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Montero P, Roger I, Milara J, Cortijo J. Damaging effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation: in vitro assessment on a reconstructed full-thickness human skin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1267409. [PMID: 38105899 PMCID: PMC10722227 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1267409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to solar radiation can cause a range of skin damage, including sunburn, erythema, skin carcinogenesis, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. Other wavelengths beyond UVB, such as UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation, can also contribute to the harmful effects of solar radiation. Reconstructed full-thickness human skin has the potential to serve as effective predictive in vitro tools for evaluating the effects of solar radiation on the skin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the damaging effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation in a full-thickness skin model in terms of viability, inflammation, photoaging, tissue damage, photocarcinogenesis. Methods Full thickness skin models were purchased from Henkel (Phenion FT; Düsseldorf, Germany), and irradiated with increasing doses of UVA, blue light, or infrared radiation. Different endpoints were analyzed on the tissues: Hematoxylin-eosin staining, inflammation mediators, photoaging-related dermal markers and oxidative stress marker GPX1, evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR, as well as photocarcinogenesis markers by Western Blot. Results and Discussion The results showed differential responses in cytokine release for each light source. In terms of photoaging biomarkers, collagen, metalloproteinases 1 and 9, elastin, and decorin were modulated by UVA and blue light exposure, while not all these markers were affected by infrared radiation. Furthermore, exposure to UVA and blue light induced loss of fibroblasts and modulation of the photocarcinogenesis markers p53 and p21. In conclusion, the presented results suggest that the various wavelengths of solar light have distinct and differential damaging effects on the skin. Understanding the differential effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation can serve as a valuable tool to investigate the efficacy of photoprotective agents in full thickness skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Montero P, Villarroel MJ, Roger I, Morell A, Milara J, Cortijo J. Obacunone Photoprotective Effects against Solar-Simulated Radiation-Induced Molecular Modifications in Primary Keratinocytes and Full-Thickness Human Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11484. [PMID: 37511243 PMCID: PMC10380981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation can cause damage to the skin, leading to various adverse effects such as sunburn, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. To study the potential of photoprotective agents, full-thickness skin models are increasingly being used as in vitro tools. One promising approach to photoprotection involves targeting the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which is responsible for regulating various cellular defense mechanisms, including the antioxidant response, inflammatory signaling, and DNA repair. Obacunone, a natural triterpenoid, has been identified as a potent Nrf2 agonist. The present study aims to evaluate the relevance of full-thickness (FT) skin models in photoprotection studies and to explore the potential photoprotective effects of obacunone on those models and in human keratinocytes. Phenion® full-thickness skin models and keratinocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of obacunone and irradiated with solar-simulated radiation (SSR). Various photodamage markers were evaluated, including histological integrity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, photoaging-related dermal markers, and photocarcinogenesis markers. Increasing doses of SSR were found to modulate various biomarkers related to sun damage in the FT skin models. However, obacunone attenuated cytotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, sunburn reaction, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis in both keratinocytes and full thickness skin models exposed to SSR. These results suggest that obacunone may have potential as a photoprotective agent for preventing the harmful effects of solar radiation on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46185 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Villarroel
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46185 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anselm Morell
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ticli G, Cazzalini O, Stivala LA, Prosperi E. Revisiting the Function of p21CDKN1A in DNA Repair: The Influence of Protein Interactions and Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137058. [PMID: 35806061 PMCID: PMC9267019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21CDKN1A protein is an important player in the maintenance of genome stability through its function as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, leading to cell-cycle arrest after genotoxic damage. In the DNA damage response, p21 interacts with specific proteins to integrate cell-cycle arrest with processes such as transcription, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell motility. By associating with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), the master of DNA replication, p21 is able to inhibit DNA synthesis. However, to avoid conflicts with this process, p21 protein levels are finely regulated by pathways of proteasomal degradation during the S phase, and in all the phases of the cell cycle, after DNA damage. Several lines of evidence have indicated that p21 is required for the efficient repair of different types of genotoxic lesions and, more recently, that p21 regulates DNA replication fork speed. Therefore, whether p21 is an inhibitor, or rather a regulator, of DNA replication and repair needs to be re-evaluated in light of these findings. In this review, we will discuss the lines of evidence describing how p21 is involved in DNA repair and will focus on the influence of protein interactions and p21 stability on the efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ticli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia A. Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-986267
