1
|
Pramotton FM, Spitz S, Kamm RD. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403892. [PMID: 38922799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect more than 50 million people worldwide, posing a significant global health challenge as well as a high socioeconomic burden. With aging constituting one of the main risk factors for some NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), this societal toll is expected to rise considering the predicted increase in the aging population as well as the limited progress in the development of effective therapeutics. To address the high failure rates in clinical trials, legislative changes permitting the use of alternatives to traditional pre-clinical in vivo models are implemented. In this regard, microphysiological systems (MPS) such as organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms constitute a promising tool, due to their ability to mimic complex and human-specific tissue niches in vitro. This review summarizes the current progress in modeling NDDs using OoC technology and discusses five critical aspects still insufficiently addressed in OoC models to date. Taking these aspects into consideration in the future MPS will advance the modeling of NDDs in vitro and increase their translational value in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gehre C, Qiu W, Klaus Jäger P, Wang X, Marques FC, Nelson BJ, Müller R, Qin XH. Guiding bone cell network formation in 3D via photosensitized two-photon ablation. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:141-152. [PMID: 38061678 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge in skeletal tissue engineering is to reconstruct a three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected bone cell network in vitro that mimics the native bone microarchitecture. While conventional hydrogels are extensively used in studying bone cell behavior in vitro, current techniques lack the precision to manipulate the complex pericellular environment found in bone. The goal of this study is to guide single bone cells to form a 3D network in vitro via photosensitized two-photon ablation of microchannels in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. A water-soluble two-photon photosensitizer (P2CK) was added to soft GelMA hydrogels to enhance the ablation efficiency. Remarkably, adding 0.5 mM P2CK reduced the energy dosage threshold five-fold compared to untreated controls, enabling more cell-compatible ablation. By employing low-energy ablation (100 J/cm2) with a grid pattern of 1 µm wide and 30 µm deep microchannels, we induced dendritic outgrowth in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). After 7 days, the cells successfully utilized the microchannels and formed a 3D network. Our findings reveal that cellular viability after low-energy ablation was comparable to unablated controls, whereas high-energy ablation (500 J/cm2) resulted in 42 % cell death. Low-energy grid ablation significantly promoted network formation and >40 µm long protrusion outgrowth. While the broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001) reduced cell spreading by inhibiting matrix degradation, cells invaded the microchannel grid with long protrusions. Collectively, these results emphasize the potential of photosensitized two-photon hydrogel ablation as a high-precision tool for laser-guided biofabrication of 3D cellular networks in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The inaccessible nature of osteocyte networks in bones renders fundamental research on skeletal biology a major challenge. This limit is partly due to the lack of high-resolution tools that can manipulate the pericellular environment in 3D cultures in vitro. To create bone-like cellular networks, we employ a two-photon laser in combination with a two-photon sensitizer to erode microchannels with low laser dosages into GelMA hydrogels. By providing a grid of microchannels, the cells self-organized into a 3D interconnected network within days. Laser-guided formation of 3D networks from single cells at micron-scale resolution is demonstrated for the first time. In future, we envisage in vitro generation of bone cell networks with user-dictated morphologies for both fundamental and translational bone research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanwan Qiu
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Xiaopu Wang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Hua Qin
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blatchley MR, Anseth KS. Middle-out methods for spatiotemporal tissue engineering of organoids. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:329-345. [PMID: 37168734 PMCID: PMC10010248 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organoids recapitulate many aspects of the complex three-dimensional (3D) organization found within native tissues and even display tissue and organ-level functionality. Traditional approaches to organoid culture have largely employed a top-down tissue engineering strategy, whereby cells are encapsulated in a 3D matrix, such as Matrigel, alongside well-defined biochemical cues that direct morphogenesis. However, the lack of spatiotemporal control over niche properties renders cellular processes largely stochastic. Therefore, bottom-up tissue engineering approaches have evolved to address some of these limitations and focus on strategies to assemble tissue building blocks with defined multi-scale spatial organization. However, bottom-up design reduces the capacity for self-organization that underpins organoid morphogenesis. Here, we introduce an emerging framework, which we term middle-out strategies, that relies on existing design principles and combines top-down design of defined synthetic matrices that support proliferation and self-organization with bottom-up modular engineered intervention to limit the degrees of freedom in the dynamic process of organoid morphogenesis. We posit that this strategy will provide key advances to guide the growth of organoids with precise geometries, structures and function, thereby facilitating an unprecedented level of biomimicry to accelerate the utility of organoids to more translationally relevant applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Blatchley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nelson BR, Kirkpatrick BE, Miksch CE, Davidson MD, Skillin NP, Hach GK, Khang A, Hummel SN, Fairbanks BD, Burdick JA, Bowman CN, Anseth KS. Photoinduced Dithiolane Crosslinking for Multiresponsive Dynamic Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211209. [PMID: 36715698 PMCID: PMC10387131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While many hydrogels are elastic networks crosslinked by covalent bonds, viscoelastic hydrogels with adaptable crosslinks are increasingly being developed to better recapitulate time and position-dependent processes found in many tissues. In this work, 1,2-dithiolanes are presented as dynamic covalent photocrosslinkers of hydrogels, resulting in disulfide bonds throughout the hydrogel that respond to multiple stimuli. Using lipoic acid as a model dithiolane, disulfide crosslinks are formed under physiological conditions, enabling cell encapsulation via an initiator-free light-induced dithiolane ring-opening photopolymerization. The resulting hydrogels allow for multiple photoinduced dynamic responses including stress relaxation, stiffening, softening, and network functionalization using a single chemistry, which can be supplemented by permanent reaction with alkenes to further control network properties and connectivity using irreversible thioether crosslinks. Moreover, complementary photochemical approaches are used to achieve rapid and complete sample degradation via radical scission and post-gelation network stiffening when irradiated in the presence of reactive gel precursor. The results herein demonstrate the versatility of this material chemistry to study and direct 2D and 3D cell-material interactions. This work highlights dithiolane-based hydrogel photocrosslinking as a robust method for generating adaptable hydrogels with a range of biologically relevant mechanical and chemical properties that are varied on demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Connor E Miksch
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Skillin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Grace K Hach
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Alex Khang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Sydney N Hummel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Large-scale perfused tissues via synthetic 3D soft microfluidics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:193. [PMID: 36635264 PMCID: PMC9837048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of engineered tissues and organoids has remained a major unresolved challenge in regenerative medicine. While multiple approaches have been developed to vascularize in vitro tissues, it has thus far not been possible to generate sufficiently dense networks of small-scale vessels to perfuse large de novo tissues. Here, we achieve the perfusion of multi-mm3 tissue constructs by generating networks of synthetic capillary-scale 3D vessels. Our 3D soft microfluidic strategy is uniquely enabled by a 3D-printable 2-photon-polymerizable hydrogel formulation, which allows for precise microvessel printing at scales below the diffusion limit of living tissues. We demonstrate that these large-scale engineered tissues are viable, proliferative and exhibit complex morphogenesis during long-term in-vitro culture, while avoiding hypoxia and necrosis. We show by scRNAseq and immunohistochemistry that neural differentiation is significantly accelerated in perfused neural constructs. Additionally, we illustrate the versatility of this platform by demonstrating long-term perfusion of developing neural and liver tissue. This fully synthetic vascularization platform opens the door to the generation of human tissue models at unprecedented scale and complexity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Lock J, Liu HH. Nanocomposites for cartilage regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
