1
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May JH, Fehr JM, Lorenz JC, Zakharov LN, Jasti R. A High-Yielding Active Template Click Reaction (AT-CuAAC) for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Nanohoops. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401823. [PMID: 38386798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) represent an exciting yet underexplored area of research in the context of carbon nanoscience. Recently, work from our group and others has shown that small carbon nanotube fragments-[n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) and related nanohoop macrocycles-may be integrated into mechanically interlocked architectures by leveraging supramolecular interactions, covalent tethers, or metal-ion templates. Still, available synthetic methods are typically difficult and low yielding, and general methods that allow for the creation of a wide variety of these structures are limited. Here we report an efficient route to interlocked nanohoop structures via the active template Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AT-CuAAC) reaction. With the appropriate choice of substituents, a macrocyclic precursor to 2,2'-bipyridyl embedded [9]CPP (bipy[9]CPP) participates in the AT-CuAAC reaction to provide [2]rotaxanes in near-quantitative yield, which can then be converted into the fully π-conjugated catenane structures. Through this approach, two nanohoop[2]catenanes are synthesized which consist of a bipy[9]CPP catenated with either Tz[10]CPP or Tz[12]CPP (where Tz denotes a 1,2,3-triazole moiety replacing one phenylene ring in the [n]CPP backbone).
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Affiliation(s)
- James H May
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States
| | - Julia M Fehr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States
| | - Jacob C Lorenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, United States
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2
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Badawi MAAH, Khairbek AA, Thomas R. Computational studies of the CuAAC reaction mechanism with diimine and phosphorus ligands for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. NEW J CHEM 2023; 47:3683-3691. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj06173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with diimine and phosphorus ligands have been studied using DFT calculations in order to understand the effect of the nature of the ligands on the catalytic cycle for the formation of the 1,4-regioisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A. Khairbek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College (Autonomous), Mahatma Gandhi University, Changanassery, Kerala-686101, India
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3
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Héron J, Balcells D. Concerted Cycloaddition Mechanism in the CuAAC Reaction Catalyzed by 1,8-Naphthyridine Dicopper Complexes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Héron
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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4
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Kutskaya AM, Serkov SA, Voronin VV, Ledovskaya MS, Polynski MV. Negligible Substituent Effect as Key to Synthetic Versatility: a Computational‐Experimental Study of Vinyl Ethers Addition to Nitrile Oxides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M. Kutskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Semyon A. Serkov
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Voronin
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Maria S. Ledovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- MSU Faculty of Chemistry Leninskiye Gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
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5
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Darroudi M, Hamzehloueian M, Sarrafi Y. An experimental and mechanism study on the regioselective click reaction toward the synthesis of thiazolidinone-triazole. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06113. [PMID: 33644441 PMCID: PMC7889834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of novel thiazolidinone triazoles through 32 cycloaddition reactions in the presence of copper(I) species was described, and the molecular mechanism of this 32CA was investigated computationally. Different possible pathways for CA process have been studied to achieve this goal, including one-step pathways for both regioisomers 1,4- and 1,5-triazoles (uncatalyzed, mono-copper, di-copper) and also mono- and di-copper stepwise pathways for 1,4-disubstituted triazole. It was exhibited that the most convenient route in terms of energy barriers includes two copper ions. Based on the calculation, the reaction follows a di-copper stepwise mechanism involving the formation of a six-membered ring and then undergoes a ring contraction to a five-membered ring. The regiochemistry of the reaction was investigated based on local and global reactivity indices of reactants, the transition state stabilities calculation. The electron reorganization along the uncatalyzed one-step mechanism has been investigated by the ELF topological analysis of the bonding changes along with the CA reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416 Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, 47416 Babolsar, Iran
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6
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Understanding the regioselectivity of the copper(I)- and ruthenium(II)- catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloadditions of azido derivative of ribose with terminal alkyne: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Polynski MV, Sapova MD, Ananikov VP. Understanding the solubilization of Ca acetylide with a new computational model for ionic pairs. Chem Sci 2020; 11:13102-13112. [PMID: 34094492 PMCID: PMC8163204 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04752j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique reactivity of the acetylenic unit in DMSO gives rise to ubiquitous synthetic methods. We theoretically consider CaC2 solubility and protolysis in DMSO and formulate a strategy for CaC2 activation in solution-phase chemical transformations. For this, we use a new strategy for the modeling of ionic compounds in strongly coordinating solvents combining Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics with the DFTB3-D3(BJ) Hamiltonian and static DFT computations at the PBE0-D3(BJ)/pob-TZVP-gCP level. We modeled the thermodynamics of CaC2 protolysis under ambient conditions, taking into account its known heterogeneity and considering three polymorphs of CaC2. We give a theoretical basis for the existence of the elusive intermediate HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Ca-OH and show that CaC2 insolubility in DMSO is of thermodynamic nature. We confirm the unique role of water and specific properties of DMSO in CaC2 activation and explain how the activation is realized. The proposed strategy for the utilization of CaC2 in sustainable organic synthesis is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Mariia D Sapova
- Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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8
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Deciphering the Mechanism of Silver Catalysis of “Click” Chemistry in Water by Combining Experimental and MEDT Studies. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined experimental study and molecular electron density theory (MEDT) analysis was carried out to investigate the click of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives by Ag(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AgAAC) reaction as well as its corresponding mechanistic pathway. Such a synthetic protocol leads to the regioselective formation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in the presence of AgCl as catalyst and water as reaction solvent at room temperature and pressure. The MEDT was performed by applying Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at both B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) (LANL2DZ for Ag) and ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) (LANL2DZ for Ag) levels with a view to decipher the observed regioselectivity in AgAAC reactions, and so to set out the number of silver(I) species and their roles in the formation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles. The comparison of the values of the energy barriers for the mono- and dinuclear Ag(I)-acetylide in the AgAAC reaction paths shows that the calculated energy barriers of dinuclear processes are smaller than those of the mononuclear one. The type of intramolecular interactions in the investigated AgAAC click chemistry reaction accounts for the regioselective formation of the 1,4-regiosisomeric triazole isomer. The ionic character of the starting compounds, namely Ag-acetylide, is revealed for the first time. This finding rules out any type of covalent interaction, involving the silver(I) complexes, along the reaction pathway. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the electronic structure of the stationary points reaffirmed the zw-type (zwitterionic-type) mechanism of the AgAAC reactions.
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9
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Bahsis L, Ben El Ayouchia H, Anane H, Pascual-Álvarez A, De Munno G, Julve M, Stiriba SE. A reusable polymer-supported copper(I) catalyst for triazole click reaction on water: An experimental and computational study. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lahoucine Bahsis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Hicham Ben El Ayouchia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Hafid Anane
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
| | - Alejandro Pascual-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
| | - Giovanni De Munno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; 87036 Rende, Cosenza Italy
| | - Miguel Julve
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
| | - Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire, LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi; Université Cadi Ayyad; Safi Morocco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Valencia Spain
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10
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Roohzadeh R, Nasiri B, Chipman A, Yates BF, Ariafard A. Disclosure of Some Obscure Mechanistic Aspects of the Copper-Catalyzed Click Reactions Involving N2 Elimination Promoted by the Use of Electron-Deficient Azides from a DFT Perspective. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rooholah Roohzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1955847881, Iran
| | - Bahare Nasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1955847881, Iran
| | - Antony Chipman
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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11
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Chung R, Vo A, Fokin VV, Hein JE. Catalyst Activation, Chemoselectivity, and Reaction Rate Controlled by the Counterion in the Cu(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition between Azide and Terminal or 1-Iodoalkynes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Anh Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Valery V. Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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12
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13
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Zhang LL, Li SJ, Zhang L, Fang DC. Theoretical studies on CuCl-catalyzed C-H activation/C-O coupling reactions: oxidant and catalyst effects. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:4426-35. [PMID: 27088885 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00581k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-complex catalyzed coupling reactions have been widely applied in the production of many important organic moieties from a synthetic perspective. In this work, a series of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, employing the B3LYP + IDSCRF/DZVP method, have been performed for a typical CuCl-catalyzed C-O cross-coupling reaction. The novel reaction mechanism was reported as four successive processes: oxidative radical generation (ORG) or oxidative addition (OA), hydrogen abstraction (HA), C-H activation/reductive elimination, and separation of product and recycling of catalyst (SP & RC). Our calculations provided a deep understanding on the dissimilar chemical activities associated with varying the oxidants used; detailed energy profile analyses suggested that the first oxidation process could proceed via either of the two competing channels (ORG and OA mechanisms) which is the basis to explain the different experimental yields. In addition, our molecular modelling gave theoretical evidence that Cu(ii) → Cu(i) reduction by solvent DMF (and a water molecule) might serve as a preliminary step to produce some more active Cu(i) species that could subsequently be oxidized into Cu(iii) favorably. In contrast, the Cu(ii) → Cu(iii) direct pathway was estimated to be prohibited from thermodynamics. All the calculation results in this work are parallel with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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14