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Rahmani F, Hashemzehi M, Avan A, Barneh F, Asgharzadeh F, Moradi Marjaneh R, Soleimani A, Parizadeh M, Ferns GA, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Ryzhikov M, Afshari AR, Ahmadian MR, Giovannetti E, Jafari M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Rigosertib elicits potent anti-tumor responses in colorectal cancer by inhibiting Ras signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110069. [PMID: 34214591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic potency of Rigosertib (RGS) in the treatment of the myelodysplastic syndrome has been investigated previously, but little is known about its mechanisms of action. METHODS The present study integrates systems and molecular biology approaches to investigate the mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of RGS, either alone or in combination with 5-FU in cellular and animal models of colorectal cancer (CRC). RESULTS The effects of RGS were more pronounced in dedifferentiated CRC cell types, compared to cell types that were epithelial-like. RGS inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in a cell-type specific manner, and that was dependent on the presence of mutations in KRAS, or its down-stream effectors. RGS increased both early and late apoptosis, by regulating the expression of p53, BAX and MDM2 in tumor model. We also found that RGS induced cell senescence in tumor tissues by increasing ROS generation, and impairing oxidant/anti-oxidant balance. RGS also inhibited angiogenesis and metastatic behavior of CRC cells, by regulating the expression of CD31, E-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9. CONCLUSION Our findings support the therapeutic potential of this potent RAS signaling inhibitor either alone or in combination with standard regimens for the management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Rahmani
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Moradi Marjaneh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Parizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amir Reza Afshari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-up, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ultraviolet B irradiation-induced keratinocyte senescence and impaired development of 3D epidermal reconstruct. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:293-303. [PMID: 33151171 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) induces morphological and functional changes of the skin. This study investigated the effect of UVB on keratinocyte senescence and the development of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Primary normal human keratinocytes (NHK) from juvenile foreskin were irradiated with UVB (30 mJ cm-2) and these effects were compared to NHK that underwent senescence in the late passage. UVB enhanced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halted cell replication as detected by BrdU cell proliferation assay. The senescence phenotype was evaluated by beta-galactosidase (β-gal) staining and qPCR of genes related to senescent regulation, i.e. p16INK4a, cyclin D2, and IFI27. Senescence induced by high dose UVB resulted in morphological changes, enhanced β-gal activity, elevated cellular ROS levels and reduced DNA synthesis. qPCR revealed differential expression of the genes regulated senescence. p16INK4a expression was significantly increased in NHK exposed to UVB whereas enhanced IFI27 expression was observed only in cultural senescence. The levels of cyclin D2 expression were not significantly altered either by UVB or long culturing conditions. UVB significantly induced the aging phenotype in keratinocytes and impaired epidermal development. RHE generated from UVB-irradiated keratinocytes showed a thinner cross-sectional structure and the majority of keratinocytes in the lower epidermis were degenerated. The 3D epidermis model is useful in studying the skin aging process.
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Xiao X, Huang M, Fan C, Zuo F. DUOX2 participates in skin aging induced by UVB in HSF2 cells by activating NF-κB signaling. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:157. [PMID: 33456524 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin and in particular photoaging or premature aging, are caused by a variety of factors, including hormone imbalance and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The aim of the present study was to explore the roles of Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) and related NF-κB signals in skin photoaging. Cell models of photoaging were constructed by irradiating human skin fibroblast lines (HSF2) with ultraviolet B (UVB) of different doses (0, 15, 30 and 60 mj/cm2). The cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) was used to determine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to determine the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A biochemical method was to determine the content of hydrogen peroxide, and the quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), Col-Ⅰ and α-SMA in the cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of DUOX2, p65 and p-p65. The results showed that,UVB irradiation dose- and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation of HSF2 cells. Cellular inflammatory response, ROS production and hydrogen peroxide increase was promoted. Col-Ⅰ and α-SMA were downregulated, MMP2 and MMP9 were upregulated, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 was promoted. The above indicators were all reversed by interference with DUOX2. Overexpression of DUOX2 has an effect that is similar to UVB irradiation, but the effects can be significantly weakened by NF-κB inhibitor, NAC. Upregulation of DUOX2 expression plays a crucial role in UVB-induced aging of HSF2 cells. The specific mechanism is related to the promotion of ROS production and cellular inflammatory response and activation of NF-κB signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Minghuan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Fuguo Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Li K, Zhao S, Long J, Su J, Wu L, Tao J, Zhou J, Zhang J, Chen X, Peng C. A novel chalcone derivative has antitumor activity in melanoma by inducing DNA damage through the upregulation of ROS products. