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Chauhan V, Mardia R, Patel M, Suhagia B, Parmar K. Technical and Formulation Aspects of Pharmaceutical Co‐Crystallization: A Systematic Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishva Chauhan
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Rajnikant Mardia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Bhanu Suhagia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Komal Parmar
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
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2
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Bolla G, Sarma B, Nangia AK. Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals in the Discovery and Development of Improved Drugs. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11514-11603. [PMID: 35642550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The subject of crystal engineering started in the 1970s with the study of topochemical reactions in the solid state. A broad chemical definition of crystal engineering was published in 1989, and the supramolecular synthon concept was proposed in 1995 followed by heterosynthons and their potential applications for the design of pharmaceutical cocrystals in 2004. This review traces the development of supramolecular synthons as robust and recurring hydrogen bond patterns for the design and construction of supramolecular architectures, notably, pharmaceutical cocrystals beginning in the early 2000s to the present time. The ability of a cocrystal between an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer to systematically tune the physicochemical properties of a drug (i.e., solubility, permeability, hydration, color, compaction, tableting, bioavailability) without changing its molecular structure is the hallmark of the pharmaceutical cocrystals platform, as a bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. With the design of cocrystals via heterosynthons and prototype case studies to improve drug solubility in place (2000-2015), the period between 2015 to the present time has witnessed the launch of several salt-cocrystal drugs with improved efficacy and high bioavailability. This review on the design, synthesis, and applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals to afford improved drug products and drug substances will interest researchers in crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, process development, and pharmaceutical and materials sciences. The scale-up of drug cocrystals and salts using continuous manufacturing technologies provides high-value pharmaceuticals with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Building 43, Room 201, Sderot Ben-Gurion 1, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Ashwini K Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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3
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Kim P, Lee IS, Kim JY, Mswahili M, Jeong YS, Yoon WJ, Yun H, Lee MJ, Choi GJ. A study to discover novel pharmaceutical cocrystals of pelubiprofen with a machine learning approach compared. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pelubiprofen (PF), a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been on the market only in its crystalline form. To discover the first cocrystal form(s) of the...
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Aitipamula S, Shan LP, Gupta KM. Polymorphism and distinct physicochemical properties of the phloretin–nicotinamide cocrystal. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polymorphs of a cocrystal involving phloretin and nicotinamide were identified and found where the polymorphs show distinct crystal structures, photoluminescence, and dissolution rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Loke Pei Shan
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Krishna M. Gupta
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
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Kendall T, Stratford S, Patterson AR, Lunt RA, Cruickshank D, Bonnaud T, Scott CD. An industrial perspective on co-crystals: Screening, identification and development of the less utilised solid form in drug discovery and development. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 60:345-442. [PMID: 34147205 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients are commonly marketed as a solid form due to ease of transport, storage and administration. In the design of a drug formulation, the selection of the solid form is incredibly important and is traditionally based on what polymorphs, hydrates or salts are available for that compound. Co-crystals, another potential solid form available, are currently not as readily considered as a viable solid form for the development process. Even though co-crystals are gaining an ever-increasing level of interest within the pharmaceutical community, their acceptance and application is still not as standard as other solid forms such as the ubiquitous pharmaceutical salt and stabilised amorphous formulations. Presented in this chapter is information that would allow for a co-crystal screen to be planned and conducted as well as scaled up using solution and mechanochemistry based methods commonly employed in both the literature and industry. Also presented are methods for identifying the formation of a co-crystal using a variety of analytical techniques as well as the importance of confirming the formation of co-crystals from a legal perspective and demonstrating the legal precedent by looking at co-crystalline products already on the market. The benefits of co-crystals have been well established, and presented in this chapter are a selection of examples which best exemplify their potential. The goal of this chapter is to increase the understanding of co-crystals and how they may be successfully exploited in early stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kendall
- Technobis Crystallization Systems, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
| | - Sam Stratford
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth A Lunt
- Johnson Matthey, Pharmorphix, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
With an increasing interest in cocrystals due to various advantages, demand for large-scale cocrystallization techniques is rising. Solution cocrystallization is a solvent-based approach that utilizes several single-component crystallization concepts as well as equipment for generating cocrystals. Solution-based techniques can produce cocrystals with reasonable control on purity, size distribution, morphology, and polymorphic form. Many of them also offer a scalable solution for the industrial production of cocrystals. However, the complexity of the thermodynamic landscape and the kinetics of cocrystallization offers fresh challenges which are not encountered in single component crystallization. This review focuses on the recent developments in different solution cocrystallization techniques for the production of pharmaceutically relevant cocrystals. The review consists of two sections. The first section describes the various solution cocrystallization methods, highlighting their benefits and limitations. The second section emphasizes the challenges in developing these techniques to an industrial scale and identifies the major thrust areas where further research is required.
