1
|
Zhang F, Yang L, Zhang Y, Sheng Z, Dan F, Chen W, Zhuang Z, Chen X, Zhuang K. Study on the phase transformation mechanism and influencing factors of inorganic condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124716. [PMID: 39142431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the concentration of inorganic ions (SO42-, NH4+, NO3- and NO2-) and morphological characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) were investigated to elucidate the formation mechanism of inorganic CPM from ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants. The concentration of inorganic ions increased with the increase of H2O content and concentration of inorganic gaseous contaminants (SO2, NOX and NH3), and decrease of condensation temperature, indicating the enhancement of heterogenous reaction in the saturated flue gas. Furthermore, NOX and SO2 could undergo redox reactions, leading to an elevation in the concentration of SO42- and NO3-. Additionally, the introduction of NH3 resulted in increased concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and NO2-, highlighting the significant role of NH3 neutralization in CPM nucleation. The condensation of SO3/sulfuric acid aerosols was enhanced under saturation conditions, and SO2 and SO3/sulfuric acid aerosols could contribute synergistically to the formation of SO42-. Moreover, morphological analysis revealed the presence of both well-aggregated solid CPM and dispersed liquid CPM, confirming the formation of inorganic CPM during fast condensation. Furthermore, the detected CPM were composed of S and O, which identified the significant role of sulfates in the inorganic CPM. These findings provide valuable insights for the control of inorganic CPM in flue gas systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhongyi Sheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Pollutant Chemistry and Environmental Treatment, School of Resources and Environment, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China.
| | - Feng Dan
- Key Laboratory of Pollutant Chemistry and Environmental Treatment, School of Resources and Environment, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollutant Chemistry and Environmental Treatment, School of Resources and Environment, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhuang
- Guangzhou HuaKe Environmental Protection Engineering Co Ltd., Guangzhou, 510655, China; South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiongbo Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Smart Coal-Fired Power Generation and Ultra-Clean Emission, China Energy Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y, Tian G, Chang X, Tang Z, Huang Z, Liu D, Yang X. ReaxFF-Based Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanism of the Reaction of N 2O 4 with H 2O. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18893-18900. [PMID: 38708236 PMCID: PMC11064440 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
During long-term storage of the liquid propellant N2O4, it absorbs H2O to form the N2O4(H2O)n system, and this in turn generates HNO3, HNO2, and other substances in the storage tank because of corrosion, which seriously affects the performance of weaponry. In this work, we carried out computational simulations of N2O4 with different masses of water based on ReaxFF, analyzed the reaction intermediates and products, and investigated the mechanism of the reaction of N2O4 with H2O and of N2O4(H2O)n. The results show that the reaction product ω(HNO3+HNO2) undergoes a rapid growth in the early stage of the reaction and then tends toward dynamic equilibrium; the potential energy of the system decreases with the increase of ω(H2O), the reaction rate increases, and the rate of decomposition of HNO2 to form HNO3 increases. When ω(H2O) is 0.2 or 1.0%, the intermediate products are N2O4H2O or N2O4(H2O)2, respectively, and the reaction proceeds along two paths; when ω(H2O) ≥ 2.0%, N2O4(H2O)3 appears as the intermediate product, HNO3 and HNO2 are directly produced in one step, and a stable current loop can be formed within the whole system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Gan Tian
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Xinlong Chang
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Zhanmei Tang
- Beijing
Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Xinzhi Yang
- School
of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University
of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Huang Z, Tian G, Wu W, Lin J, Chang X. Isomerization and reaction process of N 2O 4(H 2O) n. