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Chen K, Sun M, Chen S. Determining ideal offsets of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for transcutaneous measurements-A Monte Carlo study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024:e202300564. [PMID: 38887978 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is valuable for noninvasive bone assessment but requires a clearer understanding of how offset distances influence detection depth. To address this, our study devised a forward-adjoint Monte Carlo multi-layer (MCML) model to simulate photon paths in SORS, aiming to determine optimal offsets for various tissue types. We examined photon migration at offsets between 0 and 15 mm against layered phantoms of differing thicknesses and compositions to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio for bone layers. The findings highlight that optimal offsets are contingent on tissue characteristics: a metacarpal beneath 2.5 mm of tissue had an ideal offset of 6.7 mm, while a tibia with 5 mm of soft tissue required 10-11 mm. This precise calibration of SORS via MCML modeling promises substantial improvements in bone health diagnostics and potential for expansive medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Chen
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengya Sun
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Gautam R, Mac Mahon D, Eager G, Ma H, Guadagno CN, Andersson-Engels S, Konugolu Venkata Sekar S. Fabrication and characterization of multi-biomarker optimized tissue-mimicking phantoms for multi-modal optical spectroscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:4768-4776. [PMID: 37665320 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00680h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advancement of novel optical spectroscopy and imaging systems relies on the availability of well-characterised and reproducible protocols for phantoms as a standard for the validation of the technique. The tissue-mimicking phantoms are also used to investigate photon transport in biological samples before clinical trials that require well-characterized phantoms with known optical properties (reduced scattering (μ's) and absorption (μa) coefficients). However, at present, there is limited literature available providing well-characterized phantom recipes considering various biomarkers and tested over a wide range of optical properties covering most of the human organs and applicable to multimodal optical spectroscopy. In this study, gelatin-based phantoms were designed to simulate tissue optical properties where India ink and Intralipid were used as absorbing and scattering agents, respectively. Multiple biomarkers were simulated by varying the gelatin concentration to mimic the change in tissue hydration and hydroxyapatite concentration to mimic bone signature. The recipe along with biomarkers were optimized and characterised over a wide range of optical properties (μa from 0.1 to 0.5 cm-1; μ's from 5 to 15 cm-1) relevant to human tissue using a broadband time-domain diffuse optical spectrometer. The data collected showed a linear relationship between the concentration of ink/lipids and μa/μ's values with negligible coupling between μa and μ's values. While being stored in a refrigerator post-fabrication, the μa and μ's did not change significantly (<4% coefficient of variation, 'CV') over three weeks. The reproducibility in three different sets was validated experimentally and found to be strong with a variation of ≤6% CV in μa and ≤9% CV in μ's. From the 3 × 3 data of μa and μ's matrices, one can deduce the recipe for any target absorption or reduced scattering coefficient. The applicability of the phantoms was tested using diffuse reflectance and Raman spectrometers. A use case application was demonstrated for Raman spectroscopy where hydration and hydroxyapatite phantoms were designed to characterize the Raman instrument. The Raman instrument could detect the change in 1% of HA and 5% of hydration. This study presents a first-of-its-kind robust, well-characterized, multi-biomarker phantom recipe for calibration and benchmarking of multimodal spectroscopy devices assisting in their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Gráinne Eager
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hui Ma
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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3
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Fernández-Galiana Á, Bibikova O, Vilms Pedersen S, Stevens MM. Fundamentals and Applications of Raman-Based Techniques for the Design and Development of Active Biomedical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210807. [PMID: 37001970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method based on light-matter interactions that can interrogate the vibrational modes of matter and provide representative molecular fingerprints. Mediated by its label-free, non-invasive nature, and high molecular specificity, Raman-based techniques have become ubiquitous tools for in situ characterization of materials. This review comprehensively describes the theoretical and practical background of Raman spectroscopy and its advanced variants. The numerous facets of material characterization that Raman scattering can reveal, including biomolecular identification, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and spatial mapping of biomolecular species in bioactive materials, are highlighted. The review illustrates the potential of these techniques in the context of active biomedical material design and development by highlighting representative studies from the literature. These studies cover the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of both natural and synthetic biomaterials, including engineered tissue constructs, biopolymer systems, ceramics, and nanoparticle formulations, among others. To increase the accessibility and adoption of these techniques, the present review also provides the reader with practical recommendations on the integration of Raman techniques into the experimental laboratory toolbox. Finally, perspectives on how recent developments in plasmon- and coherently-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can propel Raman from underutilized to critical for biomaterial development are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Olga Bibikova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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Dinh J, Yamashita A, Kang H, Gioux S, Choi HS. Optical Tissue Phantoms for Quantitative Evaluation of Surgical Imaging Devices. ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2023; 4:2200194. [PMID: 36643020 PMCID: PMC9838008 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical tissue phantoms (OTPs) have been extensively applied to the evaluation of imaging systems and surgical training. Due to their human tissue-mimicking characteristics, OTPs can provide accurate optical feedback on the performance of image-guided surgical instruments, simulating the biological sizes and shapes of human organs, and preserving similar haptic responses of original tissues. This review summarizes the essential components of OTPs (i.e., matrix, scattering and absorbing agents, and fluorophores) and the various manufacturing methods currently used to create suitable tissue-mimicking phantoms. As photobleaching is a major challenge in OTP fabrication and its feedback accuracy, phantom photostability and how the photobleaching phenomenon can affect their optical properties are discussed. Consequently, the need for novel photostable OTPs for the quantitative evaluation of surgical imaging devices is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dinh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- Intuitive Surgical Sàrl, 1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
- ICube Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique based on interferometry of backscattered lights from materials and biological samples. For the quantitative evaluation of an OCT system, artificial optical samples or phantoms are commonly used. They mimic the structure of biological tissues and can provide a quality standard for comparison within and across devices. Phantoms contain medium matrix and scattering particles within the dimension range of target biological structures such as the retina. The aim was to determine if changes in speckle derived optical texture could be employed to classify the OCT phantoms based on their structural composition. Four groups of phantom types were prepared and imaged. These comprise different concentrations of a medium matrix (gelatin solution), different sized polystyrene beads (PBs), the volume of PBs and different refractive indices of scatterers (PBs and SiO2). Texture analysis was applied to detect subtle optical differences in OCT image intensity, surface coarseness and brightness of regions of interest. A semi-automated classifier based on principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) was applied to discriminate the various texture models. The classifier detected correctly different phantom textures from 82% to 100%, demonstrating that analysis of the texture of OCT images can be potentially used to discriminate biological structure based on subtle changes in light scattering.
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Moran LJ, Wordingham F, Gardner B, Stone N, Harries TJ. An experimental and numerical modelling investigation of the optical properties of Intralipid using deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:7601-7610. [PMID: 34783335 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were created to investigate the distribution of Raman signals in tissue phantoms and to validate the arctk code that was used. The aim was to show our code is capable of replicating experimental results in order to use it to advise similar future studies and to predict the outcomes. The experiment performed to benchmark our code used large volume liquid tissue phantoms to simulate the scattering properties of human tissue. The scattering agent used was Intralipid (IL), of various concentrations, filling a small quartz tank. A thin sample of PTFE was made to act as a distinct layer in the tank; this was our Raman signal source. We studied experimentally, and then reproduced via simulations, the variation in Raman signal strength in a transmission geometry as a function of the optical properties of the scattering agent and the location of the Raman material in the volume. We have also found that a direct linear extrapolation of scattering coefficients between concentrations of Intralipid is an incorrect assumption at lower concentrations when determining the optical properties. By combining experimental and simulation results, we have calculated different estimates of these scattering coefficients. The results of this study give insight into light propagation and Raman transport in scattering media and show how the location of maximum Raman signal varies as the optical properties change. The success of arctk in reproducing observed experimental signal behaviour will allow us in future to inform the development of noninvasive cancer screening applications (such as breast and prostate cancers) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Moran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Freddy Wordingham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Tim J Harries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
