1
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Haghighinia A, Movahedirad S. A tri-fluid tortuous microfluidic chip for green synthesis of nanoparticles and inactivation of a model gram-negative bacteria: Intracellular components evaluation. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00238-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Scalable Production of High-Quality Silver Nanowires via Continuous-Flow Droplet Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12061018. [PMID: 35335831 PMCID: PMC8949512 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (Ag NWs) have shown great potential in next-generation flexible displays, due to their superior electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. However, as with most nanomaterials, a limited production capacity and poor reproduction quality, based on the batch reaction, largely hinder their application. Here, we applied continuous-flow synthesis for the scalable and high-quality production of Ag NWs, and built a pilot-scale line for kilogram-level per day production. In addition, we found that trace quantities of water could generate sufficient vapor as a spacer under high temperature to efficiently prevent the back-flow or mixed-flow of the reaction solution. With an optimized synthetic formula, a mass production of pure Ag NWs of 36.5 g/h was achieved by a multiple-channel, continuous-flow reactor.
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3
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Sabzehmeidani MM, Kazemzad M. Quantum dots based sensitive nanosensors for detection of antibiotics in natural products: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151997. [PMID: 34848263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Residual antibiotics in food products originated from administration of the antibiotics to animals may be accumulated through food metabolism in the human body and endanger safety and health. Thus, developing a prompt and accurate way for detection of antibiotics is a crucial issue. The zero-dimensional fluorescent probes including metals based, carbon and graphene quantum dots (QDs), are highly sensitive materials to use for the detection of a wide range of antibiotics in natural products. These QDs demonstrate unique optical properties like tunable photoluminescence (PL) and excitation-wavelength dependent emission. This study investigates the trends related to carbon and metal based QDs preparation and modification, and their diverse detection application. We discuss the performance of QDs based sensors application in various detection systems such as photoluminescence, photoelectrochemical, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, colorimetric, as well as describing their working principles in several samples. The detecting mechanism of a QDs-based sensor is dependent on its properties and specific interactions with particular antibiotics. This review also tries to describe environmental application and future perspective of QDs for antibiotics detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmood Kazemzad
- Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Tehran 14155-477, Iran.
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4
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Okamoto A, Toda S, Hirakawa M, Bai H, Tanaka M, Seino S, Nakagawa T, Murakami H. Narrowing of the Particle Size Distribution of InP Quantum Dots for Green Light Emission by Synthesis in Micro‐Flow Reactor. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Okamoto
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shintaro Toda
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ULVAC-Osaka University Joint Research Laboratory for Future Technology ULVAC, Inc. 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirakawa
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ULVAC-Osaka University Joint Research Laboratory for Future Technology ULVAC, Inc. 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Haruki Bai
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Michiyo Tanaka
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ULVAC-Osaka University Joint Research Laboratory for Future Technology ULVAC, Inc. 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hirohiko Murakami
- Management of Industry and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- ULVAC-Osaka University Joint Research Laboratory for Future Technology ULVAC, Inc. 2-1, Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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5
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Stawicki CM, Rinker TE, Burns M, Tonapi SS, Galimidi RP, Anumala D, Robinson JK, Klein JS, Mallick P. Modular fluorescent nanoparticle DNA probes for detection of peptides and proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19921. [PMID: 34620912 PMCID: PMC8497506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled antibody and aptamer probes are used in biological studies to characterize binding interactions, measure concentrations of analytes, and sort cells. Fluorescent nanoparticle labels offer an excellent alternative to standard fluorescent labeling strategies due to their enhanced brightness, stability and multivalency; however, challenges in functionalization and characterization have impeded their use. This work introduces a straightforward approach for preparation of fluorescent nanoparticle probes using commercially available reagents and common laboratory equipment. Fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles, Thermo Fisher Scientific FluoSpheres, were used in these proof-of-principle studies. Particle passivation was achieved by covalent attachment of amine-PEG-azide to carboxylated particles, neutralizing the surface charge from - 43 to - 15 mV. A conjugation-annealing handle and DNA aptamer probe were attached to the azide-PEG nanoparticle surface either through reaction of pre-annealed handle and probe or through a stepwise reaction of the nanoparticles with the handle followed by aptamer annealing. Nanoparticles functionalized with DNA aptamers targeting histidine tags and VEGF protein had high affinity (EC50s ranging from 3 to 12 nM) and specificity, and were more stable than conventional labels. This protocol for preparation of nanoparticle probes relies solely on commercially available reagents and common equipment, breaking down the barriers to use nanoparticles in biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torri E Rinker
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
| | - Markus Burns
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Sonal S Tonapi
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Deepthi Anumala
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Julia K Robinson
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Joshua S Klein
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Nautilus Biotechnology, 201 Industrial Rd #310, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
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6