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12469-12475. [PMID: 37091598 PMCID: PMC10119674 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid propellant N2O4 is prone to absorb H2O to form an N2O4(H2O) n system during long-term storage, ultimately generating HNO3, HNO2, and other substances capable of corroding the storage tank, which will adversely affect the performance of weapons and equipment. In this work, the reaction process of the N2O4(H2O) n system is simulated using density functional theory, and the potential energy surface, the geometric configurations of the molecules, the charge distribution, and the bond parameters of the reaction course at n = 0-3 are analyzed. The results show that the potential energy of the system is lower and the structure is more stable when the H2O in the N2O4(H2O) n system is distributed on the same side. When n = 1 or 2, the reaction profiles are similar, and the systems are partly ionic, although still mainly covalently bonded. When n = 3, the charge on the trans-ONONO2 group and the ON-ONO2 bond length change abruptly to -0.503 a.u. and 2.57 Å, respectively, at which point the system is dominated by ionic bonds. At n = 2, a proton-transfer phenomenon occurs in the reaction course, with partial reverse charge-transfer from NO3 - to NO+, making the ON-ONO2 bond less susceptible to cleavage, further verifying that N2O4(H2O) n tends to afford the products directly in one step as H2O accumulates in the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- School of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an 710025 China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- School of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an 710025 China
| | - Gan Tian
- School of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an 710025 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Center of Engineering Quality Supervision, Logistics Support Department Beijing 100142 China
| | - Jie Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xinlong Chang
- School of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering Xi'an 710025 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miron C, Ishikawa K, Kashiwagura S, Suda Y, Tanaka H, Nakamura K, Kajiyama H, Toyokuni S, Mizuno M, Hori M. Cancer-specific cytotoxicity of Ringer's acetate solution irradiated by cold atmospheric pressure plasma. Free Radic Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37067923 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2201390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas are promising medical tools that can assist in cancer treatment. While the medical pathology mechanism is substantially understood, knowledge of the contribution of reactive species formed in plasma and the mode of activation of biochemical pathways is insufficient. Herein, we present a concept involving antitumoral plasma-activated organics, which is envisaged to increase cytotoxicity levels against cancer cells. Ringer's acetate solution was irradiated by low-temperature plasma at atmospheric pressure and possible reaction pathways of the compound generation are presented. The chemical compounds formed by plasma treatment and their effects on non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were investigated. The cell viability results have shown that plasma-derived compounds have both, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cell viability, depending on the concentration of the generated compounds in the irradiated liquids. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stresses involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can be used to kill cancer cells. Hence, while RONS offers promising first-step killing effects, cell viability results have shown that plasma-derived compounds, such as acetic anhydride and ethyl acetate, have the potential to play important roles in plasma-based cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Miron
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishikawa
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagura
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Suda
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mizuno
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheng Z, Zhang F, Wu T, Yang L. Variation of nitrate and nitrite in condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants under the simulated rapid condensing conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137934. [PMID: 36702403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, condensation temperature, H2O vapor, SO2, SO3 and NH3 were studied to explore the formation mechanism of nitrate ions (NO3-) and nitrite ions (NO2-) in condensable particulate matter (CPM) discharged by ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants. Some important results were obtained: (i) The concentration of NO3- and NO2- increased with the decrease of condensation temperature, and H2O vapor could also promote the formation of NO3- and NO2-. (ii) The effects of SO2 and SO3 varied at different saturated states of flue gas, which was caused by the redox reaction of SO2 and NOX or the formation of H2SO4. (iii) NH3 could promote the nucleation of NO3- and NO2-, and the promotion effect also existed in the existence of SO2 or SO3. It is worth mentioning that SO3 and SO2 might synergistically inhibit the formation of NO3- and NO2-, regardless of the presence of NH3. The research results would enrich peoples understanding of the chemical and physical characteristics of NO3- and NO2- in CPM and provide a basic reference for the control of CPM emitted from coal-fired power plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Sheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panigrahi TH, Sahoo SR, Murmu G, Maity D, Saha S. Current challenges and developments of inorganic/organic materials for the abatement of toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) – A critical review. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2022.