|
8
|
Hernandez DS, Michelson KE, Romanovicz D, Ritschdorff ET, Shear JB. Laser-imprinting of micro-3D printed protein hydrogels enables real-time independent modification of substrate topography and elastic modulus. BIOPRINTING (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 28:e00250. [PMID: 37601117 PMCID: PMC10438846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Independent control over the Young's modulus and topography of a hydrogel cell culture substrate is necessary to characterize how attributes of its adherent surface affect cellular responses. Arbitrary, real-time manipulation of these parameters at the micron scale would further provide cellular biologists and bioengineers with the tools to study and control numerous highly dynamic behaviors including cellular adhesion, motility, metastasis, and differentiation. Although physical, chemical, thermal, and light-based strategies have been developed to influence Young's modulus and topography of hydrogel substrates, independent control of these physical attributes has remained elusive, spatial resolution is often limited, and features commonly must be pre-patterned. We recently reported a strategy in which biomaterials having specified three-dimensional (3D) morphologies are micro-3D printed in a two-step process: laser-scanning bioprinting of a protein-based hydrogel, followed by biocompatible hydrogel re-scanning to create microscale imprinted features at user-defined times. In this approach, a pulsed near-infrared laser beam is focused within the printed hydrogel to promote matrix contraction through multiphoton crosslinking, where scanning the laser focus projects a user-defined topographical pattern on the surface without subjecting the hydrogel-solution interface to damaging light intensities. Here, we extend this strategy, demonstrating the ability to decouple dynamic topographical changes from changes in hydrogel Young's modulus at the substrate surface by increasing the isolation distance between the surface and re-scanning planes. Using atomic force microscopy, we show that robust topographic changes can be imposed without altering the Young's modulus measured at the substrate surface by scanning at a depth of greater than ~6 μm. Transmission electron microscopy of hydrogel thin sections reveals changes to hydrogel porosity and density distribution within scanned regions, and that such changes to the hydrogel matrix are highly localized to regions of laser exposure. These results represent valuable new capabilities for deconvolving the effects of substrate dynamic physical attributes on the behavior of adherent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dwight Romanovicz
- Department of Chemistry, 1 University Station A5300, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
| | - Eric T. Ritschdorff
- Department of Chemistry, 1 University Station A5300, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
| | - Jason B. Shear
- Department of Chemistry, 1 University Station A5300, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Emerging biomaterials and technologies to control stem cell fate and patterning in engineered 3D tissues and organoids. Biointerphases 2022; 17:060801. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to create complex three-dimensional cellular models that can effectively replicate the structure and function of human organs and tissues in vitro has the potential to revolutionize medicine. Such models could facilitate the interrogation of developmental and disease processes underpinning fundamental discovery science, vastly accelerate drug development and screening, or even be used to create tissues for implantation into the body. Realization of this potential, however, requires the recreation of complex biochemical, biophysical, and cellular patterns of 3D tissues and remains a key challenge in the field. Recent advances are being driven by improved knowledge of tissue morphogenesis and architecture and technological developments in bioengineering and materials science that can create the multidimensional and dynamic systems required to produce complex tissue microenvironments. In this article, we discuss challenges for in vitro models of tissues and organs and summarize the current state-of-the art in biomaterials and bioengineered systems that aim to address these challenges. This includes both top-down technologies, such as 3D photopatterning, magnetism, acoustic forces, and cell origami, as well as bottom-up patterning using 3D bioprinting, microfluidics, cell sheet technology, or composite scaffolds. We illustrate the varying ways that these can be applied to suit the needs of different tissues and applications by focussing on specific examples of patterning the bone-tendon interface, kidney organoids, and brain cancer models. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects in applying materials science and bioengineering to develop high-quality 3D tissue structures for in vitro studies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Im H, Heo E, Song DH, Park J, Park H, Kang K, Chang JB. Fabrication of heterogeneous chemical patterns on stretchable hydrogels using single-photon lithography. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4402-4413. [PMID: 35635476 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Curved hydrogel surfaces bearing chemical patterns are highly desirable in various applications, including artificial blood vessels, wearable electronics, and soft robotics. However, previous studies on the fabrication of chemical patterns on hydrogels employed two-photon lithography, which is still not widely accessible to most laboratories. This work demonstrates a new patterning technique for fabricating curved hydrogels with chemical patterns on their surfaces without two-photon microscopy. In this work, we show that exposing hydrogels in fluorophore solutions to single photons via confocal microscopy enables the patterning of fluorophores on hydrogels. By applying this technique to highly stretchable hydrogels, we demonstrate three applications: (1) improving pattern resolution by fabricating patterns on stretched hydrogels and then returning the hydrogels to their initial, unstretched length; (2) modifying the local stretchability of hydrogels at a microscale resolution; and (3) fabricating perfusable microchannels with chemical patterns by winding chemically patterned hydrogels around a template, embedding the hydrogels in a second hydrogel, and then removing the template. The patterning method demonstrated in this work may facilitate a better mimicking of the physicochemical properties of organs in tissue engineering and may be used to make hydrogel robots with specific chemical functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeseong Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunseok Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongwon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeonbin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wan J, Zhou S, Mea HJ, Guo Y, Ku H, Urbina BM. Emerging Roles of Microfluidics in Brain Research: From Cerebral Fluids Manipulation to Brain-on-a-Chip and Neuroelectronic Devices Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7142-7181. [PMID: 35080375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress made in the past few decades in brain research enables the manipulation of neuronal activity in single neurons and neural circuits and thus allows the decipherment of relations between nervous systems and behavior. The discovery of glymphatic and lymphatic systems in the brain and the recently unveiled tight relations between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) further revolutionize our understanding of brain structures and functions. Fundamental questions about how neurons conduct two-way communications with the gut to establish the gut-brain axis (GBA) and interact with essential brain components such as glial cells and blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in health and disease, however, remain. Microfluidics with unparalleled advantages in the control of fluids at microscale has emerged recently as an effective approach to address these critical questions in brain research. The dynamics of cerebral fluids (i.e., blood and CSF) and novel in vitro brain-on-a-chip models and microfluidic-integrated multifunctional neuroelectronic devices, for example, have been investigated. This review starts with a critical discussion of the current understanding of several key topics in brain research such as neurovascular coupling (NVC), glymphatic pathway, and GBA and then interrogates a wide range of microfluidic-based approaches that have been developed or can be improved to advance our fundamental understanding of brain functions. Last, emerging technologies for structuring microfluidic devices and their implications and future directions in brain research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hing Jii Mea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaojun Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hansol Ku