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Nanomaterials meet microfluidics: Improved analytical methods and high-throughput synthetic approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Pandey S, Mukherjee D, Kshirsagar P, Patra C, Bodas D. Multiplexed bio-imaging using cadmium telluride quantum dots synthesized by mathematically derived process parameters in a continuous flow active microreactor. Mater Today Bio 2021; 11:100123. [PMID: 34458715 PMCID: PMC8379697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with unique size-tunable emissions. To obtain a precise emission spectrum, monodispersity in size is imperative, which is achieved by controlling the reaction kinetics in a continuous flow of active microreactors. Further, a multivariate approach (dimensional analysis) is employed to impose stringent control on the reaction process resulting in monodispersed preparation of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots. Dimensional analysis knits multiple variables into a dimensionless mathematical form which not only predicts parameters precisely to obtain narrow size tunability but also guarantees reproducibility in synthesis. Analytical, structural, and optical characterization of the microreactor synthesized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated CdTe QDs reveal quantum efficient (61.5%), photostable (44%), and biocompatible nanocrystals of 5-15 nm. Further, PDMS-coated QDs (P-QDs) are conjugated with organelle-specific antibodies/biomarkers for in-vitro imaging in NIH 3T3 cells. Likewise, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and anti-myosin (MF20), cardiomyocytes antibodies are conjugated with P-QDs (red and green, respectively) to image the zebrafish's cardiac tissue. Antibodies tagged with quantum dots are imaged simultaneously using confocal microscopy. Thus, multiplexed bio-imaging of in-vitro and zebrafish tissue is demonstrated successfully. The results indicate the suitability of continuous flow active microreactor in conjunction with the mathematical prediction of process parameters to synthesize reproducibly monodispersed and quantum efficient QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pandey
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - D. Mukherjee
- Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - P. Kshirsagar
- Bioenergy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - C. Patra
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
- Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - D. Bodas
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune, 411 004, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411 007, India
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8
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Epps RW, Volk AA, Reyes KG, Abolhasani M. Accelerated AI development for autonomous materials synthesis in flow. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6025-6036. [PMID: 34976336 PMCID: PMC8647036 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06463g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomous robotic experimentation strategies are rapidly rising in use because, without the need for user intervention, they can efficiently and precisely converge onto optimal intrinsic and extrinsic synthesis conditions for a wide range of emerging materials. However, as the material syntheses become more complex, the meta-decisions of artificial intelligence (AI)-guided decision-making algorithms used in autonomous platforms become more important. In this work, a surrogate model is developed using data from over 1000 in-house conducted syntheses of metal halide perovskite quantum dots in a self-driven modular microfluidic material synthesizer. The model is designed to represent the global failure rate, unfeasible regions of the synthesis space, synthesis ground truth, and sampling noise of a real robotic material synthesis system with multiple output parameters (peak emission, emission linewidth, and quantum yield). With this model, over 150 AI-guided decision-making strategies within a single-period horizon reinforcement learning framework are automatically explored across more than 600 000 simulated experiments – the equivalent of 7.5 years of continuous robotic operation and 400 L of reagents – to identify the most effective methods for accelerated materials development with multiple objectives. Specifically, the structure and meta-decisions of an ensemble neural network-based material development strategy are investigated, which offers a favorable technique for intelligently and efficiently navigating a complex material synthesis space with multiple targets. The developed ensemble neural network-based decision-making algorithm enables more efficient material formulation optimization in a no prior information environment than well-established algorithms. A surrogate model is designed to represent a microfluidic material synthesis system using 1000 automatically conducted experiments. With this model, over 600 000 experiments are simulated to optimize an AI-guided material synthesis algorithm.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Amanda A. Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Kristofer G. Reyes
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation
- University at Buffalo
- Buffalo
- USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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9
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Kagan CR, Bassett LC, Murray CB, Thompson SM. Colloidal Quantum Dots as Platforms for Quantum Information Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3186-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Monolithically Integrated Diffused Silicon Two-Zone Heaters for Silicon-Pyrex Glass Microreactors for Production of Nanoparticles: Heat Exchange Aspects. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090818. [PMID: 32872382 PMCID: PMC7569776 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of monolithically integrated high resistivity p-type boron-diffused silicon two-zone heaters in a model high temperature microreactor intended for nanoparticle fabrication. We used a finite element method for simulations of the heaters’ operation and performance. Our experimental model reactor structure consisted of a silicon wafer anodically bonded to a Pyrex glass wafer with an isotropically etched serpentine microchannels network. We fabricated two separate spiral heaters with different temperatures, mutually thermally isolated by barrier apertures etched throughout the silicon wafer. The heaters were characterized by electric measurements and by infrared thermal vision. The obtained results show that our proposed procedure for the heater fabrication is robust, stable and controllable, with a decreased sensitivity to random variations of fabrication process parameters. Compared to metallic or polysilicon heaters typically integrated into microreactors, our approach offers improved control over heater characteristics through adjustment of the Boron doping level and profile. Our microreactor is intended to produce titanium dioxide nanoparticles, but it could be also used to fabricate nanoparticles in different materials as well, with various parameters and geometries. Our method can be generally applied to other high-temperature microsystems.
