1
|
Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang Y, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Luo Q, Du J, Wang F. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with visible light-enhanced anticancer activity and multimodal cell imaging. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12478-12489. [PMID: 37602756 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01661g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have drawn growing attention due to their photophysical properties and anticancer activity. Herein we report four ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [(N^N)2RuII(L)]2+ (1-4, L = 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives, N^N = bidentate ligands with bis-nitrogen donors) as multi-functional anticancer agents. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in a broad range of cancer cells and related to many kinds of malignance. EGFR inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, have been approved as clinical anticancer drugs. The EGFR-inhibiting 4-anilinoquinazoline ligands greatly enhanced the in vitro anticancer activity of these ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes against a series of human cancer cell lines compared to [Ru(bpy)2(phen)], but interestingly, these complexes were actually not potent EGFR inhibitors. Further mechanism studies revealed that upon irradiation with visible light, complexes 3 and 4 generated a high level of singlet oxygen (1O2), and their in vitro anticancer activities against human non-small-cell lung (A549), cervical (HeLa) and squamous (A431) cancer cells were significantly improved. Specifically, complex 3 displayed potent phototoxicity upon irradiation with blue light, of which the photo-toxicity indexes (PIs) against HeLa and A431 cells were 11 and 8.3, respectively. These complexes exhibited strong fluorescence emission at ca. 600 nm upon excitation at about 450 nm. A subcellular distribution study by fluorescence microscopy imaging and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging (ToF-SIMS) demonstrated that complex 3 mainly localized at the cytoplasm and complex 4 mainly localized in the nuclei of cells. Competitive binding with ctDNA showed that complex 4 was more favorable to bind to the DNA minor groove than complex 3. These differences support that complex 3 possibly exerts its anticancer activities majorly by photo-induced 1O2 generation and complex 4 by binding to DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, the Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Pang Y, Xu Y, Lu M, Tu L, Li Q, Sharma A, Guo Z, Li X, Sun Y. Near-infrared metal agents assisting precision medicine: from strategic design to bioimaging and therapeutic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37334831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal agents have made incredible strides in preclinical research and clinical applications in recent years, but their short emission/absorption wavelengths continue to be a barrier to their distribution, therapeutic action, visual tracking, and efficacy evaluation. Nowadays, the near-infrared window (NIR, 650-1700 nm) provides a more accurate imaging and treatment option. Thus, there has been ongoing research focusing on developing multifunctional NIR metal agents for imaging and therapy that have deeper tissue penetration. The design, characteristics, bioimaging, and therapy of NIR metal agents are covered in this overview of papers and reports published to date. To start with, we focus on describing the structure, design strategies, and photophysical properties of metal agents from the NIR-I (650-1000 nm) to NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) region, in order of molecular metal complexes (MMCs), metal-organic complexes (MOCs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Next, the biomedical applications brought by these superior photophysical and chemical properties for more accurate imaging and therapy are discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges and prospects of each type of NIR metal agent for future biomedical research and clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonglu Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yida Pang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yuling Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Le Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Qian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Amit Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector-30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riccardi C, Campanella A, Montesarchio D, Del Vecchio P, Oliva R, Paduano L. Investigating the Interaction of an Anticancer Nucleolipidic Ru(III) Complex with Human Serum Proteins: A Spectroscopic Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062800. [PMID: 36985771 PMCID: PMC10055563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(III) complexes are very promising candidates as metal-based anticancer drugs, and several studies have supported the likely role of human serum proteins in the transport and selective delivery of Ru(III)-based compounds to tumor cells. Herein, the anticancer nanosystem composed of an amphiphilic nucleolipid incorporating a Ru(III) complex, which we named DoHuRu, embedded into the biocompatible cationic lipid DOTAP, was investigated as to its interaction with two human serum proteins thought to be involved in the mechanism of action of Ru(III)-based anticancer drugs, i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and human transferrin (hTf). This nanosystem was studied in comparison with the simple Ru(III) complex named AziRu, a low molecular weight metal complex previously designed as an analogue of NAMI-A, decorated with the same ruthenium ligands as DoHuRu but devoid of the nucleolipid scaffold and not inserted in liposomal formulations. For this study, different spectroscopic techniques, i.e., Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism (CD), were exploited, showing that DoHuRu/DOTAP liposomes can interact with both serum proteins without affecting their secondary structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Campanella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CINMPIS-Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale di Ricerca in Metodologie e Processi Innovativi di Sintesi, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Napoli, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CSGI-Consorzio Interuniversitario per Lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murali M, Latha J, Prakash PA, Sangeetha S, Selvakumaran B, Jaabir MSM. Characterization of [Ru(bpy)2(diamine)]2+ complexes and their DNA binding and cleavage, BSA interaction, cytotoxic, and anticancer mechanistic properties. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Fandzloch M, Jędrzejewski T, Wiśniewska J, Sitkowski J, Dobrzańska L, Brożyna AA, Wrotek S. Sawhorse-type ruthenium complexes with triazolopyrimidine ligands - what do they represent in terms of cytotoxic and CORM compounds? Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8804-8820. [PMID: 35616922 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three sawhorse-type ruthenium(I) complexes containing purine analogs such as triazolopyrimidines of the general formula [Ru2(CO)4(μ-OOCCH3)2(L)2], where L is 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tp for 1), 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp for 2) and 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dptp for 3), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared analysis, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, 15N), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1 and 2). By assay with myoglobin, the photo-activated CO-releasing molecule (PhotoCORM) character of (1-3) has been confirmed, thus indicating the possibility of use in CO-based therapies. The importance of UV-induced modification has been investigated in the context of anticancer properties. Complexes (1) and (2) have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer) and C32 (melanoma), as well as L929 normal fibroblasts in the dark and presence of UV-A light (365 nm). The results were compared with those for cisplatin and two reference ruthenium complexes, namely NAMI-A and KP1019. The most hydrophilic [Ru2(CO)4(μ-OOCCH3)2(tp)2] (1) (log P = -1.12) was found to be more cytotoxic than (2), despite the lower cellular uptake measured by ICP-MS toward HeLa cells. Importantly, photo-induced stimulation of cells with (1) resulted in a lower decrease in the viability of L929 normal cells (IC50 = 154.7 ± 6.5 μM) in comparison with HeLa cancer cells (IC50 = 66.7 ± 3.4 μM). The photo-induced stimulation of (1) and (2) increases ROS generation, and their anticancer activity may be a partially ROS-dependent phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Liliana Dobrzańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li YL, Zhu XM, Chen NF, Chen ST, Yang Y, Liang H, Chen ZF. Anticancer activity of ruthenium(II) plumbagin complexes with polypyridyl as ancillary ligands via inhibiting energy metabolism and GADD45A-mediated cell cycle arrest. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114312. [PMID: 35421660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To study the antitumor activity and action mechanism of Ru(II) polypyridyl plumbagin (PLN) complexes, four complexes [Ru(PLN)(DMSO)2]Cl (Ru1), [Ru(bpy)2(PLN)](PF6) (bpy is bipyridine) (Ru2), [Ru(phen)2(PLN)](PF6) (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) (Ru3), and [Ru(DIP)2(PLN)](PF6) (DIP is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (Ru4) were obtained and fully characterized. Lipophilicity, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of these Ru(II) complexes are in the order of: Ru1<Ru2<Ru3<Ru4. The ancillary polypyridyl ligands affected the bioactivity and action mechanisms of these Ru(II) complexes. Ru3 and Ru4 inhibited energy metabolism by severely impairing mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis processes. Moreover, Ru3 and Ru4 induced DNA damage and the increased expression of GADD45A, which led to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase in MGC-803 cells, while the inactivation of GADD45A attenuated these effects; however, Ru3 or Ru4-induced GADD45A did not affect cell apoptosis. Further studies revealed that Ru3 and Ru4 induced ROS-dependent and caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death by mitochondrial dysfunction, and Ru4 displayed higher potency than Ru3. The in vivo results in MGC-803 xenograft nude mice model also confirmed that Ru4 obviously inhibited tumor growth. Ru4 is a promising candidate to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Nan-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Shao-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cyclometalated Ru(II) β-carboline complexes induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human HeLa cervical cancer cells via suppressing ERK and Akt signaling. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:793-808. [PMID: 34459988 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complexes, [Ru(dmb)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine; Cl-Ph-βC = Cl-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole; RuβC-3) and [Ru(bpy)2(Cl-Ph-βC)](PF6) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; RuβC-4) were synthesized and characterized. The Ru(II) complexes display high cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, the stabilized human cervical cancer cell, with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.4 μM (RuβC-3) and 4.1 ± 0.6 μM (RuβC-4), which were considerably lower than that of non-cyclometalated Ru(II)-β-carboline complex [Ru(bpy)2(1-Py-βC)] (PF6)2 (61.2 ± 3.9 μM) by 19- and 15-folds, respectively. The mechanism studies indicated that both Ru(II) complexes could significantly inhibit HeLa cell migration and invasion, and effectively induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The new Ru(II) complexes could also trigger apoptosis through activating caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Further research revealed that RuβC-3 could deactivate the ERK/Akt signaling pathway thus inhibiting HeLa cell invasion and migration, and inducing apoptosis. In addition, RuβC-3-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells was closely associated with the increase of intracellular ROS levels, which may act as upstream factors to regulate ERK and Akt pathways. More importantly, RuβC-3 exhibited low toxicity on both normal BEAS-2B cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Consequently, the developed Ru(II) complexes have great potential on developing novel low-toxic anticancer drugs.