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brianna M Urbina
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shahi S, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Talebi S, Mardani H. Stimuli-responsive destructible polymeric hydrogels based on irreversible covalent bond dissociation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01066b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Covalently crosslinked stimuli-destructible hydrogels with the ability of irreversible bond dissociation have attracted great attentions due to their biodegradability, stability against hydrolysis, and controlled solubility upon insertion of desired triggers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Shahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Talebi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mardani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box: 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rizzo R, Ruetsche D, Liu H, Zenobi-Wong M. Optimized Photoclick (Bio)Resins for Fast Volumetric Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102900. [PMID: 34611928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric printing (VP) is a light-mediated technique enabling printing of complex, low-defect 3D objects within seconds, overcoming major drawbacks of layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. An optimized photoresin is presented for VP in the presence of cells (volumetric bioprinting) based on fast thiol-ene step-growth photoclick crosslinking. Gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) photoresin shows superior performance, both in physicochemical and biocompatibility aspects, compared to (meth-)acryloyl resins. The extremely efficient thiol-norbornene reaction produces the fastest VP reported to date (≈10 s), with significantly lower polymer content, degree of substitution (DS), and radical species, making it more suitable for cell encapsulation. This approach enables the generation of cellular free-form constructs with excellent cell viability (≈100%) and tissue maturation potential, demonstrated by development of contractile myotubes. Varying the DS, polymer content, thiol-ene ratio, and thiolated crosslinker allows fine-tuning of mechanical properties over a broad stiffness range (≈40 Pa to ≈15 kPa). These properties are achieved through fast and scalable methods for producing Gel-NB with inexpensive, off-the-shelf reagents that can help establish it as the gold standard for light-mediated biofabrication techniques. With potential applications from high-throughput bioprinting of tissue models to soft robotics and regenerative medicine, this work paves the way for exploitation of VPs unprecedented capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Ruetsche
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hao Liu
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bouzin M, Zeynali A, Marini M, Sironi L, Scodellaro R, D’Alfonso L, Collini M, Chirico G. Multiphoton Laser Fabrication of Hybrid Photo-Activable Biomaterials. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175891. [PMID: 34502787 PMCID: PMC8433654 DOI: 10.3390/s21175891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to shape stimulus-responsive optical polymers, especially hydrogels, by means of laser 3D printing and ablation is fostering a new concept of “smart” micro-devices that can be used for imaging, thermal stimulation, energy transducing and sensing. The composition of these polymeric blends is an essential parameter to tune their properties as actuators and/or sensing platforms and to determine the elasto-mechanical characteristics of the printed hydrogel. In light of the increasing demand for micro-devices for nanomedicine and personalized medicine, interest is growing in the combination of composite and hybrid photo-responsive materials and digital micro-/nano-manufacturing. Existing works have exploited multiphoton laser photo-polymerization to obtain fine 3D microstructures in hydrogels in an additive manufacturing approach or exploited laser ablation of preformed hydrogels to carve 3D cavities. Less often, the two approaches have been combined and active nanomaterials have been embedded in the microstructures. The aim of this review is to give a short overview of the most recent and prominent results in the field of multiphoton laser direct writing of biocompatible hydrogels that embed active nanomaterials not interfering with the writing process and endowing the biocompatible microstructures with physically or chemically activable features such as photothermal activity, chemical swelling and chemical sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Amirbahador Zeynali
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Mario Marini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Riccardo Scodellaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yamaguchi S, Ohashi N, Minamihata K, Nagamune T. Photodegradable avidin-biotinylated polymer conjugate hydrogels for cell manipulation. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6416-6424. [PMID: 34195701 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00585e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-synthetic polymer hybrid hydrogels crosslinked via protein-ligand binding are promising materials for the three-dimensional culture of various cells, while photo-responsive hydrogels have been widely used for the spatio-temporal control of cell functions and patterning. Photo-responsive protein-polymer hybrid hydrogels are therefore attractive candidates for use in cell and artificial tissue fabrication; however, no examples combining these properties have been reported to date. Herein, a photodegradable hydrogel consisting of avidin and biotinylated polyethylene glycol (PEG) was developed as a multi-functional matrix for cell culture and sorting. A four-branched PEG with a biotinylated photocleavable group at the end of each chain was crosslinked with avidin to produce a photodegradable hydrogel. A cytokine-dependent immunocyte was successfully cultured in the hydrogel by supplying cytokine from a medium layered on the hydrogel. Additionally, the adhesion and survival of fibroblasts could be controlled by decorating the hydrogel with a biotinylated cell-adhesive peptide. Cells embedded in the hydrogels could be recovered without cell damage as a result of light-induced hydrogel degradation. Moreover, model target cells expressing red fluorescent protein were selectively liberated from a hydrogel containing cells of different colors by irradiating with a targeted light. Owing to both the selective biotin-binding ability of avidin and the photocleavable properties of the synthetic polymer, the hydrogels were easy to prepare and decorate with functional molecules; they provided an internal structure suitable for cell culture, and allowed light-guided cell manipulation. The hydrogels are therefore expected to contribute to various cell fabrication processes as useful cell engineering and sorting tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan. and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Distler T, Polley C, Shi F, Schneidereit D, Ashton MD, Friedrich O, Kolb JF, Hardy JG, Detsch R, Seitz H, Boccaccini AR. Electrically Conductive and 3D-Printable Oxidized Alginate-Gelatin Polypyrrole:PSS Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001876. [PMID: 33711199 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive hydrogels can be used to influence cell response and maturation by electrical stimulation. However, hydrogel formulations which are 3D printable, electroactive, cytocompatible, and allow cell adhesion, remain a challenge in the design of such stimuli-responsive biomaterials for tissue engineering. Here, a combination of pyrrole with a high gelatin-content oxidized alginate-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogel is reported, offering 3D-printability of hydrogel precursors to prepare cytocompatible and electrically conductive hydrogel scaffolds. By oxidation of pyrrole, electroactive polypyrrole:polystyrenesulfonate (PPy:PSS) is synthesized inside the ADA-GEL matrix. The hydrogels are assessed regarding their electrical/mechanical properties, 3D-printability, and cytocompatibility. It is possible to prepare open-porous scaffolds via bioplotting which are electrically conductive and have a higher cell seeding efficiency in scaffold depth in comparison to flat 2D hydrogels, which is confirmed via multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. The formation of an interpenetrating polypyrrole matrix in the hydrogel matrix increases the conductivity and stiffness of the hydrogels, maintaining the capacity of the gels to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. The results demonstrate that a 3D-printable ADA-GEL can be rendered conductive (ADA-GEL-PPy:PSS), and that such hydrogel formulations have promise for cell therapies, in vitro cell culture, and electrical-stimulation assisted tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Distler
