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Leifer N, Aurbach D, Greenbaum SG. NMR studies of lithium and sodium battery electrolytes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 142-143:1-54. [PMID: 39237252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the study of lithium and sodium battery electrolytes. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. The sodium analog is still in the research phase, but has significant potential for future development. In both cases, the electrolyte plays a critical role in the performance and safety of these batteries. NMR spectroscopy provides a non-invasive and non-destructive method for investigating the structure, dynamics, and interactions of the electrolyte components, including the salts, solvents, and additives, at the molecular level. This work attempts to give a nearly comprehensive overview of the ways that NMR spectroscopy, both liquid and solid state, has been used in past and present studies of various electrolyte systems, including liquid, gel, and solid-state electrolytes, and highlights the insights gained from these studies into the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport, electrolyte stability, and electrode-electrolyte interfaces, including interphase formation and surface microstructure growth. Overviews of the NMR methods used and of the materials covered are presented in the first two chapters. The rest of the review is divided into chapters based on the types of electrolyte materials studied, and discusses representative examples of the types of insights that NMR can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Leifer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Steve G Greenbaum
- Department of Physics, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Gholivand H, Salehi-Khojin A, Khalili-Araghi F. Phase Separation and Ion Diffusion in Ionic Liquid, Organic Solvent, and Lithium Salt Electrolyte Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7531-7541. [PMID: 37589395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The highly desirable characteristics of ternary mixtures of ionic liquids, organic solvents, and metal salts make them a promising candidate for use in various electrothermal energy storage and conversion systems. In this study, using large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations, we looked into 10 different ternary electrolyte mixtures using combinations of [EMIM]+, [BMIM]+, and [OMIM]+ cations with [NO3]-, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, [ClO4]-, [TFO]-, and [NTf2]- anions, tetraglyme, and Li salt to study the effect of ionic liquid composition on the phase behavior of ternary electrolyte mixtures. We uncovered that in these electrolytes, phase separation is mainly a function of pairwise binding energy of the constituents of the mixture. To corroborate this theory, several simulations are performed at various temperatures ranging from 260 to 500 K for each mixture, followed by calculating the binding energy of ionic liquid pairs using density functional theory. Our results verify that the transition temperature for the phase separation of each system is indeed a function of the pairwise binding energy of its ionic liquid pairs. It is also found that in some cases, the diffusion coefficient of the Li+ ions decreased even with the increase in the temperature, an effect that is attributed to the presence of condensed ionic domains in the electrolyte. This study provides a new insight for the design of multicomponent electrolyte mixtures for a wide range of energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Gholivand
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Amin Salehi-Khojin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Fatemeh Khalili-Araghi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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3
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de Araujo Lima e Souza G, Di Pietro ME, Castiglione F, Vanoli V, Mele A. Insights into the Effect of Lithium Doping on the Deep Eutectic Solvent Choline Chloride:Urea. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7459. [PMID: 36363050 PMCID: PMC9656420 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are potential candidates to replace flammable organic solvent electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of the addition of a lithium salt on the structure and dynamics of the material needs to be clarified before it enters the battery. Here, the archetypical DES choline chloride:urea at 1:2 mole fraction has been added with lithium chloride at two different concentrations and the effect of the additional cation has been evaluated with respect to the non-doped system via multinuclear NMR techniques. 1H and 7Li spin-lattice relaxation times and diffusion coefficients have been measured between 298 K and 373 K and revealed a decrease in both rotational and translational mobility of the species after LiCl doping at a given temperature. Temperature dependent 35Cl linewidths reflect the viscosity increase upon LiCl addition, yet keep track of the lithium complexation. Quantitative indicators such as correlation times and activation energies give indirect insights into the intermolecular interactions of the mixtures, while lithium single-jump distance and transference number shed light into the lithium transport, being then of help in the design of future DES electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle de Araujo Lima e Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vanoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Catalytic performance of pyridinium dihydrogen phosphate ionic liquid for butyl acetate production: theoretical insights and reaction kinetic studies. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Fuladi S, Gholivand H, Ahmadiparidari A, Curtiss LA, Salehi-Khojin A, Khalili-Araghi F. Multicomponent Phase Separation in Ternary Mixture Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7024-7032. [PMID: 34102840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the phase behavior of ternary mixtures of ionic liquid, organic solvent, and lithium salt by molecular dynamics simulations. We find that at room temperature, the electrolyte separates into distinct phases with specific compositions; an ion-rich domain that contains a fraction of solvent molecules and a second domain of pure solvent. The phase separation is shown to be entropy-driven and is independent of lithium salt concentration. Phase separation is only observed at microsecond time scales and greatly affects the transport properties of the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Fuladi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Hamed Gholivand
