibit distinct grafting density-dependent properties which correlate with their cell sheet fabrication performance. In addition, temperature-ramped quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements revealed marked substrate-specific PGE phase transitions which allowed us to deduce comprehensive switching mechanisms. Thus, we demonstrate that brushes tethered to hydrophilic TCPS (contact angle (CA) ∼ 60°) undergo a "cushioned" transition comprising a non-switchable, hydrated basal layer as well as a switchable top layer which regulates cell sheet detachment. In contrast, PGE brushes tethered to PS undergo a "grounded" transition which is substantially influenced by the dehydrating effect of the less hydrophilic PS substrate (CA ∼ 90°). These divergent phase transition mechanisms give rise to a broad scope in cell sheet fabrication performance, yielding staggered detachment times within a 30 min to 3 h range. Hence, we emphasize the importance of a detailed knowledge on the effect of applied culture substrates on the thermal switchability and phase transition characteristics of thermoresponsive brush coatings to accomplish an optimized design for functional cell culture dishes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As the first comparative study of its kind, we elucidate the substrate-dependent thermal switchability of thermoresponsive brush coatings and evaluate their grafting density-dependent phase transition mechanism and its effect on cell sheet fabrication performance.
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Precise Synthesis and Thermoresponsive Property of Poly(ethyl glycidyl ether) and Its Block and Statistic Copolymers with Poly(glycidol). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223873. [PMID: 34833172 PMCID: PMC8623496 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a comprehensive study of the thermoresponsive properties of statistic copolymers and multiblock copolymers synthesized by poly(glycidol)s (PG) and poly(ethyl glycidyl ether) (PEGE) with different copolymerization methods. These copolymers were first synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP), which was initiated by tert-butylbenzyl alcohol (tBBA) and 1-tert-butyl-4,4,4-tris(dimethylamino)-2,2-bis[tris(dimethylamino)phosphoranylidenamino]-2Λ5,4Λ5-catenadi(phosphazene) (t-Bu-P4) as the catalyst, and then the inherent protective groups were removed to obtain the copolymers without any specific chain end groups. The thermoresponsive property of the statistic copolymer PGx-stat-PEGEy was compared with the diblock copolymer PGx-b-PEGEy, and the triblock copolymers were compared with the pentablock copolymers. Among them, PG-stat-PEGE, PG-b-PEGE-b-PG-b-PEGE-b-PG, and PEGE-b-PG-b-PEGE-b-PG-b-PEGE, and even the specific ratio of PEGE-b-PG-b-PEGE, exhibited LCST-type phase transitions in water, which were characterized by cloud point (Tcp). Although the ratio of x to y affected the value of the Tcp of PGx-stat-PEGEy, we found that the disorder of the copolymer has a decisive effect on the phase-transition behavior. The phase-transition behaviors of PG-b-PEGE, part of PEGE-b-PG-b-PEGE, and PG-b-PEGE-b-PG copolymers in water present a two-stage phase transition, that is, firstly LCST-type and then the upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-like phase transition. In addition, we have extended the research on the thermoresponsive properties of EGE homopolymers without specific α-chain ends.
