1
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Abdali M, Ghasemi F, Seyed Hosseini HM, Mahdavi V. Different sized gold nanoparticles for array-based sensing of pesticides and its application for strawberry pollution monitoring. Talanta 2024; 267:125121. [PMID: 37672984 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides plays an essential role in improving crop quality and yield, however, it causes air, water, and soil pollution and the residue of these pesticides in agricultural products threatens the ecosystem and human life. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop rapid, simple, and cost-effective methods for regular monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products especially strawberry that is consumed fresh and unpeeled. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of varying sizes have been exploited as sensing units to design a non-enzymatic colorimetric sensor array for the detection and discrimination of various pesticides including; bifenazate (BF), paraquat (PQ), diazinon (DZ), thiometon (TM), and carbendazim (CD) and chlorpyrifos (CP). Because of their strong size- and environmentally-dependent properties, AuNPs with different sizes produced distinguished plasmonic patterns in the presence of pesticides at a vast range of concentrations (25-800 ng mL-1). Plasmonic patterns of sensor units have been analyzed by various data visualization (bar plots and heat maps) and pattern recognition methods (linear discriminant analysis (LDA)). The multivariate calibrations showed linear responses ranging from 50 to 800 ng mL-1 for carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, paraquat, and bifenazate and 25-800 ng mL-1 for diazinon and thiometon. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 17.7, 22.8, 22.4, 9.7, 7.4, and 23.8 ng mL-1 for carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, paraquat, diazinon, thiometon, and bifenazate respectively. Finally, the applicability of the designed sensor was evaluated in real samples comprising tap water, well water, soil, and fruit, leave, drainage water, and culture substrate of strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Abdali
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Forough Ghasemi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mir Seyed Hosseini
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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2
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Synthesis, self-assembly and thermoresponsive behavior of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer in aqueous solution. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Chang X, Wang C, Shan G, Bao Y, Pan P. Thermoresponsivity, Micelle Structure, and Thermal-Induced Structural Transition of an Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Tuned by Terminal Multiple H-Bonding Units. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:956-965. [PMID: 31917586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Constructing noncovalent interactions has been a benign method to tune the stimuli responsivity and assembled structure of polymers in solution; this is essential for controlling the functions and properties of stimuli-responsive materials. Herein, we demonstrate a novel supramolecular strategy to manipulate the cloud point (Tcp) and assembled structure of thermoresponsive polymers in solution by using H-bonding interactions. We use poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) as a model thermoresponsive polymer and functionalize its chain terminals by the self-complementary quadruple H-bonding motif, 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy). UPy end functionalization and increasing PLGA block length decrease the Tcp of copolymer. Both UPy- and nonfunctionalized copolymers form the spherical micelles at low temperature. They undergo the intermicellar aggregation and form large compound micelles during heating; this thermally induced structural transition causes the presence of Tcp. Due to the UPy-UPy H-bonding interactions, UPy end functionalization leads to more copolymer chains to associate in one micelle, thus, enhancing the hydrodynamic, gyration radii, core size, as well as the packing density of PLGA in micelle core and grafting density of PEG on core-shell interface. The decreased Tcp of UPy-functionalized copolymer stemmed from the stronger intermicellar attractions at high temperature. Furthermore, UPy-functionalized copolymers exhibit higher drug loading content, slower drug release rate, and better separation efficiency in removing the hydrophobic substances from water than PLGA-PEG-PLGA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education , Shaanxi University of Science and Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang University , 38 Zheda Road , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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4
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Wilkins LE, Hasan M, Fayter AER, Biggs C, Walker M, Gibson MI. Site-specific conjugation of antifreeze proteins onto polymer-stabilized nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2019; 10:2986-2990. [PMID: 31303900 PMCID: PMC6592154 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have many potential applications, ranging from cryobiology to aerospace, if they can be incorporated into materials. Here, a range of engineered AFP mutants were prepared and site-specifically conjugated onto RAFT polymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles to generate new hybrid multivalent ice growth inhibitors. Only the SNAP-tagged AFPs lead to potent 'antifreeze' active nanomaterials with His-Tag capture resulting in no activity, showing the mode of conjugation is essential. This versatile strategy will enable the development of multivalent AFPs for translational and fundamental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Alice E R Fayter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Caroline Biggs