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Zhu Z, Chen H, Li S, Yang X, Bittner E, Cai C. Tripodal Amine Ligands for Accelerating Cu-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition: Efficiency and Stability against Oxidation and Dissociation. Catal Sci Technol 2017; 7:2474-2485. [PMID: 29129990 PMCID: PMC5679428 DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ancillary ligands, especially the tripodal ligands such as tris(triazolylmethyl)amines, have been widely used to accelerate the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, a "click" reaction). However, the relationship between the activity of these Cu(I) complexes and their stability against air oxidation and ligand dissociation/exchange was seldom studied, which is critical for the applications of CuAAC in many biological systems. In this work, we synthesized twenty-one Cu(I) tripodal ligands varying in chelate arm length (five to seven atoms), donor groups (triazolyl, pyridyl and phenyl), and steric hindrance. The effects of these variables on the CuAAC reaction, air oxidation, and ligand dissociation were evaluated. Reducing the chelate arm length to five atoms, decreasing steric hindrance, or using a relatively weakly-binding ligand can significantly increase the CuAAC reactivity of the Cu(I) complexes, but the concomitant higher degree of oxidation cannot be avoided, which leads to rapid degradation of a histidine-containing peptide as a model of proteins. The oxidation of the peptide can be reduced by attaching oligo(ethylene glycol) chains to the ligands as sacrificing reagents. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we directly observed the tri- and di-copper(I)-acetylide complexes in CuAAC reaction in the [5,5,5] ligand system and a small amount of di-Cu(I)-acetylide in the [5,5,6] ligand system. Only the mono-Cu(I) ligand adducts were observed in the [6,6,6] and [5,6,6] ligand systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Haoqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Siheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xunmo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Eric Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, USA
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15
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Ziegler MS, Lakshmi KV, Tilley TD. Dicopper Cu(I)Cu(I) and Cu(I)Cu(II) Complexes in Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5378-5386. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah S. Ziegler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K. V. Lakshmi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center
for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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16
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Chen H, Cai C, Li S, Ma Y, Luozhong S, Zhu Z. Intermediates Stabilized by Tris(triazolylmethyl)amines in the CuAAC Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:4730-4735. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Siheng Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Houston 1441 Moursund St. Houston Texas 77030 USA
| | - Sijin Luozhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston Texas 77204-5003 USA
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17
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Darroudi M, Sarrafi Y, Hamzehloueian M. Theoretical exploration of mechanism of carbapenam formation in catalytic Kinugasa reaction. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Burilov VA, Ibragimova RR, Nugmanov RI, Sitdikov RR, Islamov DR, Kataeva ON, Solov’eva SE, Antipin IS. Effect of copper(I) on the conformation of the thiacalixarene platform in azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Banerji B, Chandrasekhar K, Killi SK, Pramanik SK, Uttam P, Sen S, Maiti NC. Silver-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AgAAC): assessing the mechanism by density functional theory calculations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160090. [PMID: 27703683 PMCID: PMC5043300 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
'Click reactions' are the copper catalysed dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azides and alkynes to incorporate nitrogens into a cyclic hydrocarbon scaffold forming a triazole ring. Owing to its efficiency and versatility, this reaction and the products, triazole-containing heterocycles, have immense importance in medicinal chemistry. Copper is the only known catalyst to carry out this reaction, the mechanism of which remains unclear. We report here that the 'click reactions' can also be catalysed by silver halides in non-aqueous medium. It constitutes an alternative to the well-known CuAAC click reaction. The yield of the reaction varies on the type of counter ion present in the silver salt. This reaction exhibits significant features, such as high regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy availability of substrates and reasonably good yields. In this communication, the findings of a new catalyst along with the effect of solvent and counter ions will help to decipher the still obscure mechanism of this important reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Banerji
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
- Author for correspondence: Biswadip Banerji e-mail:
| | - K. Chandrasekhar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Killi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Pal Uttam
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Nakul Chandra Maiti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
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20
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Özkılıç Y, Tüzün NŞ. A DFT Study on the Binuclear CuAAC Reaction: Mechanism in Light of New Experiments. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yılmaz Özkılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Ş. Tüzün
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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21