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Material Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Christian Polley
- Chair of Microfluidics Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Rostock Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Fukun Shi
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP) Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Erlangen 91052 Germany
| | - Mark. D. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry Faraday Building Lancaster University Lancaster Lancashire LA1 4YB UK
- Materials Science Institute Faraday Building Lancaster University Lancaster Lancashire LA1 4YB UK
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Erlangen 91052 Germany
| | - Jürgen F. Kolb
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP) Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry Faraday Building Lancaster University Lancaster Lancashire LA1 4YB UK
- Materials Science Institute Faraday Building Lancaster University Lancaster Lancashire LA1 4YB UK
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Material Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Chair of Microfluidics Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Rostock Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials Department of Material Science and Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen 91058 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang F, Chen M, Zhou Z, Duan R, Xia F, Willner I. Spatiotemporal patterning of photoresponsive DNA-based hydrogels to tune local cell responses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2364. [PMID: 33888708 PMCID: PMC8062675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatiotemporal effects of surface topographies and modulated stiffness and anisotropic stresses of hydrogels on cell growth remains a biophysical challenge. Here we introduce the photolithographic patterning or two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy patterning of a series of o-nitrobenzylphosphate ester nucleic acid-based polyacrylamide hydrogel films generating periodically-spaced circular patterned domains surrounded by continuous hydrogel matrices. The patterning processes lead to guided modulated stiffness differences between the patterned domains and the surrounding hydrogel matrices, and to the selective functionalization of sub-regions of the films with nucleic acid anchoring tethers. HeLa cells are deposited on the circularly-shaped domains functionalized with the MUC-1 aptamers. Initiation of the hybridization chain reaction by nucleic acid tethers associated with the continuous hydrogel matrix results in stress-induced ordered orthogonal shape-changes on the patterned domains, leading to ordered shapes of cell aggregates bound to the patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mengxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruilin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shanks HR, Wu S, Nguyen NT, Lu D, Saunders BR. Including fluorescent nanoparticle probes within injectable gels for remote strain measurements and discrimination between compression and tension. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1048-1055. [PMID: 33289763 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to remotely and non-invasively monitor and measure the strain within injectable gels used to augment soft tissue is highly desirable. Such information could enable real-time monitoring of gel performance and bespoke gel design. We report progress towards this goal using two fluorescent particle probe systems included within two different injectable gels. The two injectable gels have been previously studied in the contexts of intervertebral disc repair and stretchable gels for cartilage repair. The two fluorophore particle probes are blue or near-infrared (NIR) emitting and are present at very low concentrations. The normalised photoluminescence (PL) intensity from the blue emitting probe is shown to equal the compressive deformation ratio of the gels. Furthermore, the normalised ratio of the PL intensities for the blue and NIR probes varies linearly with deformation ratio over a wide range (from 0.2 to 3.0) with a seamless transition from compression to tension. Hence, PL can discriminate between compression and tension. The new approach established here should apply to other gels and enable remote detection of whether a gel is being compressed or stretched as well as the extent. This study may provide an important step towards remotely and minimally invasively measuring the strain experienced by load-supporting gels in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Shanks
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gelmi A, Schutt CE. Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials: Scaffolds for Stem Cell Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001125. [PMID: 32996270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell fate is closely intertwined with microenvironmental and endogenous cues within the body. Recapitulating this dynamic environment ex vivo can be achieved through engineered biomaterials which can respond to exogenous stimulation (including light, electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and magnetic fields) to deliver temporal and spatial cues to stem cells. These stimuli-responsive biomaterials can be integrated into scaffolds to investigate stem cell response in vitro and in vivo, and offer many pathways of cellular manipulation: biochemical cues, scaffold property changes, drug release, mechanical stress, and electrical signaling. The aim of this review is to assess and discuss the current state of exogenous stimuli-responsive biomaterials, and their application in multipotent stem cell control. Future perspectives in utilizing these biomaterials for personalized tissue engineering and directing organoid models are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gelmi
- School of Science College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Carolyn E. Schutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR) Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tenje M, Cantoni F, Porras Hernández AM, Searle SS, Johansson S, Barbe L, Antfolk M, Pohlit H. A practical guide to microfabrication and patterning of hydrogels for biomimetic cell culture scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
21
|
Lueckgen A, Garske DS, Ellinghaus A, Mooney DJ, Duda GN, Cipitria A. Dual alginate crosslinking for local patterning of biophysical and biochemical properties. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:185-196. [PMID: 32736118 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with patterned biophysical and biochemical properties have found increasing attention in the biomaterials community. In this work, we explore alginate-based materials with two orthogonal crosslinking mechanisms: the spontaneous Diels-Alder reaction and the ultraviolet light-initiated thiol-ene reaction. Combining these mechanisms in one material and spatially restricting the location of the latter using photomasks, enables the formation of dual-crosslinked hydrogels with patterns in stiffness, biomolecule presentation and degradation, granting local control over cell behavior. Patterns in stiffness are characterized morphologically by confocal microscopy and mechanically by uniaxial compression and microindentation measurement. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts seeded on stiffness-patterned substrates attach preferably and attain a spread morphology on stiff compared to soft regions. Human mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate preferential adipogenic differentiation on soft surfaces and osteogenic differentiation on stiff surfaces. Patterns in biomolecule presentation reveal favored attachment of mouse pre-osteoblasts on stripe regions, where thiolated cell-adhesive biomolecules have been coupled. Patterns in degradation are visualized by microindentation measurement following collagenase exposure. Patterned tissue infiltration into degradable regions on the surface is discernible in n=5/12 samples, when these materials are implanted subcutaneously into the backs of mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that our hydrogel system with patterns in biophysical and biochemical properties enables the study of how environmental cues affect multiple cell behaviors in vitro and could be applied to guide endogenous tissue growth in diverse healing scenarios in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels with patterns in biophysical and biochemical properties have been explored in the biomaterials community in order to spatially control or guide cell behavior. In our alginate-based system, we demonstrate the effect of local substrate stiffness and biomolecule presentation on the in vitro cell attachment, morphology, migration and differentiation behavior of two different mouse cell lines and human primary cells. Additionally, the effect of degradation patterns on the in vivo tissue infiltration is analyzed following subcutaneous implantation into a mouse model. The achievement of patterned tissue infiltration following the hydrogel template represents an important step towards guiding endogenous healing responses, thus inviting application in various tissue engineering contexts.