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Zahn I, Stöbener DD, Weinhart M, Gögele C, Breier A, Hahn J, Schröpfer M, Meyer M, Schulze-Tanzil G. Cruciate Ligament Cell Sheets Can Be Rapidly Produced on Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) Coating and Successfully Used for Colonization of Embroidered Scaffolds. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040877. [PMID: 33921450 PMCID: PMC8069541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cell sheets combined with biomechanically competent scaffolds might facilitate ACL tissue engineering. Since thermoresponsive polymers allow a rapid enzyme-free detachment of cell sheets, we evaluated the applicability of a thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) (PGE) coating for cruciate ligamentocyte sheet formation and its influence on ligamentocyte phenotype during sheet-mediated colonization of embroidered scaffolds. Ligamentocytes were seeded on surfaces either coated with PGE or without coating. Detached ligamentocyte sheets were cultured separately or wrapped around an embroidered scaffold made of polylactide acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) threads functionalized by gas-phase fluorination and with collagen foam. Ligamentocyte viability, protein and gene expression were determined in sheets detached from surfaces with or without PGE coating, scaffolds seeded with sheets from PGE-coated plates and the respective monolayers. Stable and vital ligamentocyte sheets could be produced within 24 h with both surfaces, but more rapidly with PGE coating. PGE did not affect ligamentocyte phenotype. Scaffolds could be colonized with sheets associated with high cell survival, stable gene expression of ligament-related type I collagen, decorin, tenascin C and Mohawk after 14 d and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. PGE coating facilitates ligamentocyte sheet formation, and sheets colonizing the scaffolds displayed a ligament-related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (C.G.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nuremberg Institute of Technology Georg Simon Ohm, Keßlerplatz 12, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstr. 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.S.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (D.D.S.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (C.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Annette Breier
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Judith Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Michaela Schröpfer
- FILK Freiberg Institute (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Meyer
- FILK Freiberg Institute (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (I.Z.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-911-398-(11)-6772
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Mendonça FG, Menezes IRS, Silva IF, Lago RM. Multifunctional glycerol/citric acid crosslinked polymer hydrophilic gel with absorptive and reducing properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional hydrogel based on glycerol/citric acid presents absorptive and reducing capacities, affording a hybrid gel containing AgNPs in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G. Mendonça
- Departamento de Química
- ICEx
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | - Ingrid F. Silva
- Departamento de Química
- ICEx
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Rochel M. Lago
- Departamento de Química
- ICEx
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
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Stöbener DD, Weinhart M. Thermoresponsive Poly(glycidyl ether) Brush Coatings on Various Tissue Culture Substrates-How Block Copolymer Design and Substrate Material Govern Self-Assembly and Phase Transition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32846926 PMCID: PMC7563243 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes can be grafted to applied tissue culture substrates and used for the fabrication of primary human cell sheets. The self-assembly of such brushes is achieved via the directed physical adsorption and subsequent UV immobilization of block copolymers equipped with a short, photo-reactive benzophenone-based anchor block. Depending on the chemistry and hydrophobicity of the benzophenone anchor, we demonstrate that such block copolymers exhibit distinct thermoresponsive properties and aggregation behaviors in water. Independent on the block copolymer composition, we developed a versatile grafting-to process which allows the fabrication of poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on various tissue culture substrates from dilute aqueous-ethanolic solution. The viability of this process crucially depends on the chemistry and hydrophobicity of, both, benzophenone-based anchor block and substrate material. Utilizing these insights, we were able to manufacture thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on moderately hydrophobic polystyrene and polycarbonate as well as on rather hydrophilic polyethylene terephthalate and tissue culture-treated polystyrene substrates. We further show that the temperature-dependent switchability of the brush coatings is not only dependent on the cloud point temperature of the block copolymers, but also markedly governed by the hydrophobicity of the surface-bound benzophenone anchor and the subjacent substrate material. Our findings demonstrate that the design of amphiphilic thermoresponsive block copolymers is crucial for their phase transition characteristics in solution and on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Wang F, Ren P, Bernaerts KV, Fu Y, Hu W, Zhou N, Zhang T. Thermoresponsive Poly(2-propyl-2-oxazoline) Surfaces of Glass for Nonenzymatic Cell Harvesting. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5428-5437. [PMID: 35021716 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the nonenzymatic cell-harvesting technologies, a thermal-responsive surface based on poly(2-oxazoline)s has achieved initial success in supporting the adhesion and thermal-induced detachment of animal cells. However, because of the laborious preparation procedure, this technique was only limited to research purposes. In this work, through using poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) as the anchor layer, poly(2-propyl-2-oxazoline)s (PPOx) were grafted onto glass wafers through a facile two-step coating and annealing procedure for nonenzymatic cell harvesting. In the first step, the piranha solution-activated glass wafers were immersed into the chloroform solution of PGMA and then annealed for a given period of time to immobilize PGMA onto the glass wafers through the bonding between epoxy groups and hydroxyl groups. In the second step, the PGMA-coated glass wafers were further immersed into the chloroform solution of carboxyl-functionalized PPOx. After annealing, PPOx were immobilized onto the PGMA layer through the bonding between carboxyl groups and the residual epoxy groups. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ellipsometry were used to characterize the modified glass wafers. The results of cytocompatibility evaluation showed that the PPOx-coated glass wafers were almost nontoxic and were able to support the adhesion and proliferation of L929 cells well. By lowering the temperature to 8 °C, L929 and Vero cells were successfully detached from the PPOx-coated glass wafers without any enzymatic treatment. Further cultivation has demonstrated that the cooling procedure had little effect on cell viability, and the cells still retained good viability after harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Yifu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wanjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Naizhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tianzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 Jiangsu, PR China
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Bochenek M, Oleszko-Torbus N, Wałach W, Lipowska-Kur D, Dworak A, Utrata-Wesołek A. Polyglycidol of Linear or Branched Architecture Immobilized on a Solid Support for Biomedical Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1720233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Bochenek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Wałach
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Daria Lipowska-Kur
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dworak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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12
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Stöbener DD, Hoppensack A, Scholz J, Weinhart M. Endothelial, smooth muscle and fibroblast cell sheet fabrication from self-assembled thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8333-8343. [PMID: 30298896 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a platform to fabricate human dermal fibroblast (HDF), human aortic smooth muscle cell (HAoSMC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) sheets using thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) coatings. Copolymer brushes based on glycidyl methyl ether (GME) and ethyl glycidyl ether (EGE) were self-assembled onto polystyrene (PS) culture substrates via the physical adsorption of a hydrophobic, photoreactive benzophenone anchor block based on the monomer 4-[2-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)ethoxy]benzophenone (EEBP). The directed self-assembly of well-defined, end-tethered poly(GME-ran-EGE)-block-poly(EEBP) (PGE) brushes was achieved via the selective, EEBP-driven adsorption of the asymmetric block copolymer from dilute aqueous solution below its cloud point temperature (CPT). Subsequently, the PGE brush layers were covalently immobilized onto the PS surfaces by irradiation with UV light and characterized by ellipsometry, static water contact angle (CA) measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that, by decreasing the temperature from 37 to 20 °C, the coatings undergo a pancake-to-brush transition, which triggers cell sheet detachment. In addition, cell culture parameters were optimized to allow proper adhesion and controlled detachment of confluent HDF, HAoSMC and HUVEC sheets, which can be applied in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anke Hoppensack
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Scholz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Heinen S, Rackow S, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Donskyi IS, Unger WES, Weinhart M. Transfer of functional thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) coatings for cell sheet fabrication from gold to glass surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1489-1500. [PMID: 32254213 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymer coatings can facilitate cell sheet fabrication under mild conditions by promoting cell adhesion and proliferation at 37 °C. At lower temperatures the detachment of confluent cell sheets is triggered without enzymatic treatment. Thus, confluent cell sheets with intact extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering applications become available. Herein, we applied the previously identified structural design parameters of functional, thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on gold to the more application-relevant substrate glass via the self-assembly of a corresponding block copolymer (PGE-AA) with a short surface-reactive, amine-presenting anchor block. Both, physical and covalent immobilization on glass via either multivalent ionic interactions of the anchor block with bare glass or the coupling of the anchor block to a polydopamine (PDA) adhesion layer on glass resulted in stable coatings. Atomic force microscopy revealed a high degree of roughness of covalently attached coatings on the PDA adhesion layer, while physically attached coatings on bare glass were smooth and in the brush-like regime. Cell sheets of primary human dermal fibroblasts detached reliably (86%) and within 20 ± 10 min from physically tethered PGE-AA coatings on glass when prepared under cloud point grafting conditions. The presence of the laterally inhomogeneous PDA adhesion layer, however, hindered the spontaneous temperature-triggered cell detachment from covalently grafted PGE-AA, decreasing both detachment rate and reliability. Despite being only physically attached, self-assembled monolayer brushes of PGE-AA block copolymers on glass are functional and stable thermoresponsive coatings for application in cell sheet fabrication of human fibroblasts as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Heinen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Juch H, Nikitina L, Reimann S, Gauster M, Dohr G, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Hoch D, Kornmueller K, Haag R. Dendritic polyglycerol nanoparticles show charge dependent bio-distribution in early human placental explants and reduce hCG secretion. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:90-103. [PMID: 29334310 PMCID: PMC5815307 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1425496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of nanoparticle bio-distribution at the feto-maternal interface will be a prerequisite for their diagnostic or therapeutic application in women of childbearing age and for teratologic risk assessment. Therefore, the tissue interaction of biocompatible dendritic polyglycerol nanoparticles (dPG-NPs) with first- trimester human placental explants were analyzed and compared to less sophisticated trophoblast-cell based models. First-trimester human placental explants, BeWo cells and primary trophoblast cells from human term placenta were exposed to fluorescence labeled, ∼5 nm dPG-NPs, with differently charged surfaces, at concentrations of 1 µM and 10 nM, for 6 and 24 h. Accumulation of dPGs was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. To assess the impact of dPG-NP on trophoblast integrity and endocrine function, LDH, and hCG releases were measured. A dose- and charge-dependent accumulation of dPG-NPs was observed at the early placental barrier and in cell lines, with positive dPG-NP-surface causing deposits even in the mesenchymal core of the placental villi. No signs of plasma membrane damage could be detected. After 24 h we observed a significant reduction of hCG secretion in placental explants, without significant changes in trophoblast apoptosis, at low concentrations of charged dPG-NPs. In conclusion, dPG-NP’s surface charge substantially influences their bio-distribution at the feto-maternal interface, with positive charge facilitating trans-trophoblast passage, and in contrast to more artificial models, the first-trimester placental explant culture model reveals potentially hazardous influences of charged dPG-NPs on early placental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Juch
- a Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Liudmila Nikitina
- a Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Sabine Reimann
- b Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Organic Chemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Gauster
- a Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Gottfried Dohr
- a Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | | | - Denise Hoch
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Karin Kornmueller
- e Institute of Biophysics , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Rainer Haag
- b Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Organic Chemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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15
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Heinen S, Cuéllar-Camacho JL, Weinhart M. Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on gold: Surface engineering parameters and their implication for cell sheet fabrication. Acta Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28647625 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymer coatings, optimized for cell adhesion and thermally-triggered cell detachment, allow the fabrication of confluent cell sheets with intact extracellular matrix. However, rational design guidelines for such coatings are rare, since temperature-triggered cell adhesion and detachment from thermoresponsive surfaces are mechanistically not well understood. Herein, we investigated the impact of molecular weight (2, 9, 24kDa), grafting density (0.04-1.4 chains nm-2), morphology, and roughness of well-characterized thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) brushes on the cell response at 37 and 20°C. NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts served as a model cell line for adhesion, proliferation, and cell sheet detachment. The cell response was correlated with serum protein adsorption from cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Intact cell sheets could be harvested from all the studied poly(glycidyl ether) coated surfaces, irrespective of the molecular weight, provided that the morphology of the coating was homogenous and the surface was fully shielded by the hydrated brush. The degree of chain overlap was estimated by the ratio of twice the polymer's Flory radius in a theta solvent to its interchain distance, which should be located in the strongly overlapping brush regime (2 Rf/l>1.4). In contrast, dense PNIPAM (2.5kDa) control monolayers did not induce protein adsorption from cell culture medium at 37°C and, as a result, did not allow a significant cell adhesion. These structural design parameters of functional poly(glycidyl ether) coatings on gold will contribute to future engineering of these thermoresponsive coatings on more common, cell culture relevant substrates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cell sheet engineering as a scaffold-free approach towards tissue engineering resembles a milestone in regenerative medicine. The fabrication of confluent cell sheets maintains the extracellular matrix of cells which serves as the physiological cell scaffold. Thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether)s are highly cell-compatible and brushes thereof promote cell adhesion and growth without modification with additional cell adhesive ligands. Thus, a direct correlation of temperature-dependent serum protein adsorption and cell response with surface design parameters such as grafting density and molecular weight became accessible. Hence, surface engineering parameters of well-defined poly(glycidyl ether) monolayers for reproducible cell sheet fabrication have been identified. These design guidelines may also prove beneficial in the development of other brush-like thermoresponsive coatings for cell sheet engineering.
