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Fu Y, Yan Y, Wei Z, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Vione D, Liu M, Xiao R. Overlooked Transformation of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural Waters: Role of Self-Photosensitization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37327199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation is an important process that involves trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in sunlit surface waters. However, the environmental implications of their self-photosensitization pathway have been largely overlooked. Here, we selected 1-nitronaphthalene (1NN), a representative nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, to study the self-photosensitization process. We investigated the excited-state properties and relaxation kinetics of 1NN after sunlight absorption. The intrinsic decay rate constants of triplet (31NN*) and singlet (11NN*) excited states were estimated to be 1.5 × 106 and 2.5 × 108 s-1, respectively. Our results provided quantitative evidence for the environmental relevance of 31NN* in waters. Possible reactions of 31NN* with various water components were evaluated. With the reduction and oxidation potentials of -0.37 and 1.95 V, 31NN* can be either oxidized or reduced by dissolved organic matter isolates and surrogates. We also showed that hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4•-) radicals can be generated via the 31NN*-induced oxidation of inorganic ions (OH- and SO42-, respectively). We further investigated the reaction kinetics of 31NN* and OH- forming •OH, an important photoinduced reactive intermediate, through complementary experimental and theoretical approaches. The rate constants for the reactions of 31NN* with OH- and 1NN with •OH were determined to be 4.22 × 107 and 3.95 ± 0.01 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. These findings yield new insights into self-photosensitization as a pathway for TrOC attenuation and provide more mechanistic details into their environmental fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Fu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
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2
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Mechanism of nitrite-dependent NO synthesis by human sulfite oxidase. Biochem J 2019; 476:1805-1815. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn addition to nitric oxide (NO) synthases, molybdenum-dependent enzymes have been reported to reduce nitrite to produce NO. Here, we report the stoichiometric reduction in nitrite to NO by human sulfite oxidase (SO), a mitochondrial intermembrane space enzyme primarily involved in cysteine catabolism. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies provide evidence for direct nitrite coordination at the molybdenum center followed by an inner shell electron transfer mechanism. In the presence of the physiological electron acceptor cytochrome c, we were able to close the catalytic cycle of sulfite-dependent nitrite reduction thus leading to steady-state NO synthesis, a finding that strongly supports a physiological relevance of SO-dependent NO formation. By engineering SO variants with reduced intramolecular electron transfer rate, we were able to increase NO generation efficacy by one order of magnitude, providing a mechanistic tool to tune NO synthesis by SO.
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Xu J, Zhang H, Luo T, Liu Z, Xia J, Zhang X. Phototransformation of p-arsanilic acid in aqueous media containing nitrogen species. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:777-783. [PMID: 30179842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of co-existing nitrogen species in surface water on the phototransformation of organoarsenical p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) have been investigated using a xenon lamp as a simulated solar light source. Significant enhancements of p-ASA phototransformation efficiency were observed in the presence of nitrate and nitrite, increasing with the concentration of these species and pH, whereas ammonia showed no obvious effect. The products, including inorganic arsenic species and organic derivatives, have been analyzed in order to reveal the phototransformation pathways. In the nitrate and nitrite systems, only small proportions of inorganic arsenic species were generated, with the majority of p-ASA being converted into other organoarsenical derivatives through hydroxylation, nitration, and nitrosation. Phototransformation of p-ASA in collected natural surface water was also observed. This work has implications for the phototransformation of p-ASA in nitrogen-contaminated surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zizheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Lei Y, Zhu C, Lu J, Chen R, Xiao J, Peng S. Photochemical transformation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) with N(iii)(H2ONO+/HONO/NO2−) in the atmospheric aqueous environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:332-341. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary step of photochemical transformation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) with N(iii) is ˙OH-addition on the aromatic ring of DMP to form a DMP–OH adduct, followed by several decay channels and corresponding rate constants are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Chengzhu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Center of Analysis & Measurement
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Xiao
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Shuchuan Peng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
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Martins LJA, Ferreira JMM. Phototransformation of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde in aqueous solution. A laser flash photolysis and product analysis study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:721-735. [PMID: 28287657 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash photolysis of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (NFA) in solution shows a short-lived transient absorption with λmax = 475 ± 5 nm, which is relatively insensitive to solvent polarity and is assigned to the lowest triplet state of NFA (3NFA*). In water, the 3NFA* absorption decays to a long-lived absorption, the study of which, at different times after the end of the laser pulse, reveals it to be due to a furyloxyl radical (λmax ≈ 375 nm) and to the radical anion NFA˙- (λmax ≈ 400 nm). These radicals were produced independently to confirm the assignment. The lifetime of 3NFA* depends both on the solvent and the ground-state concentration of NFA. An (n, π*) nature is attributed to 3NFA* on the basis of the propensity of 3NFA* to abstract a hydrogen-atom from the solvent. Kinetic evidence for triplet excimer formation was obtained from the