1
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Wang WL, Jing ZB, Zhang YL, Wu QY, Drewes JE, Lee MY, Hübner U. Assessing the Chemical-Free Oxidation of Trace Organic Chemicals by VUV/UV as an Alternative to Conventional UV/H 2O 2. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7113-7123. [PMID: 38547102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Low-pressure mercury lamps with high-purity quartz can emit both vacuum-UV (VUV, 185 nm) and UV (254 nm) and are commercially available and promising for eliminating recalcitrant organic pollutants. The feasibility of VUV/UV as a chemical-free oxidation process was verified and quantitatively assessed by the concept of H2O2 equivalence (EQH2O2), at which UV/H2O2 showed the same performance as VUV/UV for the degradation of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs). Although VUV showed superior H2O activation and oxidation performance, its performance highly varied as a function of light path length (Lp) in water, while that of UV/H2O2 proportionally decreased with decreasing H2O2 dose regardless of Lp. On increasing Lp from 1.0 to 3.0 cm, the EQH2O2 of VUV/UV decreased from 0.81 to 0.22 mM H2O2. Chloride and nitrate hardly influenced UV/H2O2, but they dramatically inhibited VUV/UV. The competitive absorbance of VUV by chloride and nitrate was verified as the main reason. The inhibitory effect was partially compensated by •OH formation from the propagation reactions of chloride or nitrate VUV photolysis, which was verified by kinetic modeling in Kintecus. In water with an Lp of 2.0 cm, the EQH2O2 of VUV/UV decreased from 0.43 to 0.17 mM (60.8% decrease) on increasing the chloride concentration from 0 to 15 mM and to 0.20 mM (53.5% decrease) at 4 mM nitrate. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of VUV/UV oxidation in comparison to UV/H2O2, which underscores the suitability and efficiency of chemical-free oxidation with VUV/UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zi-Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Division of Chemical Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
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2
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Wang H, Zeng J, Dai R, Wang Z. Understanding Rejection Mechanisms of Trace Organic Contaminants by Polyamide Membranes via Data-Knowledge Codriven Machine Learning. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5878-5888. [PMID: 38498471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Data-driven machine learning (ML) provides a promising approach to understanding and predicting the rejection of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) by polyamide (PA). However, various confounding variables, coupled with data scarcity, restrict the direct application of data-driven ML. In this study, we developed a data-knowledge codriven ML model via domain-knowledge embedding and explored its application in comprehending TrOC rejection by PA membranes. Domain-knowledge embedding enhanced both the predictive performance and the interpretability of the ML model. The contribution of key mechanisms, including size exclusion, charge effect, hydrophobic interaction, etc., that dominate the rejections of the three TrOC categories (neutral hydrophilic, neutral hydrophobic, and charged TrOCs) was quantified. Log D and molecular charge emerge as key factors contributing to the discernible variations in the rejection among the three TrOC categories. Furthermore, we quantitatively compared the TrOC rejection mechanisms between nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) PA membranes. The charge effect and hydrophobic interactions possessed higher weights for NF to reject TrOCs, while the size exclusion in RO played a more important role. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the data-knowledge codriven ML method in understanding TrOC rejection by PA membranes, providing a methodology to formulate a strategy for targeted TrOC removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ruobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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3
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Rodgers TM, Wang Y, Humes C, Jeronimo M, Johannessen C, Spraakman S, Giang A, Scholes RC. Bioretention Cells Provide a 10-Fold Reduction in 6PPD-Quinone Mass Loadings to Receiving Waters: Evidence from a Field Experiment and Modeling. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2023; 10:582-588. [PMID: 37455862 PMCID: PMC10339781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff to streams and rivers exposes aquatic organisms to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants. In particular, the tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) is acutely toxic to several species of salmonids, which are critical to fisheries, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. We therefore urgently require interventions that can reduce loadings of 6PPD-quinone to salmonid habitats. Herein, we conducted a spike and recovery experiment on a full-scale, mature bioretention cell to assess the efficacy of stormwater green infrastructure technologies in reducing 6PPD-quinone loadings to receiving waters. We then interpreted and extended the results of our experiment using an improved version of the "Bioretention Blues" contaminant transport and fate model. Overall, our results showed that stormwater bioretention systems can effectively mitigate >∼90% of 6PPD-quinone loadings to streams under most "typical" storm conditions (i.e., < 2-year return period). We therefore recommend that stormwater managers and other environmental stewards redirect stormwater away from receiving waters and into engineered green infrastructure systems such as bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
F. M. Rodgers
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Humes