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16
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Stöbener DD, Uckert M, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Hoppensack A, Weinhart M. Ultrathin Poly(glycidyl ether) Coatings on Polystyrene for Temperature-Triggered Human Dermal Fibroblast Sheet Fabrication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2155-2165. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel David Stöbener
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Uckert
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - José Luis Cuellar-Camacho
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Hoppensack
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Heinen S, Weinhart M. Poly(glycidyl ether)-Based Monolayers on Gold Surfaces: Control of Grafting Density and Chain Conformation by Grafting Procedure, Surface Anchor, and Molecular Weight. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2076-2086. [PMID: 28191961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For a meaningful correlation of surface coatings with their respective biological response reproducible coating procedures, well-defined surface coatings, and thorough surface characterization with respect to layer thickness and grafting density are indispensable. The same applies to polymeric monolayer coatings which are intended to be used for, e.g., fundamental studies on the volume phase transition of surface end-tethered thermoresponsive polymer chains. Planar gold surfaces are frequently used as model substrates, since they allow a variety of straightforward surface characterization methods. Herein we present reproducible grafting-to procedures performed with thermoresponsive poly(glycidyl ether) copolymers composed of glycidyl methyl ether (GME) and ethyl glycidyl ether (EGE). The copolymers feature different molecular weights (2 kDa, 9 kDa, 24 kDa) and are equipped with varying sulfur-containing anchor groups in order to achieve adjustable grafting densities on gold surfaces and hence control the tethered polymers' chain conformation. We determined "wet" and "dry" thicknesses of these coatings by QCM-D and ellipsometry measurements and deduced anchor distances and degrees of chain overlap of the polymer chains assembled on gold. Grafting under cloud point conditions allowed for higher degrees of chain overlap compared to grafting from a good solvent like ethanol, independent of the used sulfur-containing anchor group for polymers with low (2 kDa) and medium (9 kDa) molecular weights. By contrast, the achieved grafting densities and thus chain overlaps of surface-tethered polymers with high (24 kDa) molecular weights were identical for both grafting methods. Monolayers prepared from an ethanolic solution of poly(glycidyl ether)s equipped with sterically demanding disulfide-containing anchors revealed the lowest degrees of chain overlap. The ratio of the radius of gyration to the anchor distance (2 Rg/l) of the latter coating was found to be lower than 1.4, indicating that the assembly was rather in the mushroom-like than in the brush regime. Polymer chains with thiol-containing anchors of different alkyl chain lengths (C11SH vs C4SH) formed assemblies with comparable degrees of chain overlap with 2 Rg/l values above 1.4 and are thus in the brush regime. Molecular weights influenced the achievable degree of chain overlap on the surface. Coatings prepared with the medium molecular weight polymer (9 kDa) resulted in the highest chain packing density. Control of grafting density and thus chain overlap in different regimes (brush vs mushroom) on planar gold substrates are attainable for monolayer coatings with poly(GME-ran-EGE) by adjusting the polymer's molecular weight and anchor group as well as the conditions for the grafting-to procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Heinen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin , Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin , Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Heinen S, Rackow S, Schäfer A, Weinhart M. A Perfect Match: Fast and Truly Random Copolymerization of Glycidyl Ether Monomers to Thermoresponsive Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Heinen
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Rackow
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Wagner O, Thota BNS, Schade B, Neumann F, Cuellar JL, Böttcher C, Haag R. Perfluoroalkylated linear polyglycerols and their supramolecular assemblies in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, amphiphiles composed of linear polyglycerols (LPGs) with hydroxyl, methoxy, and ethoxy side groups and end capped with one or two perfluorooctyl chains (Rf8) have been designed to form supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Wagner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Bala N. S. Thota
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Boris Schade
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Falko Neumann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Jose L. Cuellar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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20