Collapse
|
22
|
Caldwell AS, Aguado BA, Anseth KS. Designing Microgels for Cell Culture and Controlled Assembly of Tissue Microenvironments. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1907670. [PMID: 33841061 PMCID: PMC8026140 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized hydrogels, termed microgels, are emerging as multifunctional platforms that can recapitulate tissue heterogeneity in engineered cell microenvironments. The microgels can function as either individual cell culture units or can be assembled into larger scaffolds. In this manner, individual microgels can be customized for single or multi-cell co-culture applications, or heterogeneous populations can be used as building blocks to create microporous assembled scaffolds that more closely mimic tissue heterogeneities. The inherent versatility of these materials allows user-defined control of the microenvironments, from the order of singly encapsulated cells to entire three-dimensional cell scaffolds. These hydrogel scaffolds are promising for moving towards personalized medicine approaches and recapitulating the multifaceted microenvironments that exist in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Caldwell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Brian A. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado – Boulder, USA, 80303
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu H, Yang H, Ma Y, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Lin M. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000639. [PMID: 32802013 PMCID: PMC7418561 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo-crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue-like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and StructuresXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Houck HA, Müller P, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez FE, Blasco E. Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003060. [PMID: 32644269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of stimuli-responsive bonds into 3D network assemblies is a key concept to design adaptive materials that can reshape and degrade. Here, a straightforward but unique photoresist is introduced for the tailored fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials that can be readily erased by water, even without the need for acidic or basic additives. Specifically, a new class of photoresist is developed that operates through the backbone crosslinking of PEG when irradiated in the presence of a bivalent triazolinedione. Hence, macroscopic gels are obtained upon visible light-emitting diode irradiation (λ > 515 nm) that are stable in organic media but rapidly degrade upon the addition of water. Photoinduced curing is also applicable to multiphoton laser lithography (λ > 700 nm), hence providing access to 3D printed microstructures that vanish when immersed in water at 37 °C. Materials with varying crosslinking densities are accessed by adapting the applied laser writing power, thereby allowing for tunable hydrolytic erasing timescales. A new platform technology is thus presented that enables the crosslinking and 3D laser printing of PEG-based materials, which can be cleaved and erased in water, and additionally holds potential for the facile modification and backbone degradation of polyether-containing materials in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nishiguchi A, Shima F, Singh S, Akashi M, Moeller M. 3D-Printing of Structure-Controlled Antigen Nanoparticles for Vaccine Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2043-2048. [PMID: 32237740 PMCID: PMC7434010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Targeted
delivery of antigens to immune cells using micro/nanocarriers
may serve as a therapeutic application for vaccination. However, synthetic
carriers have potential drawbacks including cytotoxicity, low encapsulation
efficiency of antigen, and lack of a morphological design, which limit
the translation of the delivery system to clinical use. Here, we report
a carrier-free and three-dimensional (3D)-shape-designed antigen nanoparticle
by multiphoton lithography-based 3D-printing. This simple, versatile
3D-printing approach provides freedom for the precise design of particle
shapes with a nanoscale resolution. Importantly, shape-designed antigen
nanoparticles with distinct aspect ratios show shape-dependent immune
responses. The 3D-printing approach for the rational design of nanomaterials
with increasing safety, complexity, and efficacy offers an emerging
platform to develop vaccine delivery systems and mechanistic understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiguchi
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fumiaki Shima
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nishiguchi A, Zhang H, Schweizerhof S, Schulte MF, Mourran A, Möller M. 4D Printing of a Light-Driven Soft Actuator with Programmed Printing Density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12176-12185. [PMID: 32073253 PMCID: PMC7135850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing that combines a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing process with dynamic modulation for bioinspired soft materials exhibiting more complex functionality. However, conventional approaches have drawbacks of low resolution, control of internal micro/nanostructure, and creation of fast, complex actuation due to a lack of high-resolution fabrication technology and suitable photoresist for soft materials. Here, we report an approach of 4D printing that develops a bioinspired soft actuator with a defined 3D geometry and programmed printing density. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) allows for controlling printing density in gels at pixel-by-pixel with a resolution of a few hundreds of nanometers, which tune swelling behaviors of gels in response to external stimuli. We printed a 3D soft actuator composed of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) and gold nanorods (AuNRs). To improve the resolution of printing, we synthesized a functional, thermoresponsive macrocrosslinker. Through plasmonic heating by AuNRs, nanocomposite-based soft actuators undergo nonequilibrium, programmed, and fast actuation. Light-mediated manufacture and manipulation (MPL and photothermal effect) offer the feasibility of 4D printing toward adaptive bioinspired soft materials.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu C, Ewert KK, Yao W, Wang N, Li Y, Safinya CR, Qiao W. A Multifunctional Lipid Incorporating Active Targeting and Dual-Control Release Capabilities for Precision Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:70-85. [PMID: 31774266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active targeting and precise control of drug release based on nanoparticle therapies are urgently required to precisely treat cancer. We have custom-synthesized a functional lipid (termed Fa-ONB) by introducing a folic acid-targeting group into an o-nitro-benzyl ester lipid. As designed, the liposomes formed by Fa-ONB combine active targeting and dual trigger release capabilities, which help to improve drug efficacy and reduce the toxicity of traditional liposomes. We first verified that both pH-induced hydrolysis and light treatment were able to cleave the Fa-ONB lipid. We then prepared a series of liposomes (termed FOBD liposomes) by compounding the Fa-ONB lipid with DOPC at different ratios. After encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX), we found that the particle size of DOX-loaded FOBD liposomes (DOX/FOBD) first increased (290 to 700 nm) and then decreased again (to 400 nm) under continuous UV irradiation (120 min). The photocatalytic release efficiency under different pH conditions was investigated by dialysis experiments, and it was found that the release efficiency in an acidic environment was significantly increased relative to neutral pH. This pH-triggered release response helps distinguish pathological tissues such as lysosomal compartments and tumors. The light-induced formation of a DOX precipitate increases in efficiency with increasing UV exposure time as well as with increasing environmental acidity or alkalinity. In addition, confocal imaging and flow cytometry showed that the ability of FOBD lipids to actively target HeLa cells increased with increasing Fa-ONB lipid content. Real-time in vivo fluorescence small animal experiments proved targeting to tumors and pH- and photo-induced release properties. Furthermore, therapeutic experiments using a mouse model found a significant tumor inhibitory effect for DOX/FOBD55 liposomes with UV irradiation, clearly demonstrating the benefit of light treatment: the tumor size of the control (PBS) group was 7.59 times that of the light treatment group. Therefore, this research demonstrates the benefits of combining triggerable release functions and effective active tumor targeting in one small lipid molecule for precise cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | | | - Weihe Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | | | | | - Weihong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun Han Chang R, Lee JCW, Pedron S, Harley BAC, Rogers SA. Rheological Analysis of the Gelation Kinetics of an Enzyme Cross-linked PEG Hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2198-2206. [PMID: 31046247 PMCID: PMC6765384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diverse requirements of hydrogels for tissue engineering motivate the development of cross-linking reactions to fabricate hydrogel networks with specific features, particularly those amenable to the activity of biological materials (e.g., cells, proteins) that do not require exposure to UV light. We describe gelation kinetics for a library of thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) sulfhydryl hydrogels undergoing enzymatic cross-linking via horseradish peroxidase, a catalyst-driven reaction activated by hydrogen peroxide. We report the use of small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) to quantify gelation kinetics as a function of reaction conditions (hydrogen peroxide and polymer concentrations). We employ a novel approach to monitor the change of viscoelastic properties of hydrogels over the course of gelation (Δ tgel) via the time derivative of the storage modulus (d G'/d t). This approach, fundamentally distinct from traditional methods for defining a gel point, quantifies the time interval over which gelation events occur. We report that gelation depends on peroxide and polymer concentrations as well as system temperature, where the effects of hydrogen peroxide tend to saturate over a critical concentration. Further, this cross-linking reaction can be reversed using l-cysteine for rapid cell isolation, and the rate of hydrogel dissolution can be monitored using SAOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Sun Han Chang
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Johnny Ching-Wei Lee
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sara Pedron
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Simon A. Rogers
- Department Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xiong Z, Li H, Kunwar P, Zhu Y, Ramos R, Mcloughlin S, Winston T, Ma Z, Soman P. Femtosecond laser induced densification within cell-laden hydrogels results in cellular alignment. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0f8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
31
|
Ali M, Shear JB. Real time remodeling of cellular morphology using optical imprinting of cell-culture substrates. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aafc8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
32
|
Grebenyuk S, Ranga A. Engineering Organoid Vascularization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:39. [PMID: 30941347 PMCID: PMC6433749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of increasingly biomimetic human tissue analogs has been a long-standing goal in two important biomedical applications: drug discovery and regenerative medicine. In seeking to understand the safety and effectiveness of newly developed pharmacological therapies and replacement tissues for severely injured non-regenerating tissues and organs, there remains a tremendous unmet need in generating tissues with both functional complexity and scale. Over the last decade, the advent of organoids has demonstrated that cells have the ability to reorganize into complex tissue-specific structures given minimal inductive factors. However, a major limitation in achieving truly in vivo-like functionality has been the lack of structured organization and reasonable tissue size. In vivo, developing tissues are interpenetrated by and interact with a complex network of vasculature which allows not only oxygen, nutrient and waste exchange, but also provide for inductive biochemical exchange and a structural template for growth. Conversely, in vitro, this aspect of organoid development has remained largely missing, suggesting that these may be the critical cues required for large-scale and more reproducible tissue organization. Here, we review recent technical progress in generating in vitro vasculature, and seek to provide a framework for understanding how such technologies, together with theoretical and developmentally inspired insights, can be harnessed to enhance next generation organoid development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Grebenyuk
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
LeValley PJ, Tibbitt MW, Noren B, Kharkar P, Kloxin AM, Anseth KS, Toner M, Oakey J. Immunofunctional photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces for the capture and release of rare cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:483-492. [PMID: 30497010 PMCID: PMC6545105 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a central role in cancer metastasis and represent a rich source of data for cancer prognostics and therapeutic guidance. Reliable CTC recovery from whole blood therefore promises a less invasive and more sensitive approach to cancer diagnosis and progression tracking. CTCs, however, are exceedingly rare in whole blood, making their quantitative recovery challenging. Several techniques capable of isolating these rare cells have been introduced and validated, yet most suffer from low CTC purity or viability, both of which are essential to develop a clinically viable CTC isolation platform. To address these limitations, we introduce a patterned, immunofunctional, photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel capture surface for the isolation and selective release of rare cell populations. Flat and herringbone capture surfaces were successfully patterned via PDMS micromolding and photopolymerization of photolabile PEG hydrogels. Patterned herringbone surfaces, designed to convectively transport cells to the capture surface, exhibited improved capture density relative to flat surfaces for target cell capture from buffer, buffy coat, and whole blood. Uniquely, captured cells were released for collection by degrading the hydrogel capture surface with either bulk or targeted irradiation with cytocompatible doses of long wavelength UV light. Recovered cells remained viable following capture and release and exhibited similar growth rates as untreated control cells. The implementation of molded photodegradable PEG hydrogels as a CTC capture surface provides a micropatternable, cytocompatible platform that imparts the unique ability to recover pure, viable CTC samples by selectively releasing target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige J LeValley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States; Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ben Noren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Prathamesh Kharkar
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder, CO 80309, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Guo J, Keller KA, Govyadinov P, Ruchhoeft P, Slater JH, Mayerich D. Accurate flow in augmented networks (AFAN): an approach to generating three-dimensional biomimetic microfluidic networks with controlled flow. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:8-16. [PMID: 31490456 PMCID: PMC6336169 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay01798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, microvasculature provides oxygen, nutrients, and soluble factors necessary for cell survival and function. The highly tortuous, densely-packed, and interconnected three-dimensional (3D) architecture of microvasculature ensures that cells receive these crucial components. The ability to duplicate microvascular architecture in tissue-engineered models could provide a means to generate large-volume constructs as well as advanced microphysiological systems. Similarly, the ability to induce realistic flow in engineered microvasculature is crucial to recapitulating in vivo-like flow and transport. Advanced biofabrication techniques are capable of generating 3D, biomimetic microfluidic networks in hydrogels, however, these models can exhibit systemic aberrations in flow due to incorrect boundary conditions. To overcome this problem, we developed an automated method for generating synthetic augmented channels that induce the desired flow properties within three-dimensional microfluidic networks. These augmented inlets and outlets enforce the appropriate boundary conditions for achieving specified flow properties and create a three-dimensional output useful for image-guided fabrication techniques to create biomimetic microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Houston , USA .
| | - Keely A Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Delaware , USA
| | - Pavel Govyadinov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Houston , USA .
| | - Paul Ruchhoeft
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Houston , USA .