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Alireza Ahmadiparidari
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Amin Salehi-Khojin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Fatemeh Khalili-Araghi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Triolo A, Di Pietro ME, Mele A, Lo Celso F, Brehm M, Di Lisio V, Martinelli A, Chater P, Russina O. Liquid structure and dynamics in the choline acetate:urea 1:2 deep eutectic solvent. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244501. [PMID: 34241369 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of a recently proposed deep eutectic solvent, formed by choline acetate (ChAc) and urea (U) at the stoichiometric ratio 1:2, hereinafter indicated as ChAc:U. Although the crystalline phase melts at 36-38 °C depending on the heating rate, ChAc:U can be easily supercooled at sub-ambient conditions, thus maintaining at the liquid state, with a glass-liquid transition at about -50 °C. Synchrotron high energy x-ray scattering experiments provide the experimental data for supporting a reverse Monte Carlo analysis to extract structural information at the atomistic level. This exploration of the liquid structure of ChAc:U reveals the major role played by hydrogen bonding in determining interspecies correlations: both acetate and urea are strong hydrogen bond acceptor sites, while both choline hydroxyl and urea act as HB donors. All ChAc:U moieties are involved in mutual interactions, with acetate and urea strongly interacting through hydrogen bonding, while choline being mostly involved in van der Waals mediated interactions. Such a structural situation is mirrored by the dynamic evidences obtained by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, which show how urea and acetate species experience higher translational activation energy than choline, fingerprinting their stronger commitments into the extended hydrogen bonding network established in ChAc:U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Triolo
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lo Celso
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Brehm
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Valerio Di Lisio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philip Chater
- Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Russina
- Laboratorio Liquidi Ionici, Istituto Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Rome, Italy
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7
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Di Pietro ME, Castiglione F, Mele A. Polar/apolar domains' dynamics in alkylimidazolium ionic liquids unveiled by the dual receiver NMR 1H and 19F relaxation experiment. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Musale SP, Kumbharkhane AC, Dagade DH. Dielectric Relaxation and Hydration Interactions for Protic and Aprotic Ionic Liquids using Time Domain Reflectometry. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8976-8986. [PMID: 31566973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H-Bonding abilities of ionic liquids (ILs) along with hydrophobicity and cooperativity effects increases their hydration numbers making them capable for dissolving sparingly soluble organic molecules in aqueous or polar nonaqueous media, and hence ILs are potential candidates in pharmaceutical and medicinal sciences besides the different technological and academic interests. In this work, dielectric spectra were measured and analyzed for diethylammonium-based protic ionic liquids (PILs), imidazolium-based aprotic ionic liquids (APILs), and their aqueous solutions (∼0.02 to ∼0.8 mol·dm-3) over a frequency range from 0.01 to 50 GHz using time domain reflectometry at 298.15 K. The Cole-Cole (CC) model for neat ILs and a combination of the Debye and Cole-Cole (D+CC) models for their aqueous solutions best describes the experimental dielectric relaxation spectra. Higher values of static permittivity and relaxation time were observed for less viscous PILs compared to more viscous APILs due to the existence of hydrogen bonding in PILs, ionic translational motion, and the existence of transient, short-lived proton transfer responsible for solvent polarization. For aqueous solutions of ionic liquids, the fast collective relaxation of solvent (bulk water) observed at higher frequencies (∼20 GHz) and slow relaxation is detected at lower frequency (∼5 to ∼10 GHz) due to hydrophobic hydration with or without cooperative H-bonding effect. The apparent concentrations of bulk water, cbwap, and slow water, cswap, were used to obtain effective hydration numbers to understand the ion solvation. Hydration numbers revealed that imidazolium-based APILs are weakly hydrated than the diethylammonium-based PILs. Static permittivity and relaxation time of pure ILs and of aqueous solutions of studied ILs are discussed in terms of effect on alkyl chain length of cation/anion, H-bonding abilities of ions, dipole moments of ions, viscosity, hydrophobic effects, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant P Musale
- Department of Chemistry , Shivaji University , Kolhapur 416004 , India
| | - Ashok C Kumbharkhane
- School of Physical Sciences , Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University , Nanded 431606 , India
| | - Dilip H Dagade
- Department of Chemistry , Shivaji University , Kolhapur 416004 , India
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9