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Becherer T, Heinen S, Wei Q, Haag R, Weinhart M. In-depth analysis of switchable glycerol based polymeric coatings for cell sheet engineering. Acta Biomater 2015; 25:43-55. [PMID: 26143602 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold-free cell sheet engineering using thermoresponsive substrates provides a promising alternative to conventional tissue engineering which in general employs biodegradable scaffold materials. We have previously developed a thermoresponsive coating with glycerol based linear copolymers that enables gentle harvesting of entire cell sheets. In this article we present an in-depth analysis of these thermoresponsive linear polyglycidyl ethers and their performance as coating for substrates in cell culture in comparison with commercially available poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) coated culture dishes. A series of copolymers of glycidyl methyl ether (GME) and glycidyl ethyl ether (EGE) was prepared in order to study their thermoresponsive properties in solution and on the surface with respect to the comonomer ratio. In both cases, when grafted to planar surfaces or spherical nanoparticles, the applied thermoresponsive polyglycerol coatings render the respective surfaces switchable. Protein adsorption experiments on copolymer coated planar surfaces with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy reveal the ability of the tested thermoresponsive coatings to be switched between highly protein resistant and adsorptive states. Cell culture experiments demonstrate that these thermoresponsive coatings allow for adhesion and proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts comparable to TCPS and faster than on PNIPAM substrates. Temperature triggered detachment of complete cell sheets from copolymer coated substrates was accomplished within minutes while maintaining high viability of the harvested cells. Thus such glycerol based copolymers present a promising alternative to PNIPAM as a thermoresponsive coating of cell culture substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Becherer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Silke Heinen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Qiang Wei
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Zhang J, Wang G. Polymers with complicated architectures constructed from the versatile, functional monomer 1-ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Zhang H, Grinstaff MW. Recent advances in glycerol polymers: chemistry and biomedical applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1906-24. [PMID: 25308354 PMCID: PMC4415886 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol polymers are attracting increased attention due to the diversity of polymer compositions and architectures available. This article provides a brief chronological review on the current status of these polymers along with representative examples of their use for biomedical applications. First, the underlying chemistry of glycerol that provides access to a range of monomers for subsequent polymerizations is described. Then, the various synthetic methodologies to prepare glycerol-based polymers including polyethers, polycarbonates, polyesters, and so forth are reviewed. Next, several biomedical applications where glycerol polymers are being investigated including carriers for drug delivery, sealants or coatings for tissue repair, and agents possessing antibacterial activity are described. Fourth, the growing market opportunity for the use of polymers in medicine is described. Finally, the findings are concluded and summarized, as well as the potential opportunities for continued research efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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23
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Nordmeyer D, Stumpf P, Gröger D, Hofmann A, Enders S, Riese SB, Dernedde J, Taupitz M, Rauch U, Haag R, Rühl E, Graf C. Iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with dendritic polyglycerols as selective MRI contrast agents. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9646-9654. [PMID: 24991655 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse small iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) or dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) are prepared. They are highly stable in aqueous solutions as well as physiological media. In particular, oleic acid capped iron oxide particles (core diameter = 11 ± 1 nm) were modified by a ligand exchange process in a one pot synthesis with dPG and dPGS bearing phosphonate as anchor groups. Dynamic light scattering measurements performed in water and different biological media demonstrate that the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles is only slightly increased by the ligand exchange process resulting in a final diameter of less than 30 nm and that the particles are stable in these media. It is also revealed by magnetic resonance studies that their magnetic relaxivity is reduced by the surface modification but it is still sufficient for high contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, incubation of dPGS functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles with human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed a 50% survival at 85 nM (concentration of nanoparticles). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies demonstrate that the dPGS functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit L-selectin ligand binding whereas the particles containing only dPG do not show this effect. Experiments in a flow chamber with human myelogenous leukemia cells confirmed L-selectin inhibition of the dPGS functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles and with that the L-selectin mediated leukocyte adhesion. These results indicate that dPGS functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles are a promising contrast agent for inflamed tissue probed by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nordmeyer
- Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Müller SS, Moers C, Frey H. A Challenging Comonomer Pair: Copolymerization of Ethylene Oxide and Glycidyl Methyl Ether to Thermoresponsive Polyethers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S. Müller
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg
9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Moers
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg
9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Wei Q, Becherer T, Angioletti-Uberti S, Dzubiella J, Wischke C, Neffe AT, Lendlein A, Ballauff M, Haag R. Protein Interactions with Polymer Coatings and Biomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8004-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Wei Q, Becherer T, Angioletti-Uberti S, Dzubiella J, Wischke C, Neffe AT, Lendlein A, Ballauff M, Haag R. Wechselwirkungen von Proteinen mit Polymerbeschichtungen und Biomaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Wei Q, Becherer T, Mutihac RC, Noeske PLM, Paulus F, Haag R, Grunwald I. Multivalent Anchoring and Cross-Linking of Mussel-Inspired Antifouling Surface Coatings. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3061-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500673u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Becherer