Collapse
|
9
|
A comprehensive overview of β-carbolines and its derivatives as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113688. [PMID: 34332400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Carboline alkaloids are a family of natural and synthetic products with structural diversity and outstanding antitumor activities. This review summarizes research developments of β-carboline and its derivatives as anticancer agents, which focused on both natural and synthetic monomers as well as dimers. In addition, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of β-carboline monomers and dimers are summarized and mechanism of action of β-carboline and its derivatives are also presented. A few possible research directions, suggestions and clues for future work on the development of novel β-carboline-based anticancer agents with improved expected activities and lesser toxicity are also provided.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Karges J, Kuang S, Ong YC, Chao H, Gasser G. One‐ and Two‐Photon Phototherapeutic Effects of Ru
II
Polypyridine Complexes in the Hypoxic Centre of Large Multicellular Tumor Spheroids and Tumor‐Bearing Mice**. Chemistry 2020; 27:362-370. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yih Ching Ong
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao WZ, Veeraperumal S, Qiu HM, Chen XQ, Cheong KL. Anti-cancer effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides on human colon cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis without causing adverse effects in vitro. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:386. [PMID: 32832336 PMCID: PMC7419411 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anticancer effects of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHPs) on human colon cancer cells and non-cancerous cells were evaluated. PHP was extracted by an ultrasonic/microwave-assisted method, and three fractions of polysaccharides (PHP-F1, PHP-F2 and PHP-F3) were obtained through a DEAE-52 cellulose ion-exchange column. The results of the cytotoxicity test showed that all of the PHP fractions had inhibitory effects on the growth of colon cancer cells HT-29, LoVo and SW-480, but no toxic effects on the normal human cells HaCaT. The fractions PHP-F2 and PHP-F3 had the most significant cytotoxicity on HT-29 cells. Studies on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell apoptosis, the apoptosis index (using Hoechst 33342 staining) and analysis of cell cycle arrest using flow cytometry revealed that the fractions PHP-F2 and PHP-F3 could apparently induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT-29 cells and cause cell G0-G1 phase arrest. These findings suggest that polysaccharides from P. haitanensis have anticancer effects on human colon cancer cells and therefore might be regarded as new candidates for the prevention and treatment of colon cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Zi Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Suresh Veeraperumal
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Mai Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200 Guangxi China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song L, Xie L, Xu L, Jing Q, Liu C, Xi X, Wang W, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Wang H. Syntheses, spectra, photoinduced nitric oxide release and interactions with biomacromolecules of three nitrosylruthenium complexes. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Fernandes AC. Synthesis, Biological Activity and Medicinal Applications of Ruthenium Complexes Containing Carbohydrate Ligands. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6412-6437. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190124124350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The search for new metal-efficient drugs has attracted considerable attention of the
scientific community. Among them, ruthenium complexes have emerged as an excellent alternative
of platinum complexes. This review presents a thorough and timely coverage of the synthesis,
biological activity and medicinal applications of ruthenium complexes bearing carbohydrate ligands,
allowing a large community of readers, in particularly the community that works in organic,
inorganic, bioorganometallic and medicinal chemistry, ready access to the most relevant examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049- 001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Riccardi C, Musumeci D, Trifuoggi M, Irace C, Paduano L, Montesarchio D. Anticancer Ruthenium(III) Complexes and Ru(III)-Containing Nanoformulations: An Update on the Mechanism of Action and Biological Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E146. [PMID: 31561546 PMCID: PMC6958509 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The great advances in the studies on metal complexes for the treatment of different cancer forms, starting from the pioneering works on platinum derivatives, have fostered an increasingly growing interest in their properties and biomedical applications. Among the various metal-containing drugs investigated thus far, ruthenium(III) complexes have emerged for their selective cytotoxic activity in vitro and promising anticancer properties in vivo, also leading to a few candidates