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MacFarlane DR, Chong AL, Forsyth M, Kar M, Vijayaraghavan R, Somers A, Pringle JM. New dimensions in salt-solvent mixtures: a 4th evolution of ionic liquids. Faraday Discuss 2019; 206:9-28. [PMID: 29034392 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the field of ionic liquids (ILs) it has long been of fundamental interest to examine the transition from salt-in-solvent behaviour to pure liquid-salt behaviour, in terms of structures and properties. At the same time, a variety of applications have beneficially employed IL-solvent mixtures as media that offer an optimal set of properties. Their properties in many cases can be other than as expected on the basis of simple mixing concepts. Instead, they can reflect the distinct structural and interaction changes that occur as the mixture passes through the various stages from pure coulombic medium, to "plasticised" coulombic medium, into a meso-region where distinct molecular and ionic domains can co-exist. Such domains can persist to quite a high dilution into the salt-in-solvent regime and their presence manifests itself in a number of important synergistic interaction effects in diverse areas such as membrane transport and corrosion protection. Similarly, the use of ionic liquids in synthetic processes where there is a significant volume fraction of molecular species present can produce a variety of distinct and unexpected effects. The range of these salt-solvent mixtures is considerably broader than just those based on ionic liquids, since there is only minor value in the pure salt being a liquid at the outset. In other words, the extensive families of organic and metal salts become candidates for study and use. Our perspective then is of an evolution of ionic liquids into a broader field of fundamental phenomena and applications. This can draw on an even larger family of tuneable salts that exhibit an exciting combination of properties when mixed with molecular liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
| | - Alison L Chong
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mega Kar
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
| | - R Vijayaraghavan
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
| | - Anthony Somers
- Institute for Frontier Materials, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- Institute for Frontier Materials, The Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Bolimowska E, Castiglione F, Devemy J, Rouault H, Mele A, Pádua AAH, Santini CC. Investigation of Li+ Cation Coordination and Transportation, by Molecular Modeling and NMR Studies, in a LiNTf2-Doped Ionic Liquid–Vinylene Carbonate Mixture. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8560-8569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Bolimowska
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, UMR 5265 CNRS-C2P2, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
- CEA-Liten, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Julien Devemy
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 24 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Helene Rouault
- CEA-Liten, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Agílio A. H. Pádua
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 24 Avenue Blaise Pascal, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Catherine C. Santini
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, UMR 5265 CNRS-C2P2, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Heller BSJ, Kolbeck C, Niedermaier I, Dommer S, Schatz J, Hunt P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Surface Enrichment in Equimolar Mixtures of Non-Functionalized and Functionalized Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1733-1745. [PMID: 29645340 PMCID: PMC6175172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For equimolar mixtures of ionic liquids with imidazolium‐based cations of very different electronic structure, we observe very pronounced surface enrichment effects by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a mixture with the same anion, that is, 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate+1,3‐di(methoxy)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8C1Im][PF6]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6]), we find a strong enrichment of the octyl chain‐containing [C8C1Im]+ cation and a corresponding depletion of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cation in the topmost layer. For a mixture with different cations and anions, that is, [C8C1Im][Tf2N]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6], we find both surface enrichment of the [C8C1Im]+ cation and the [Tf2N]− (bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) anion, while [(MeO)2Im]+ and [PF6]− are depleted from the surface. We propose that the observed behavior in these mixtures is due to a lowering of the surface tension by the enriched components. Interestingly, we observe pronounced differences in the chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring signals of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cations as compared to the non‐functionalized cations. Calculations of the electronic structure and the intramolecular partial charge distribution of the cations contribute to interpreting these shifts for the two different cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S J Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inga Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Dommer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schatz