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Dumont AP, Fang Q, Patil CA. A computationally efficient Monte-Carlo model for biomedical Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000377. [PMID: 33733621 PMCID: PMC10069992 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) modeling is a valuable tool to gain fundamental understanding of light-tissue interactions, provide guidance and assessment to optical instrument designs, and help analyze experimental data. It has been a major challenge to efficiently extend MC towards modeling of bulk-tissue Raman spectroscopy (RS) due to the wide spectral range, relatively sharp spectral features, and presence of background autofluorescence. Here, we report a computationally efficient MC approach for RS by adapting the massively-parallel Monte Carlo eXtreme (MCX) simulator. Simulation efficiency is achieved through "isoweight," a novel approach that combines the statistical generation of Raman scattered and Fluorescence emission with a lookup-table-based technique well-suited for parallelization. The MC model uses a graphics processor to produce dense Raman and fluorescence spectra over a range of 800 - 2000 cm-1 with an approximately 100× increase in speed over prior RS Monte Carlo methods. The simulated RS signals are compared against experimentally collected spectra from gelatin phantoms, showing a strong correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Dumont
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chetan A. Patil
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Fales AM, Strobbia P, Vo-Dinh T, Ilev IK, Pfefer TJ. 3D-printed phantoms for characterizing SERS nanoparticle detectability in turbid media. Analyst 2021; 145:6045-6053. [PMID: 32766656 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in plasmonic nanoparticle synthesis have enabled extremely high per-particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) efficiencies. This has led to the development of SERS tags for in vivo applications (e.g. tumor targeting and detection), providing high sensitivity and fingerprint-like molecular specificity. While the SERS enhancement factor is a major contributor to SERS tag performance, in practice the throughput and excitation-collection geometry of the optical system can significantly impact detectability. Test methods to objectively quantify SERS particle performance under realistic conditions are necessary to facilitate clinical translation. Towards this goal, we have developed 3D-printed phantoms with tunable, biologically-relevant optical properties. Phantoms were designed to include 1 mm-diameter channels at different depths, which can be filled with SERS tag solutions. The effects of channel depth and particle concentration on the detectability of three different SERS tags were evaluated using 785 nm laser excitation at the maximum permissible exposure for skin. Two of these tags were commercially available, featuring gold nanorods as the SERS particle, while the third tag was prepared in-house using silver-coated gold nanostars. Our findings revealed that the measured SERS intensity of tags in solution is not always a reliable predictor of detectability when applied in a turbid medium such as tissue. The phantoms developed in this work can be used to assess the suitability of specific SERS tags and instruments for their intended clinical applications and provide a means of optimizing new SERS device-tag combination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fales
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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9
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Vardaki MZ, Kourkoumelis N. Tissue Phantoms for Biomedical Applications in Raman Spectroscopy: A Review. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2020; 11:1179597220948100. [PMID: 32884391 PMCID: PMC7440735 DOI: 10.1177/1179597220948100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a group of analytical techniques, currently applied in several research fields, including clinical diagnostics. Tissue-mimicking optical phantoms have been established as an essential intermediate stage for medical applications with their employment from spectroscopic techniques to be constantly growing. This review outlines the types of tissue phantoms currently employed in different biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, focusing on their composition and optical properties. It is therefore an attempt to present an informed range of options for potential use to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION To meet unique demands and stretch budgets, simulations will often be made rather than purchased. Although 3-dimensional printing can be useful, there are significant physical limitations of these materials. This project is intended to begin examining the physical properties of materials used in casting/molding that may be useful for simulant soft tissue creation. METHODS A variety of materials (foams and rubbers, urethanes and silicones, ballistic and food grade gels) were cast in standardized forms for analysis and visualized via computed tomography scanner and ultrasound (US). Each sample was also tested using 18ga and 22ga needles to determine force required for penetration. RESULTS Silicone rubbers were generally well visualized via US, with computed tomography imaging showing between 100 and 200 Hounsfield units. Ballistic and food grade gels measured in the areas of -175 and 8 Hounsfield units, respectively, while being clear under US. Foams, particularly the urethane, demonstrated low Hounsfield units and were essentially opaque to US because of air cell artifact. Needle force requirements ranged from 0.05 to 23.34 N. Gels and foams were in the lower range, but there was overlap with the silicone. The use of additives in the silicones allowed for a wide range of needle forces and tactile experiences. CONCLUSIONS Silicone and urethane materials can mimic soft tissues, for both imaging and interventions. Although there is significant potential for independent production of custom, high-fidelity simulants, further work is required to identify preferable combinations of materials and optimal techniques for their use.