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11
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Hu S, Zhang B, Zeng S, Liu L, Yong KT, Ma H, Tang Y. Microfluidic chip enabled one-step synthesis of biofunctionalized CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dots. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3001-3010. [PMID: 32697260 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00202j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctionalized quantum dots (QDs) are effective target fluorescent labels for bioimaging. However, conventional synthesis of biofunctionalized I-III-VI core-shell CuInS2/ZnS QDs requires complex bench-top operations, resulting in limited product performance and variety, and is not amenable to a 'one-step' approach. In this work, we have successfully demonstrated a fully automated method for preparing denatured bovine serum albumin (dBSA)-CuInS2/ZnS QDs by introducing microfluidic (MF) chips to synthesize biofunctionalized QDs, hence establishing a 'one-step' procedure. We have also studied and optimized the reaction synthesis parameters. The emission wavelength of the dBSA-CuInS2/ZnS QDs is located in the near-infrared range and can be tuned from 650 to 750 nm by simply varying the reaction parameters. In addition, the 'one-step'-synthesized dBSA-CuInS2/ZnS QDs have a long average fluorescence lifetime of 153.76 ns and a small particle size of 5 ± 2 nm. To demonstrate the applicability of the 'one-step'-synthesized dBSA-CuInS2/ZnS QDs in bioimaging studies, we modified the QDs with folic acid and hyaluronic acid, and then performed target bioimaging and cytotoxicity tests on macrophages, liver cancer cells and pancreatic cancer cells. The cell images show that the red emission signals originate from the QDs, which indicates that the dBSA-CuInS2/ZnS QDs prepared by the MF approach are suitable optical contrast agents for target bioimaging. This 'one-step' MF-based QD synthesis approach could serve as a rapid, cost-effective, and small-scale nanocrystal production platform for complex QD formulations for a wide range of bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P.R. China.
| | - Butian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- XLIM Research Institute, UMR 7252 CNRS/University of Limoges, Limoges, 87060, France
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P.R. China.
| | - Yuguo Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, P.R. China.
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12
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Prakash B, Katoch V, Shah A, Sharma M, Devi MM, Panda JJ, Sharma J, Ganguli AK. Continuous Flow Reactor for the Controlled Synthesis and Inline Photocatalysis of Antibacterial Ag
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S Nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1273-1282. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prakash
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | - Vibhav Katoch
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | - Asmita Shah
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | | | - Jiban J Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | - Jadab Sharma
- Centre of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology UIEASTPanjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Ashok Kumar Ganguli
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi India
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13
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Segmented Microfluidic Flow Reactors for Nanomaterial Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071421. [PMID: 32708175 PMCID: PMC7407902 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic reactors have remarkably promoted the synthesis and investigation of advanced nanomaterials due to their continuous mode and accelerated heat/mass transfer. Notably, segmented microfluidic flow reactors (SMFRs) are an important class of microfluidic reactors that have been developed to accurately manipulate nanomaterial synthesis by further improvement of the residence time distributions and unique flow behaviors. This review provided a survey of the nanomaterial synthesis in SMFRs for the aspects of fluid dynamics, flow patterns, and mass transfer among and within distinct phases and provided examples of the synthesis of versatile nanomaterials via the use of different flow patterns.
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14
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Bretos I, Diodati S, Jiménez R, Tajoli F, Ricote J, Bragaggia G, Franca M, Calzada ML, Gross S. Low-Temperature Solution Crystallization of Nanostructured Oxides and Thin Films. Chemistry 2020; 26:9157-9179. [PMID: 32212279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As an introduction to this themed issue, a critically selected overview of recent progress on the topic of solution methods for the low-temperature crystallization of nanoscale oxide materials is presented. It is focused on the low-temperature solution processing of oxide nanostructures and thin films. Benefits derived from these methods span from minimizing the environmental impact to reducing the fabrication costs. In addition, this topic is regarded as a key objective in the area because it offers a unique opportunity for the use of these materials in areas like flexible electronics, energy conversion and storage, environmental sciences, catalysis, or biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Bretos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Diodati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Tajoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jesús Ricote
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Bragaggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Franca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Lourdes Calzada
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), C/ Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3. Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gross
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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15
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Epps RW, Bowen MS, Volk AA, Abdel-Latif K, Han S, Reyes KG, Amassian A, Abolhasani M. Artificial Chemist: An Autonomous Quantum Dot Synthesis Bot. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001626. [PMID: 32495399 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The optimal synthesis of advanced nanomaterials with numerous reaction parameters, stages, and routes, poses one of the most complex challenges of modern colloidal science, and current strategies often fail to meet the demands of these combinatorially large systems. In response, an Artificial Chemist is presented: the integration of machine-learning-based experiment selection and high-efficiency autonomous flow chemistry. With the self-driving Artificial Chemist, made-to-measure inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) in flow are autonomously synthesized, and their quantum yield and composition polydispersity at target bandgaps, spanning 1.9 to 2.9 eV, are simultaneously tuned. Utilizing the Artificial Chemist, eleven precision-tailored QD synthesis compositions are obtained without any prior knowledge, within 30 h, using less than 210 mL of total starting QD solutions, and without user selection of experiments. Using the knowledge generated from these studies, the Artificial Chemist is pre-trained to use a new batch of precursors and further accelerate the synthetic path discovery of QD compositions, by at least twofold. The knowledge-transfer strategy further enhances the optoelectronic properties of the in-flow synthesized QDs (within the same resources as the no-prior-knowledge experiments) and mitigates the issues of batch-to-batch precursor variability, resulting in QDs averaging within 1 meV from their target peak emission energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Michael S Bowen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Kameel Abdel-Latif
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Suyong Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Kristofer G Reyes
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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16
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Pandey S, Bodas D. High-quality quantum dots for multiplexed bioimaging: A critical review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 278:102137. [PMID: 32171116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioimaging done using two or more fluorophores possessing different emission wavelengths can be termed as a multicolor/multiplexed bioimaging technique. Traditionally, images are captured sequentially using multiple fluorophores having specific excitation and emission. For this purpose, multifunctional nanoprobes, such as organic fluorophores, metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon dots (CDs) are used. Among these fluorophores, quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as an ideal probe for multiplexed bioimaging due to their unique property of size tunable emission. However, the usage of quantum dots in bioimaging is limited due to their toxicity. Furthermore, the reproducibility of optical properties is cynical. These desirable properties, along with enhancement in quantum efficiency, photostability, fluorescence lifetime, etc. can be achieved by stringent control over synthesis parameters. This review summarizes the desirable properties and synthesis methods of such superior QDs followed by their application in multiplexed imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaxna Pandey
- Nanobioscience group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Dhananjay Bodas
- Nanobioscience group, Agharkar Research Institute, GG Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007, India.