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Wen K, Wang Y, Chen S, Wang X, Zhang S, Archer LA. Solid-Liquid Electrolyte as a Nanoion Modulator for Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20412-20421. [PMID: 29856597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries are considered the most promising of Li-based energy storage technologies. However, tree-like dendrite produced by irregular Li+ electrodeposition restricts it wide applications. Herein, based on a cation-microphase-regulation strategy, we create solid-liquid electrolytes (SLEs) by absorbing commercial liquid electrolytes into polyethylene glycol (PEG) engineered nanoporous Al2O3 ceramic membranes. By means of molecular dynamics simulations and comprehensive experiments, we show that Li ions are regulated and promoted in the two microphases, the channel phase and nonchannel phase, respectively. The channel phase can achieve homogeneous Li+ flux distribution by multiple mechanisms, including its uniform array of nanochannels and ability to suppress lateral dendrite growth by its high modulus. In the nonchannel phase, PEG chains swollen by electrolyte facilitate desolvation and fast conduction of Li+. As a result, the studied SLEs exhibit high ionic conductivity, low interfacial resistance, and the unique ability to stabilize deposition at the Li anode. By means of galvanostatic cycling studies in symmetric Li cells and Li/Li4Ti5O12 cells, we further show that the materials open a path to Li metal batteries with excellent cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shimou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Sciences , Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044 , P. R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
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13
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Smith CJ, Gehrke S, Hollóczki O, Wagle DV, Heitz MP, Baker GA. NMR relaxometric probing of ionic liquid dynamics and diffusion under mesoscopic confinement within bacterial cellulose ionogels. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193845. [PMID: 30307178 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chip J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, Bonn 53115, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Muelheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Durgesh V. Wagle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Mark P. Heitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The College at Brockport SUNY, Brockport, New York 14420, USA
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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14
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Shin M, Wu HL, Narayanan B, See KA, Assary RS, Zhu L, Haasch RT, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Curtiss LA, Gewirth AA. Effect of the Hydrofluoroether Cosolvent Structure in Acetonitrile-Based Solvate Electrolytes on the Li + Solvation Structure and Li-S Battery Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39357-39370. [PMID: 29045124 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate hydrofluoroether (HFE) cosolvents with varying degrees of fluorination in the acetonitrile-based solvate electrolyte to determine the effect of the HFE structure on the electrochemical performance of the Li-S battery. Solvates or sparingly solvating electrolytes are an interesting electrolyte choice for the Li-S battery due to their low polysulfide solubility. The solvate electrolyte with a stoichiometric ratio of LiTFSI salt in acetonitrile, (MeCN)2-LiTFSI, exhibits limited polysulfide solubility due to the high concentration of LiTFSI. We demonstrate that the addition of highly fluorinated HFEs to the solvate yields better capacity retention compared to that of less fluorinated HFE cosolvents. Raman and NMR spectroscopy coupled with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that HFEs exhibiting a higher degree of fluorination coordinate to Li+ at the expense of MeCN coordination, resulting in higher free MeCN content in solution. However, the polysulfide solubility remains low, and no crossover of polysulfides from the S cathode to the Li anode is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Shin
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Badri Narayanan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kimberly A See
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | - Shuo Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhengcheng Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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15
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16
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See KA, Wu HL, Lau KC, Shin M, Cheng L, Balasubramanian M, Gallagher KG, Curtiss LA, Gewirth AA. Effect of Hydrofluoroether Cosolvent Addition on Li Solvation in Acetonitrile-Based Solvate Electrolytes and Its Influence on S Reduction in a Li-S Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34360-34371. [PMID: 27998132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Li-S batteries are a promising next-generation battery technology. Due to the formation of soluble polysulfides during cell operation, the electrolyte composition of the cell plays an active role in directing the formation and speciation of the soluble lithium polysulfides. Recently, new classes of electrolytes termed "solvates" that contain stoichiometric quantities of salt and solvent and form a liquid at room temperature have been explored due to their sparingly solvating properties with respect to polysulfides. The viscosity of the solvate electrolytes is understandably high limiting their viability; however, hydrofluoroether cosolvents, thought to be inert to the solvate structure itself, can be introduced to reduce viscosity and enhance diffusion. Nazar and co-workers previously reported that addition of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to the LiTFSI in acetonitrile solvate, (MeCN)2-LiTFSI, results in enhanced capacity retention compared to the neat solvate. Here, we evaluate the effect of TTE addition on both the electrochemical behavior of the Li-S cell and the solvation structure of the (MeCN)2-LiTFSI electrolyte. Contrary to previous suggestions, Raman and NMR spectroscopy coupled with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that TTE coordinates to Li+ at the expense of MeCN coordination, thereby producing a higher content of free MeCN, a good polysulfide solvent, in the electrolyte. The electrolytes containing a higher free MeCN content facilitate faster polysulfide formation kinetics during the electrochemical reduction of S in a Li-S cell likely as a result of the solvation power of the free MeCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A See
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kah Chun Lau