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Ember KJI, Hoeve MA, McAughtrie SL, Bergholt MS, Dwyer BJ, Stevens MM, Faulds K, Forbes SJ, Campbell CJ. Raman spectroscopy and regenerative medicine: a review. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:12. [PMID: 29302348 PMCID: PMC5665621 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine spans a wide area of the biomedical landscape-from single cell culture in laboratories to human whole-organ transplantation. To ensure that research is transferrable from bench to bedside, it is critical that we are able to assess regenerative processes in cells, tissues, organs and patients at a biochemical level. Regeneration relies on a large number of biological factors, which can be perturbed using conventional bioanalytical techniques. A versatile, non-invasive, non-destructive technique for biochemical analysis would be invaluable for the study of regeneration; and Raman spectroscopy is a potential solution. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method by which chemical data are obtained through the inelastic scattering of light. Since its discovery in the 1920s, physicists and chemists have used Raman scattering to investigate the chemical composition of a vast range of both liquid and solid materials. However, only in the last two decades has this form of spectroscopy been employed in biomedical research. Particularly relevant to regenerative medicine are recent studies illustrating its ability to characterise and discriminate between healthy and disease states in cells, tissue biopsies and in patients. This review will briefly outline the principles behind Raman spectroscopy and its variants, describe key examples of its applications to biomedicine, and consider areas of regenerative medicine that would benefit from this non-invasive bioanalytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. I. Ember
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Marieke A. Hoeve
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Sarah L. McAughtrie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Benjamin J. Dwyer
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- 0000000121138138grid.11984.35Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Building, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD UK
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
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Unal M, Akkus O. Raman spectral classification of mineral- and collagen-bound water's associations to elastic and post-yield mechanical properties of cortical bone. Bone 2015; 81. [PMID: 26211992 PMCID: PMC4640992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Water that is bound to bone's matrix is implied as a predictor of fracture resistance; however, bound water is an elusive variable to be measured nondestructively. To date, the only nondestructive method used for studying bone hydration status is magnetic resonance variants (NMR or MRI). For the first time, bone hydration status was studied by short-wave infrared (SWIR) Raman spectroscopy to investigate associations of mineral-bound and collagen-bound water compartments with mechanical properties. Thirty cortical bone samples were used for quantitative Raman-based water analysis, gravimetric analysis, porosity measurement, and biomechanical testing. A sequential dehydration protocol was developed to replace unbound (heat drying) and bound (ethanol treatment) water in bone. Raman spectra were collected serially to track the OH-stretch band during dehydration. Four previously identified peaks were investigated: I3220/I2949, I3325/I2949 and I3453/I2949 reflect status of organic-matrix related water (mostly collagen-related water) compartments and collagen portion of bone while I3584/I2949 reflects status of mineral-related water compartments and mineral portion of bone. These spectroscopic biomarkers were correlated with elastic and post-yield mechanical properties of bone. Collagen-water related biomarkers (I3220/I2949 and I3325/I2949) correlated significantly and positively with toughness (R(2)=0.81 and R(2)=0.79; p<0.001) and post-yield toughness (R(2)=0.65 and R(2)=0.73; p<0.001). Mineral-water related biomarker correlated significantly and negatively with elastic modulus (R(2)=0.78; p<0.001) and positively with strength (R(2)=0.46; p<0.001). While MR-based techniques have been useful in measuring unbound and bound water, this is the first study which probed bound-water compartments differentially for collagen and mineral-bound water. For the first time, we showed an evidence for contributions of different bound-water compartments to mechanical properties of wet bone and the reported correlations of Raman-based water measurements to mechanical properties underline the necessity for enabling approaches to assess these new biomarkers noninvasively in vivo to improve the current diagnosis of those who may be at risk of bone fracture due to aging and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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13
