1
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Wang Y, Sun M, Qiao X, Feng X, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang J. A WRF-CMAQ modeling of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and source apportionment in Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165033. [PMID: 37355137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), as an essential constituent in the photochemical smog, is formed from photochemical reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx. However, limited regional studies on distribution, formation and sources of PAN restrict the further understanding of the atmospheric behavior and environmental significance of PAN. In this study, the variation characteristics of PAN and the influencing factors to PAN concentrations were investigated using the WRF-CMAQ model simulation in the central China during July 2019. The results showed that the monthly mean concentration of PAN in the near-surface layer was 0.4 ppbv and increased with the height rising, accompanied by strong intra-day variation. The process analysis suggested that the removal was mainly controlled by dry deposition (57 %), followed by the gas-phase chemistry (43 %) which was mainly attributed to the thermal decomposition. Based on the sensitivity simulation, PAN concentrations decreased effectively in most of the simulated regions when precursors of VOCs and NOx emissions were reduced, and PAN concentrations were more sensitive to VOCs emissions than NOx emissions. The reduction of NOx and VOCs could lead to enhanced atmospheric oxidation in east-central region, which in turn hindered the decrease of PAN concentrations. During the simulation period, we found that emissions from industry and transportation sectors had the greatest impact on PAN concentrations in the central China, with contributions of 39 %-49 % and 33 %-41 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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2
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Sasidharan S, He Y, Akherati A, Li Q, Li W, Cocker D, McDonald BC, Coggon MM, Seltzer KM, Pye HOT, Pierce JR, Jathar SH. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Volatile Chemical Product Emissions: Model Parameters and Contributions to Anthropogenic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11891-11902. [PMID: 37527511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCP) are an increasingly important source of hydrocarbon and oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) emissions to the atmosphere, and these emissions are likely to play an important role as anthropogenic precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). While the SOA from VCP hydrocarbons is often accounted for in models, the formation, evolution, and properties of SOA from VCP OVOCs remain uncertain. We use environmental chamber data and a kinetic model to develop SOA parameters for 10 OVOCs representing glycols, glycol ethers, esters, oxygenated aromatics, and amines. Model simulations suggest that the SOA mass yields for these OVOCs are of the same magnitude as widely studied SOA precursors (e.g., long-chain alkanes, monoterpenes, and single-ring aromatics), and these yields exhibit a linear correlation with the carbon number of the precursor. When combined with emissions inventories for two megacities in the United States (US) and a US-wide inventory, we find that VCP VOCs react with OH to form 0.8-2.5× as much SOA, by mass, as mobile sources. Hydrocarbons (terpenes, branched and cyclic alkanes) and OVOCs (terpenoids, glycols, glycol ethers) make up 60-75 and 25-40% of the SOA arising from VCP use, respectively. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge focused on studying VCP VOC contributions to urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Sasidharan
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yicong He
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ali Akherati
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Weihua Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David Cocker
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Karl M Seltzer
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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4
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Dada O, Castillo K, Hogan M, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Evidence for the coupling of refill liquids content and new particle formation in electronic cigarette vapors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18571. [PMID: 36329089 PMCID: PMC9633786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and chemical content of particles in electronic cigarette vapors (e-vapors) dictate their fate in the human body. Understanding how particles in e-vapors are formed and their size is critical to identifying and mitigating the adverse consequences of vaping. Thermal decomposition and reactions of the refill liquid (e-liquid) components play a key role in new particles formation. Here we report the evolution of particle number concentration in e-vapors over time for variable mixtures of refill e-liquids and operating conditions. Particle with aerodynamic diameter < 300 nm accounted for up to 17% (or 780 μg/m3) of e-vapors particles. Two events of increasing particle number concentration were observed, 2-3 s after puff completion and a second 4-5 s later. The intensity of each event varied by the abundance of propylene glycol, glycerol, and flavorings in e-liquids. Propylene glycol and glycerol were associated with the first event. Flavorings containing aromatic and aliphatic unsaturated functional groups were strongly associated with the second event and to a lesser extent with the first one. The results indicate that particles in e-vapors may be formed through the heteromolecular condensation of propylene glycol, glycerol, and flavorings, including both parent chemicals and/or their thermal decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwabunmi Dada