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University , Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Minjeong Shin
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mahalingam Balasubramanian
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kevin G Gallagher
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Larry A Curtiss
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Aguilera L, Scheers J, Matic A. Enhanced low-temperature ionic conductivity via different Li+ solvated clusters in organic solvent/ionic liquid mixed electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25458-25464. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate Li+ coordination in mixed electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) and organic solvents and its relation with the macroscopic properties such as phase behaviour and ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aguilera
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Johan Scheers
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Physics
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Göteborg
- Sweden
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18
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Forse AC, Griffin JM, Merlet C, Bayley PM, Wang H, Simon P, Grey CP. NMR Study of Ion Dynamics and Charge Storage in Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7231-42. [PMID: 25973552 PMCID: PMC4500645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are emerging as promising new electrolytes for supercapacitors. While their higher operating voltages allow the storage of more energy than organic electrolytes, they cannot currently compete in terms of power performance. More fundamental studies of the mechanism and dynamics of charge storage are required to facilitate the development and application of these materials. Here we demonstrate the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the structure and dynamics of ionic liquids confined in porous carbon electrodes. The measurements reveal that ionic liquids spontaneously wet the carbon micropores in the absence of any applied potential and that on application of a potential supercapacitor charging takes place by adsorption of counterions and desorption of co-ions from the pores. We find that adsorption and desorption of anions surprisingly plays a more dominant role than that of the cations. Having elucidated the charging mechanism, we go on to study the factors that affect the rate of ionic diffusion in the carbon micropores in an effort to understand supercapacitor charging dynamics. We show that the line shape of the resonance arising from adsorbed ions is a sensitive probe of their effective diffusion rate, which is found to depend on the ionic liquid studied, as well as the presence of any solvent additives. Taken as whole, our NMR measurements allow us to rationalize the power performances of different electrolytes in supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Forse
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John M Griffin
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Merlet
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Bayley
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Simon
- §Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, CIRIMAT, UMR-CNRS 5085, F-31062 Toulouse, France.,∥Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Clare P Grey
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,‡Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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19
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Chaban VV, Voroshylova IV. Systematic refinement of Canongia Lopes-Pádua force field for pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6242-9. [PMID: 25826190 DOI: 10.1021/jp5122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reliable force field (FF) is a central issue in successful prediction of physical chemical properties via computer simulations. While Canongia Lopes-Pádua (CL&P) FF provides good to excellent thermodynamics and structure of pure room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), it suffers from drastically and systematically underestimated ionic motion. This occurs due to neglected partial electron transfer from the anion to the cation, resulting in unphysically small simulated self-diffusion and conductivity and high shear viscosities. We report a systematic refinement of the CL&P FF for six pyrrolidinium-based RTILs (1-N-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, triflate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, tetrafluoroborate, chloride). The elaborated procedure accounts for specific cation-anion interactions in the liquid phase. Once these interactions are described effectively, experimentally determined transport properties can be reproduced with an acceptable accuracy. Together with the original CL&P parameters, our force field fosters computational investigation of ionic liquids. In addition, the reported results shed more light on the chemical nature of cation-anion binding in various families of RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Chaban
- †Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 12247-014 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iuliia V Voroshylova
- ‡CIQ/REQUIMTE - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Li Z, Borodin O, Smith GD, Bedrov D. Effect of Organic Solvents on Li+ Ion Solvation and Transport in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3085-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Electrochemistry
Branch, Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Grant D. Smith
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North,
300 West, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North,
300 West, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
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21