self-quenching of 3NFA* in solvents where the triplet decay is slower. The effect of acidity on the triplet lifetime is discussed with respect to an electron-transfer self-quenching mechanism, assisted by the triplet excimer which is proposed to dissociate into radical ions. Chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of the photolysed aqueous solution of NFA enabled the identification of 5-hydroxymethylene-2(5H)-furanone, nitrite ion and an unknown substance as the major photoproducts. Conclusive evidence is presented that the observed 5-hydroxymethylene-2(5H)-furanone is formed from the furyloxyl radical. It is shown that the unknown substance can also be obtained from both the photoreduction of NFA in propan-2-ol and chemical reduction of NFA by Fe(s) in water (along with 5-amino-2-furaldehyde). Based on 1H- and 13C-NMR (with 2-D HMQC) and vibrational absorption spectroscopy, a tentative structure is proposed for the substance of tR 3.69 minutes obtained as a photoreduction product of NFA in water. Inorganic anions are shown to be one-electron oxidised by 3NFA* (as indicated by the observation of both the radical anion of NFA and the inorganic radical) with second-order rate constants being dependent on E of the inorganic radical. The implications of the results from complete quenching of 3NFA* by inorganic anions, and subsequent product analysis, for the phototransformation mechanism of NFA in water are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J A Martins
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Bianco A, Fabbri D, Minella M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. New insights into the environmental photochemistry of 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan): reconsidering the importance of indirect photoreactions. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:271-280. [PMID: 25179274 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is a widely used antimicrobial agent that undergoes fairly slow biodegradation. It is often found in surface waters in both the acidic (HTric) and basic (Tric(-)) forms (pKa ∼8), and it can undergo direct photodegradation to produce several intermediates including a dioxin congener (2,8-dichlorodibenzodioxin, hereafter 28DCDD). The latter is formed from Tric(-) and causes non-negligible environmental concern. Differently from current literature reports, in this paper we show that the direct photolysis would not be the only important transformation pathway of triclosan in surface waters. This is particularly true for HTric, which could undergo very significant reactions with (•)OH and, if the laser-derived quenching rate constants of this work are comparable to the actual reaction rate constants, with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter ((3)CDOM*). Model calculations suggest that reaction with (3)CDOM* could be the main HTric phototransformation pathway in deep waters with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while reaction with (•)OH could prevail in low-DOC waters. In the case of Tric(-) the direct photolysis is much more important than for HTric, but triplet-sensitised transformation could produce 28DCDD + 27DCDD with higher yield compared to the direct photolysis, and it could play some role as dioxin source in deep waters with elevated DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università degli Studi di Torino, Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Photochemical reaction of 2-chlorobiphenyl with N(III) (H2ONO+/HONO/NO2−) in acidic environment studied by using co-linear laser flash photolysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Sakugawa H, Vione D, Minakata D, Saquib M, Mottaleb MA. Photoinduced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical in Natural Waters. PHOTOBIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MATTER 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bedini A, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. Theoretical and experimental evidence of the photonitration pathway of phenol and 4-chlorophenol: a mechanistic study of environmental significance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 11:418-24. [PMID: 22124765 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced nitration pathways of phenols are important processes for the transformation of pesticide-derived secondary pollutants into toxic derivatives in surface waters and for the formation of phytotoxic compounds in the atmosphere. Moreover, phenols can be used as ˙NO(2) probes in irradiated aqueous solutions. This paper shows that the nitration of 4-chlorophenol (4CP) into 2-nitro-4-chlorophenol (NCP) in the presence of irradiated nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution involves the radical ˙NO(2). The experimental data allow exclusion of an alternative nitration pathway by ˙OH + ˙NO(2). Quantum mechanical calculations suggest that the nitration of both phenol and 4CP involves, as a first pathway, the abstraction of the phenolic hydrogen by ˙NO(2), which yields HNO(2) and the corresponding phenoxy radical. Reaction of phenoxyl with another ˙NO(2) follows to finally produce the corresponding nitrated phenol. Such a pathway also correctly predicts that 4CP undergoes nitration more easily than phenol, because the ring Cl atom increases the acidity of the phenolic hydrogen of 4CP. This favours the H-abstraction process to give the corresponding phenoxy radical. In contrast, an alternative nitration pathway that involves ˙NO(2) addition to the ring followed by H-abstraction by oxygen (or by ˙NO(2) or ˙OH) is energetically unfavoured and erroneously predicts faster nitration for phenol than for 4CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bedini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Sur B, Rolle M, Minero C, Maurino V, Vione D, Brigante M, Mailhot G. Formation of hydroxyl radicals by irradiated 1-nitronaphthalene (1NN): oxidation of hydroxyl ions and water by the 1NN triplet state. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1817-24. [PMID: 21922113 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excited triplet state of 1-nitronaphthalene ((3)1NN*) reacts with OH(-) with a second-order reaction rate constant of (1.66 ± 0.08)×10(7) M(-1) s(-1) (μ±σ). The reaction yields the ˙OH radical and the radical anion 1NN(-)˙. In aerated solution, the radical 1NN(-)˙ would react with O(2) to finally produce H(2)O(2) upon hydroperoxide/superoxide disproportionation. The photolysis of H(2)O(2) is another potential source of ˙OH, but such a pathway would be a minor one in circumneutral (pH 6.5) or in basic solution ([OH(-)] = 0.3-0.5 M). The oxidation of H(2)O by (3)1NN*, with rate constant 3.8 ± 0.3 M(-1) s(-1), could be the main ˙OH source at pH 6.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Sur
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Italy
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