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35219 USA ,grid.214409.a0000 0001 0740 0726Department of Occupational Safety, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071 USA
| | - Karina Castillo
- grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY 10025 USA
| | - Miranda Hogan
- grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY 10025 USA
| | - Marie-Cecile G. Chalbot
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35219 USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA
| | - Ilias G. Kavouras
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35219 USA ,grid.212340.60000000122985718Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY 10025 USA
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6
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Ling Z, Wu L, Wang Y, Shao M, Wang X, Huang W. Roles of semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds in secondary organic aerosol formation and its implication: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:259-285. [PMID: 35459491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a very important component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere. However, the simulations of SOA, which could help to elucidate the detailed mechanism of SOA formation and quantify the roles of various precursors, remains unsatisfactory, as SOA levels are frequently underestimated. It has been found that the performance of SOA formation models can be significantly improved by incorporating the emission and evolution of semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs). In order to explore the roles of S/IVOCs in SOA formation, this study reviews some simulation models which could consider S/IVOCs for SOA formation as well as the development of emission inventories of S/IVOCs and S/IVOC modules for SOA formation. In addition, the future research directions for simulations of the effect of S/IVOCs on SOA formation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Shao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Weiwen Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
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7
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D’Ambro EL, Hyttinen N, Møller KH, Iyer S, Otkjær RV, Bell DM, Liu J, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schobesberger S, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Kjaergaard HG, Thornton JA, Kurtén T. Pathways to Highly Oxidized Products in the Δ3-Carene + OH System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2213-2224. [PMID: 35119266 PMCID: PMC8956127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of the monoterpene Δ3-carene (C10H16) is a potentially important and understudied source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We present chamber-based measurements of speciated gas and particle phases during photochemical oxidation of Δ3-carene. We find evidence of highly oxidized organic molecules (HOMs) in the gas phase and relatively low-volatility SOA dominated by C7-C10 species. We then use computational methods to develop the first stages of a Δ3-carene photochemical oxidation mechanism and explain some of our measured compositions. We find that alkoxy bond scission of the cyclohexyl ring likely leads to efficient HOM formation, in line with previous studies. We also find a surprising role for the abstraction of primary hydrogens from methyl groups, which has been calculated to be rapid in the α-pinene system, and suggest more research is required to determine if this is more general to other systems and a feature of autoxidation. This work develops a more comprehensive view of Δ3-carene photochemical oxidation products via measurements and lays out a suggested mechanism of oxidation via computationally derived rate coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. D’Ambro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kristian H. Møller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Rasmus V. Otkjær
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - David M. Bell
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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8
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Zhou L, Liu T, Yao D, Guo H, Cheng C, Chan CK. Primary emissions and secondary production of organic aerosols from heated animal fats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148638. [PMID: 34217089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cooking is an important source of primary organic aerosol (POA) in urban areas, and it may also generate abundant non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), which form oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) after atmospheric oxidation. Edible fats play an important role in a balanced diet and are part of various types of cooking. We conducted laboratory studies to examine the primary emissions of POA and NMOGs and OOA formation using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) for three animal fats (i.e., lard, beef and chicken fats) heated at two different temperatures (160 and 180 °C). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that OOA formed together with POA loss after photochemical aging, suggesting the conversion of some POA to OOA. The maximum OOA production rates (PRs) from heated animal fats, occurring under OH exposures (OHexp) of 8.3-15 × 1010 molecules cm-3 s, ranged from 8.9 to 24.7 μg min-1, 1.6-14.5 times as high as initial POA emission rates (ERs). NMOG emissions from heated animal fats were dominated by aldehydes, which contributed 14-71% of the observed OOA. We estimated that cooking-related OOA could contribute to as high as ~10% of total organic aerosol (OA) in an urban area in Hong Kong, where cooking OA (COA) dominated the POA. This study provides insights into the potential contribution of cooking to urban OOA, which might be especially pronounced when cooking contributions dominate the primary emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dawen Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Wang Z, Ehn M, Rissanen MP, Garmash O, Quéléver L, Xing L, Monge-Palacios M, Rantala P, Donahue NM, Berndt T, Sarathy SM. Efficient alkane oxidation under combustion engine and atmospheric conditions. Commun Chem 2021; 4:18. [PMID: 36697513 PMCID: PMC9814728 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation chemistry controls both combustion processes and the atmospheric transformation of volatile emissions. In combustion engines, radical species undergo isomerization reactions that allow fast addition of O2. This chain reaction, termed autoxidation, is enabled by high engine temperatures, but has recently been also identified as an important source for highly oxygenated species in the atmosphere, forming organic aerosol. Conventional knowledge suggests that atmospheric autoxidation requires suitable structural features, like double bonds or oxygen-containing moieties, in the precursors. With neither of these functionalities, alkanes, the primary fuel type in combustion engines and an important class of urban trace gases, are thought to have minor susceptibility to extensive autoxidation. Here, utilizing state-of-the-art mass spectrometry, measuring both radicals and oxidation products, we show that alkanes undergo autoxidation much more efficiently than previously thought, both under atmospheric and combustion conditions. Even at high concentrations of NOX, which typically rapidly terminates autoxidation in urban areas, the studied C6-C10 alkanes produce considerable amounts of highly oxygenated products that can contribute to urban organic aerosol. The results of this inter-disciplinary effort provide crucial information on oxidation processes in both combustion engines and the atmosphere, with direct implications for engine efficiency and urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029 P. R. China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 PR China ,grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikael Ehn
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Matti P. Rissanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland ,grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olga Garmash
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Lauriane Quéléver
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Lili Xing
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900Energy and Power Engineering Institute, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003 China
| | - Manuel Monge-Palacios
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Pekka Rantala
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Finland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, and Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Torsten Berndt
- grid.424885.70000 0000 8720 1454Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Dept. (ACD), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Mani Sarathy
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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10
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Kruza M, Lewis AC, Morrison GC, Carslaw N. Impact of surface ozone interactions on indoor air chemistry: A modeling study. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1001-1011. [PMID: 28303599 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model was developed to investigate the impact of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces (including occupants), on indoor air chemistry in simulated apartments subject to ambient air pollution. The results are consistent with experimental studies showing that approximately 80% of ozone indoors is lost through deposition to surfaces. The human body removes ozone most effectively from indoor air per square meter of surface, but the most significant surfaces for C6 -C10 aldehyde formation are soft furniture and painted walls owing to their large internal surfaces. Mixing ratios of between 8 and 11 ppb of C6 -C10 aldehydes are predicted to form in apartments in various locations in summer, the highest values are when ozone concentrations are enhanced outdoors. The most important aldehyde formed indoors is predicted to be nonanal (5-7 ppb), driven by oxidation-derived emissions from painted walls. In addition, ozone-derived emissions from human skin were estimated for a small bedroom at nighttime with concentrations of nonanal, decanal, and 4-oxopentanal predicted to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.7 ppb, respectively. A detailed chemical analysis shows that ozone-derived surface aldehyde emissions from materials and people change chemical processing indoors, through enhanced formation of nitrated organic compounds and decreased levels of oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kruza
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - A C Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - G C Morrison
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
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11
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Algrim LB, Ziemann PJ. Effect of the Keto Group on Yields and Composition of Organic Aerosol Formed from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Ketones in the Presence of NOx. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6978-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B. Algrim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J. Ziemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Ghosh A, Sar P, Malik S, Saha B. Role of surfactants on metal mediated cerium(IV) oxidation of valeraldehyde at room temperature and pressure. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Yeh GK, Claflin MS, Ziemann PJ. Products and Mechanism of the Reaction of 1-Pentadecene with NO3 Radicals and the Effect of a −ONO2 Group on Alkoxy Radical Decomposition. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10684-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K. Yeh