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Mazzone G, Sicilia E, Szerb EI, La Deda M, Ricciardi L, Furia E, Mendiguchia BS, Scarpelli F, Crispini A, Aiello I. Heteroleptic Cu( ii) saccharin complexes: intriguing coordination modes and properties. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new Cu(ii) O,S-coordinated saccharinate complex is reported, showing crystallochromism and NIR emission in the solid state, in silico ligand exchange reactions with N/S-donor ligands in the presence of model molecules mimicking biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Elisabeta I. Szerb
- “Coriolan Dragulescu” Institute of Chemistry
- Romanian Academy
- 300223 Timisoara
- Romania
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT-InLAB
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
| | - Loredana Ricciardi
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Emilia Furia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
- 87036 Arcavacata di Rende
- Italy
| | - Barbara Sanz Mendiguchia
- MAT-InLAB
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
| | - Francesca Scarpelli
- MAT-InLAB
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- MAT-InLAB
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-InLAB
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM
- Unità INSTM della Calabria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università della Calabria
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Evtushenko DN, Arkhipov SG, Fateev AV, Izaak TI, Egorova LA, Skorik NA, Vodyankina OV, Boldyreva EV. A cocrystal of L-ascorbic acid with picolinic acid: the role of O-H...O, N-H...O and C-H...O hydrogen bonds and L-ascorbic acid conformation in structure stabilization. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2020; 76:967-978. [PMID: 33289709 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520620012421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new 1:1 cocrystal (L-Asc-Pic) of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with picolinic acid was prepared as a powder and as single crystals. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) data collected at 293 (2) and 100 (2) K. The samples of the L-Asc-Pic cocrystal were characterized by elemental (HCNS) analysis and titrimetric methods, TG/DTG/DSC, and IR and Raman spectroscopy. The asymmetric unit comprises a picolinic acid zwitterion and an L-ascorbic acid molecule. The stabilization energy of intermolecular interactions involving hydrogen bonds, the vibrational spectrum and the energies of the frontier molecular orbitals were calculated using the GAUSSIAN09 and the CrystalExplorer17 programs. The charge distribution on the atoms of the L-Asc-Pic cocrystal, L-ascorbic acid itself and its 12 known cocrystals (structures from Version 5.40 of the Cambridge Structural Database) were calculated by the methods of Mulliken, Voronoi and Hirshfeld charge analyses (ADF) at the bp86/TZ2P+ level of theory. The total effective charges and conformations of the L-ascorbic acid molecules in the new and previously reported cocrystals were compared with those of the two symmetry-independent molecules in the crystals of L-ascorbic acid. A correlation between molecular conformation and its effective charge is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana N Evtushenko
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey G Arkhipov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Fateev
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana I Izaak
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Lidia A Egorova
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Nina A Skorik
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Vodyankina
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave. 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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Kumar A, Singh P, Nanda A. Hot stage microscopy and its applications in pharmaceutical characterization. Appl Microsc 2020; 50:12. [PMID: 33580349 PMCID: PMC7818341 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-020-00032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot stage microscopy (HSM) is a thermal analysis technique that combines the best properties of thermal analysis and microscopy. HSM is rapidly gaining interest in pharmaceuticals as well as in other fields as a regular characterization technique. In pharmaceuticals HSM is used to support differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) observations and to detect small changes in the sample that may be missed by DSC and TGA during a thermal experiment. Study of various physical and chemical properties such sample morphology, crystalline nature, polymorphism, desolvation, miscibility, melting, solid state transitions and incompatibility between various pharmaceutical compounds can be carried out using HSM. HSM is also widely used to screen cocrystals, excipients and polymers for solid dispersions. With the advancements in research methodologies, it is now possible to use HSM in conjunction with other characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which may have additional benefits over traditional characterization techniques for rapid and comprehensive solid state characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Pritam Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Arun Nanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Aitipamula S, Das S. Cocrystal formulations: A case study of topical formulations consisting of ferulic acid cocrystals. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ishihara S, Hattori Y, Otsuka M. MCR-ALS analysis of IR spectroscopy and XRD for the investigation of ibuprofen - nicotinamide cocrystal formation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 221:117142. [PMID: 31158774 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve aqueous solubility, a poorly water-soluble active ingredient is classically combined with a conformer to form cocrystals. Hot melt extrusion is one preparation method for the formation of cocrystal solids. The aim of our study was to determine the optimal temperature conditions for the formation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide cocrystals using real-time infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. IR spectra and XRD patterns were subjected to multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) analysis and decomposed into several components. Each component was descriptive of a specific step in the formation of the cocrystal. Cocrystal formation was followed by a separation phase between amorphous ibuprofen and crystalline nicotinamide. Our results suggest that, when using the hot melt exclusion method, careful consideration should be made towards optimizing processing temperatures in order to prevent amorphization and promote control over the process of cocrystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Ishihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishi-Tokyo city, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hattori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishi-Tokyo city, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishi-Tokyo City, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishi-Tokyo city, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishi-Tokyo City, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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Emami S, Siahi-Shadbad M, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K. Feasibility of electrospray deposition for rapid screening of the cocrystal formation and single step, continuous production of pharmaceutical nanococrystals. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1034-1047. [PMID: 29347850 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1430821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study employed electrospray deposition (ESD) for simultaneous synthesis and particle engineering of cocrystals. SIGNIFICANCE Exploring new methods for the efficient production of cocrystals with desired particle properties is an essential demand. METHODS The possibility of cocrystal formation by ESD was examined for indomethacin-saccharin, indomethacin-nicotinamide, naproxen-nicotinamide, and naproxen-iso-nicotinamide cocrystals. Solutions of the drug and coformer at stoichiometric ratios were sprayed to a high electric field which caused rapid evaporation of the solvent and the formation of fine particles. The phase purity, size, and morphology of products were compared with reference cocrystals. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of stoichiometric ratio, concentration and solvent type on the cocrystal formation. Physical stability and dissolution properties of the electrosprayed cocrystals were also compared with reference cocrystals. RESULTS ESD was found to be an efficient and rapid method to produce cocrystals for all studied systems other than indomethacin-nicotinamide. Pure cocrystals only formed at a specific drug:coformer ratio. The solvent type has a weak effect on the cocrystal formation and morphology. Electrosprayed cocrystals exhibited nano to micrometer sizes with distinct morphologies with comparable physical stability with reference cocrystals. Nanococrystals of indomethacin-saccharin with a mean size of 219 nm displayed a threefold higher dissolution rate than solvent evaporated cocrystal. CONCLUSION ESD successfully was utilized to produce pure cocrystals of poorly soluble drugs with different morphologies and sizes ranging from nano to micrometer sizes in one step. This study highlighted the usefulness of ESD for simultaneous preparation and particle engineering of pharmaceutical cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Emami
- a Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- c Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- d Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- e Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of medical sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Kakkar S, Bhattacharya B, Reddy CM, Ghosh S. Tuning mechanical behaviour by controlling the structure of a series of theophylline co-crystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01915g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six new co-crystals of theophylline with some substituted carboxylic acids, amides and one active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) have been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Kakkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata
- India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata
- India
- Department of Chemistry and SRM Research Institute
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Takahashi N, Kato SI, Yamaji M, Ueno M, Iwabuchi R, Shimizu Y, Nitani M, Ie Y, Aso Y, Yamanobe T, Uehara H, Nakamura Y. Tetraalkoxyphenanthrene-Fused Hexadecadehydro[20]- and Tetracosadehydro[30]annulenes: Syntheses, Aromaticity/Antiaromaticity, Electronic Properties, and Self-Assembly. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8882-8896. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Takahashi
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kato
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamaji
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ueno
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Iwabuchi
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yui Shimizu
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masashi Nitani
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamanobe
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uehara
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakamura
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Cysewski P, Przybyłek M. Selection of effective cocrystals former for dissolution rate improvement of active pharmaceutical ingredients based on lipoaffinity index. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:87-96. [PMID: 28687528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