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. The Aqueous Surface as an Efficient Transient Stop for the Reactivity of Gaseous NO2 in Liquid Water. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20937-20941. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia T. C. Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica (IQAC − CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su H, Cheng Y, Pöschl U. New Multiphase Chemical Processes Influencing Atmospheric Aerosols, Air Quality, and Climate in the Anthropocene. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2034-2043. [PMID: 32927946 PMCID: PMC7581287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Atmospheric aerosols and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are strongly affecting human health and climate in the Anthropocene,
that is, in the current era of globally pervasive and rapidly increasing
human influence on planet Earth. Poor air quality associated with high aerosol concentrations is among the
leading health risks worldwide, causing millions of attributable excess
deaths and years of life lost every year. Besides their health impact,
aerosols are also influencing climate through interactions with clouds
and solar radiation with an estimated negative total effective radiative
forcing that may compensate about half of the positive radiative forcing
of carbon dioxide but exhibits a much larger uncertainty. Heterogeneous
and multiphase chemical reactions on the surface and in the bulk of
solid, semisolid, and liquid aerosol particles have been recognized
to influence aerosol formation and transformation and thus their environmental
effects. However, atmospheric multiphase chemistry is not well understood
because of its intrinsic complexity of dealing with the matter in
multiple phases and the difficulties of distinguishing its effect
from that of gas phase reactions. Recently, research on atmospheric
multiphase chemistry received
a boost from the growing interest in understanding severe haze formation
of very high PM2.5 concentrations in polluted megacities
and densely populated regions. State-of-the-art models suggest that
the gas phase reactions, however, are not capturing the high concentrations
and rapid increase of PM2.5 observed during haze events,
suggesting a gap in our understanding of the chemical mechanisms of
aerosol formation. These haze events are characterized by high concentrations
of aerosol particles and high humidity, especially favoring multiphase
chemistry. In this Account, we review recent advances that we have
made, as well as current challenges and future perspectives for research
on multiphase chemical processes involved in atmospheric aerosol formation
and transformation. We focus on the following questions: what are
the key reaction pathways leading to aerosol formation under polluted
conditions, what is the relative importance of multiphase chemistry
versus gas-phase chemistry, and what are the implications for the
development of efficient and reliable air quality control strategies?
In particular, we discuss advances and challenges related to different
chemical regimes of sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols
(SOAs) under haze conditions, and we synthesize new insights into
the influence of aerosol water content, aerosol pH, phase state, and
nanoparticle size effects. Overall, there is increasing evidence that
multiphase chemistry plays an important role in aerosol formation
during haze events. In contrast to the gas phase photochemical reactions,
which are self-buffered against heavy pollution, multiphase reactions
have a positive feedback mechanism, where higher particle matter levels
accelerate multiphase production, which further increases the aerosol
concentration resulting in a series of record-breaking pollution events.
We discuss perspectives to fill the gap of the current understanding
of atmospheric multiphase reactions that involve multiple physical
and chemical processes from bulk to nanoscale and from regional to
global scales. A synthetic approach combining laboratory experiments,
field measurements, instrument development, and model simulations
is suggested as a roadmap to advance future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ge S, Wang G, Zhang S, Li D, Xie Y, Wu C, Yuan Q, Chen J, Zhang H. Abundant NH 3 in China Enhances Atmospheric HONO Production by Promoting the Heterogeneous Reaction of SO 2 with NO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14339-14347. [PMID: 31710467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High levels of HONO have frequently been observed in Chinese haze periods and underestimated by current models due to some unknown sources and formation mechanisms. Combining lab-chamber simulations and field measurements in Xi'an and Beijing, China, we found that NH3 can significantly promote HONO formation via the reduction-oxidation of SO2 with NO2 in the aqueous phase of hygroscopic particles (e.g., NaCl). Concentrations of HONO formed in the aerosol phase showed an exponential increase (R2 = 0.91) with NH3 levels under the chamber conditions and a linear growth with NH3 levels in the two Chinese cities. The uptake coefficient of NO2 on NaCl particles ranged from 2.0 × 10-5 to 1.7 × 10-4, 3-4 orders of magnitude larger than that on water droplets. Our results further showed that HONO formed from the aerosol phase accounted for 4-33% of the total in the chamber, indicating that aerosol-phase formation is an important source of HONO in China, especially in haze periods. Since NH3, SO2, and NO2 abundantly coexist in China, the positive effect of NH3 on HONO formation could enhance the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in the country, causing severe secondary aerosol pollution. Our work suggests that NH3 emission control is imperative for mitigating air pollution in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ge