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
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5
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Stubbs C, Wilkins LE, Fayter AER, Walker M, Gibson MI. Multivalent Presentation of Ice Recrystallization Inhibiting Polymers on Nanoparticles Retains Activity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7347-7353. [PMID: 30095267 PMCID: PMC6354916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has emerged as the most potent mimic of antifreeze (glyco)proteins ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, despite its lack of structural similarities and flexible, rather than rigid, backbone. The precise spacing of hydroxyl groups is hypothesized to enable PVA to recognize the prism planes of ice but not the basal plane, due to hydroxyl pattern matching of the ice surface giving rise to the macroscopic activity. Here, well-defined PVA derived from reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is immobilized onto gold nanoparticles to enable the impact of nanoscale assembly and confinement on the observed IRI activity. Unlike previous reports using star-branched or bottle-brush PVAs, the nanoparticle-PVA retains all IRI activity compared to polymers in solution. Evidence is presented to show that this is due to the low grafting densities on the particle surface meaning the chains are free to explore the ice faces, rather than being constrained as in star-branched polymers. These results demonstrate a route to develop more functional IRI's and inclusion of metallic particle cores for imaging and associated applications in cryobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E. R Fayter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Chang X, Mao H, Shan G, Bao Y, Pan P. Tuning the Thermoresponsivity of Amphiphilic Copolymers via Stereocomplex Crystallization of Hydrophobic Blocks. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:357-362. [PMID: 35651137 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymers that exhibit a cloud point temperature (Tcp) are an important class of stimuli-responsive polymers that have great potential for biomedical applications. Precise tuning of the Tcp is of fundamental importance for designing thermoresponsive polymers. However, tuning the Tcp generally requires sophisticated control over the chemical and assembled structures of thermoresponsive polymers. Here, we report a simple yet effective method to tune the Tcp of thermoresponsive polymers only by mixing and varying the mixing ratios of amphiphilic copolymer pair that contains l- and d-configured hydrophobic blocks in a dilute solution. Stereocomplex (SC) crystallization of the l- and d-configured blocks led to form core-shell micelles with a larger size, a bigger core, and a higher aggregation number, which facilitated the intermicellar aggregation upon heating due to improved intermicellar attractions. SC crystallization of the hydrophobic blocks improved the separation efficacy of the thermoresponsive copolymers for removal of hydrophobic pollutants from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hailiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guorong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yongzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Zhao C, Ma Z, Zhu X. Rational design of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions: A thermodynamics map. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Stubbs C, Congdon TR, Gibson MI. Photo-polymerisation and study of the ice recrystallisation inhibition of hydrophobically modified poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) co-polymers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Bare surface of gold nanoparticle induces inflammation through unfolding of plasma fibrinogen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12557. [PMID: 30135553 PMCID: PMC6105630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of nanoparticles (NPs) get coated by a wide range of biomolecules, upon exposure to biological fluids. It is now being increasingly accepted that NPs with particular physiochemical properties have a capacity to induce conformational changes to proteins and therefore influence their biological fates, we hypothesized that the gold NP’s metal surface may also be involved in the observed Fg unfolding and inflammatory response. To mechanistically test this hypothesis, we probed the interaction of Fg with gold surfaces using molecular dynamic simulation (MD) and revealed that the gold surface has a capacity to induce Fg conformational changes in favor of inflammation response. As the integrity of coatings at the surface of ultra-small gold NPs are not thorough, we also hypothesized that the ultra-small gold NPs have a capacity to induce unfolding of Fg regardless of the composition and surface charge of their coatings. Using different surface coatings at the surface of ultra-small gold NPs, we validated this hypothesis. Our findings suggest that gold NPs may cause unforeseen inflammatory effects, as their surface coatings may be degraded by physiological activity.