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z9, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Fu Y, Yan Y, Wei Z, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Vione D, Liu M, Xiao R. Overlooked Transformation of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural Waters: Role of Self-Photosensitization. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37327199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical transformation is an important process that involves trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in sunlit surface waters. However, the environmental implications of their self-photosensitization pathway have been largely overlooked. Here, we selected 1-nitronaphthalene (1NN), a representative nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, to study the self-photosensitization process. We investigated the excited-state properties and relaxation kinetics of 1NN after sunlight absorption. The intrinsic decay rate constants of triplet (31NN*) and singlet (11NN*) excited states were estimated to be 1.5 × 106 and 2.5 × 108 s-1, respectively. Our results provided quantitative evidence for the environmental relevance of 31NN* in waters. Possible reactions of 31NN* with various water components were evaluated. With the reduction and oxidation potentials of -0.37 and 1.95 V, 31NN* can be either oxidized or reduced by dissolved organic matter isolates and surrogates. We also showed that hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4•-) radicals can be generated via the 31NN*-induced oxidation of inorganic ions (OH- and SO42-, respectively). We further investigated the reaction kinetics of 31NN* and OH- forming •OH, an important photoinduced reactive intermediate, through complementary experimental and theoretical approaches. The rate constants for the reactions of 31NN* with OH- and 1NN with •OH were determined to be 4.22 × 107 and 3.95 ± 0.01 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. These findings yield new insights into self-photosensitization as a pathway for TrOC attenuation and provide more mechanistic details into their environmental fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Fu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
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5
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Wang K, Fu W, Wang XM, Xu C, Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Huang X. Molecular Design of the Polyamide Layer Structure of Nanofiltration Membranes by Sacrificing Hydrolyzable Groups toward Enhanced Separation Performance. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17955-17964. [PMID: 36446026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) is an effective technology for removing trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), while the inherent trade-off effect between water permeance and solute rejections hinders its widespread application in water treatment. Herein, we propose a novel scheme of "monomers with sacrificial groups" to regulate the microstructure of the polyamide active layer via introducing a hydrolyzable ester group onto piperazine to control the diffusion and interfacial polymerization process. The achieved benefits include narrowing the pore size, improving the interpore connectivity, enhancing the microporosity, and reducing the active layer thickness, which collectively realized the simultaneous improvement of water permeance and enhancement of TrOCs rejection performance. The resulting membranes were superior to both the control and commercial membranes, especially in water-TrOCs selectivity. The effects of using the new monomers on the membrane physicochemical properties were systematically studied, and underlying mechanisms for the enhanced separation performance were further revealed by simulating the polymerization process through density functional theory calculation and measuring the trans-interface diffusion rate of monomers. This study demonstrates a novel promising NF membrane synthesis strategy by designing the structure of reaction monomers for achieving excellent rejection of TrOCs with a low energy input in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Wenjie Fu
- College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin541004, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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6
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Pritchard J, Hawkins KM, Cho YM, Spahr S, Struck SD, Higgins CP, Luthy RG. Black Carbon-Amended Engineered Media Filters for Improved Treatment of Stormwater Runoff. ACS Environ Au 2022; 3:34-46. [PMID: 36691657 PMCID: PMC9856624 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff is a significant driver of surface water quality impairment. Recently, attention has been drawn to potential beneficial use of urban stormwater runoff, including augmenting drinking water supply in water-stressed areas. However, beneficial use relies on improved treatment of stormwater runoff to remove mobile dissolved metals and trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). This study assesses six engineered media mixtures consisting of sand, zeolite, high-temperature gasification biochar, and regenerated activated carbon (RAC) for removing a suite of co-contaminants comprising five metals, three herbicides, four pesticides, a corrosion inhibitor, six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This long-term laboratory-scale column study uses a novel approach to generate reproducible synthetic stormwater that incorporates catch basin material and straw-derived dissolved organic carbon. Higher flow conditions (20 cm hr-1), larger sized media (0.42-1.68 mm), and downflow configuration with outlet control increase the relevance of this study to better enable implementation in the field. Biochar- and RAC-amended engineered media filters removed nearly all of the TrOCs in the effluent over the course of three months of continuous flow (480 empty bed volumes), while sample ports spaced at 25% and 50% along the column depth provide windows to observe contaminant transport. Biochar provided greater benefit to TrOC removal than RAC on a mass basis. This study used relatively high concentrations of contaminants and low biochar and RAC content to observe contaminant transport. Performance in the field is likely to be significantly better with higher biochar- and RAC-content filters and lower ambient stormwater contaminant concentrations. This study provides proof-of-concept for biochar- and RAC-amended engineered media filters operated at a flow rate of 20 cm hr-1 for removing dissolved TrOCs and metals and offers insights on the performance of biochar and RAC for improved stormwater treatment and field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
Conrad Pritchard
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kathleen Mills Hawkins
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz
Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott D. Struck
- Geosyntec
Consultants, Los Angeles, California 90015, United States
| | - Christopher P. Higgins
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Richard G. Luthy
- Re-inventing