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17
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Hao N, Zhang M, Zhang JXJ. Microfluidics for ZnO micro-/nanomaterials development: rational design, controllable synthesis, and on-chip bioapplications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1783-1801. [PMID: 31965125 PMCID: PMC7768907 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) materials hold great promise in diverse applications due to their attractive physicochemical features. Recent years, especially the last decade, have witnessed considerable progress toward rational design and bioapplications of multiscale ZnO materials through microfluidic techniques. Design of a microfluidic device that allows for precise control over reaction conditions could not only yield ZnO particles with a fast production rate and high quality, but also permit downstream applications with desirable and superior performance. This review summarizes microfluidic approaches for the synthesis and applications of ZnO micro-/nanomaterials. In particular, we discuss the recent achievement of using microfluidic reactors in the controllable synthesis of ZnO structures (wire, rod, sphere, flower, sheet, flake, spindle, and ellipsoid), and highlight the unprecedented opportunities for applying them in biosensing, biological separation, and molecular catalysis applications through microfluidic chips. Finally, major challenges and potential opportunities are explored to guide future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
| | - Michael Zhang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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18
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Solsona M, Vollenbroek JC, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Microfluidics and catalyst particles. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3575-3601. [PMID: 31559978 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss the latest advances and future perspectives of microfluidics for micro/nanoscale catalyst particle synthesis and analysis. In the first section, we present an overview of the different methods to synthesize catalysts making use of microfluidics and in the second section, we critically review catalyst particle characterization using microfluidics. The strengths and challenges of these approaches are highlighted with various showcases selected from the recent literature. In the third section, we give our opinion on the future perspectives of the combination of catalytic nanostructures and microfluidics. We anticipate that in the synthesis and analysis of individual catalyst particles, generation of higher throughput and better understanding of transport inside individual porous catalyst particles are some of the most important benefits of microfluidics for catalyst research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solsona
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J C Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - C B M Tregouet
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A-E Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - B M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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19
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Richard C, McGee R, Goenka A, Mukherjee P, Bhargava R. On-demand Milifluidic Synthesis of Quantum Dots in Digital Droplet Reactors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 59:3730-3735. [PMID: 33911342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer dramatic potential due to their size-dependent optical properties. Lack of facile synthesis methods for precise and reproducible size and composition, however, present an extant barrier to their widespread use. Here we report the use of droplet microfluidics for the simple and highly reproducible synthesis of cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs without the use of harsh solvents and in ambient conditions. Our approach uses a liquid-liquid barrier between two immiscible liquids to generate a digital droplet reactor. This reaction droplet is easily controlled and manipulated and offers enhanced mixing when coupled to a helical mixer, resulting in a significant reduction in size distribution compared to benchtop procedures. Furthermore, QD characteristics have modeled and predicted based on the parameters of the microfluidic device. We believe this method overcomes the current manufacturing challenges with synthesizing nanostructures, which is required for the next generation of nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Richard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rachel McGee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Aditya Goenka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Prabuddha Mukherjee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois
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20
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Menter C, Segets D. Scalable classification of nanoparticles: A proof of principle for process design. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Hadikhani P, Borhani N, H Hashemi SM, Psaltis D. Learning from droplet flows in microfluidic channels using deep neural networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8114. [PMID: 31148559 PMCID: PMC6544611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-intrusive method is presented for measuring different fluidic properties in a microfluidic chip by optically monitoring the flow of droplets. A neural network is used to extract the desired information from the images of the droplets. We demonstrate the method in two applications: measurement of the concentration of each component of a water/alcohol mixture, and measurement of the flow rate of the same mixture. A large number of droplet images are recorded and used to train deep neural networks (DNN) to predict the flow rate or the concentration. It is shown that this method can be used to quantify the concentrations of each component with a 0.5% accuracy and the flow rate with a resolution of 0.05 ml/h. The proposed method can in principle be used to measure other properties of the fluid such as surface tension and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Hadikhani
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Navid Borhani
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Mohammad H Hashemi
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computational Science & Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Demetri Psaltis
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Hao N, Nie Y, Zhang JX. Microfluidics for silica biomaterials synthesis: opportunities and challenges. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2218-2240. [PMID: 30919847 PMCID: PMC6538461 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and controllable synthesis of silica nanomaterials bearing unique physicochemical properties is becoming increasingly important for a variety of biomedical applications from imaging to drug delivery. Microfluidics has recently emerged as a promising platform for nanomaterial synthesis, providing precise control over particle size, shape, porosity, and structure compared to conventional batch synthesis approaches. This review summarizes microfluidics approaches for the synthesis of silica materials as well as the design, fabrication and the emerging roles in the development of new classes of functional biomaterials. We highlight the unprecedented opportunities of using microreactors in biomaterial synthesis, and assess the recent progress of continuous and discrete microreactors and the associated biomedical applications of silica materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges arising from the intrinsic properties of microfluidics reactors for inspiring future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
| | - Yuan Nie
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States.