| | - John H Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Delaware , USA
| | - David Mayerich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Houston , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
van der Vlies AJ, Barua N, Nieves-Otero PA, Platt TG, Hansen RR. On Demand Release and Retrieval of Bacteria from Microwell Arrays Using Photodegradable Hydrogel Membranes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:266-276. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André J. van der Vlies
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kansas State University, 1701A Platt Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Niloy Barua
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kansas State University, 1701A Platt Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Priscila A. Nieves-Otero
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Thomas G. Platt
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Ryan R. Hansen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kansas State University, 1701A Platt Street, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lunzer M, Shi L, Andriotis OG, Gruber P, Markovic M, Thurner PJ, Ossipov D, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. A Modular Approach to Sensitized Two-Photon Patterning of Photodegradable Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15122-15127. [PMID: 30191643 PMCID: PMC6391948 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradable hydrogels have emerged as useful platforms for research on cell function, tissue engineering, and cell delivery as their physical and chemical properties can be dynamically controlled by the use of light. The photo-induced degradation of such hydrogel systems is commonly based on the integration of photolabile o-nitrobenzyl derivatives to the hydrogel backbone, because such linkers can be cleaved by means of one- and two-photon absorption. Herein we describe a cytocompatible click-based hydrogel containing o-nitrobenzyl ester linkages between a hyaluronic acid backbone, which is photodegradable in the presence of cells. It is demonstrated for the first time that by using a cyclic benzylidene ketone-based small molecule as photosensitizer the efficiency of the two-photon degradation process can be improved significantly. Biocompatibility of both the improved two-photon micropatterning process as well as the hydrogel itself is confirmed by cell culture studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163-MC1060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 1751 21UppsalaSweden
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3171060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3171060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 1751 21UppsalaSweden
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetNovum, 141 83 HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/163-MC1060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/3081060ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationAustria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hernandez DS, Ritschdorff ET, Connell JL, Shear JB. In Situ Imprinting of Topographic Landscapes at the Cell-Substrate Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14064-14068. [PMID: 30350959 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In their native environments, adherent cells encounter dynamic topographical cues involved in promoting differentiation, orientation, and migration. Ideally, such processes would be amenable to study in cell culture using tools capable of imposing dynamic, arbitrary, and reversible topographic features without perturbing environmental conditions or causing chemical and/or structural disruptions to the substrate surface. To address this need, we report here development of an in vitro strategy for challenging cells with dynamic topographical experiences in which protein-based hydrogel substrate surfaces are modified in real time by positioning a pulsed, near-infrared laser focus within the hydrogel, promoting chemical cross-linking which results in local contraction of the protein matrix. Scanning the laser focus through arbitrary patterns directed by a dynamic reflective mask creates an internal contraction pattern that is projected onto the hydrogel surface as features such as rings, pegs, and grooves. By subjecting substrates to a sequence of scan patterns, we show that topographic features can be created, then eliminated or even reversed. Because laser-induced shrinkage can be confined to 3D voxels isolated from the cell-substrate interface, hydrogel modifications are made without damaging cells or disrupting the chemical or structural integrity of the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Hernandez
- University Station, A5300, Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Eric T Ritschdorff
- University Station, A5300, Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jodi L Connell
- University Station, A5300, Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jason B Shear
- University Station, A5300, Department of Chemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lunzer M, Shi L, Andriotis OG, Gruber P, Markovic M, Thurner PJ, Ossipov D, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. A Modular Approach to Sensitized Two‐Photon Patterning of Photodegradable Hydrogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163-MC 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Lägerhyddsvägen 1 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/317 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural BiomechanicsTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/317 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University Lägerhyddsvägen 1 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet Novum, 141 83 Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163-MC 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyTU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/308 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Correia CR, Reis RL, Mano JF. Design Principles and Multifunctionality in Cell Encapsulation Systems for Tissue Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701444. [PMID: 30102458 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation systems are being increasingly applied as multifunctional strategies to regenerate tissues. Lessons afforded with encapsulation systems aiming to treat endocrine diseases seem to be highly valuable for the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) systems of today, in which tissue regeneration and biomaterial integration are key components. Innumerous multifunctional systems for cell compartmentalization are being proposed to meet the specific needs required in the TERM field. Herein is reviewed the variable geometries proposed to produce cell encapsulation strategies toward tissue regeneration, including spherical and fiber-shaped systems, and other complex shapes and arrangements that better mimic the highly hierarchical organization of native tissues. The application of such principles in the TERM field brings new possibilities for the development of highly complex systems, which holds tremendous promise for tissue regeneration. The complex systems aim to recreate adequate environmental signals found in native tissue (in particular during the regenerative process) to control the cellular outcome, and conferring multifunctional properties, namely the incorporation of bioactive molecules and the ability to create smart and adaptative systems in response to different stimuli. The new multifunctional properties of such systems that are being employed to fulfill the requirements of the TERM field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. Correia
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and BiomimeticsUniversity of MinhoHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark 4805‐017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Truong VX, Li F, Forsythe JS. Visible Light Activation of Nucleophilic Thiol-X Addition via Thioether Bimane Photocleavage for Polymer Cross-Linking. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4277-4285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
LeValley PJ, Noren B, Kharkar PM, Kloxin AM, Gatlin JC, Oakey JS. Fabrication of Functional Biomaterial Microstructures by in Situ Photopolymerization and Photodegradation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3078-3087. [PMID: 31984222 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The in situ fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microstructures within poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic networks is a versatile technique that has enabled unique applications in biosensing, medical diagnostics, and the fundamental life sciences. Hydrogel structures have previously been patterned by the lithographic photopolymerization of PEGDA hydrogel forming solutions, a process that is confounded by oxygen-permeable PDMS. Here, we introduce an alternate PEG patterning technique that relies upon the optical sculpting of features by patterned light-induced erosion of photodegradable PEGDA deemed negative projection lithography. We quantitatively compared the hydrogel micropatterning fidelity of negative projection lithography to positive projection lithography, using traditional PEGDA photopolymerization, within PDMS devices. We found that the channel depth, the local oxygen atmosphere, and the UV exposure time dictated the size and resolution of hydrogel features formed using positive projection lithography. In contrast, negative projection lithography was observed to deliver high-resolution functional features with dimensions on the order of single micrometers enabled by its facilely controlled mechanism of feature formation that is insensitive to oxygen. Next, the utility of photodegradable PEGDA was further assessed by encapsulating or conjugating bioactive molecules within photodegradable PEG matrixes to provide a route to the formation of complex and dynamically reconfigurable chemical microenvironments. Finally, we demonstrated that negative projection lithography enabled photopatterning of multilayered microscale objects without the need for precise mask alignment. The described approach for photopatterning high-resolution photolabile hydrogel microstructures directly within PDMS microchannels could enable novel microsystems of increasing complexity and sophistication for a variety of clinical and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige J LeValley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Ben Noren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Prathamesh M Kharkar
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - John S Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Design and development of a robust photo-responsive block copolymer framework for tunable nucleic acid delivery and efficient gene silencing. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
43
|