New theoretical screening procedure was proposed for appropriate selection of potential cocrystal formers possessing the ability of enhancing dissolution rates of drugs. The procedure relies on the training set comprising 102 positive and 17 negative cases of cocrystals found in the literature. Despite the fact that the only available data were of qualitative character, performed statistical analysis using binary classification allowed to formulate quantitative criterions. Among considered 3679 molecular descriptors the relative value of lipoaffinity index, expressed as the difference between values calculated for active compound and excipient, has been found as the most appropriate measure suited for discrimination of positive and negative cases. Assuming 5% precision, the applied classification criterion led to inclusion of 70% positive cases in the final prediction. Since lipoaffinity index is a molecular descriptor computed using only 2D information about a chemical structure, its estimation is straightforward and computationally inexpensive. The inclusion of an additional criterion quantifying the cocrystallization probability leads to the following conjunction criterions Hmix<-0.18 and ΔLA>3.61, allowing for identification of dissolution rate enhancers. The screening procedure was applied for finding the most promising coformers of such drugs as Iloperidone, Ritonavir, Carbamazepine and Enthenzamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cysewski
- Chair and Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- Chair and Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Amombo Noa FM, Jacobs A. Phenylacetic acid co-crystals with acridine, caffeine, isonicotinamide and nicotinamide: Crystal structures, thermal analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and Hirshfeld surface analysis. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pallipurath AR, Civati F, Sibik J, Crowley C, Zeitler JA, McArdle P, Erxleben A. A comprehensive spectroscopic study of the polymorphs of diflunisal and their phase transformations. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:312-321. [PMID: 28603011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding phase transitions in pharmaceutical materials is of vital importance for drug manufacturing, processing and storage. In this paper we have carried out comprehensive high-resolution spectroscopic studies on the polymorphs of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diflunisal that has four known polymorphs, forms I-IV (FI-FIV), three of which have known crystal structures. Phase transformations during milling, heating, melt-quenching and exposure to high relative humidity were investigated using Raman and terahertz spectroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction. The observed phase transformations indicate the stability order FIII>FI>FII, FIV. Furthermore, crystallization experiments from the gas phase and from solution by fast evaporation of different solvents were carried out. Fast evaporation of an ethanolic solution below 70°C was identified as a reliable and convenient method to obtain the somewhat elusive FII in bulk quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha R Pallipurath
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 1AY, UK
| | - Francesco Civati
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Juraj Sibik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Clare Crowley
- Materials and Surface Science Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Pagire SK, Jadav N, Vangala VR, Whiteside B, Paradkar A. Thermodynamic Investigation of Carbamazepine-Saccharin Co-Crystal Polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2009-2014. [PMID: 28435141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredients can be regarded as critical for the potential that crystal form can have on the quality, efficacy, and safety of the final drug product. The current contribution aims to characterize thermodynamic interrelationship of a dimorphic co-crystal, FI and FII, involving carbamazepine (CBZ) and saccharin (SAC) molecules. Supramolecular synthesis of CBZ-SAC FI and FII has been performed using thermokinetic methods and systematically characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, solubility, and slurry measurements. According to the heat of fusion rule by Burger and Ramberger, FI (ΔHfus = 121.1 J/g; melting point, 172.5°C) and FII (ΔHfus = 110.3 J/g; melting point, 164.7°C) are monotropically related. The solubility and van't Hoff plot results suggest FI stable and FII metastable forms. This study reveals that CBZ-SAC co-crystal phases, FI or FII, could be stable to heat-induced stresses; however, FII converts to FI during solution-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Pagire
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Niten Jadav
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Venu R Vangala
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Benjamin Whiteside
- Polymer Micro and Nano Technology, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Anant Paradkar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Mittal A, Malhotra D, Jain P, Kalia A, Shunmugaperumal T. Studies on Aspirin Crystals Generated by a Modified Vapor Diffusion Method. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:988-94. [PMID: 26729528 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the current investigation were (1) to study the influence of selected two different non-solvents (diethylether and dichloromethane) on the drug crystal formation of a model drug, aspirin (ASP-I) by the modified vapor diffusion method and (2) to characterize and compare the generated crystals (ASP-II and ASP-III) using different analytical techniques with that of unprocessed ASP-I. When compared to the classical vapor diffusion method which consumes about 15 days to generate drug crystals, the modified method needs only 12 h to get the same. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals that the internal structures of ASP-II and ASP-III crystals were identical when compared with ASP-I. Although the drug crystals showed a close similarity in X-ray diffraction patterns, the difference in the relative intensities of some of the diffraction peaks (especially at 2θ values of around 7.7 and 15.5) could be attributed to the crystal habit or crystal size modification. Similarly, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study speculates that only the crystal habit modifications might occur but without involving any change in internal structure of the generated drug polymorphic form I. This is further substantiated from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures that indicated the formation of platy shape for the ASP-II crystals and needle shape for the ASP-III crystals. In addition, the observed slow dissolution of ASP crystals should indicate polymorph form I formation. Thus, the modified vapor diffusion method could routinely be used to screen and legally secure all possible forms of other drug entities too.