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23
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Millisecond CdS nanocrystal nucleation and growth studied by microfluidics with in situ spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Baştopçu M, Derinöz AE, Yılmaz AC, Erdem EY. Textured surfaces as a new platform for nanoparticle synthesis. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4311-4316. [PMID: 29701204 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a new, surface-based microfluidic platform for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this platform chemical reagents are carried in separate droplets, then mixed and later transported to a desired location on the surface using surface textured ratchet tracks. This brings the advantages of both synthesizing and transporting nanoparticles in situ without having cross-contamination between samples and addressing each sample independently. This platform is also capable of carrying multiple synthesis reactions concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Baştopçu
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Rao L, Tang Y, Li Z, Ding X, Liang G, Lu H, Yan C, Tang K, Yu B. Efficient synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots by microreactor method and their application in Fe 3+ ion detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:213-223. [PMID: 28887967 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly obtaining strong photoluminescence (PL) of carbon dots with high stability is crucial in all practical applications of carbon dots, such as cell imaging and biological detection. In this study, we proposed a rapid, continuous carbon dots synthesis technique by using a microreactor method. By taking advantage of the microreactor, we were able to rapidly synthesized CDs at a large scale in less than 5min, and a high quantum yield of 60.1% was achieved. This method is faster and more efficient than most of the previously reported methods. To explore the relationship between the microreactor structure and CDs PL properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out. The results show the surface functional groups and element contents influence the PL emission. Subsequent ion detection experiments indicated that CDs are very suitable for use as nanoprobes for Fe3+ ion detection, and the lowest detection limit for Fe3+ is 0.239μM, which is superior to many other research studies. This rapid and simple synthesis method will not only aid the development of the quantum dots industrialization but also provide a powerful and portable tool for the rapid and continuous online synthesis of quantum dots supporting their application in cell imaging and safety detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longshi Rao
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
| | - Yong Tang
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
| | - Zongtao Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640.
| | - Xinrui Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guanwei Liang
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
| | - Hanguang Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
| | - Caiman Yan
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
| | - Kairui Tang
- The Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, PA 17057, USA
| | - Binhai Yu
- Engineering Research Centre of Green Manufacturing for Energy-Saving and New-Energy Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, 510640
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26
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Akdas T, Haderlein M, Walter J, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Peukert W. Continuous synthesis of CuInS2 quantum dots. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of reactor type on synthesis parameters and disperse properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Akdas
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - M. Haderlein
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - J. Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - B. Apeleo Zubiri
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - E. Spiecker
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
| | - W. Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Cluster of Excellence – Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM)
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28
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Lu M, Ozcelik A, Grigsby CL, Zhao Y, Guo F, Leong KW, Huang TJ. Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing for Synthesis of Nanomaterials. NANO TODAY 2016; 11:778-792. [PMID: 30337950 PMCID: PMC6191180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics expands the synthetic space such as heat transfer, mass transport, and reagent consumption to conditions not easily achievable in conventional batch processes. Hydrodynamic focusing in particular enables the generation and study of complex engineered nanostructures and new materials systems. In this review, we present an overview of recent progress in the synthesis of nanostructures and microfibers using microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing techniques. Emphasis is placed on distinct designs of flow focusing methods and their associated mechanisms, as well as their applications in material synthesis, determination of reaction kinetics, and study of synthetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Lu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Christopher L Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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29
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Xue J, Ma W, Wang L, Cui H. Surfactant-free large scale synthesis of Co3O4 quantum dots at room temperature. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Laurentius LB, Owens NA, Park J, Crawford AC, Porter MD. Advantages and limitations of nanoparticle labeling for early diagnosis of infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:883-95. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1205489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A. Owens
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jooneon Park
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexis C. Crawford
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marc D. Porter
- The Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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31
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Kise DP, Reddish MJ, Dyer RB. Sandwich-format 3D printed microfluidic mixers: a flexible platform for multi-probe analysis. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2015; 25:124002. [PMID: 26855478 PMCID: PMC4737954 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/12/124002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on a microfluidic mixer fabrication platform that increases the versatility and flexibility of mixers for biomolecular applications. A sandwich-format design allows the application of multiple spectroscopic probes to the same mixer. A polymer spacer is 'sandwiched' between two transparent windows, creating a closed microfluidic system. The channels of the mixer are defined by regions in the polymer spacer that lack material and therefore the polymer need not be transparent in the spectral region of interest. Suitable window materials such as CaF2 make the device accessible to a wide range of optical probe wavelengths, from the deep UV to the mid-IR. In this study, we use a commercially available 3D printer to print the polymer spacers to apply three different channel designs into the passive, continuous-flow mixer, and integrated them with three different spectroscopic probes. All three spectroscopic probes are applicable to each mixer without further changes. The sandwich-format mixer coupled with cost-effective 3D printed fabrication techniques could increase the applicability and accessibility of microfluidic mixing to intricate kinetic schemes and monitoring chemical synthesis in cases where only one probe technique proves insufficient.