Bai M, He J, Kang L, Nie J, Yin R. Regulated basal and bolus insulin release from glucose-responsive core-shell microspheres based on concanavalin A-sugar affinity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [PMID: 29524488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual insulin therapy considering the heterogeneity of insulin resistance between patients may bring more benefits than conventional therapy. Therefore, in glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems, more attention should be paid on further regulation of insulin release to meet individual requirements. Our study shows the feasibility of using a photo-crosslinkable shell layer to regulate basal and bolus insulin release from glucose-responsive Con A-polysaccharides network. Core-shell microspheres were fabricated through a two-step high-speed shear-emulsification method. The morphology was observed by SEM and TEM, and the core-shell structure was confirmed by the differences in chemical composition between core-shell and single-layer microspheres obtained from XPS and IR analysis. In vitro insulin release test revealed that the core-shell microspheres with or without light-irradiation could maintain corresponding bolus and basal insulin release in response to different glucose concentration but enable much lower burst release compared with single-layer microspheres without shell. Meanwhile, insulin release rate and amount could be further decreased upon light-irradiation owing to the photo-induced cycloaddition of cinnamate pendant groups of the shell material. The released insulin was proved to remain active according to fluorescence and circular dichroism analysis. The HDF cell viability assessment suggested that the core-shell microspheres possessed no in vitro cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Complex and Intelligent Systems Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liangfa Kang
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China; Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruixue Yin
- Complex and Intelligent Systems Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rose JC, De Laporte L. Hierarchical Design of Tissue Regenerative Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701067. [PMID: 29369541 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide shortage of organs fosters significant advancements in regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering and regeneration aim to supply or repair organs or tissues by combining material scaffolds, biochemical signals, and cells. The greatest challenge entails the creation of a suitable implantable or injectable 3D macroenvironment and microenvironment to allow for ex vivo or in vivo cell-induced tissue formation. This review gives an overview of the essential components of tissue regenerating scaffolds, ranging from the molecular to the macroscopic scale in a hierarchical manner. Further, this review elaborates about recent pivotal technologies, such as photopatterning, electrospinning, 3D bioprinting, or the assembly of micrometer-scale building blocks, which enable the incorporation of local heterogeneities, similar to most native extracellular matrices. These methods are applied to mimic a vast number of different tissues, including cartilage, bone, nerves, muscle, heart, and blood vessels. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made in the last decade, it remains a hurdle to build biomaterial constructs in vitro or in vivo with a native-like structure and architecture, including spatiotemporal control of biofunctional domains and mechanical properties. New chemistries and assembly methods in water will be crucial to develop therapies that are clinically translatable and can evolve into organized and functional tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Rose
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 Aachen D‐52074 Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 Aachen D‐52074 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nishiguchi A, Mourran A, Zhang H, Möller M. In-Gel Direct Laser Writing for 3D-Designed Hydrogel Composites That Undergo Complex Self-Shaping. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700038. [PMID: 29375957 PMCID: PMC5770688 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-shaping and actuating materials inspired by biological system have enormous potential for biosensor, microrobotics, and optics. However, the control of 3D-complex microactuation is still challenging due to the difficulty in design of nonuniform internal stress of micro/nanostructures. Here, we develop in-gel direct laser writing (in-gel DLW) procedure offering a high resolution inscription whereby the two materials, resin and hydrogel, are interpenetrated on a scale smaller than the wavelength of the light. The 3D position and mechanical properties of the inscribed structures could be tailored to a resolution better than 100 nm over a wide density range. These provide an unparalleled means of inscribing a freely suspended microstructures of a second material like a skeleton into the hydrogel body and also to direct isotropic volume changes to bending and distortion motions. In the combination with a thermosensitive hydrogel rather small temperature variations could actuate large amplitude motions. This generates complex modes of motion through the rational engineering of the stresses present in the multicomponent material. More sophisticated folding design would realize a multiple, programmable actuation of soft materials. This method inspired by biological system may offer the possibility for functional soft materials capable of biomimetic actuation and photonic crystal application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiguchi
- DWI Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeck str. 50D‐52056AachenGermany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeck str. 50D‐52056AachenGermany
| | - Hang Zhang
- DWI Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeck str. 50D‐52056AachenGermany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen UniversityForckenbeck str. 50D‐52056AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pradhan S, Keller KA, Sperduto JL, Slater JH. Fundamentals of Laser-Based Hydrogel Degradation and Applications in Cell and Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700681. [PMID: 29065249 PMCID: PMC5797692 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cell and tissue engineering fields have profited immensely through the implementation of highly structured biomaterials. The development and implementation of advanced biofabrication techniques have established new avenues for generating biomimetic scaffolds for a multitude of cell and tissue engineering applications. Among these, laser-based degradation of biomaterials is implemented to achieve user-directed features and functionalities within biomimetic scaffolds. This review offers an overview of the physical mechanisms that govern laser-material interactions and specifically, laser-hydrogel interactions. The influences of both laser and material properties on efficient, high-resolution hydrogel degradation are discussed and the current application space in cell and tissue engineering is reviewed. This review aims to acquaint readers with the capability and uses of laser-based degradation of biomaterials, so that it may be easily and widely adopted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Hydrogels mimic many of the physical properties of soft tissue and are widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Synthetic hydrogels have been developed to recapitulate many of the healthy and diseased states of native tissues and can be used as a cell scaffold to study the effect of matricellular interactions in vitro. However, these matrices often fail to capture the dynamic and heterogenous nature of the in vivo environment, which varies spatially and during events such as development and disease. To address this deficiency, a variety of manufacturing and processing techniques are being adapted to the biomaterials setting. Among these, photochemistry is particularly well suited because these reactions can be performed in precise three-dimensional space and at specific moments in time. This spatiotemporal control over chemical reactions can also be performed over a range of cell- and tissue-relevant length scales with reactions that proceed efficiently and harmlessly at ambient conditions. This review will focus on the use of photochemical reactions to create dynamic hydrogel environments, and how these dynamic environments are being used to investigate and direct cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobin E Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arakawa CK, Badeau BA, Zheng Y, DeForest CA. Multicellular Vascularized Engineered Tissues through User-Programmable Biomaterial Photodegradation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201703156. [PMID: 28737278 PMCID: PMC5628157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A photodegradable material-based approach to generate endothelialized 3D vascular networks within cell-laden hydrogel biomaterials is introduced. Exploiting multiphoton lithography, microchannel networks spanning nearly all size scales of native human vasculature are readily generated with unprecedented user-defined 4D control. Intraluminal channel architectures of synthetic vessels are fully customizable, providing new opportunities for next-generation microfluidics and directed cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Arakawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Barry A Badeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781, Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781, Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Leijten J, Seo J, Yue K, Santiago GTD, Tamayol A, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Shin SR, Sharifi R, Noshadi I, Álvarez MM, Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A. Spatially and Temporally Controlled Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2017; 119:1-35. [PMID: 29200661 PMCID: PMC5708586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen tremendous advances in the field of hydrogel-based biomaterials. One of the most prominent revolutions in this field has been the integration of elements or techniques that enable spatial and temporal control over hydrogels' properties and functions. Here, we critically review the emerging progress of spatiotemporal control over biomaterial properties towards the development of functional engineered tissue constructs. Specifically, we will highlight the main advances in the spatial control of biomaterials, such as surface modification, microfabrication, photo-patterning, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, as well as advances in the temporal control of biomaterials, such as controlled release of molecules, photocleaving of proteins, and controlled hydrogel degradation. We believe that the development and integration of these techniques will drive the engineering of next-generation engineered tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kan Yue
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roholah Sharifi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Iman Noshadi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mario Moisés Álvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|