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Demers JLH, Esmonde-White FW, Esmonde-White KA, Morris MD, Pogue BW. Next-generation Raman tomography instrument for non-invasive in vivo bone imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:793-806. [PMID: 25798304 PMCID: PMC4361434 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combining diffuse optical tomography methods with Raman spectroscopy of tissue provides the ability for in vivo measurements of chemical and molecular characteristics, which have the potential for being useful in diagnostic imaging. In this study a system for Raman tomography was developed and tested. A third generation microCT coupled system was developed to combine 10 detection fibers and 5 excitation fibers with laser line filtering and a Cytop reference signal. Phantom measurements of hydroxyapatite concentrations from 50 to 300 mg/ml had a linear response. Fiber placement and experiment design was optimized using cadaver animals with live animal measurements acquired to validate the systems capabilities. Promising results from the initial animal experiments presented here, pave the way for a study of longitudinal measurements during fracture healing and the scaling of the Raman tomography system towards human measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer-Lynn H. Demers
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755,
USA
- JLHD and FEW have made equal contributions to the manuscript
| | - Francis W.L. Esmonde-White
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,
USA
- Current affiliation: Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc, Ann Arbor Michigan, 48103,
USA
- JLHD and FEW have made equal contributions to the manuscript
| | - Karen A. Esmonde-White
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Rheumatology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,
USA
| | - Michael D. Morris
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109,
USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755,
USA
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Iping Petterson IE, Esmonde-White FWL, de Wilde W, Morris MD, Ariese F. Tissue phantoms to compare spatial and temporal offset modes of deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 140:2504-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01889c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue phantoms were created with embedded biomineral-simulating inclusions of varying size and depth, and formed of different mixtures of CaCO3 and hydroxyapatite, for comparison of deep Raman spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB
- VU University
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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15
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Vardaki MZ, Gardner B, Stone N, Matousek P. Studying the distribution of deep Raman spectroscopy signals using liquid tissue phantoms with varying optical properties. Analyst 2015; 140:5112-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied experimentally the magnitude and origin of Raman signals in a transmission Raman geometry as a function of optical properties of the medium and the location of Raman scatterer within the phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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Ding H, Nyman JS, Sterling JA, Perrien DS, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Bi X. Development of Raman spectral markers to assess metastatic bone in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:111606. [PMID: 24933683 PMCID: PMC4059340 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone is the most common site for breast cancer metastases. One of the major complications of bone metastasis is pathological bone fracture caused by chronic bone loss and degeneration. Current guidelines for the prediction of pathological fracture mainly rely on radiographs or computed tomography, which are limited in their ability to predict fracture risk. The present study explored the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to estimate pathological fracture risk by characterizing the alterations in the compositional properties of metastatic bones. Tibiae with evident bone destruction were investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The carbonation level calculated by the ratio of carbonate/phosphate ν1 significantly increased in the tumor-bearing bone at all the sampling regions at the proximal metaphysis and diaphysis, while tumor-induced elevation in mineralization and crystallinity was more pronounced in the metaphysis. Furthermore, the increased carbonation level is positively correlated to bone lesion size, indicating that this parameter could serve as a unique spectral marker for tumor progression and bone loss. With the promising advances in the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for deep tissue measurement, this spectral marker can potentially be used for future noninvasive evaluation of metastatic bone and prediction of pathological fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054
| | - Jeffry S. Nyman
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, VU Station B#351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Medical Center East, South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Julie A. Sterling
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, 2200 Pierce Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Cancer Biology, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Daniel S. Perrien
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Medical Center East, South Tower, Suite 4200, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 2215B Garland Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Sciences, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, VU Station B#351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Xiaohong Bi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054
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17