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:36. [PMID: 32021565 PMCID: PMC6993520 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the most aggressive tumors with the remarkable characteristic of resistance to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although targeted therapy and immunotherapy benefit advanced melanoma patient treatment, BRAFi (BRAF inhibitor) resistance and the lower response rates or severe side effects of immunotherapy have been observed, therefore, it is necessary to develop novel inhibitors for melanoma treatment. Methods We detected the cell proliferation of lj-1-59 in different melanoma cells by CCK 8 and colony formation assay. To further explore the mechanisms of lj-1-59 in melanoma, we performed RNA sequencing to discover the pathway of differential gene enrichment. Western blot and Q-RT-PCR were confirmed to study the function of lj-1-59 in melanoma. Results We found that lj-1-59 inhibits melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promotes apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was performed to study alterations in gene expression profiles after treatment with lj-1-59 in melanoma cells, revealing that this compound regulates various pathways, such as DNA replication, P53, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Additionally, we validated the effect of lj-1-59 on key gene expression alterations by Q-RT-PCR. Our findings showed that lj-1-59 significantly increases ROS (reactive oxygen species) products, leading to DNA toxicity in melanoma cell lines. Moreover, lj-1-59 increases ROS levels in BRAFi -resistant melanoma cells, leading to DNA damage, which caused G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Conclusions Taken together, we found that lj-1-59 treatment inhibits melanoma cell growth by inducing apoptosis and DNA damage through increased ROS levels, suggesting that this compound is a potential therapeutic drug for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Li
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Jing Long
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Juan Su
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Lisha Wu
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Juan Tao
- 4Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- 5Department of Plastic Surgery of Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - JiangLin Zhang
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiang Chen
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Cong Peng
- 1The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan China.,2Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,3Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
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Zanetti TA, Biazi BI, Coatti GC, Baranoski A, Marques LA, Corveloni AC, Mantovani MS. Mitotic spindle defects and DNA damage induced by dimethoxycurcumin lead to an intrinsic apoptosis pathway in HepG2/C3A cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Liu C, Huang X, Wang P, Pan Y, Cao D, Liu YY, Chen AJ. Interference of Hsp27 Results in Apoptosis Induced by Photodamage via Regulation of Subcellular Localization of p21 in Immortalized Human Keratinocytes. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7557-7566. [PMID: 31592001 PMCID: PMC6795107 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the increased incidence of photodermatosis caused by ultraviolet light in recent years, it is necessary to clarify the mechanisms potential photodamage to the skin and reveal possible therapeutic targets. Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is well known for suppressing apoptosis. The aim of present study was to elucidate possible photoprotective mechanism between Hsp27 and p21 on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photodamage. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Hsp27 gene was interfered to assess the expression of its downstream effectors, cell apoptosis, and cell proliferation ability. The cell apoptosis was tested using flow cytometry method. The cell proliferation ability was tested using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression of protein was tested using western-blotting method. The expression of mRNA was detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The subcellular localization was elucidated using immunofluorescence. RESULTS Hsp27 knockdown decreased cell viability and increased the incidence of UVB-induced apoptosis. Compared with control group, activation of phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt)-dependent pathway resulted in the nuclear accumulation of p21 and suppression of cell proliferation, while promoting apoptosis in Hsp27 knockdown group. In addition, Hsp27 knockdown increased p53 expression and the Bax: Bcl-2 ratio, which further accelerated the apoptotic process. CONCLUSIONS These findings complemented the mechanism of skin photodamage and demonstrated the photoprotective mechanisms of Hsp27 in HaCaT cells, which might implicate a potential therapeutic target of photodamage and photodermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Huang
- Prescriptions Department, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yi-Yi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ai-Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Apigenin restores impairment of autophagy and downregulation of unfolded protein response regulatory proteins in keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 194:84-95. [PMID: 30933875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation is a major environmental risk factor that is responsible for the development and progression of many skin cancers. Apigenin, a type of bioflavonoid, has been reported to inhibit UVB-induced skin cancer. However, how apigenin functions in keratinocytes with UV damage remains unclear. In this study, by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, we found that apigenin treatment increased cell death in the primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line COLO-16. Apigenin treatment reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II turnover, acridine orange staining and GFP-LC3 puncta in both cell types, suggesting autophagy inhibition. However, apigenin treatment restored the inhibition of autophagy in UVB-challenged HEKs. Moreover, apigenin treatment restored the UVB-induced downregulation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia, Rad3-related (ATR) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) regulatory proteins, BiP, IRE1α and PERK in HEKs. Apigenin treatment also inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis and cell death in HEKs. In addition, autophagy inhibition by autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5 RNA interference interrupted apigenin-induced restoration of ATR, ATM and BiP, which were downregulated in HEKs exposed to UVB radiation. Our findings indicate that apigenin exhibits a novel protective effect in keratinocytes with UVB damage, suggesting potential application as a photoprotective agent.