the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Stanford, California 94305, United States,Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,
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7
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Yang X, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Lei Y, Pan Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P. Multiple Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter in Advanced Oxidation Processes. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11111-11131. [PMID: 35797184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can degrade a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) to improve the quality of potable water or discharged wastewater effluents. Their effectiveness is impacted, however, by the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is ubiquitous in all water sources. During the application of an AOP, DOM can scavenge radicals and/or block light penetration, therefore impacting their effectiveness toward contaminant transformation. The multiple ways in which different types or sources of DOM can impact oxidative water purification processes are critically reviewed. DOM can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs, but it can also enhance the formation and reactivity of useful radicals for contaminants elimination and alter the transformation pathways of contaminants. An in-depth analysis highlights the inhibitory effect of DOM on the degradation efficiency of TrOCs based on DOM's structure and optical properties and its reactivity toward oxidants as well as the synergistic contribution of DOM to the transformation of TrOCs from the analysis of DOM's redox properties and DOM's transient intermediates. AOPs can alter DOM structure properties as well as and influence types, mechanisms, and extent of oxidation byproducts formation. Research needs are proposed to advance practical understanding of how DOM can be exploited to improve oxidative water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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8
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Gu X, Rodgers TFM, Spraakman S, Van Seters T, Flick R, Diamond ML, Drake J, Passeport E. Trace Organic Contaminant Transfer and Transformation in Bioretention Cells: A Field Tracer Test with Benzotriazole. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12281-12290. [PMID: 34495667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention cells can effectively infiltrate stormwater runoff and partly remove conventional water contaminants. A field tracer injection experiment in a conventionally designed bioretention cell was used to investigate the fate of benzotriazole, a model trace organic contaminant, during and between runoff events. Moderate (29%) benzotriazole load reductions were measured during the 6 h long injection experiment. The detection of 1-methyl benzotriazole, hydroxy benzotriazole, and methoxy benzotriazole provided in situ evidence of some rapid benzotriazole microbial transformation during the tracer test and more importantly between the events. The detection of benzotriazole alanine and benzotriazole acetyl alanine also showed fast benzotriazole phytotransformation to amino acid conjugates during the tracer test and suggests further transformation of phytotransformation products between events. These data provide conclusive full-scale evidence of benzotriazole microbial and phytotransformation in bioretention cells. Non-target chemical analysis revealed the presence of a diverse range of trace organic contaminants in urban runoff and exiting the bioretention cell, including pesticides and industrial, household, and pharmaceutical compounds. We have demonstrated the in situ potential of urban green infrastructure such as bioretention cells to eliminate polar trace organic contaminants from stormwater. However, targeted design and operation strategies, for example, hydraulic control and the use of soil amendments, should be incorporated for improved bioretention cell performance for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tim Van Seters
- Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 101 Exchange Avenue, Vaughan, Ontario L4K 5R6, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Drake
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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9
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Konradt N, Kuhlen JG, Rohns HP, Schmitt B, Fischer U, Binder T, Schumacher V, Wagner C, Kamphausen S, Müller U, Sacher F, Janknecht P, Hobby R, ElSherbiny IMA, Panglisch S. Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants by Parallel Operation of Reverse Osmosis and Granular Activated Carbon for Drinking Water Treatment. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11010033. [PMID: 33401762 PMCID: PMC7823482 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to increasingly stringent restrictions for drinking water quality, a parallel operation of two common technologies, low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) and activated carbon filtration (ACF), was investigated in a comprehensive five-month pilot study for the removal of 32 typical trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from Rhine bank filtrates employing a semi- technical plant. TrOCs have been divided into three groups: polyfluorinated aliphatic compounds; pharmaceuticals, pesticides and metabolites; in addition to volatiles, nitrosamines and aminopolycarboxylic acids, which were also examined. The net pressure behavior, normalized salt passage and rejection of TrOCs by LPRO were investigated and compared with ACF operation. In addition, autopsies from the leading and last membrane modules were performed using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), total organic carbon (TOC), ICP-OES and SEM-EDX techniques. Generally, rather stable LPRO membrane performance with limited membrane fouling was observed. TrOCs with a molecular weight of ≥ 150 Da were completely retained by LPRO, while the rejection of di- and trichloro compounds improved as the filtration progressed. ACF also showed significant removal for most of the TrOCs, but without desalination. Accordingly, the ACF and LPRO can be operated in parallel such that the LPRO permeate and the ACF-treated bypass can be mixed to produce drinking water with adjustable hardness and significantly reduced TrOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Konradt
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (U.M.)