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming , 3663 N. Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Yuning Xie
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Qi Yuan
- School of Earth Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Institute of Eco-Chongming , 3663 N. Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200043 , China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200043 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Detecting Intermediates and Products of Fast Heterogeneous Reactions on Liquid Surfaces via Online Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the research priorities in atmospheric chemistry is to advance our understanding of heterogeneous reactions and their effect on the composition of the troposphere. Chemistry on aqueous surfaces is particularly important because of their ubiquity and expanse. They range from the surfaces of oceans (360 million km2), cloud and aerosol drops (estimated at ~10 trillion km2) to the fluid lining the human lung (~150 m2). Typically, ambient air contains reactive gases that may affect human health, influence climate and participate in biogeochemical cycles. Despite their importance, atmospheric reactions between gases and solutes on aqueous surfaces are not well understood and, as a result, generally overlooked. New, surface-specific techniques are required that detect and identify the intermediates and products of such reactions as they happen on liquids. This is a tall order because genuine interfacial reactions are faster than mass diffusion into bulk liquids, and may produce novel species in low concentrations. Herein, we review evidence that validates online pneumatic ionization mass spectrometry of liquid microjets exposed to reactive gases as a technique that meets such requirements. Next, we call attention to results obtained by this approach on reactions of gas-phase ozone, nitrogen dioxide and hydroxyl radicals with various solutes on aqueous surfaces. The overarching conclusion is that the outermost layers of aqueous solutions are unique media, where most equilibria shift and reactions usually proceed along new pathways, and generally faster than in bulk water. That the rates and mechanisms of reactions at air-aqueous interfaces may be different from those in bulk water opens new conceptual frameworks and lines of research, and adds a missing dimension to atmospheric chemistry.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, An J, Qu Y, Liu X, Chen Y. Impacts of potential HONO sources on the concentrations of oxidants and secondary organic aerosols in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:836-852. [PMID: 30096673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We first coupled indoor emissions and biomass burning emissions into the WRF-Chem model besides the other four potential HONO sources (i.e., traffic emissions, soil emissions, and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces). Eight simulations were performed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) of China in August of 2006. The results indicated that traffic emissions and heterogeneous reactions on ground and aerosol surfaces were the key sources of HONO at night, accounting for ~41%, ~27% and ~20% of the nighttime simulated HONO concentrations, respectively. The two heterogeneous reactions were the main contributors during the day, accounting for ~66% (ground surfaces) and ~19% (aerosol surfaces) of the daytime simulated HONO concentrations. The indoor emission source could be the second largest contributor during nighttime and led to a maximum hourly enhancement of 0.59 and 0.76 ppb at the central urban sites of Beijing and Tianjin, respectively. The six potential HONO sources enhanced the monthly meridional-mean concentrations of O3, OH and HO2 by 5-44%, 5~>150% and 5~>200%, respectively, leading to an enhancement of 1-3 μg m-3 in the monthly averaged concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and that of 10-35 μg m-3 in the largest hourly concentrations of SOA within 1000 m above the ground in the BTH. The major precursors of the enhanced SOA were Xylenes, Toluene and BIGALK (lumped alkanes C > 3). The inclusion of the six potential HONO sources in the WRF-Chem model considerably improved the HONO simulations at both urban and suburban sites compared with the corresponding observations. The above results suggested that the six potential HONO sources significantly enhanced the atmospheric oxidation capacity and thus accelerated SOA chemical aging in the BTH of China, leading to large enhancements in the hourly SOA concentrations and aggravating haze events in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China.