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10
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Foralosso R, Moir L, Mastrotto F, Sasso L, Tchoryk A, Selo A, Grabowska A, Ashford MB, Aylott J, Gellert PR, Spain SG, Alexander C. Control of aggregation temperatures in mixed and blended cytocompatible thermoresponsive block co-polymer nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7441-7452. [PMID: 28967661 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A small library of thermoresponsive amphiphilic copolymers based on polylactide-block-poly((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate)-co-(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate)) (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)), was synthesised by copper-mediated controlled radical polymerisation (CRP) with increasing ratios of OEGMA : DEGMA. These polymers were combined in two ways to form nanoparticles with controllable thermal transition temperatures as measured by particle aggregation. The first technique involved the blending of two (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)) polymers together prior to assembling nanoparticles (NPs). The second method involved mixing pre-formed nanoparticles of single (PLA-b-P(DEGMA)-co-(OEGMA)) polymers. The observed critical aggregation temperature Tt did not change in a linear relationship with the ratios of each copolymer either in the nanoparticles blended from different copolymers or in the mixtures of pre-formed nanoparticles. However, where co-polymer mixtures were based on (OEG)9MA ratios within 5-10 mole%, a linear relationship between (OEG)9MA composition in the blends and Tt was obtained. The data suggest that OEGMA-based copolymers are tunable over a wide temperature range given suitable co-monomer content in the linear polymers or nanoparticles. Moreover, the thermal transitions of the nanoparticles were reversible and repeatable, with the cloud point curves being essentially invariant across at least three heating and cooling cycles, and a selected nanoparticle formulation was found to be readily endocytosed in representative cancer cells and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Foralosso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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11
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Ieong NS, Biggs CI, Walker M, Gibson MI. Comparison of RAFT derived Poly(vinylpyrolidone) verses Poly(oligoethyleneglycol methacrylate) for the Stabilization of Glycosylated Gold Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2017; 55:1200-1208. [PMID: 29225417 PMCID: PMC5718293 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates dictate many biological processes including infection by pathogens. Glycosylated polymers and nanomaterials which have increased affinity due to the cluster glycoside effect, are therefore useful tools to probe function, but also as prophylactic therapies or diagnostic tools. Here, the effect of polymer structure on the coating of gold nanoparticles is studied in the context of grafting density, buffer stability and in a lectin binding assay. RAFT polymerization is used to generate poly(oligoethyleneglycol methacrylates) and poly(N-vinyl pyrolidones) with a thiol end-group for subsequent immobilization onto the gold. It is observed that poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylates), despite being widely used particle coatings, lead to low grafting densities which in turn resulted in lower stability in biological buffers. A depression of the cloud point upon nanoparticle immobilization is also seen, which might compromise performance. In comparison poly(vinyl pyrolidones) resulted in stable particles with higher grafting densities due to the compact size of each monomer unit. The higher grafting density also enabled an increase in the number of carbohydrates which can be installed per nanoparticle at the chain ends, and gave increased binding in a lectin recognition assay. These results will guide the development of new nanoparticle biosensors with enhanced specificity, affinity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Sze Ieong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Chan D, Yu AC, Appel EA. Single-Chain Polymeric Nanocarriers: A Platform for Determining Structure–Function Correlations in the Delivery of Molecular Cargo. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1434-1439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Chan
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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13
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Gevorgyan S, Rossi E, Cappelluti MA, Tocchio A, Martello F, Gerges I, Lenardi C, Milani P, Argentiere S. Photocrosslinked poly(amidoamine) nanoparticles for central nervous system targeting. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 151:197-205. [PMID: 28013163 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an innovative method for the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for central nervous system (CNS) targeting. The method is based on Ultraviolet light (UV)-induced crosslinking of diacrylamide-terminated oligomers of poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs), a widely used class of synthetic polymers in biomedical field research, especially in drug delivery thanks to their excellent biocompatibility and controlled biodegradability. Previous attempts aiming at preparing PAA-based NPs by self-assembly were challenged by lack of structural stability and consequently their early degradation and premature drug release. Here, the UV-induced crosslinked PAA NPs demonstrated to overcome main disadvantages of the self-assembled ones, as they showed improved stability and controlled release properties. Besides the remarkable efficiency to produce monodisperse and stable PAA NPs, the UV-induced crosslinking method is featured by great versatility and low environmental impact, since it does not require use of organic solvents and multiple purification steps. The capability of PAA NPs to encapsulate a fluorescently labelled model protein was experimentally demonstrated in this study. Cell culture experiments showed that PAA NPs were biocompatible and highly permeable across an in vitro blood-brain barrier model, thus highlighting their great potential as drug delivery vectors for CNS delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smbat Gevorgyan
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16(,) 20139 Milan, Italy; Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16(,) 20139 Milan, Italy; Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Alfredo Cappelluti