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Akhter KF, Mumin MA, Lui EK, Charpentier PA. Microfluidic Synthesis of Ginseng Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Immunostimulating Action on Macrophage Cell Lines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 2:96-103. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Farida Akhter
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Md Abdul Mumin
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Edmond K. Lui
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Paul A. Charpentier
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ‡Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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Naughton MS, Kumar V, Bonita Y, Deshpande K, Kenis PJA. High temperature continuous flow synthesis of CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdS/ZnS, and CdSeS/ZnS nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15895-903. [PMID: 26361342 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors show great promise for large-scale synthesis of quantum dots. Here, we discuss results for the synthesis of multi-layered Cd-based hybrid nanocrystals - CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdS/ZnS, and CdSeS/ZnS - in a continuous flow reactor. The simple reactor design and liquid-phase chemistry obviate the need for preheating or in-line mixing, and the chosen reactor dimensions and operating conditions allow for high flow rates (∼10 mL min(-1)). Additionally, the simple reactor design is well suited for scale-up. The CdSe/CdS/ZnS particles synthesized at elevated temperatures in the reactor exhibit quantum yields of over 60% at longer wavelengths (red region). The shell growth for these particles is conducted without the need for complex dropwise addition or SILAR shell growth procedures used in batch reactors. CdS-based particles were shown to have a higher performance when using octadecene-S instead of TOP-S, which improved the quality of shell growth. In addition, stoichiometric synthesis of the alternate CdSeS/ZnS alloy particles was conducted, removing the need for a large excess of S to offset the lower S reactivity. CdSeS/ZnS alloy nanoparticles exhibit quantum yields of about 50% in the intermediate wavelength range (500-600 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Naughton
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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34
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Sonawane SH, Bari ML, Suryawanshi PL, Narkhede JS, Mishra S, Bhanvase BA. Effect of Process Parameters on Properties of Colloids in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor System. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Lignos I, Stavrakis S, Kilaj A, deMello AJ. Millisecond-Timescale Monitoring of PbS Nanoparticle Nucleation and Growth Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4009-17. [PMID: 25998018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The early-time kinetics (<1 s) of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dot formation are probed using a novel droplet-based microfluidic platform, which allows for high-throughput and real-time optical analysis of the reactive process with millisecond time resolution. The reaction platform enables the concurrent investigation of the emission characteristics of PbS quantum dots and a real-time estimation of their size and concentration during nucleation and growth. These investigations reveal a two-stage mechanism for PbS nanoparticle formation. The first stage corresponds to the fast conversion of precursor species to PbS crystals, followed by the growth of the formed particles. The growth kinetics of the PbS nanoparticles follow the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner model for Ostwald ripening, allowing direct estimation of the rate constants for the process. In addition, the extraction of absorption spectra of ultrasmall quantum dots is demonstrated for first time in an online manner. The droplet-based microfluidic platform integrated with online spectroscopic analysis provides a new tool for the quantitative extraction of high temperature kinetics for systems with rapid nucleation and growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lignos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ardita Kilaj
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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36
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Misuk V, Schmidt M, Braukmann S, Giannopoulos K, Karl D, Loewe H. Segmented Flow-Based Multistep Synthesis of Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots with Narrow Particle Size Distribution. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Phillips TW, Lignos IG, Maceiczyk RM, deMello AJ, deMello JC. Nanocrystal synthesis in microfluidic reactors: where next? LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3172-80. [PMID: 24911190 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a steady rise in the use of microfluidic reactors for nanocrystal synthesis, with numerous studies reporting improved reaction control relative to conventional batch chemistry. However, flow synthesis procedures continue to lag behind batch methods in terms of chemical sophistication and the range of accessible materials, with most reports having involved simple one- or two-step chemical procedures directly adapted from proven batch protocols. Here we examine the current status of microscale methods for nanocrystal synthesis, and consider what role microreactors might ultimately play in laboratory-scale research and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Phillips
- Centre for Plastic Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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38
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Gao R, Choi N, Chang SI, Lee EK, Choo J. Real-time analysis of diaquat dibromide monohydrate in water with a SERS-based integrated microdroplet sensor. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8781-6. [PMID: 24954446 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the fast and sensitive trace analysis of diaquat dibromide monohydrate (DQ) in water using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based microdroplet sensor. This sensor is composed of two compartments: the first one is for droplet generation for fresh silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis and the second for droplet merging for SERS detection. Silver ions were nucleated and grown to large size AgNPs in droplets, and then each droplet was synchronously merged with another droplet containing DQ for SERS detection. This two-phase liquid-liquid segmented flow system prevented memory effects caused by the precipitation of nanoparticle aggregates on channel walls because the aqueous droplets were isolated by a continuous oil phase. The limit of detection (LOD) of DQ in water was determined to be below 5 nM, which satisfies the maximum contaminant level defined by the United States EPA. This method was also validated successfully in DQ-spiked tap water. The SERS-based integrated sensing system is expected to be useful as an in-the-field sensing platform for fast and reproducible trace analysis of environmental pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongke Gao
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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39