in advanced clinical trials. Aiming at addressing the solubility, stability and cellular uptake issues of low molecular weight Ru(III)-based compounds, some research groups have proposed the development of suitable drug delivery systems (e.g., taking advantage of nanoparticles, liposomes, etc.) able to enhance their activity compared to the naked drugs. This review highlights the unique role of Ru(III) complexes in the current panorama of anticancer agents, with particular emphasis on Ru-containing nanoformulations based on the incorporation of the Ru(III) complexes into suitable nanocarriers in order to enhance their bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Preclinical evaluation of these nanoaggregates is discussed with a special focus on the investigation of their mechanism of action at a molecular level, highlighting their pharmacological potential in tumour disease models and value for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tian N, Feng Y, Sun W, Lu J, Lu S, Yao Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. A nuclear permeable Ru(ii)-based photoactivated chemotherapeutic agent towards a series of cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6492-6500. [PMID: 30994660 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes which can undergo photo-induced ligand dissociation and DNA covalent binding are considered as potential photoactivated chemotherapeutic (PACT) agents. Herein four pyridine-2-sulfonate (py-SO3-) ligand based Ru(ii) complexes [Ru(N-N)2(py-SO3)]+ (1-4) were synthesized and studied. All the complexes can undergo fast py-SO3- ligand dissociation and DNA covalent binding upon visible light irradiation. However, only complex 4 exhibited high photo-induced anticancer activities towards a series of cancer cells, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in 100-300 nM regions and phototoxicity index (PI) values of about 100. In particular, complex 4 can also kill cisplatin resistant SKOV-3 and A549 cancer cells with IC50 values in 200-400 nM regions and PI values of about 50, which should be the first report of Ru(ii) based PACT agents that are also effective towards cisplatin resistant cancer cells. Complex 4 exhibited much higher cell uptake and nuclear accumulation levels, which may be the main reasons for its high anticancer activities. The in vivo anticancer experiments indicated that complex 4 can inhibit tumor growth significantly with fewer side effects. Our results may provide guidelines for developing novel photoactivatable Ru(ii) anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao Z, Zhang J, Zhi S, Song W, Zhao J. Novel binuclear and trinuclear metal (II) complexes: DNA interactions and in vitro anticancer activity through apoptosis. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 197:110696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Guan S, Pan T, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Mu L, Zhu D, Chang B, Zheng K, Qian J, Xie Q, Mei W, Tang W, Bai M. Synthesis, DNA-binding, and antitumor activity of polypyridyl-ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(L)2(DClPIP)] (L = bpy, phen; DClPIP = 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1, 10]phenanthroline). J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1630614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouhai Guan
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luwen Mu
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhu
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyang Chang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangdi Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiesheng Qian
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjun Bai
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Background:
Since the serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin
there has been a continuous surge in studies aimed at the development of new cytotoxic
metal complexes. While the majority of these complexes have been designed to interact with
nuclear DNA, other targets for anticancer metallodrugs attract increasing interest. In cancer
cells the mitochondrial metabolism is deregulated. Impaired apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth
signals and unlimited proliferation have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It
is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have emerged as a major target for cancer therapy.
Mitochondria-targeting agents are able to bypass resistance mechanisms and to (re-) activate
cell-death programs.
Methods:
Web-based literature searching tools such as SciFinder were used to search for reports
on cytotoxic metal complexes that are taken up by the mitochondria and interact with
mitochondrial DNA or mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential,
facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or activate mitochondria-dependent celldeath
signaling by unbalancing the cellular redox state. Included in the search were publications
investigating strategies to selectively accumulate metallodrugs in the mitochondria.
Results:
This review includes 241 references on antimitochondrial metal complexes, the use
of mitochondria-targeting carrier ligands and the formation of lipophilic cationic complexes.