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16(,) 20139 Milan, Italy; Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tocchio
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Via Adamello 16(,) 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Irini Gerges
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy; CIMaINa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy; CIMaINa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
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14
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Won S, Phillips DJ, Walker M, Gibson MI. Co-operative transitions of responsive-polymer coated gold nanoparticles; precision tuning and direct evidence for co-operative aggregation. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5673-5682. [PMID: 27746916 PMCID: PMC5038384 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Responsive polymers and polymer-coated nanoparticles have many potential bio-applications with the crucial parameter being the exact temperature where the transition occurs. Chemical modification of hydrophobic/hydrophilic or ligand binding sites has been widely explored as a tool for controlling this transition, but requires the synthesis of many different components to achieve precise control. This study reports an extensive investigation into the use of blending (i.e. mixing) as a powerful tool to modulate the transition temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) coated gold nanoparticles. By simply mixing two nanoparticles of different compositions, precise control over the transition temperature can be imposed. This was shown to be flexible to all possible mixing parameters (different polymers on different particles, different polymers on same particles and different sized particles with identical/different polymers). Evidence of the co-operative aggregation of differently sized nanoparticles (with different cloud points) is shown using transmission electron microscopy; particles with higher cloud points aggregate with those with lower cloud points with homo-aggregates not seen, demonstrating the co-operative behaviour. These interactions, and the opportunities for transition tuning will have implications in the rational design of responsive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Won
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Daniel J Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . ; Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
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15
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Congdon T, Notman R, Gibson MI. Influence of Block Copolymerization on the Antifreeze Protein Mimetic Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity of Poly(vinyl alcohol). Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3033-9. [PMID: 27476873 PMCID: PMC5022065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze (glyco) proteins are produced by many cold-acclimatized species to enable them to survive subzero temperatures. These proteins have multiple macroscopic effects on ice crystal growth which makes them appealing for low-temperature applications-from cellular cryopreservation to food storage. Poly(vinyl alcohol) has remarkable ice recrystallization inhibition activity, but its mode of action is uncertain as is the extent at which it can be incorporated into other high-order structures. Here the synthesis and characterization of well-defined block copolymers containing poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) by RAFT/MADIX polymerization is reported, as new antifreeze protein mimetics. The effect of adding a large second hydrophilic block is studied across a range of compositions, and it is found to be a passive component in ice recrystallization inhibition assays, enabling retention of all activity. In the extreme case, a block copolymer with only 10% poly(vinyl alcohol) was found to retain all activity, where statistical copolymers of PVA lose all activity with very minor changes to composition. These findings present a new method to increase the complexity of antifreeze protein mimetic materials, while retaining activity, and also to help understand the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
R. Congdon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Rebecca Notman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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16
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Chen L, Deming CP, Peng Y, Hu P, Stofan J, Chen S. Gold core@silver semishell Janus nanoparticles prepared by interfacial etching. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14565-14572. [PMID: 27417026 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold core@silver semishell Janus nanoparticles were prepared by chemical etching of Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles at the air/water interface. Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical deposition of a silver shell onto gold seed colloids followed by the self-assembly of 1-dodecanethiol onto the nanoparticle surface. The nanoparticles then formed a monolayer on the water surface of a Langmuir-Blodgett trough, and part of the silver shell was selectively etched away by the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia in the water subphase, where the etching was limited to the side of the nanoparticles that was in direct contact with water. The resulting Janus nanoparticles exhibited an asymmetrical distribution of silver on the surface of the gold cores, as manifested in transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Interestingly, the Au@Ag semishell Janus nanoparticles exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction reactions, as compared to their Au@Ag and Ag@Au core-shell counterparts, likely due to a synergistic effect between the gold cores and silver semishells that optimized oxygen binding to the nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Glycosylated noble metal nanoparticles are a useful tool for probing biological binding events due to their aggregation-induced color changes, particularly for lectins that have multiple binding sites. To overcome the challenges of colloidal instability, which leads to false-positive results, it is essential to add polymeric coatings to these particles. Here we describe a versatile, and reliable, approach to enable coating of gold nanoparticles using well-defined polymers, with carbohydrate end groups. This produces multivalent nanoparticles that are both colloidally stable, but still retain their rapid colorimetric responses to lectin binding.