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Wang C, Ikhlef D, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Astruc D. Metal-catalyzed azide-alkyne “click” reactions: Mechanistic overview and recent trends. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Kalvet I, Tammiku-Taul J, Mäeorg U, Tämm K, Burk P, Sikk L. NMR and DFT Study of the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reaction: H/D Scrambling of Alkynes and Variable Reaction Order of the Catalyst. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jaana Tammiku-Taul
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Kaido Tämm
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Peeter Burk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Lauri Sikk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu (UT); Ravila 14a 50411 Tartu Estonia
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23
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Song HB, Baranek A, Bowman CN. Kinetics of bulk photo-initiated copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerizations. Polym Chem 2016; 7:603-612. [PMID: 27429650 PMCID: PMC4946250 DOI: 10.1039/c5py01655j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoinitiation of polymerizations based on the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction enables spatio-temporal control and the formation of mechanically robust, highly glassy photopolymers. Here, we investigated several critical factors influencing photo-CuAAC polymerization kinetics via systematic variation of reaction conditions such as the physicochemical nature of the monomers; the copper salt and photoinitiator types and concentrations; light intensity; exposure time and solvent content. Real time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to monitor the polymerization kinetics in situ. Six different di-functional azide monomers and four different tri-functional alkyne monomers containing either aliphatic, aromatic, ether and/or carbamate substituents were synthesized and polymerized. Replacing carbamate structures with ether moieties in the monomers enabled an increase in conversion from 65% to 90% under similar irradiation conditions. The carbamate results in stiffer monomers and higher viscosity mixtures indicating that chain mobility and diffusion are key factors that determine the CuAAC network formation kinetics. Photoinitiation rates were manipulated by altering various aspects of the photo-reduction step; ultimately, a loading above 3 mol% per functional group for both the copper catalyst and the photoinitiator showed little or no rate dependence on concentration while a loading below 3 mol% exhibited 1st order rate dependence. Furthermore, a photoinitiating system consisting of camphorquinone resulted in 60% conversion in the dark after only 1 minute of 75 mW cm-2 light exposure at 400-500 nm, highlighting a unique characteristic of the CuAAC photopolymerization enabled by the combination of the copper(i)'s catalytic lifetime and the nature of the step-growth polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byul Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Austin Baranek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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24
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He Q, Xing Z, Wei C, Fang X, Zhang S, Zhang X. Rapid screening of copper intermediates in Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition using a modified ICP-MS/MS platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10501-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid screening of Cu+-intermediates by using 63Cu+ or 65Cu+ ions as catalysts in Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition was realized using an on-line modified ICP-MS/MS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Zhi Xing
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Institute of Metrology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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25
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Abstract
In this study, the mechanism of AgAAC reaction has been studied by quantum mechanical calculations to gain insights into this promising reaction and the first successful application of a Ag catalyst alone in AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Boz
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Nurcan Ş. Tüzün
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul Technical University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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26
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Computational studies on the regioselectivity of metal-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,3 triazoles via click reaction: a review. J Mol Model 2015; 21:264. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Gorbunov A, Cheshkov D, Kovalev V, Vatsouro I. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides to Multiple Alkynes: A Selectivity Study Using a Calixarene Framework. Chemistry 2015; 21:9528-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Makarem A, Berg R, Rominger F, Straub BF. A Fluxional Copper Acetylide Cluster in CuAAC Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7431-5. [PMID: 25925614 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly defined copper acetylide cluster with ancillary N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands was prepared under acidic reaction conditions. This cluster is the first molecular copper acetylide complex that features high activity in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC) with added acetic acid even at -5 °C. Ethyl propiolate protonates the acetate ligands of the dinuclear precursor complex to release acetic acid and replaces one out of four ancillary ligands. Two copper(I) ions are thereby liberated to form the core of a yellow dicationic C2-symmetric hexa-NHC octacopper hexaacetylide cluster. Coalescence phenomena in low-temperature NMR experiments reveal fluxionality that leads to the facile interconversion of all of the NHC and acetylide positions. Kinetic investigations provide insight into the influence of copper acetylide coordination modes and the acetic acid on catalytic activity. The interdependence of "click" activity and copper acetylide aggregation beyond dinuclear intermediates adds a new dimension of complexity to our mechanistic understanding of the CuAAC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Makarem
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/oci/akstraub
| | - Regina Berg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/oci/akstraub
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/oci/akstraub
| | - Bernd F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany) http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/oci/akstraub.