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Fan F, Li Y, Liu Y, Shao L, Yu J, Li Z. Overexpression of klotho in adipose-derived stem cells protects against UVB-induced photoaging in co-cultured human fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5473-5480. [PMID: 30365106 PMCID: PMC6236291 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-culture methods are widely used in tissue engineering to drive tissue formation with the direct or indirect interaction of multiple cell types. Klotho is a novel biomarker involved in aging. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of klotho overexpressed adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) against ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-induced photoaging in co-cultured human skin fibroblasts (HSF2 cell line). Furthermore, the involvement of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was investigated. ADSCs were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue and the 3rd generation of ADSCs was used after being identified. Klotho overexpression (OE) lentivirus vectors were constructed and identified in ADSCs. The HSF2 cells were seeded in the upper layer of the Transwell co-culture plate (0.4 µm pore polycarbonate membrane) and ADSCs were seeded in the lower layer. UVB irradiation of HSF2 cells was performed using UVB lamps in uncovered petri dishes at room temperature. The present results indicated that the proliferation of ADSCs was increased by klotho OE. Furthermore the proliferation and collagen content of HSF2 were decreased by UVB irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, the protein level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 3 and p-P38 in HSF2 were upregulated. In the co-culture system, relative mRNA expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 as well as protein level of MMP-1, MMP-3 and p-P38 in HSF2 were reduced by co-culture with klotho overexpressed ADSCs when exposed to UVB (20 mJ/cm2). By contrast, the collagen content of HSF2 was increased. Collectively, OE of klotho in ADSCs notably ameliorates UVB-induced photoaging in co-cultured HSF2, and these effects were potentially achieved by increasing the collagen content and decreasing the protein level of MMP-1, MMP-3 and p-P38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Fan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The No. 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Center of CPLA, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Li Shao
- The VIP Department, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 320000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Li
- The VIP Department, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Tumor growth suppressive effect of IL-4 through p21-mediated activation of STAT6 in IL-4Rα overexpressed melanoma models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23425-38. [PMID: 26993600 PMCID: PMC5029637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in tumor development, we compared B16F10 melanoma growth in IL-4-overespressing transgenic mice (IL-4 mice) and non-transgenic mice. In IL-4 mice, reduced tumor volume and weight were observed when compared with those of non-transgenic mice. Significant activation of DNA binding activity of STAT6, phosphorylation of STAT6 as well as IL-4, IL-4Rα and p21 expression were found in the tumor tissues of IL-4 mice compared to non-transgenic mice. Higher expression of IL-4, STAT6 and p21 in human melanoma tissue compared to normal human skin tissue was also found. Higher expression of apoptotic protein such as cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, p53 and p21, but lower expression levels of survival protein such as Bcl-2 were found in the tumor of IL-4 mice. In vitro study, we found that overexpression of IL-4 significantly inhibited SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell and B16F10 murine melanoma cell growth via p21-mediated activation of STAT6 pathway as well as increased expression of apoptotic cell death proteins. Moreover, p21 knockdown with siRNA abolished IL-4 induced activation of STAT6 and expression of p53 and p21 accompanied with reduced IL-4 expression as well as melanoma cell growth inhibition. Therefore, these results showed that IL-4 overexpression suppressed tumor development through p21-mediated activation of STAT6 pathways in melanoma models.