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18
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Kumar A, Bishnoi AK. Application of nanoparticle mediated N-arylation of amines for the synthesis of pharmaceutical entities using vit-E analogues as amphiphiles in water. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first CuI-nanoparticle catalyzed inter and intramolecular N-arylation of amines using vitamin E analogues as amphiphiles was developed in water and is extended to azoles, substituted indoles, a bioactive natural product and intermediates of pharmaceutical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bishnoi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
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19
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Phillips DJ, Gibson MI. Towards being genuinely smart: ‘isothermally-responsive’ polymers as versatile, programmable scaffolds for biologically-adaptable materials. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01539h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermo-responsive polymers are of broad interest in a range of biomedical and biotechnological fields. This review summaries the use of ‘isothermal’ transitions where thermo-responsive polymers are re-programmed to respond to other stimuli, but with the same outputs, with the aim of making them ‘smarter’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
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20
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Phillips DJ, Gibson MI. Redox-sensitive materials for drug delivery: targeting the correct intracellular environment, tuning release rates, and appropriate predictive systems. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:786-803. [PMID: 24219144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The development of responsive drug delivery systems (DDS) holds great promise as a tool for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of drug compounds. Redox-sensitive systems are particularly attractive given the rich variety of redox gradients present in vivo. These gradients, where the circulation is generally considered oxidizing and the cellular environment is substantially more reducing, provide attractive options for targeted, specific cargo delivery. RECENT ADVANCES Experimental evidence suggests that a "one size fits all" redox gradient does not exist. Rather, there are subtle differences in redox potential within a cell, while the chemical nature of reducing agents in these microenvironments varies. Recent works have demonstrated an ability to modulate the degradation rate of redox-susceptible groups and, hence, provide new tools to engineer precision-targeted DDS. CRITICAL ISSUES Modern synthetic and macromolecular chemistry provides access to a wide range of redox-susceptible architectures. However, in order to utilize these in real applications, the actual chemical nature of the redox-susceptible group, the sub-cellular location being targeted, and the redox microenvironment being encountered should be considered in detail. This is critical to avoid the over-simplification possible when using non-biological reducing agents, which may provide inaccurate kinetic information, and to ensure these materials can be advanced beyond simple "on/off" systems. Furthermore, a strong case can be made for the use of biorelevant reducing agents such as glutathione when demonstrating a materials redox response. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A further understanding of the complexities of the extra- and intracellular microenvironments would greatly assist with the design and application of DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry, United Kingdom
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21
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Alexander CM, Goodisman J. Size histograms of gold nanoparticles measured by gravitational sedimentation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 418:103-12. [PMID: 24461824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation curves of gold nanoparticles in water were obtained by measuring the optical density of a suspension over time. The results are not subject to sampling errors, and refer to the particles in situ. Curves obtained simultaneously at several wave lengths were analyzed together to derive the size histogram of the sedimenting particles. The bins in the histogram were 5 nm wide and centered at diameters 60, 65, …, 110 nm. To get the histogram, we weighted previously calculated solutions to the Mason-Weaver sedimentation-diffusion equation for various particle diameters with absorption/scattering coefficients and size (diameter) abundances {c(j)}, and found the {c(j)} which gave the best fit to all the theoretical sedimentation curves. The effects of changing the number of bins and the wave lengths used were studied. Going to smaller bins would mean determining more parameters and require more wave lengths. The histograms derived from sedimentation agreed quite well in general with the histogram derived from TEM. Differences found for the smallest particle diameters are partly due to statistical fluctuations (TEM found only 1-2 particles out of 103 with these diameters). More important is that the TEM histogram indicates 12% of the particles have diameters of 75±2.5 nm, and the sedimentation histogram shows none. We show that this reflects the difference between the particles in situ, which possess a low-density shell about 1 nm thick, and the bare particles on the TEM stage. Correcting for this makes agreement between the two histograms excellent. Comparing sedimentation-derived with TEM-derived histograms thus shows differences between the particles in situ and on the TEM stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Alexander
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, CST, Rm 1-014, Syracuse, NY 13244-4100, United States
| | - Jerry Goodisman
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, CST, Rm 1-014, Syracuse, NY 13244-4100, United States.