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radu-Cristian Mutihac
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul-Ludwig Michael Noeske
- Fraunhofer Institute
for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (FhG IFAM), Wiener Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Paulus
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow-Seehof, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute
for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (FhG IFAM), Wiener Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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28
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Thomas A, Müller SS, Frey H. Beyond Poly(ethylene glycol): Linear Polyglycerol as a Multifunctional Polyether for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1935-54. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thomas
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie S. Müller
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Wei Q, Becherer T, Noeske PLM, Grunwald I, Haag R. A universal approach to crosslinked hierarchical polymer multilayers as stable and highly effective antifouling coatings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2688-2615. [PMID: 24652687 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Material-independent and bioinert hierarchical polymer multilayer coatings are presented. Chemically active catecholic hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPGs) form a foundation layer on a versatile surface via multivalent anchoring and crosslinking, the activity of which is shielded by the bioinert catecholic hPGs. Mono-catecholic hPGs finally terminate all of the free catechols to build a flexible bioinert top layer. These coatings perfectly prevent protein and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstraße 55, 14513, Teltow-Seehof, Germany
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30
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Gröger D, Kerschnitzki M, Weinhart M, Reimann S, Schneider T, Kohl B, Wagermaier W, Schulze-Tanzil G, Fratzl P, Haag R. Selectivity in bone targeting with multivalent dendritic polyanion dye conjugates. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:375-85. [PMID: 23996966 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeting bone with anionic macromolecules is a potent approach for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for bone related diseases. A highly efficient modular synthesis of dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) polyanion dye conjugates, namely, sulfates, sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates, phosphonates, and bisphosphonates via click chemistry is presented. By investigating the microarchitecture of stained bone sections with confocal laser scanning microscopy, the bisphosphonate, phosphonate, and phosphate functionalized polymers are identified as strongly penetrating compounds, whereas sulfates, sulfonates, and carboxylates reveal a weaker binding to hydroxyapatite (HA) but a more pronounced affinity toward collagen. In a quantitative HA binding assay, the affinity of the dPG sulfonate, sulfate, and carboxylate toward collagen and the exceptional high HA affinity of the phosphorous containing polyelectrolytes are validated. This shows the potential of dendritic polyphosphates and phosphonates as alternatives to the commonly employed bisphosphonate modification. In cytotoxicity studies with murine fibroblasts, the conjugates have no significant effect on the cell viability at 10(-5) m. All polyanions are taken up into the cells within 24 h. The presented synthetic approach allows versatile extensions for preparing conjugates for selective bone imaging applications, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Gröger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Kerschnitzki
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials; D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sabine Reimann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Klinik für Orthopädische; Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie; Garystr. 5 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Benjamin Kohl
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Klinik für Orthopädische; Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie; Garystr. 5 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials; D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Klinik für Orthopädische; Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie; Garystr. 5 D-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials; D-14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustr. 3 D-14195 Berlin Germany
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31
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Giulbudagian M, Asadian-Birjand M, Steinhilber D, Achazi K, Molina M, Calderón M. Fabrication of thermoresponsive nanogels by thermo-nanoprecipitation and in situ encapsulation of bioactives. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01186d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermo-nanoprecipitation is presented as a versatile, surfactant-free, and mild synthetic method for the preparation of thermoresponsive nanogels and in situ encapsulation of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giulbudagian
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Steinhilber
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Molina
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtuelles Institut – Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine
- Teltow, Germany
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32