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Erdem EY, Cheng JC, Doyle FM, Pisano AP. Multi-temperature zone, droplet-based microreactor for increased temperature control in nanoparticle synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1076-1080. [PMID: 24339202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microreactors are an emerging technology for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles. The Multi-Temperature zone Microreactor (MTM) described in this work utilizes thermally isolated heated and cooled regions for the purpose of separating nucleation and growth processes as well as to provide a platform for a systematic study on the effect of reaction conditions on nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yegân Erdem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, EA 122, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, 403 Cory Hall, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
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40
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Dunne PW, Starkey CL, Gimeno-Fabra M, Lester EH. The rapid size- and shape-controlled continuous hydrothermal synthesis of metal sulphide nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2406-2418. [PMID: 24435800 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05749f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis offers a cheap, green and highly scalable route for the preparation of inorganic nanomaterials which has predominantly been applied to metal oxide based materials. In this work we report the first continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis of metal sulphide nanomaterials. A wide range of binary metal sulphides, ZnS, CdS, PbS, CuS, Fe(1-x)S and Bi2S3, have been synthesised. By varying the reaction conditions two different mechanisms may be invoked; a growth dominated route which permits the formation of nanostructured sulphide materials, and a nucleation driven process which produces nanoparticles with temperature dependent size control. This offers a new and industrially viable route to a wide range of metal sulphide nanoparticles with facile size and shape control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Dunne
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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41
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Hu S, Zeng S, Zhang B, Yang C, Song P, Hang Danny TJ, Lin G, Wang Y, Anderson T, Coquet P, Liu L, Zhang X, Yong KT. Preparation of biofunctionalized quantum dots using microfluidic chips for bioimaging. Analyst 2014; 139:4681-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofunctionalized quantum dots were prepared using microfluidic chips and were used as optical probes for imaging live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Hu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES
- UMI 3288
| | - Butian Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peiyi Song
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tng Jian Hang Danny
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Guimiao Lin
- The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology and the Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tommy Anderson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Liwei Liu
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Xihe Zhang
- School of Science
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun 130022, China
- International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
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42
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Mahfoud OK, Rakovich TY, Prina-Mello A, Movia D, Alves F, Volkov Y. Detection of ErbB2: nanotechnological solutions for clinical diagnostics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45401k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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43
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Pan J, El-Ballouli AO, Rollny L, Voznyy O, Burlakov VM, Goriely A, Sargent EH, Bakr OM. Automated synthesis of photovoltaic-quality colloidal quantum dots using separate nucleation and growth stages. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10158-66. [PMID: 24131473 DOI: 10.1021/nn404397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As colloidal quantum dot (CQD) optoelectronic devices continue to improve, interest grows in the scaled-up and automated synthesis of high-quality materials. Unfortunately, all reports of record-performance CQD photovoltaics have been based on small-scale batch syntheses. Here we report a strategy for flow reactor synthesis of PbS CQDs and prove that it leads to solar cells having performance similar to that of comparable batch-synthesized nanoparticles. Specifically, we find that, only when using a dual-temperature-stage flow reactor synthesis reported herein, are the CQDs of sufficient quality to achieve high performance. We use a kinetic model to explain and optimize the nucleation and growth processes in the reactor. Compared to conventional single-stage flow-synthesized CQDs, we achieve superior quality nanocrystals via the optimized dual-stage reactor, with high photoluminescence quantum yield (50%) and narrow full width-half-maximum. The dual-stage flow reactor approach, with its versatility and rapid screening of multiple parameters, combined with its efficient materials utilization, offers an attractive path to automated synthesis of CQDs for photovoltaics and, more broadly, active optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the application of microengineered systems in the chemical and biological sciences has transformed the way in which high-throughput experimentation is performed. The ability to fabricate complex microfluidic architectures has allowed scientists to create new experimental formats for processing ultra-small analytical volumes in short periods and with high efficiency. The development of such microfluidic systems has been driven by a range of fundamental features that accompany miniaturization. These include the ability to handle small sample volumes, ultra-low fabrication costs, reduced analysis times, enhanced operational flexibility, facile automation, and the ability to integrate functional components within complex analytical schemes. Herein we discuss the impact of microfluidics in the area of high-throughput screening and drug discovery and highlight some of the most pertinent studies in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard M. Maceiczyk
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Krishna KS, Li Y, Li S, Kumar CS. Lab-on-a-chip synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and quantum dots for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1470-95. [PMID: 23726944 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a dramatic raise in the number of investigations leading to the development of Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices for synthesis of nanomaterials. A majority of these investigations were focused on inorganic nanomaterials comprising of metals, metal oxides, nanocomposites and quantum dots. Herein, we provide an analysis of these findings, especially, considering the more recent developments in this new decade. We made an attempt to bring out the differences between chip-based as well as tubular continuous flow systems. We also cover, for the first time, various opportunities the tools from the field of computational fluid dynamics provide in designing LOC systems for synthesis inorganic nanomaterials. Particularly, we provide unique examples to demonstrate that there is a need for concerted effort to utilize LOC devices not only for synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials but also for carrying out superior in vitro studies thereby, paving the way for faster clinical translation. Even though LOC devices with the possibility to carry out multi-step syntheses have been designed, surprisingly, such systems have not been utilized for carrying out simultaneous synthesis and bio-functionalization of nanomaterials. While traditionally, LOC devices are primarily based on microfluidic systems, in this review article, we make a case for utilizing millifluidic systems for more efficient synthesis, bio-functionalization and in vitro studies of inorganic nanomaterials tailor-made for biomedical applications. Finally, recent advances in the field clearly point out the possibility for pushing the boundaries of current medical practices towards personalized health care with a vision to develop automated LOC-based instrumentation for carrying out simultaneous synthesis, bio-functionalization and in vitro evaluation of inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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46