Conclusion:
Recent developments in the design, cytotoxic potency, and mechanistic understanding
of antimitochondrial metal complexes, in particular of cyclometalated Au, Ru, Ir and
Pt complexes, Ru polypyridine complexes and Au-N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine
complexes are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ruthenium(II) salicylate complexes inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis by targeting thioredoxin reductase. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
21
|
Ambika S, Manojkumar Y, Arunachalam S, Gowdhami B, Meenakshi Sundaram KK, Solomon RV, Venuvanalingam P, Akbarsha MA, Sundararaman M. Biomolecular Interaction, Anti-Cancer and Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Cobalt(III) Schiff Base Complexes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2721. [PMID: 30804454 PMCID: PMC6389928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes, trans-[Co(salen)(DA)2](ClO4) (1) and trans-[Co(salophen)(DA)2](ClO4) (2) (where salen: N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine, salopen: N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine, DA: dodecylamine) were synthesised and characterised using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The binding affinity of both the complexes with CT-DNA was explored adopting UV-visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The results revealed that both the complexes interacted with DNA via intercalation as well as notable groove binding. Protein (BSA) binding ability of these complexes was investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy which indicate that these complexes engage in strong hydrophobic interaction with BSA. The mode of interaction between these complexes and CT-DNA/BSA was studied by molecular docking analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic property of the complexes was evaluated in A549 (human small cell lung carcinoma) and VERO (African green monkey kidney cells). The results revealed that the complexes affect viability of the cells. AO and EB staining and cell cycle analysis revealed that the mode of cell death is apoptosis. Both the complexes showed profound inhibition of angiogenesis as revealed in in-vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Of the two complexes, the complex 2 proved to be much more efficient in affecting the viability of lung cancer cells than complex 1. These results indicate that the cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes in this study can be potentially used for cancer chemotherapy and as inhibitor of angiogenesis, in general, and lung cancer in particular, for which there is need for substantiation at the level of signalling mechanisms and gene expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Ambika
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India.,Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yesaiyan Manojkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India.,Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sankaralingam Arunachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India. .,Plot-46, Nagappa Nagar, Airport (Post), Tiruchirappalli, 620007, India.
| | - Balakrishnan Gowdhami
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Centre, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India.,National Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Meenakshi Sundaram
- Centre for Environmental Research and Development (CERD), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College, Chennai, 600 034, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), East Tambaram, Chennai, 600 059, India
| | | | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Centre, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India.,Research Coordinator, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, 620001, India
| | - Muthuraman Sundararaman
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
New organoruthenium compounds with pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1, 10]phenanthroline: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and investigation of mechanism of action. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:297-310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
23
|
Xu L, Zhang PP, Fang XQ, Liu Y, Wang JQ, Zhou HZ, Chen ST, Chao H. A ruthenium(II) complex containing a p-cresol group induces apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive oxygen species production. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 191:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Naves MA, Graminha AE, Vegas LC, Luna-Dulcey L, Honorato J, Menezes ACS, Batista AA, Cominetti MR. Transport of the Ruthenium Complex [Ru(GA)(dppe)2]PF6 into Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Is Facilitated by Transferrin Receptors. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1167-1183. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antônio C. S. Menezes
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technology (CCET), State University of Goiás, CEP 75132-903 Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Red-Absorbing Fe(II) Polypyridine Complexes. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is known to be one of the major causes of death nowadays. Among others, chemotherapy with cisplatin is a commonly used treatment. Although widely employed, cisplatin is known to cause severe side effects, such as nerve and kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression. Most importantly, a number of cancer tumors are acquiring resistance to cisplatin, limiting its clinical use. There is therefore a need for the discovery of novel anticancer agents. Complementary to chemotherapy, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has expanded the range of treatment opportunities of numerous kinds of cancer. Nonetheless, the currently approved PDT photosensitizers (PSs) suffer from major drawbacks, which include poor water solubility or photobleaching, in addition to a slow clearance from the body that causes photosensitivity. Due to these limitations, there is a need for the development of new PDT PSs. To overcome these problems, a lot of research groups around the world are currently focusing their attention towards the development of new metal complexes as PDT PSs. However, most synthesized compounds reported so far show limited use due to their poor absorption in the phototherapeutic window. Herein, we report on the preparation and characterization of three Fe(II) polypyridine complexes (4–6) and evaluate their potential as both anticancer agents and PDT PSs. Very importantly, these compounds are stable in human plasma, photostable upon continuous LED irradiation, and absorb in the red region of the spectrum. We could demonstrate that through additional sulfonic acid groups on the polypyridine ligand being used (bphen: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), the water solubility of the complexes could be highly improved, whereas the photophysical properties did not significantly change. One of these complexes (4) shows interesting toxicity, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range in the dark as well as some phototoxicity upon irradiation at 480 and 540 nm against RPE-1 and HeLa cells.