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li L, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Role of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Production of Sulfate during Chinese Haze-Aerosol Episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2686-2693. [PMID: 29378118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Haze events in China megacities involve the rapid oxidation of SO2 to sulfate aerosol. Given the weak photochemistry that takes place in these optically thick hazes, it has been hypothesized that SO2 is mostly oxidized by NO2 emissions in the bulk of pH > 5.5 aerosols. Because NO2(g) dissolution in water is very slow and aerosols are more acidic, we decided to test such a hypothesis. Herein, we report that > 95% of NO2(g) disproportionates [2NO2(g) + H2O(l) = H+ + NO3-(aq) + HONO (R1)] upon hitting the surface of NaHSO3 aqueous microjets for < 50 μs, thereby giving rise to strong NO3- ( m/ z 62) signals detected by online electrospray mass spectrometry, rather than oxidizing HSO3- ( m/ z 81) to HSO4- ( m/ z 97) in the relevant pH 3-6 range. Because NO2(g) will be consumed via R1 on the surface of typical aerosols, the oxidation of S(IV) may in fact be driven by the HONO/NO2- generated therein. S(IV) heterogeneous oxidation rates are expected to primarily depend on the surface density and liquid water content of the aerosol, which are enhanced by fine aerosol and high humidity. Whether aerosol acidity affects the oxidation of S(IV) by HONO/NO2- remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Enami S, Colussi AJ. Efficient scavenging of Criegee intermediates on water by surface-active cis-pinonic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03869k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates efficiently react with surface-active cis-pinonic acid rather than linear alkyl organic acids of similar size, or interfacial water molecules at air-aqueous interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science
- California Institute of Technology
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Enami S, Fujii T, Sakamoto Y, Hama T, Kajii Y. Carboxylate Ion Availability at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9224-9234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomihide Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kebede MA, Bish DL, Losovyj Y, Engelhard MH, Raff JD. The Role of Iron-Bearing Minerals in NO2 to HONO Conversion on Soil Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8649-60. [PMID: 27409359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) accumulates in the nocturnal boundary layer where it is an important source of daytime hydroxyl radicals. Although there is clear evidence for the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on surfaces as a source of HONO, mechanisms remain poorly understood. We used coated-wall flow tube measurements of NO2 reactivity on environmentally relevant surfaces (Fe (hydr)oxides, clay minerals, and soil from Arizona and the Saharan Desert) and detailed mineralogical characterization of substrates to show that reduction of NO2 by Fe-bearing minerals in soil can be a more important source of HONO than the putative NO2 hydrolysis mechanism. The magnitude of NO2-to-HONO conversion depends on the amount of Fe(2+) present in substrates and soil surface acidity. Studies examining the dependence of HONO flux on substrate pH revealed that HONO is formed at soil pH < 5 from the reaction between NO2 and Fe(2+)(aq) present in thin films of water coating the surface, whereas in the range of pH 5-8 HONO stems from reaction of NO2 with structural iron or surface complexed Fe(2+) followed by protonation of nitrite via surface Fe-OH2(+) groups. Reduction of NO2 on ubiquitous Fe-bearing minerals in soil may explain HONO accumulation in the nocturnal boundary layer and the enhanced [HONO]/[NO2] ratios observed during dust storms in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kunov-Kruse AJ, Thomassen PL, Riisager A, Mossin S, Fehrmann R. Absorption and Oxidation of Nitrogen Oxide in Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2016; 22:11745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Kunov-Kruse
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter L. Thomassen
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders Riisager
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Susanne Mossin
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Rasmus Fehrmann
- Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Enami S, Sakamoto Y, Hara K, Osada K, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. "Sizing" Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Conversion of Gaseous Dimethyl Sulfide to Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1834-1843. [PMID: 26761399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions is a global source of cloud condensation nuclei. The amounts of the nucleating H2SO4(g) species produced in such process, however, remain uncertain. Hydrophobic DMS is mostly oxidized in the gas phase into H2SO4(g) + DMSO(g) (dimethyl sulfoxide), whereas water-soluble DMSO is oxidized into H2SO4(g) in the gas phase and into SO4(2-) + MeSO3(-) (methanesulfonate) on water surfaces. R = MeSO3(-)/(non-sea-salt SO4(2-)) ratios would therefore gauge both the strength of DMS sources and the extent of DMSO heterogeneous oxidation if Rhet = MeSO3(-)/SO4(2-) for DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) were known. Here, we report that Rhet = 2.7, a value obtained from online electrospray mass spectra of DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) reaction products that quantifies the MeSO3(-) produced in DMSO heterogeneous oxidation on aqueous aerosols for the first time. On this basis, the inverse R dependence on particle radius in size-segregated aerosol collected over Syowa station and Southern oceans is shown to be consistent with the competition between DMSO gas-phase