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Lee MJ, Wang IC, Kim MJ, Kim P, Song KH, Chun NH, Park HG, Choi GJ. Controlling the polymorphism of carbamazepine-saccharin cocrystals formed during antisolvent cocrystallization using kinetic parameters. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The ternary phase diagram for the direct assembly of a 2 : 1 co-crystal of benzoic acid–sodium benzoate was illustrated. Benzoic acid acted as a reactant and underwent neutralization to produce sodium benzoate. The excessive amount of benzoic acid as an API can interact with the product, sodium benzoate as another API, to undertake API–API co-crystallization by cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Lin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
| | - Tu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li City 320, ROC
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Maddileti D, Nangia A. Polymorphism in anti-hyperammonemic agent N-carbamoyl-l-glutamic acid. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid form screen of anti-hyperammonemic drug carglumic acid (CGA) resulted in two polymorphs, Form-I and Form-II. The crystal structure of Form-I is sustained by an acid catemer synthon, whereas Form-II has an acid–amide heterosynthon. Slurry grinding, thermal stress, stability measurements, and DVS analysis confirm the thermodynamic stability of Form-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Maddileti
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Prof. C. R. Rao Road
- Central University PO
- Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Ashwini Nangia
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Prof. C. R. Rao Road
- Central University PO
- Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Arkhipov SG, Boldyreva EV. An algorithm to identify the existence and reproducibly obtain single crystals of salts and mixed crystals of amino acids suitable for single crystal XRD and Raman spectroscopy experiments. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476614040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leyssens T, Tumanova N, Robeyns K, Candoni N, Veesler S. Solution cocrystallization, an effective tool to explore the variety of cocrystal systems: caffeine/dicarboxylic acid cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Polymorphism in cocrystals: a review and assessment of its significance. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bag PP, Ghosh S, Khan H, Devarapalli R, Malla Reddy C. Drug–drug salt forms of ciprofloxacin with diflunisal and indoprofen. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two drug–drug salt forms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) with diflunisal (CIP/DIF) and indoprofen (CIP/INDP/H2O) were synthesized and characterized by PXRD, FTIR, DSC and TGA. Crystal structure determination revealed the transferability of the robust synthon 1 in the two novel salt forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Bag
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Soumyajit Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Hamza Khan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Ramesh Devarapalli
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata
- Mohanpur 741252, India
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Manoj K, Tamura R, Takahashi H, Tsue H. Crystal engineering of homochiral molecular organization of naproxen in cocrystals and their thermal phase transformation studies. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Crystal engineering principles were used to produce the homochiral R- and S-chains of naproxen (NPX) by cocrystallization with bipyridine (BPY) and piperazine (PIZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Manoj
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto-606-8501, Japan
| | - Rui Tamura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto-606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto-606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohito Tsue
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto-606-8501, Japan
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Bag PP, Kothur RR, Malla Reddy C. Tautomeric preference in polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs of succinylsulfathiazole: fast evaporation screening and thermal studies. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce42159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We employ a fast evaporation crystallization method to identify two new solvates from acetone and tetrahydrofuran of succinylsulfathiazole (SST), as well as determined single crystal structures for previous unsolved forms. SST adopts exclusively the imidine form in all its crystalline forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Bag
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata, India
| | - Raghuram Reddy Kothur
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata, India
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata, India