- Air Pollution Research Center and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Megan S. Claflin
- Air Pollution Research Center and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J. Ziemann
- Air Pollution Research Center and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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14
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Ruiz-Jiménez J, Hautala S, Parshintsev J, Laitinen T, Hartonen K, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Riekkola ML. Liquid chromatography-dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of aldehydes in atmospheric aerosol particles. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:164-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Ruiz-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Sanna Hautala
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Jevgeni Parshintsev
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | | | - Kari Hartonen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; Finland
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15
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Chacon-Madrid HJ, Murphy BN, Pandis SN, Donahue NM. Simulations of smog-chamber experiments using the two-dimensional volatility basis set: linear oxygenated precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11179-11186. [PMID: 22970932 DOI: 10.1021/es3017232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use a two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) box model to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields of linear oxygenated molecules: n-tridecanal, 2- and 7-tridecanone, 2- and 7-tridecanol, and n-pentadecane. A hybrid model with explicit, a priori treatment of the first-generation products for each precursor molecule, followed by a generic 2D-VBS mechanism for later-generation chemistry, results in excellent model-measurement agreement. This strongly confirms that the 2D-VBS mechanism is a predictive tool for SOA modeling but also suggests that certain important first-generation products for major primary SOA precursors should be treated explicitly for optimal SOA predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber J Chacon-Madrid
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Aging of biogenic secondary organic aerosol via gas-phase OH radical reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13503-8. [PMID: 22869714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115186109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Multiple Chamber Aerosol Chemical Aging Study (MUCHACHAS) tested the hypothesis that hydroxyl radical (OH) aging significantly increases the concentration of first-generation biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). OH is the dominant atmospheric oxidant, and MUCHACHAS employed environmental chambers of very different designs, using multiple OH sources to explore a range of chemical conditions and potential sources of systematic error. We isolated the effect of OH aging, confirming our hypothesis while observing corresponding changes in SOA properties. The mass increases are consistent with an existing gap between global SOA sources and those predicted in models, and can be described by a mechanism suitable for implementation in those models.
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17
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Henry KM, Donahue NM. Photochemical aging of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol: effects of OH radical sources and photolysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5932-40. [PMID: 22439909 DOI: 10.1021/jp210288s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses photochemical aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from α-pinene ozonolysis. The SOA is aged via hydroxyl radical (OH) reactions with first-generation vapors and UV photolysis. OH radicals are created through tetramethylethylene ozonolysis, HOOH photolysis, or HONO photolysis, sources that vary in OH concentration and the presence or absence of UV illumination. Aging strongly influences observed SOA mass concentrations, but the behavior is complex. In the dark or with high concentrations of OH, vapors are functionalized, lowering their volatility, resulting in an increase in OA by a factor of 2-3. However, with lower concentrations of OH under UV illumination SOA mass concentrations decrease over time. We attribute this decrease to evaporation driven by photolysis of the highly functionalized second-generation products. The photolysis rates are rapid, a few percent of the NO(2) photolysis frequency, and can thus be highly competitive with other aging mechanisms in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaytlin M Henry
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213 United States
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18
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Wilson KR, Smith JD, Kessler SH, Kroll JH. The statistical evolution of multiple generations of oxidation products in the photochemical aging of chemically reduced organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1468-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22716e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Ruiz-Jiménez J, Parshintsev J, Laitinen T, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML, Petäjä T, Kulmala M. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, a valuable technique for screening and semiquantitation of different chemical compounds in ultrafine 30 nm and 50 nm aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2994-3003. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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