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Kang SJ, Choi BR, Kim SH, Yi HY, Park HR, Song CH, Ku SK, Lee YJ. Beneficial effects of dried pomegranate juice concentrated powder on ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1023-1036. [PMID: 28810554 PMCID: PMC5525583 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-aging effects of pomegranate juice concentrated powder (PCP) in hairless mice following 15 weeks of UVB irradiation (three times a week; 0.18 J/cm2). Skin moisturizing effects were evaluated through skin water, collagen type I and hyaluronan contents, as well as collagen type I and hyaluronan synthesis-related transcript levels. Wrinkle formation and edema scores (skin weights) were also assessed, along with skin matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 transcript levels. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of PCP, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 contents were observed. Caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were used as an apoptotic index in epidermal keratinocytes. To determine the anti-oxidative effects of PCP, nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal immunoreactive cells were detected and glutathione (GSH) content, malondialdehyde levels, superoxide anion production, Nox2, and GSH reductase mRNA expression were all measured. The results indicated that skin wrinkles induced by photoaging were significantly reduced by PCP, whereas skin water contents, collagen type I and hyaluronan contents all increased. Furthermore, IL-1β levels in the PCP-treated groups were lower than those in the UVB-exposed control group. UVB-induced GSH depletion was also inhibited by PCP. Taken together, the results of the current study suggest that PCP has favorable protective effects against UVB-induced photoaging through anti-apoptotic effects, MMP activity inhibition and ECM (COL1 and hyaluronan) synthesis-related moisturizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kang
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Rak Choi
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeon Yi
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 13946, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Song
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Lee
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
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14
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Verma A, Kushwaha HN, Srivastava AK, Srivastava S, Jamal N, Srivastava K, Ray RS. Piperine attenuates UV-R induced cell damage in human keratinocytes via NF-kB, Bax/Bcl-2 pathway: An application for photoprotection. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 172:139-148. [PMID: 28550736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) exposure causes skin disorders like erythema, edema, hyperpigmentation, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Recent research trends of researchers have focused more attention on the identification and use of photo stable natural agents with photoprotective properties. Piperine (PIP), as a plant alkaloid, is an important constituent present in black pepper (Piper nigrum), used widely in ayurvedic and other traditional medicines and has broad pharmacological properties. The study was planned to photoprotective efficacy of PIP in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line. We have assessed the UV-R induced activation of transcription factor NF-κB in coordination with cell death modulators (Bax/Bcl-2 and p21). The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that PIP was photostable under UV-A/UV-B exposure. PIP (10μg/ml) attenuates the UV-R (A and B) induced phototoxicity of keratinocyte cell line through the restoration of cell viability, inhibition of ROS, and malondialdehyde generation. Further, PIP inhibited UV-R mediated DNA damage, prevented micronuclei formation, and reduced sub-G1 phase in cell cycle, which supported against photogenotoxicity. This study revealed that PIP pretreatment strongly suppressed UV-R induced photodamages. Molecular docking studies suggest that PIP binds at the active site of NF-κB, and thus, preventing its translocation to nucleus. In addition, transcriptional and translational analysis advocate the increased expression of NF-κB and concomitant decrease in IkB-α expression under UV-R exposed cells, favouring the apoptosis via Bax/Bcl-2 and p21 pathways. However, PIP induced expression of IkB-α suppress the NF-κB activity which resulted in suppression of apoptotic marker genes and proteins that involved in photoprotection. Therefore, we suggest the applicability of photostable PIP as photoprotective agent for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Verma
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Hari N Kushwaha
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet K Srivastava
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saumya Srivastava
- Environmental Information System Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseem Jamal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Kriti Srivastava
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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15
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Impact on Autophagy and Ultraviolet B Induced Responses of Treatment with the MTOR Inhibitors Rapamycin, Everolimus, Torin 1, and pp242 in Human Keratinocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5930639. [PMID: 28400912 PMCID: PMC5376460 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5930639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of Rapamycin (MTOR) protein is a crucial signaling regulator in mammalian cells that is extensively involved in cellular biology. The function of MTOR signaling in keratinocytes remains unclear. In this study, we detected the MTOR signaling and autophagy response in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and human epidermal keratinocytes treated with MTOR inhibitors. Moreover, we detected the impact of MTOR inhibitors on keratinocytes exposed to the common carcinogenic stressors ultraviolet B (UVB) and UVA radiation. As a result, keratinocytes were sensitive to the MTOR inhibitors Rapamycin, everolimus, Torin 1, and pp242, but the regulation of MTOR downstream signaling was distinct. Next, autophagy induction only was observed in HaCaT cells treated with Rapamycin. Furthermore, we found that MTOR signaling was insensitive to UVB but sensitive to UVA radiation. UVB treatment also had no impact on the inhibition of MTOR signaling by MTOR inhibitors. Finally, MTOR inhibition by Rapamycin, everolimus, or pp242 did not affect the series of biological events in keratinocytes exposed to UVB, including the downregulation of BiP and PERK, activation of Histone H2A and JNK, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. Our study demonstrated that MTOR inhibition in keratinocytes cannot always induce autophagy, and the MTOR pathway does not play a central role in the UVB triggered cellular response.