oxidation and its mass accommodation followed by oxidation on aqueous droplets. Geographical R variations are thus associated with variable contributions of the heterogeneous pathway to DMSO atmospheric oxidation, which increase with the specific surface area of local aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0610, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth Science System, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuo Osada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thomas DA, Wang L, Goh B, Kim ES, Beauchamp JL. Mass Spectrometric Sampling of a Liquid Surface by Nanoliter Droplet Generation from Bursting Bubbles and Focused Acoustic Pulses: Application to Studies of Interfacial Chemistry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3336-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504494t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Thomas
- Arthur
Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lingtao Wang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Byoungsook Goh
- Arthur
Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Eun Sok Kim
- Department
of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Arthur
Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hunt OR, Ward AD, King MD. Heterogeneous oxidation of nitrite anion by gas-phase ozone in an aqueous droplet levitated by laser tweezers (optical trap): is there any evidence for enhanced surface reaction? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2734-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optical trapping of micron-sized droplet morphology and heterogeneous kinetics with gas-phase ozone with nitrite in a wall-less apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Hunt
- Department of Earth Sciences
- Royal Holloway University of London
- Egham
- UK
- Central Laser Facility
| | - Andrew D. Ward
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Innovation Campus
- Didcot
| | - Martin D. King
- Department of Earth Sciences
- Royal Holloway University of London
- Egham
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Z, Wang Y, Costabile F, Amoroso A, Zhao C, Huey LG, Stickel R, Liao J, Zhu T. Evidence of aerosols as a media for rapid daytime HONO production over China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14386-14391. [PMID: 25401515 DOI: 10.1021/es504163z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of daytime HONO sources remains incomplete. A large missing daytime HONO source has been found in many places around the world, including polluted regions in China. Conventional understanding and recent studies attributed this missing source mainly to ground surface processes or gas-phase chemistry, while assuming aerosols to be an insignificant media for HONO production. We analyze in situ observations of HONO and its precursors at an urban site in Beijing, China, and report an apparent dependence of the missing HONO source strength on aerosol surface area and solar ultraviolet radiation. Based on extensive correlation analysis and process-modeling, we propose that the rapid daytime HONO production in Beijing can be explained by enhanced hydrolytic disproportionation of NO2 on aqueous aerosol surfaces due to catalysis by dicarboxylic acid anions. The combination of high abundance of NO2, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aerosols over broad regions in China likely leads to elevated HONO levels, rapid OH production, and enhanced oxidizing capacity on a regional basis. Our findings call for attention to aerosols as a media for daytime heterogeneous HONO production in polluted regions like Beijing. This study also highlights the complex and uncertain heterogeneous chemistry in China, which merits future efforts of reconciling regional modeling and laboratory experiments, in order to understand and mitigate the regional particulate and O3 pollutions over China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scharko NK, Berke AE, Raff JD. Release of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide from nitrate photolysis in acidic aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11991-12001. [PMID: 25271384 DOI: 10.1021/es503088x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3(-)) is an abundant component of aerosols, boundary layer surface films, and surface water. Photolysis of NO3(-) leads to NO2 and HONO, both of which play important roles in tropospheric ozone and OH production. Field and laboratory studies suggest that NO3¯ photochemistry is a more important source of HONO than once thought, although a mechanistic understanding of the variables controlling this process is lacking. We present results of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy measurements of NO2 and HONO emitted during photodegradation of aqueous NO3(-) under acidic conditions. Nitrous acid is formed in higher quantities at pH 2-4 than expected based on consideration of primary photochemical channels alone. Both experimental and modeled results indicate that the additional HONO is not due to enhanced NO3(-) absorption cross sections or effective quantum yields, but rather to secondary reactions of NO2 in solution. We find that NO2 is more efficiently hydrolyzed in solution when it is generated in situ during NO3(-) photolysis than for the heterogeneous system where mass transfer of gaseous NO2 into bulk solution is prohibitively slow. The presence of nonchromophoric OH scavengers that are naturally present in the environment increases HONO production 4-fold, and therefore play an important role in enhancing daytime HONO formation from NO3(-) photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Scharko
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-2204, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kameel FR, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. OH Radical-Initiated Chemistry of Isoprene in Aqueous Media. Atmospheric Implications. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5117-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4026267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rifkha Kameel