| | - Jan Gerrit Kuhlen
- Viega Technology GmbH & Co. KG, Viegaplatz 1, 57439 Attendorn, Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Rohns
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Birgitt Schmitt
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Timo Binder
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Vera Schumacher
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Motardstraße 35, 13629 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christoph Wagner
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefan Kamphausen
- Department of Waterworks, Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AG, Wiedfeld 50, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany; (H.-P.R.); (B.S.); (U.F.); (T.B.); (C.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Uwe Müller
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (U.M.)
| | - Frank Sacher
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Peter Janknecht
- Enercity Netz GmbH, Auf der Papenburg 18, 30459 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ralph Hobby
- Chair for Mechanical Process Engineering and Water Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany; (R.H.); (I.M.A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Ibrahim M. A. ElSherbiny
- Chair for Mechanical Process Engineering and Water Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany; (R.H.); (I.M.A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefan Panglisch
- Chair for Mechanical Process Engineering and Water Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany; (R.H.); (I.M.A.E.); (S.P.)
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10
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Tufail A, Price WE, Hai FI. Impact of Inorganic Ions and Organic Matter on the Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants by Combined Direct Contact Membrane Distillation-UV Photolysis. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E428. [PMID: 33334072 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of five trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) by integrated direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and UV photolysis. Specifically, the influence of inorganic ions including halide, nitrate, and carbonate on the performance of the DCMD–UV process was evaluated. TrOC degradation improved in the presence of different concentrations (1–100 mM) of fluoride ion and chloride ion (1 mM). With a few exceptions, a major negative impact of iodide ion was observed on the removal of the investigated TrOCs. Of particular interest, nitrate ion significantly improved TrOC degradation, while bicarbonate ion exerted variable influence—from promoting to inhibiting impact—on TrOC degradation. The performance of DCMD–UV photolysis was also studied for TrOC degradation in the presence of natural organic matter, humic acid. Results indicated that at a concentration of 1 mg/L, humic acid improved the degradation of the phenolic contaminants (bisphenol A and oxybenzone) while it inhibited the degradation of the non-phenolic contaminants (sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and diclofenac). Overall, our study reports the varying impact of different inorganic and organic ions present in natural water on the degradation of TrOCs by integrated DCMD–UV photolysis: the nature and extent of the impact of the ions depend on the type of TrOCs and the concentration of the interfering ions.
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11
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Kennedy Neth NL, Keen OS. Using size-exclusion for improved extraction of trace organic compounds from landfill leachate. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:651-655. [PMID: 31023172 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19842929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, plasticisers and other trace organic contaminants have been reported in landfill leachates, with most methods using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges for solid phase extraction. However, leachate has a high organic load and can quickly coat the cartridge media and prevent target compounds from being extracted. There are several solid phase extraction cartridges that offer size exclusion in addition to adsorption, where only small molecules are allowed to diffuse into the resin pores where adsorption in happening. Three cartridges with size exclusion properties were evaluated in comparison with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges for extraction of several trace organic contaminants spiked into landfill leachate. All three cartridges with size exclusion properties showed some improvement in extraction compared with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, although the differences were not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Nevertheless, media with size-exclusion properties offers a viable alternative to hydrophilic-lipophilic balance for extracting small molecules of trace organics from complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olya S Keen
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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12
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Blandin G, Verliefde AR, Comas J, Rodriguez-Roda I, Le-Clech P. Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis-Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review. Membranes (Basel) 2016; 6:E37. [PMID: 27376337 DOI: 10.3390/membranes6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically, FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application) and water management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants), FO-RO hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes, use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO) demonstrated significant improvement in water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full-scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided in the water recycling.