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16
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Zhang X, Cheng Y, Yang Y, Liu S, Shi H, Lu C, Li S, Nie L, Su D, Deng X, Ding K, Hao L. Polypeptides from the Skin of Rana chensinensis Exert the Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Activities on HaCaT Cells. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 28:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1188825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Siming Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Linyan Nie
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dan Su
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Kexiang Ding
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou Province, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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17
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Buscemi G, Ricci C, Zannini L, Fontanella E, Plevani P, Delia D. Bimodal regulation of p21(waf1) protein as function of DNA damage levels. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2901-12. [PMID: 25486478 PMCID: PMC4615108 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.946852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human p21Waf1 protein is well known for being transcriptionally induced by p53 and activating the cell cycle checkpoint arrest in response to DNA breaks. Here we report that p21Waf1 protein undergoes a bimodal regulation, being upregulated in response to low doses of DNA damage but rapidly and transiently degraded in response to high doses of DNA lesions. Responsible for this degradation is the checkpoint kinase Chk1, which phosphorylates p21Waf1 on T145 and S146 residues and induces its proteasome-dependent proteolysis. The initial p21Waf1 degradation is then counteracted by the ATM-Chk2 pathway, which promotes the p53-dependent accumulation of p21Waf1 at any dose of damage. We also found that p21Waf1 ablation favors the activation of an apoptotic program to eliminate otherwise irreparable cells. These findings support a model in which in human cells a balance between ATM-Chk2-p53 and the ATR-Chk1 pathways modulates p21Waf1 protein levels in relation to cytostatic and cytotoxic doses of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buscemi
- a Department of Experimental Oncology; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan , Italy
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18
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Chen A, Huang X, Xue Z, Cao D, Huang K, Chen J, Pan Y, Gao Y. The Role of p21 in Apoptosis, Proliferation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Antioxidant Activity in UVB-Irradiated Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2015; 21:86-95. [PMID: 25925725 PMCID: PMC4427023 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.893608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced DNA damage is the major environmental factor underlying skin cancer development. p21, a p53-inducible protein, plays a key role in the cellular response to UVB-induced DNA damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS Through p21 silencing and overexpression, we investigated the role of p21 in apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and oxidative stress in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes. RESULTS We found that UVB exposure induced significant p21 downregulation (p<0.05) and was associated with significantly increased apoptosis, significantly decreased proliferation, and significantly increased G2 phase arrest (p<0.05) in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes. p21 silencing significantly promoted apoptosis, significantly inhibited G2 phase arrest, and significantly inhibited proliferation (p<0.05), but after UVB irradiation, p21 silencing demonstrated a less significant pro-apoptotic effect and a more significant inhibition of G2 phase arrest (p<0.05), which was reflected in significantly higher proliferative activity (p<0.05). p21 overexpression acted in an anti-apoptotic manner in the absence of UVB-induced DNA damage but acted in a pro-apoptotic manner in the presence of UVB-induced DNA damage, displaying an "antagonistic duality" similar to other growth-promoting oncoproteins. p53 expression mirrored p21 expression, suggesting a regulatory feedback mechanism between p21 and p53 expression. p21 overexpression significantly downregulated glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity (p<0.05) while significantly upregulating hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content (p<0.05), suggesting a role in decreasing antioxidant defense capabilities in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that p21 may play a key role in HaCaT keratinocytes' response to UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenan Xue
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yongliang Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Arora S, Tyagi N, Bhardwaj A, Rusu L, Palanki R, Vig K, Singh SR, Singh AP, Palanki S, Miller ME, Carter JE, Singh S. Silver nanoparticles protect human keratinocytes against UVB radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis: potential for prevention of skin carcinogenesis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1265-75. [PMID: 25804413 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation from the sun is an established etiological cause of skin cancer, which afflicts more than a million lives each year in the United States alone. Here, we tested the chemopreventive efficacy of silver-nanoparticles (AgNPs) against UVB-irradiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). AgNPs were synthesized by reduction-chemistry and characterized for their physicochemical properties. AgNPs were well tolerated by HaCaT cells and their pretreatment protected them from UVB-irradiation-induced apoptosis along with significant reduction in cyclobutane-pyrimidine-dimer formation. Moreover, AgNPs pre-treatment led to G1-phase cell-cycle arrest in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. AgNPs were efficiently internalized in UVB-irradiated cells and localized into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Furthermore, we observed an altered expression of various genes involved in cell-cycle, apoptosis and nucleotide-excision repair in HaCaT cells treated with AgNPs prior to UVB-irradiation. Together, these findings provide support for potential utility of AgNPs as novel chemopreventive agents against UVB-irradiation-induced skin carcinogenesis. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Excessive exposure to the sun is known to increase the risk of skin cancer due to DNA damage. In this work, the authors tested the use of silver nanoparticles as protective agents against ultraviolet radiation. The positive results may open a door for the use of silver nanoparticle as novel agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Arora