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29
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Makarem A, Berg R, Rominger F, Straub BF. Fluktuierender Kupferacetylid-Cluster in der CuAAC-Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Wang JM, Yu SB, Li ZM, Wang QR, Li ZT. Mechanism of samarium-catalyzed 1,5-regioselective azide-alkyne [3 + 2]-cycloaddition: a quantum mechanical investigation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1359-68. [PMID: 25642804 DOI: 10.1021/jp5104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the samarium-catalyzed 1,5-regioselective azide-alkyne [3 + 2]-cycloaddition (SmAAC) reaction has been examined with quantum mechanical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory with ECP51MWB on Sm. Four stepwise pathways were located, with two leading to the 5-endocyclic 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole product PSmL2 (paths 1 and 2) and the other two to the exocyclic product ExoPSmCl2 (path 3) as well as 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole RegPSmL2 (path 4), respectively. Among them, path 2 (R-COM1-TS12-COM2-TS23-COM3-TS3P-PSmL2) is the most favored one both in the gas phase and in toluene solution, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, 1,1-insertion forming COM2 in path 2 is the rate-determining step. The computational results also infer that the participation of samarium catalyst changes the distribution of the electrostatic potential on the reactants' surface, which determines the polarization direction of the reactants and formation of different intermediates (COM1 and RegCOM1), and finally affects the regioselectivity. When solvent corrections for toluene are considered, the 1,1-insertion process is discouraged, while the intramolecular [1,3]-shift reaction is facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Wang
- Research Centre for Analysis & Measurement and ‡Department of Chemistry, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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31
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Hassan S, Müller TJJ. Multicomponent Syntheses based upon Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Fernandes AE, Ye Q, Collard L, Le Duff C, d'Haese C, Deumer G, Haufroid V, Nysten B, Riant O, Jonas AM. Effects of Thickness and Grafting Density on the Activity of Polymer-Brush-Immobilized Tris(triazolyl) Copper(I) Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Calvo-Losada S, Pino-González MS, Quirante JJ. Rationalizing the Catalytic Activity of Copper in the Cycloaddition of Azide and Alkynes (CuAAC) with the Topology of ∇2ρ(r) and ∇∇2ρ(r). J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1243-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5055414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saturnino Calvo-Losada
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n. 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María Soledad Pino-González
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n. 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Quirante
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, s/n. 29071 Málaga, Spain
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34
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Li Y, Qi X, Lei Y, Lan Y. Mechanism and selectivity for zinc-mediated cycloaddition of azides with alkynes: a computational study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Distortion–interaction analysis and FMO theory were utilized to explain the reactivity and 1,5-regioselectivity of zinc-mediated cycloaddition of azides and alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
- Department of Emergency
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
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35
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Bucevicius J, Skardziute L, Dodonova J, Kazlauskas K, Bagdziunas G, Jursenas S, Tumkevicius S. 2,4-Bis(4-aryl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines: synthesis and tuning of optical properties by polar substituents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel D–π–A–π–D type chromophores – 2,4-bis(4-aryl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were prepared and their photophysical, electrochemical properties in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bucevicius
- Vilnius University
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Lina Skardziute
- Institute of Applied Research
- Vilnius University
- LT-10222 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Jelena Dodonova
- Vilnius University
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Applied Research
- Vilnius University
- LT-10222 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Bagdziunas
- Kaunas University of Technology
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Saulius Jursenas
- Institute of Applied Research
- Vilnius University
- LT-10222 Vilnius
- Lithuania
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36
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Lal S, Rzepa HS, Díez-González S. Catalytic and Computational Studies of N-Heterocyclic Carbene or Phosphine-Containing Copper(I) Complexes for the Synthesis of 5-Iodo-1,2,3-Triazoles. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lal
- Department of Chemistry,
Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry S. Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry,
Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Díez-González
- Department of Chemistry,
Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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37
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Goyard D, Chajistamatiou AS, Sotiropoulou AI, Chrysina ED, Praly JP, Vidal S. Efficient Atropodiastereoselective Access to 5,5′-Bis-1,2,3-triazoles: Studies on 1-Glucosylated 5-Halogeno 1,2,3-Triazoles and Their 5-Substituted Derivatives as Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors. Chemistry 2014; 20:5423-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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38
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Bhattacharya D, Ghorai A, Pal U, Chandra Maiti N, Chattopadhyay P. Stereoselective domino azidation and [3 + 2] cycloaddition: a facile route to chiral heterocyclic scaffolds from carbohydrate derived synthons. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Tsipis AC. DFT/TDDFT insights into the chemistry, biochemistry and photophysics of copper coordination compounds. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highlighting the recent progress in DFT/TDDFT application to coordination chemistry of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C. Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic and General Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- 451 10 Ioannina