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Mirhosseini Moghaddam M, Baghbanzadeh M, Sadeghpour A, Glatter O, Kappe CO. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots: A Size-Tunable and Scalable Approach. Chemistry 2013; 19:11629-36. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Lohse SE, Eller JR, Sivapalan ST, Plews MR, Murphy CJ. A simple millifluidic benchtop reactor system for the high-throughput synthesis and functionalization of gold nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4135-50. [PMID: 23634842 DOI: 10.1021/nn4005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the continuing interest in the applications of functionalized nanomaterials, the controlled and reproducible synthesis of many important functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) above the milligram scale continues to be a significant challenge. The synthesis of functionalized NPs in automated reactors provides a viable approach to circumvent some of the shortcomings of traditional nanomaterial batch syntheses, providing superior control over reagent addition, improved reproducibility, the opportunity to interface real-time product monitoring, and a viable high-throughput synthetic approach. Here, we demonstrate the construction and operation of a simple millifluidic reactor assembled entirely from commercially available components found in almost any chemical laboratory. This reactor facilitates the aqueous gram-scale synthesis of a variety of functionalized gold nanoparticles, including the synthesis of gold nanospheres with tightly controlled core diameters and gold nanorods with controlled aspect ratios between 1.5 and 4.0. The absolute dimensions (i.e., the transverse diameter) of gold nanorods synthesized within the reactor can also be tailored to produce different gold nanorod shapes, including "small" gold nanorods and gold nanocubes. In addition, we show that the reactor can interface with existing purification and monitoring techniques in order to enable the high-throughput functionalization/purification of gold nanorods and real-time monitoring of gold nanoparticle products for quality control. We anticipate that this millifluidic reactor will provide the blueprint for a versatile and portable approach to the gram-scale synthesis of monodisperse, hydrophilically functionalized metal NPs that can be realized in almost any chemistry research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Lohse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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48
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Jun H, Fabienne T, Florent M, Coulon PE, Nicolas M, Olivier S. Understanding of the size control of biocompatible gold nanoparticles in millifluidic channels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:15966-15974. [PMID: 23116539 DOI: 10.1021/la303439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The size control of gold nanoparticles synthesized in surfactant free water with a continuous flow mode was elucidated and used to produce higher concentration (3 mM) of stabilized gold nanoparticles. The originality of the synthesis was to finely modulate the initial pH of the reducing agent instead of the gold precursor to modify the kinetic of the reaction. The acceleration of the kinetic (~1 s) prevents the modification of the gold precursors ensuring the control of the final size (from 3 to 25 nm) of the nanoparticles with a low polydispersity for aqueous surfactant free solution. The accurate measure of the size distribution by small angle X-ray scattering was combined to the use of a model based on the coupling of nucleation and growth equations together with a progressive injection of monomers. The results on the final state show that the size of the nanoparticles is indeed controlled by the kinetic of reduction of gold atoms. A millifluidic setup equipped with a homemade mixer offers a robust way of rapid mixing to obtain a reproducible production of large amounts of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jun
- CEA Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SIS2M/LIONS, UMR CEA/CNRS 3299, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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49
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Wacker JB, Lignos I, Parashar VK, Gijs MAM. Controlled synthesis of fluorescent silica nanoparticles inside microfluidic droplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3111-3116. [PMID: 22766615 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the droplet-based synthesis of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (50-350 nm size) in a microfluidic chip. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) dye is first chemically linked to aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) in ethanol and this reaction product is subsequently mixed with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to yield a fluorescent silicon alkoxide precursor solution. The latter reacts with an aqueous ethanol-ammonia hydrolysing mixture inside droplets, forming fluorescent silica nanoparticles. The droplets are obtained by pinching-off side-by-side flowing streams of alkoxide solution/hydrolysing mixture on a microfluidic chip using a Fluorinert oil continuous phase flow. Synthesis in droplets leads to a faster reaction and allows drastically improved nanoparticle size uniformity (down to 3% relative standard deviation for 350 nm size particles) when compared to conventional bulk synthesis methods, thanks to the precise control of reagent concentrations and reaction times offered by the microfluidic format. Incorporating FITC inside silica nanoparticles using our method leads to reduced dye leakage and increases the dye's stability, as evidenced by a reduced photochemical bleaching compared to a pure FITC solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias B Wacker
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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50
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Gendrineau T, Marre S, Vaultier M, Pucheault M, Aymonier C. Microfluidic Synthesis of Palladium Nanocrystals Assisted by Supercritical CO
2
: Tailored Surface Properties for Applications in Boron Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8525-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gendrineau
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac (France)
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence (France)
| | - Samuel Marre
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac (France)
| | - Michel Vaultier
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence (France)
| | - Mathieu Pucheault
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence (France)
| | - Cyril Aymonier
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac (France)
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