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13
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Li X, Rao Z, Yang Z, Guo X, Huang Y, Zhang J, Guo F, Liu C. A Survey of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants in Groundwater along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing, East China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:16070-81. [PMID: 26694442 PMCID: PMC4690979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The status of organic pollution in groundwater in eastern China along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing was evaluated. Forty-two semi-volatile organic contaminants were analyzed, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). Among the detected contaminants, PAHs were the most widespread compounds. One PCB and six OCPs were detected in the groundwater samples, but none of the target OPPs was detected. The total concentration of the 16 PAHs ranged from 0.21 to 1006 ng/L, among which phenanthrene (271 ng/L) and fluoranthene (233 ng/L) were present at very high concentrations and naphthalene (32 positive detections in 50 samples) and fluorene (28 detections in 50 samples) were the most frequently detected. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents indicated a high environmental risk related to PAHs in a few groundwater samples. To identify the possible sources of PAHs, three concentration ratios, low molecular weight PAHs/high molecular weight PAHs, anthracene/(anthracene + phenanthrene) and fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene), were determined, that indicated that the PAHs mainly originated from mixed sources: pyrolytic and petrogenic sources with different ratios at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhu Rao
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Xiaochen Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
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14
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Abstract
A review of the literature published in 2013 on topics relating to the fate of emerging environmental pollutants during wastewater treatment is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: emerging biological agents, estrogens, metals, nanomaterials, nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and herbicide, and trace organic contaminants.
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15
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Nguyen LN, Hai FI, Yang S, Kang J, Leusch FDL, Roddick F, Price WE, Nghiem LD. Removal of trace organic contaminants by an MBR comprising a mixed culture of bacteria and white-rot fungi. Bioresour Technol 2013; 148:234-41. [PMID: 24050925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 30 trace organic contaminants (TrOC) by a white-rot fungus-augmented membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated. The results show that white-rot fungal enzyme (laccase), coupled with a redox mediator (1-hydroxy benzotriazole, HBT), could degrade TrOC that are resistant to bacterial degradation (e.g. diclofenac, triclosan, naproxen and atrazine) but achieved low removal of compounds (e.g. ibuprofen, gemfibrozil and amitriptyline) that are well removed by conventional activated sludge treatment. Overall, the fungus-augmented MBR showed better TrOC removal compared to a system containing conventional activated sludge. The major role of biodegradation in removal by the MBR was noted. Continuous mediator dosing to MBR may potentially enhance its performance, although not as effectively as for mediator-enhanced batch laccase systems. A ToxScreen3 assay revealed no significant increase in the toxicity of the effluent during MBR treatment of the synthetic wastewater comprising TrOC, confirming that no toxic by-products were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong N Nguyen
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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16
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Jasper JT, Nguyen MT, Jones ZL, Ismail NS, Sedlak DL, Sharp JO, Luthy RG, Horne AJ, Nelson KL. Unit Process Wetlands for Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants and Pathogens from Municipal Wastewater Effluents. Environ Eng Sci 2013; 30:421-436. [PMID: 23983451 PMCID: PMC3746285 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment wetlands have become an attractive option for the removal of nutrients from municipal wastewater effluents due to their low energy requirements and operational costs, as well as the ancillary benefits they provide, including creating aesthetically appealing spaces and wildlife habitats. Treatment wetlands also hold promise as a means of removing other wastewater-derived contaminants, such as trace organic contaminants and pathogens. However, concerns about variations in treatment efficacy of these pollutants, coupled with an incomplete mechanistic understanding of their removal in wetlands, hinder the widespread adoption of constructed wetlands for these two classes of contaminants. A better understanding is needed so that wetlands as a unit process can be designed for their removal, with individual wetland cells optimized for the removal of specific contaminants, and connected in series or integrated with other engineered or natural treatment processes. In this article, removal mechanisms of trace organic contaminants and pathogens are reviewed, including sorption and sedimentation, biotransformation and predation, photolysis and photoinactivation, and remaining knowledge gaps are identified. In addition, suggestions are provided for how these treatment mechanisms can be enhanced in commonly employed unit process wetland cells or how they might be harnessed in novel unit process cells. It is hoped that application of the unit process concept to a wider range of contaminants will lead to more widespread application of wetland treatment trains as components of urban water infrastructure in the United States and around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Jasper
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mi T. Nguyen
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Zackary L. Jones
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Niveen S. Ismail
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jonathan O. Sharp
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | - Richard G. Luthy
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alex J. Horne
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Kara L. Nelson
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation, Stanford, California
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Corresponding author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710. Phone: 510-643-5023; Fax: 510-642-7483. E-mail:
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