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Girard GMA, Hilder M, Zhu H, Nucciarone D, Whitbread K, Zavorine S, Moser M, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR, Howlett PC. Electrochemical and physicochemical properties of small phosphonium cation ionic liquid electrolytes with high lithium salt content. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:8706-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel phosphonium ionic liquid as potential candidate for lithium battery electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. A. Girard
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - M. Hilder
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - H. Zhu
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | | | | | | | - M. Moser
- Cytec Canada Inc
- Niagara Falls
- Canada
| | - M. Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
| | | | - P. C. Howlett
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University
- Burwood
- Australia
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22
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Tu KM, Ishizuka R, Matubayasi N. Spatial-decomposition analysis of electrical conductivity in ionic liquid. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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24
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Simons TJ, Bayley PM, Zhang Z, Howlett PC, MacFarlane DR, Madsen LA, Forsyth M. Influence of Zn2+ and Water on the Transport Properties of a Pyrrolidinium Dicyanamide Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4895-905. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Simons
- Australian
Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier
Materials (IFM), Deakin University Burwood Campus, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - P. M. Bayley
- Australian
Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier
Materials (IFM), Deakin University Burwood Campus, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - P. C. Howlett
- Australian
Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier
Materials (IFM), Deakin University Burwood Campus, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - D. R. MacFarlane
- Australian
Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - L. A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - M. Forsyth
- Australian
Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier
Materials (IFM), Deakin University Burwood Campus, Burwood 3125, Australia
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25
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Villar-Garcia IJ, Lovelock KRJ, Men S, Licence P. Tuning the electronic environment of cations and anions using ionic liquid mixtures. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid mixtures can be used to tune the electronic environment of the ions and hence, their interactions with catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuang Men
- The School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Licence
- The School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
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26
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Liu H, Maginn E. Effect of ion structure on conductivity in lithium-doped ionic liquid electrolytes: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:114508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4821155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Li Z, Smith GD, Bedrov D. Li+ Solvation and Transport Properties in Ionic Liquid/Lithium Salt Mixtures: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12801-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3052246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 122 S. Central Campus Drive, Rm 304, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, United States
| | - Grant D. Smith
- Wasatch Molecular Inc., 825 North, 300 West, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84103,
United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 122 S. Central Campus Drive, Rm 304, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, United States
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28
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Jin L, Nairn KM, Forsyth CM, Seeber AJ, MacFarlane DR, Howlett PC, Forsyth M, Pringle JM. Structure and Transport Properties of a Plastic Crystal Ion Conductor: Diethyl(methyl)(isobutyl)phosphonium Hexafluorophosphate. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9688-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301175v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Jin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
| | - Kate M. Nairn
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
| | | | - Aaron J. Seeber
- CSIRO Process Science & Engineering, Private Bag 33, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | | | - Patrick C. Howlett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria
3125, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria
3125, Australia
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29
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Bayley PM, Novak J, Khoo T, Britton MM, Howlett PC, Macfarlane DR, Forsyth M. The Influence of Water and Metal Ions on the Transport Properties of Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A recent study indicated that the water-saturated ionic liquid (IL) trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P6,6,6,14][Cl]) provided a viable electrolyte for a Mg-air battery. However, there is limited literature on the properties of IL-water mixtures as battery electrolytes. The physical properties of [P6,6,6,14][Cl] were studied with the addition of both water and metal salts (MgCl2 and LiCl) using conductivity and self-diffusion coefficient measurements. The conductivity of the samples at low water concentrations is surprisingly enhanced by the addition of the metal salt, contrary to lithium IL electrolytes. It was also found that the conductivity of the IL was increased by an order of magnitude by saturation with water. NMR diffusion measurements were used to probe the behaviour of both the cation and the water in the mixtures. It was found that the addition of metal salts to the water-saturated [P6,6,6,14][Cl] did not affect the transport properties of the water or cation.
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