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Nikhil Tyagi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Lilia Rusu
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Rohan Palanki
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Komal Vig
- Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | | | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Srinivas Palanki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Michael E Miller
- Auburn University Research Instrumentation Facility - Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Laboratory, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - James E Carter
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
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Hsieh WL, Huang YH, Wang TM, Ming YC, Tsai CN, Pang JHS. IFI27, a novel epidermal growth factor-stabilized protein, is functionally involved in proliferation and cell cycling of human epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:187-97. [PMID: 25664647 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IFI27 is highly expressed in psoriatic lesions but its function has not been known. The present study aimed to explore its role in proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS IFI27 knockdown and over-expression in keratinocytes were used to compare their proliferation, by MTT assay, apoptosis (by annexin V binding) and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. Formation of cyclin A/CDK1 complex was examined by a co-immunoprecipitaion method. Anti-proliferation effects of IFI27 were also examined in vivo by topical application of IFI27 siRNA on imiquimod-induced psoriatic lesions, in a mouse model. RESULTS Epidermal growth factor was demonstrated to increase IFI27 expression by prolonging half-life of IFI27 protein. The IFI27 knockdown in keratinocytes reduced the proliferation rate, but had no effect on apoptosis nor on apoptosis-related genes. Interestingly, IFI27 knockdown resulted in S-phase arrest that was found to be associated with increased Tyr15 phosphorylation of CDK1, reduced CDC25B and reduced formation of cyclin A/CDK1 complex. In addition, IFI27 knockdown was also shown to activate p53 by Ser15 phosphorylation and increase p21 expression. Topical application of IFI27 siRNA on imiquimod-induced psoriatic lesion in a mouse model reduced epidermal thickness, formation of rete ridges and PCNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time, that cell function of IFI27 is involved in proliferation of skin keratinocytes both in vitro and in vivo. It suggests that IFI27 might be a suitable target for development of a novel anti-psoriasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, 33302, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, 33302, Taiwan
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21
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Chung KW, Choi YJ, Park MH, Jang EJ, Kim DH, Park BH, Yu BP, Chung HY. Molecular Insights into SIRT1 Protection Against UVB-Induced Skin Fibroblast Senescence by Suppression of Oxidative Stress and p53 Acetylation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:959-68. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Vitale N, Kisslinger A, Paladino S, Procaccini C, Matarese G, Pierantoni GM, Mancini FP, Tramontano D. Resveratrol couples apoptosis with autophagy in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80728. [PMID: 24260465 PMCID: PMC3834311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation causes about 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers by damaging DNA either directly or indirectly by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skin, chronically exposed to both endogenous and environmental pro-oxidant agents, contains a well-organised system of chemical and enzymatic antioxidants. However, increased or prolonged free radical action can overwhelm ROS defence mechanisms, contributing to the development of cutaneous diseases. Thus, new strategies for skin protection comprise the use of food antioxidants to counteract oxidative stress. Resveratrol, a phytoalexin from grape, has gained a great interest for its ability to influence several biological mechanisms like redox balance, cell proliferation, signal transduction pathways, immune and inflammatory response. Therefore, the potential of resveratrol to modify skin cell response to UVB exposure could turn out to be a useful option to protect skin from sunlight-induced degenerative diseases. To investigate into this matter, HaCaT cells, a largely used model for human skin keratinocytes, were treated with 25 or 100 µM resveratrol for 2 and 24 hours prior to UVB irradiation (10 to 100 mJ/cm2). Cell viability and molecular markers of proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy were analyzed. In HaCaT cells resveratrol pretreatment: reduces UVB-induced ROS formation, enhances the detrimental effect of UVB on HaCaT cell vitality, increases UVB-induced caspase 8, PARP cleavage, and induces autophagy. These findings suggest that resveratrol could exert photochemopreventive effects by enhancing UVB-induced apoptosis and by inducing autophagy, thus reducing the odds that damaged cells could escape programmed cell death and initiate malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Vitale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Institute of Oncology and Experimental Endocrinology, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Salerno, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Tramontano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Battistelli M, Salucci S, Burattini S, Falcieri E. Further considerations on in vitro skeletal muscle cell death. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2013; 3:267-274. [PMID: 24596689 PMCID: PMC3940499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the apoptotic behavior induced by chemical and physical triggers in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, comparing myoblast to myotube sensitivity, and investigating it by means of morphological, biochemical and cytofluorimetric analyses. After all treatments, myotubes, differently from myoblasts, showed a poor sensitivity to cell death. Intriguingly, in cells exposed to staurosporine, etoposide and UVB radiation, apoptotic and normal nuclei within the same fibercould be revealed. The presence of nuclear-dependent "territorial" death domains in the syncytium could explain a delayed cell death of myotubes compared to mononucleated cells. Moreover, autophagic granules abundantly appeared in myotubes after each treatment. Autophagy could protect muscle cell integrity against chemical and physical stimuli, making C2C12 myotubes, more resistant to cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Battistelli