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for
Global Environmental
Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
| | - M. R. Hoffmann
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for
Global Environmental
Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for
Global Environmental
Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Enami S, Colussi AJ. Long-range Hofmeister effects of anionic and cationic amphiphiles. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6276-81. [PMID: 23621428 DOI: 10.1021/jp401285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific ion effects at aqueous interfaces play key roles in many important phenomena. We recently reported that ions interact specifically over unexpectedly long distances on the surface of sub-micromolar electrolyte solutions (Enami et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 136, 154707). Whether the anionic and cationic headgroups of the organic amphiphiles present at most water/hydrophobe interfaces act similarly or display new behaviors, however, is not known. Here we report the results of experiments in which we apply online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to investigate how carboxylate, RCOO(-) (R = CH3, C5H11, C7H15), and alkylammonium, R'(CH3)3N(+) (R' = CH3, C14H29), ions affect the ratio χ = I(-)/Br(-) at the aerial interface of 1 μM (NaI + NaBr) aqueous solutions. We found that χ is systematically but selectively depressed by these ionic amphiphiles and minimally affected by the neutral surfactant 1-octanol. The depressing effects induced by cationic headgroups are stronger than those caused by anionic surfactants and always increase with the length of the alkyl chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
27
|
Murdachaew G, Varner ME, Phillips LF, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Nitrogen dioxide at the air–water interface: trapping, absorption, and solvation in the bulk and at the surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:204-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42810e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
28
|
Colussi AJ, Enami S, Yabushita A, Hoffmann MR, Liu WG, Mishra H, Goddard, III WA. Tropospheric aerosol as a reactive intermediate. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:407-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
29
|
Anions dramatically enhance proton transfer through aqueous interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10228-32. [PMID: 22689964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200949109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton transfer (PT) through and across aqueous interfaces is a fundamental process in chemistry and biology. Notwithstanding its importance, it is not generally realized that interfacial PT is quite different from conventional PT in bulk water. Here we show that, in contrast with the behavior of strong nitric acid in aqueous solution, gas-phase HNO(3) does not dissociate upon collision with the surface of water unless a few ions (> 1 per 10(6) H(2)O) are present. By applying online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to monitor in situ the surface of aqueous jets exposed to HNO(3(g)) beams we found that NO(3)(-) production increases dramatically on > 30-μM inert electrolyte solutions. We also performed quantum mechanical calculations confirming that the sizable barrier hindering HNO(3) dissociation on the surface of small water clusters is drastically lowered in the presence of anions. Anions electrostatically assist in drawing the proton away from NO(3)(-) lingering outside the cluster, whose incorporation is hampered by the energetic cost of opening a cavity therein. Present results provide both direct experimental evidence and mechanistic insights on the counterintuitive slowness of PT at water-hydrophobe boundaries and its remarkable sensitivity to electrostatic effects.
Collapse
|
30
|
Luo G, Chen X. Ground-State Intermolecular Proton Transfer of N2O4 and H2O: An Important Source of Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical? J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1147-1153. [PMID: 26288049 DOI: 10.1021/jz300336s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of the generation of atmospheric hydroxyl radical from reaction of N2O4 with H2O, CASPT2//CASSCF as well as CASPT2//CASSCF/Amber QM/MM approaches were employed to map the minimum-energy profiles of sequential reactions, NO2 dimerization and ground-state intermolecular proton transfer of trans-ONONO2 as well as the photolysis of HONO. A highly efficient ground-state intermolecular proton transfer of trans-ONONO2 is found to dominate the generation of hydroxyl radical under atmospheric conditions. Although proton transfer occurs with high efficiency, the precursor reaction of dimerization producing trans-ONONO2 has to overcome a 17.1 kcal/mol barrier and cannot compete with the barrierless channel of symmetric O2N-NO2 formation from isolated NO2 monomers. Our computations reveal that the photolysis of HONO without a barrier definitely makes significant contributions to the concentration of the atmospheric hydroxyl radical, but its importance is influenced by the lack of trans-ONONO2 isomer in the atmospheric environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Enami S, Mishra H, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Hofmeister effects in micromolar electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:154707. [PMID: 22519343 DOI: 10.1063/1.4704752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cui Y, Huang J, Fu X, Wang X. Metal-free photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water by mesoporous carbon nitride semiconductors. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|