- Greece
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40
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Berg R, Straub BF. Advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2715-50. [PMID: 24367437 PMCID: PMC3869285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most broadly applicable and easy-to-handle reactions in the arsenal of organic chemistry. However, the mechanistic understanding of this reaction has lagged behind the plethora of its applications for a long time. As reagent mixtures of copper salts and additives are commonly used in CuAAC reactions, the structure of the catalytically active species itself has remained subject to speculation, which can be attributed to the multifaceted aggregation chemistry of copper(I) alkyne and acetylide complexes. Following an introductory section on common catalyst systems in CuAAC reactions, this review will highlight experimental and computational studies from early proposals to very recent and more sophisticated investigations, which deliver more detailed insights into the CuAAC's catalytic cycle and the species involved. As diverging mechanistic views are presented in articles, books and online resources, we intend to present the research efforts in this field during the past decade and finally give an up-to-date picture of the currently accepted dinuclear mechanism of CuAAC. Additionally, we hope to inspire research efforts on the development of molecularly defined copper(I) catalysts with defined structural characteristics, whose main advantage in contrast to the regularly used precatalyst reagent mixtures is twofold: on the one hand, the characteristics of molecularly defined, well soluble catalysts can be tuned according to the particular requirements of the experiment; on the other hand, the understanding of the CuAAC reaction mechanism can be further advanced by kinetic studies and the isolation and characterization of key intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Evaluation of density functional methods on the geometric and energetic descriptions of species involved in Cu⁺-promoted catalysis. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5457-67. [PMID: 24220926 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the performance of 15 density functionals of diverse complexity on the geometry optimization and energetic evaluation of model reaction steps present in the proposed reaction mechanisms of Cu(I)-catalyzed indole synthesis and click chemistry of iodoalkynes and azides. The relative effect of the Cu(+) ligand on the relative strength of Cu(+)-alkyne interactions, and the strong preference for a π-bonding mode is captured by all functionals. The best energetic correlations with MP2 are obtained with PBE0, M06-L, and PBE1PW91, which also provide good quality geometries. Furthermore, PBE0 and PBE1PW91 afford the best agreement with the high-level CCSD(T) computations of the deprotonation energies of Cu(+)-coordinated eneamines, where MP2 strongly disagrees with CCSD(T) and the examined DFT functionals. PBE0 also emerged as the most suitable functional for the study of the energetics and geometries of Cu(+) hydrides, while at the same time correctly capturing the influence of the Cu(+) ligands on the metal reactivity.
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42
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Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a highly effective method for the selective incorporation of deuterium atom into the C-5 position of the 1,2,3-triazole structure. Reactions of alkynes and azides can be conveniently carried out in a biphasic medium of CH(2)Cl(2)/D(2)O, using the CuSO(4)/Na ascorbate system. The mildness of the method renders it applicable to substrates of relatively high complexity, such as nucleosides. Good yields and high levels of deuterium incorporation were observed. A reaction conducted in equimolar H(2)O and D(2)O showed 2.7 times greater incorporation of hydrogen atom as compared to deuterium. This is consistent with the H(+) and D(+) ion concentrations in H(2)O and D(2)O, respectively. With appropriately deuterated precursors, partially to fully deuterated triazoles were assembled where the final deuterium atom was incorporated in the triazole-forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari K. Akula
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031-9198
| | - Mahesh K. Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031-9198
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43
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Özen C, Tüzün NŞ. The mechanism of copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction: A quantum mechanical investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 34:101-7. [PMID: 22306418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Artner LM, Merkel L, Bohlke N, Beceren-Braun F, Weise C, Dernedde J, Budisa N, Hackenberger CPR. Site-selective modification of proteins for the synthesis of structurally defined multivalent scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:522-4. [PMID: 22068135 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of classical site-directed mutagenesis, genetic code engineering and bioorthogonal reactions delivered a chemically modified barstar protein with one or four carbohydrates installed at specific residues. These protein conjugates were employed in multivalent binding studies, which support the use of proteins as structurally defined scaffolds for the presentation of multivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Artner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Alonso F, Moglie Y, Radivoy G, Yus M. Multicomponent Click Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles from Epoxides in Water Catalyzed by Copper Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8394-405. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2016339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Yanina Moglie
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Radivoy
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Miguel Yus
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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46
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Chouhan G, James K. CuAAC Macrocyclization: High Intramolecular Selectivity through the Use of Copper–Tris(triazole) Ligand Complexes. Org Lett 2011; 13:2754-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92014, United States
| | - Keith James
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92014, United States
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