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22
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Congdon T, Notman R, Gibson MI. Antifreeze (glyco)protein mimetic behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol): detailed structure ice recrystallization inhibition activity study. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1578-86. [PMID: 23534826 DOI: 10.1021/bm400217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports a detailed study on the ability of poly(vinyl alcohol) to act as a biomimetic surrogate for antifreeze(glyco)proteins, with a focus on the specific property of ice-recrystallization inhibition (IRI). Despite over 40 years of study, the underlying mechanisms that govern the action of biological antifreezes are still poorly understood, which is in part due to their limited availability and challenging synthesis. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been shown to display remarkable ice recrystallization inhibition activity despite its major structural differences to native antifreeze proteins. Here, controlled radical polymerization is used to synthesize well-defined PVA, which has enabled us to obtain the first quantitative structure-activity relationships, to probe the role of molecular weight and comonomers on IRI activity. Crucially, it was found that IRI activity is "switched on" when the polymer chain length increases from 10 and 20 repeat units. Substitution of the polymer side chains with hydrophilic or hydrophobic units was found to diminish activity. Hydrophobic modifications to the backbone were slightly more tolerated than side chain modifications, which implies an unbroken sequence of hydroxyl units is necessary for activity. These results highlight that, although hydrophobic domains are key components of IRI activity, the random inclusion of addition hydrophobic units does not guarantee an increase in activity and that the actual polymer conformation is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Congdon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, United Kingdom, CV4 7AL
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23
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Gibson MI, O'Reilly RK. To aggregate, or not to aggregate? considerations in the design and application of polymeric thermally-responsive nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7204-13. [PMID: 23571466 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight some of the challenges in designing thermally responsive nanoparticles, where the responsivity is endowed by a responsive polymeric corona. A review of the literature reveals many contradictory observations upon heating these particles through their transition temperature. Indeed, both an increase in size due to aggregation and particle shrinkage have been reported for apparently similar materials. Furthermore, careful review of the literature shows that responsive nanoparticles do not have the same transition temperature or properties as their constituent polymers. These observations raise serious questions as to how to achieve the rational design of a responsive particle with a predictable and reproducible response. Here we highlight specific cases where conflicting results have been observed for spherical particles and put these results into the context of flat-surface grafted polymer brushes to explain the behaviour in terms of grafting density, curvature, chain end effects and the role of the underlying substrate. A better understanding of these observations should lead to the improved design of nanoparticles with real function and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UKCV4 7AL.
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Chapman R, Bouten PJM, Hoogenboom R, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Thermoresponsive cyclic peptide – poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) conjugate nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6522-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Li J, Zhang W, Hu Z, Jiang XJ, Ngai T, Lo PC, Zhang W, Chen G. Novel phthalocyanine and PEG-methacrylates based temperature-responsive polymers for targeted photodynamic therapy. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20668d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Summers MJ, Phillips DJ, Gibson MI. “Isothermal” LCST transitions triggered by bioreduction of single polymer end-groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4223-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34236g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Roth PJ, Davis TP, Lowe AB. Comparison between the LCST and UCST Transitions of Double Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymers: Insights into the Behavior of POEGMA in Alcohols. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300374y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Roth
- Centre for
Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for
Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Lowe
- Centre for
Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Saaka Y, Deller RC, Rodger A, Gibson MI. Exploiting Thermoresponsive Polymers to Modulate Lipophilicity: Interactions With Model Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:779-84. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Ieong NS, Hasan M, Phillips DJ, Saaka Y, O'Reilly RK, Gibson MI. Polymers with molecular weight dependent LCSTs are essential for cooperative behaviour. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Phillips DJ, Gibson MI. Degradable thermoresponsive polymers which display redox-responsive LCST Behaviour. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1054-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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