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Wang IC, Lee MJ, Sim SJ, Kim WS, Chun NH, Choi GJ. Anti-solvent co-crystallization of carbamazepine and saccharin. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:311-22. [PMID: 23598078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The co-crystal approach has been investigated extensively over the past decade as one of the most promising methods to enhance the dissolution properties of insoluble drug substances. Co-crystal powders are typically produced by mechanical grinding (neat or wet) or a solution method (evaporation or cooling). In this study, high-purity carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) co-crystals were manufactured by a novel method, anti-solvent addition. Among various solvents, methanol was found to perform well with water as the anti-solvent for the co-crystallization of CBZ and SAC. When water was added to the methanol solution of CBZ and SAC at room temperature under agitation, nucleation of CBZ-SAC co-crystals occurred within 2-3 min. Co-crystallization was complete after 30 min, giving a solid yield as high as 84.5% on a CBZ basis. The effects of initial concentrations, focusing on the SAC/CBZ ratio, were examined to establish optimal conditions. The whole anti-solvent co-crystallization process was monitored at-line via ATR-FTIR analysis of regularly sampled solutions. The nucleation and crystal growth of CBZ-SAC co-crystals were detected by a significant increase in absorption in the range of 2400-2260 cm(-1), associated with the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group in CBZ and the N-H of SAC. When CBZ hydrates were formed as impurities during anti-solvent co-crystallization, the hydrogen bonding between methanol and water was reduced greatly, primarily due to the incorporation of water molecules into the CBZ crystal lattice. In conclusion, an anti-solvent approach can be used to produce highly pure CBZ-SAC co-crystal powders with a high solid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chun Wang
- Department of Smart Food & Drugs, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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Nanubolu JB, Sridhar B, Ravikumar K, Sawant KD, Naik TA, Patkar LN, Cherukuvada S, Sreedhar B. Polymorphism in metformin embonate salt – recurrence of dimeric and tetrameric guanidinium–carboxylate synthons. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce26986h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocrystallization is an effective crystal engineering approach for modifying the crystal structure and properties of drugs. The number of examples of solving drug formulation and manufacture problems by cocrystallization is rapidly growing. An updated review that systematically examines the cocrystal research in the context of drug delivery is timely and valuable. AREAS COVERED Topics covered in this review include nature of cocrystal, impact of cocrystallization on key pharmaceutical properties (both enhancement and deterioration), cocrystal preparation method and future directions in this field. The focus of this review is on the crystal engineering and pharmaceutical literature in the last 5 years. However, classical literature is also examined when relevant. EXPERT OPINION The most effective cocrystal research relies on both in-depth understanding of structure-property relationship and efficient preparation of desired cocrystals. The future cocrystal research will see growth in the areas of designing ternary and higher-order structures, cocrystals between neutral and ionic species, cocrystal polymorphism, cocrystal glasses and thermodynamics of cocrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Calvin Sun
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Thakuria R, Delori A, Jones W, Lipert MP, Roy L, Rodríguez-Hornedo N. Pharmaceutical cocrystals and poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23207015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years cocrystal formation has emerged as a viable strategy towards improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this review the success of numerous pharmaceutical cocrystals for the improvement of the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs is demonstrated using various examples taken from the literature. The role of crystal engineering principles in the selection of appropriate coformers and the nature of the supramolecular synthons present within the crystals are described. Evidence for improved animal pharmacokinetic data is given for several systems. A summary is provided of our current understanding of the relationship between cocrystal structure and solution phase interactions on solubility as well as those factors that influence overall cocrystal thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Ghosh S, Malla Reddy C. Co-crystals of caffeine with substituted nitroanilines and nitrobenzoic acids: Structure–mechanical property and thermal studies. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Butterhof C, Bärwinkel K, Senker J, Breu J. Polymorphism in co-crystals: a metastable form of the ionic co-crystal 2 HBz·1 NaBz crystallised by flash evaporation. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bag PP, Chen M, Sun CC, Reddy CM. Direct correlation among crystal structure, mechanical behaviour and tabletability in a trimorphic molecular compound. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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