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Oikawa Y, Lee S, Kim DH, Kang DH, Kim BS, Saito K, Sasaki S, Oishi Y, Shibasaki Y. One-Pot Synthesis of Linear-Hyperbranched Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Based on Polyglycerol Derivatives and Their Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2171-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400275w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551,
Japan
| | - Sueun Lee
- Interdisciplinary
School of Green Energy, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- National Research
and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Cancer, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, and School of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 626-770,
Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kang
- National Research
and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Cancer, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, and School of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 626-770,
Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Interdisciplinary
School of Green Energy, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Kyohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551,
Japan
| | - Shigeko Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551,
Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oishi
- Department of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551,
Japan
| | - Yuji Shibasaki
- Department of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551,
Japan
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33
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Popeney CS, Lukowiak MC, Böttcher C, Schade B, Welker P, Mangoldt D, Gunkel G, Guan Z, Haag R. Tandem Coordination, Ring-Opening, Hyperbranched Polymerization for the Synthesis of Water-Soluble Core-Shell Unimolecular Transporters. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:564-567. [PMID: 35607062 DOI: 10.1021/mz300083y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble molecular transporter with a dendritic core-shell nanostructure has been prepared by a tandem coordination, ring-opening, hyperbranched polymerization process. Consisting of hydrophilic hyperbranched polyglycerol shell grafted from hydrophobic dendritic polyethylene core, the transporter has a molecular weight of 951 kg/mol and a hydrodynamic diameter of 17.5 ± 0.9 nm, as determined by static and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Based on evidence from fluorescence spectroscopy, light scattering, and electron microscopy, the core-shell copolymer transports the hydrophobic guests pyrene and Nile red by a unimolecular transport mechanism. Furthermore, it was shown that the core-shell copolymer effectively transports the hydrophobic dye Nile red into living cells under extremely high and biologically relevant dilution conditions, which is in sharp contrast to a small molecule amphiphile. These results suggest potential applicability of such core-shell molecular transporters in the administration of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S. Popeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural
Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike C. Lukowiak
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Schade
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Welker
- mivenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gesine Gunkel
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural
Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Meyers SR, Grinstaff MW. Biocompatible and bioactive surface modifications for prolonged in vivo efficacy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:1615-32. [PMID: 22007787 PMCID: PMC3878818 DOI: 10.1021/cr2000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Meyers
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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35
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Hoogenboom R, Zorn AM, Keul H, Barner-Kowollik C, Moeller M. Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylacrylate and 2-methoxyethyl acrylate by nitroxide mediated polymerization: kinetics, SEC-ESI-MS analysis and thermoresponsive properties. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Mangold C, Wurm F, Frey H. Functional PEG-based polymers with reactive groups via anionic ROP of tailor-made epoxides. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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37
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Ekinci D, Sisson AL, Lendlein A. Polyglycerol-based polymer network films for potential biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34271e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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38
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Thomas A, Wolf FK, Frey H. Oligo(glycerol) Methacrylate Macromonomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1910-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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39
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Mangold C, Obermeier B, Wurm F, Frey H. From an Epoxide Monomer Toolkit to Functional PEG Copolymers With Adjustable LCST Behavior. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1930-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Gunkel G, Weinhart M, Becherer T, Haag R, Huck WTS. Effect of Polymer Brush Architecture on Antibiofouling Properties. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4169-72. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200943m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Gunkel
- Melville Laboratory
for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW, U.K
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Becherer
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory
for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW, U.K
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
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