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Maher JR, Inzana JA, Awad HA, Berger AJ. Overconstrained library-based fitting method reveals age- and disease-related differences in transcutaneous Raman spectra of murine bones. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:077001. [PMID: 23817761 PMCID: PMC3697032 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.7.077001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnoses of bone health and fracture risk typically rely on measurements of bone density or structure, but the strength of a bone is also dependent on its chemical composition. Raman spectroscopy has been used extensively in ex vivo studies to measure the chemical composition of bone. Recently, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) has been utilized to measure bone transcutaneously. Although the results are promising, further advancements are necessary to make noninvasive, in vivo measurements of bone with SORS that are of sufficient quality to generate accurate predictions of fracture risk. In order to separate the signals from bone and soft tissue that contribute to a transcutaneous measurement, we developed an overconstrained extraction algorithm that is based on fitting with spectral libraries. This approach allows for accurate spectral unmixing despite the fact that similar chemical components (e.g., type I collagen) are present in both bone and soft tissue. The algorithm was utilized to transcutaneously detect biochemical differences in the tibiae of wild-type mice between 1 and 7 months of age and between the tibiae of wild-type mice and a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. These results represent the first diagnostically sensitive, transcutaneous measurements of bone using SORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Maher
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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18
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Shin K, Chung H. Wide area coverage Raman spectroscopy for reliable quantitative analysis and its applications. Analyst 2013; 138:3335-46. [PMID: 23636144 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies to improve sample representation in Raman measurement by covering a large area of a sample in spectral collection. Three different schemes have been mainly investigated to fulfill the goal: (1) averaging of Raman spectra collected at many different locations on a sample, (2) rotation of a sample during spectral collection and (3) simultaneous wide area illumination (WAI) for spectral collection. The use of a wide area illumination scheme, simultaneously illuminating a laser over a large area for spectral acquisition without any further assistance such as sample rotation, has increased in diverse fields. Applications employing the WAI scheme in pharmaceutical, polymer/chemical/petrochemical and other areas are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
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19
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Matousek P, Stone N. Recent advances in the development of Raman spectroscopy for deep non-invasive medical diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:7-19. [PMID: 23129567 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has recently undergone major advances in the area of deep non-invasive characterisation of biological tissues. The progress stems from the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and renaissance of transmission Raman spectroscopy permitting the assessment of diffusely scattering samples at depths several orders of magnitude deeper than possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy. Examples of emerging applications include non-invasive diagnosis of bone disease, cancer and monitoring of glucose levels. This article reviews this fast moving field focusing on recent developments within the medical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, UK.
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20
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Okagbare PI, Begun D, Tecklenburg M, Awonusi A, Goldstein SA, Morris MD. Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy of rat tibiae: approach to in vivo assessment of bone quality. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:90502-1. [PMID: 23085899 PMCID: PMC3434704 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on in vivo noninvasive Raman spectroscopy of rat tibiae using robust fiber-optic Raman probes and holders designed for transcutaneous Raman measurements in small animals. The configuration allows placement of multiple fibers around a rat leg, maintaining contact with the skin. Bone Raman data are presented for three regions of the rat tibia diaphysis with different thicknesses of overlying soft tissue. The ability to perform in vivo noninvasive Raman measurement and evaluation of subtle changes in bone composition is demonstrated with rat leg phantoms in which the tibia has carbonated hydroxylapatite, with different carbonate contents. Our data provide proof of the principle that small changes in bone composition can be monitored through soft tissue at anatomical sites of interest in biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I. Okagbare
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dana Begun
- University of Michigan, Medical School, Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mary Tecklenburg
- Central Michigan University, Department of Chemistry, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Ayorinde Awonusi
- Central Michigan University, Department of Chemistry, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Steven A. Goldstein
- University of Michigan, Medical School, Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael D. Morris
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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