- Corresponding author: Michela Battistelli, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeVA), Campus Scientifico “Enrico Mattei”, Via Ca’ le Suore, 2, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy, E-mail:
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24
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Conney AH, Lu YP, Lou YR, Kawasumi M, Nghiem P. Mechanisms of Caffeine-Induced Inhibition of UVB Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2013; 3:144. [PMID: 23785666 PMCID: PMC3683821 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunlight-induced non-melanoma skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States with more than two million cases per year. Several studies have shown an inhibitory effect of caffeine administration on UVB-induced skin cancer in mice, and these studies are paralleled by epidemiology studies that indicate an inhibitory effect of coffee drinking on non-melanoma skin cancer in humans. Strikingly, decaffeinated coffee consumption had no such inhibitory effect. Mechanism studies indicate that caffeine has a sunscreen effect that inhibits UVB-induced formation of thymine dimers and sunburn lesions in the epidermis of mice. In addition, caffeine administration has a biological effect that enhances UVB-induced apoptosis thereby enhancing the elimination of damaged precancerous cells, and caffeine administration also enhances apoptosis in tumors. Caffeine administration enhances UVB-induced apoptosis by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Exploration of the p53-independent effect indicated that caffeine administration enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the UVB-induced increase in ATR-mediated formation of phospho-Chk1 (Ser345) and abolishing the UVB-induced decrease in cyclin B1 which resulted in caffeine-induced premature and lethal mitosis in mouse skin. In studies with cultured primary human keratinocytes, inhibition of ATR with siRNA against ATR inhibited Chk1 phosphorylation and enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis. Transgenic mice with decreased epidermal ATR function that were irradiated chronically with UVB had 69% fewer tumors at the end of the study compared with irradiated littermate controls with normal ATR function. These results, which indicate that genetic inhibition of ATR (like pharmacologic inhibition of ATR via caffeine) inhibits UVB-induced carcinogenesis support the concept that ATR-mediated phosphorylation of Chk1 is an important target for caffeine’s inhibitory effect on UVB-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan H Conney
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ , USA ; Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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25
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Yadav N, Dwivedi A, Mujtaba SF, Kushwaha HN, Singh SK, Ray RS. Ambient UVA-Induced Expression of p53 and Apoptosis in Human Skin Melanoma A375 Cell Line by Quinine. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:655-64. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neera Yadav
- Photobiology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research; Lucknow; India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Photobiology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research; Lucknow; India
| | - Syed Faiz Mujtaba
- Photobiology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research; Lucknow; India
| | - Hari Narayan Kushwaha
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Chhattar Manzil Palace; Lucknow; India
| | - Shio Kumar Singh
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Chhattar Manzil Palace; Lucknow; India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research; Lucknow; India
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26
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Increased activity of cell surface peptidases in HeLa cells undergoing UV-induced apoptosis is not mediated by caspase 3. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2650-2675. [PMID: 22489116 PMCID: PMC3317679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that in HeLa cells treated with a variety of agents there is an increase in cell surface peptidase (CSP) activity in those cells undergoing apoptosis. The increase in CSP activity observed in UVB-irradiated cells undergoing apoptosis was unaffected when the cultures were treated with the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, and matrix metalloprotease inhibitor BB3103, but greatly enhanced when treated with the caspase 3 inhibitor-DEVD, and reduced in the presence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Neither 3AB nor DEVD had an effect on the gross morphology of the apoptotic cells observed under electron microscopy, nor did they have an effect on phosphatidylserine eversion on the cell membrane, or that of PARP cleavage. All the agents except for DEVD had no effect on the level of caspase 3 activity in the cells. The results suggest that other caspases may cleave PARP in these cells. Both 3AB and DEVD treatment reduced the level of actin cleavage seen in the apoptotic cells. The increase in CSP activity observed in cells undergoing UVB-induced apoptosis appears to involve PARP but not caspase 3.
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Hepatocyte growth factor promoting the proliferation of human eccrine sweat gland epithelial cells is relative to AKT signal channel and β-catenin. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:23-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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