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ruthenium coordination compounds of biological and biomedical significance. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Sahoo CR, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN. Norharmane as a potential chemical entity for development of anticancer drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:752-764. [PMID: 30496990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death generally, and to overcome this problem the introduction of a new drug developing is a continuous endeavour. An alkaloid, norharmane and its derivatives, which have anticancer activities, widely distributed in several living and synthetic chemical sources. Herewith, the suggested mechanisms of organic reactions and synthetic approaches of norharmane available so far were considered. Active sites of norharmane nucleus positions, C-1, C-3, and N-9, were used for developing new molecules and based on structure activity relationship (SAR), those have been seen with anticancer activities. This review summarizes on chemistry of synthetic strategies of norharmane derivatives, which may provide a framework to design a novel anticancer drug, in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Paidesetty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Peña B, Saha S, Barhoumi R, Burghardt RC, Dunbar KR. Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridyl Compounds with π-Extended Nitrogen Donor Ligands Induce Apoptosis in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) Cells by Triggering Caspase-3/7 Pathway. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12777-12786. [PMID: 30239197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes exhibit antitumor properties that can be systematically tailored by means of adjusting the ligand environment. In this work, the effect of incorporating π-extended moieties into anionic N∧O- based chelating ligands on the cytotoxic properties of Ru compounds is explored. Four new Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(dphol)][PF6] (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dphol = dibenzo[ a, c]phenazin-10-olate), [Ru(phen)2(dphol)][PF6] (2; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Ru(bpy)2(hbtz)][PF6] (3; hbtz = 2-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)phenolate), and [Ru(phen)2(hbtz)][PF6] (4) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, which revealed that 4 is the most cytotoxic compound (IC50 = 0.8 μM) in the series including a control compound [Ru(bpy)2(quo)][PF6] (5; quo = 8-hydroxyquinolinate) and is nearly 8-fold more cytotoxic than cisplatin. An investigation of the mechanism of cell death led to the finding that compounds 1-4 disrupt the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in a concentration-dependent fashion, which is an event associated with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, compound 4 triggers the activity of caspase-3/7, which eventually induces the apoptotic cellular death of A549 cells. Thus, increasing the overall lipophilicity of the Ru compounds by introducing π-extended moieties in the anionic N∧O- ligand is a successful strategy for realizing a new family of pro-apoptotic compounds with a [RuIIN5O]+ coordination environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Photophysical properties of [(norharmane)Re(CO)3 (L)]+ complexes (L = bpy, phen or dppz). Redox behavior of the excited states and their interaction with Calf Thymus DNA. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
30
|
Dai J, Dan W, Schneider U, Wang J. β-Carboline alkaloid monomers and dimers: Occurrence, structural diversity, and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:622-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
31
|
Chen F, Romero-Canelón I, Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Song JI, Coverdale JPC, Clarkson GJ, Kasparkova J, Habtemariam A, Wills M, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Transfer Hydrogenation and Antiproliferative Activity of Tethered Half-Sandwich Organoruthenium Catalysts. Organometallics 2018; 37:1555-1566. [PMID: 29887657 PMCID: PMC5989272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the synthesis
and characterization of four neutral organometallic
tethered complexes, [Ru(η6-Ph(CH2)3-ethylenediamine-N-R)Cl], where R = methanesulfonyl
(Ms, 1), toluenesulfonyl (Ts, 2), 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl
(Tf, 3), and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Nb, 4), including their X-ray crystal structures. These complexes exhibit
moderate antiproliferative activity toward human ovarian, lung, hepatocellular,
and breast cancer cell lines. Complex 2 in particular
exhibits a low cross-resistance with cisplatin. The complexes show
potent catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of NAD+ to NADH with formate as hydride donor in aqueous solution
(310 K, pH 7). Substituents on the chelated ligand decreased the turnover
frequency in the order Nb > Tf > Ts > Ms. An enhancement
of antiproliferative
activity (up to 22%) was observed on coadministration with nontoxic
concentrations of sodium formate (0.5–2 mM). Complex 2 binds to nucleobase guanine (9-EtG), but DNA appears not
to be the target, as little binding to calf thymus DNA or bacterial
plasmid DNA was observed. In addition, complex 2 reacts
rapidly with glutathione (GSH), which might hamper transfer hydrogenation
reactions in cells. Complex 2 induced a dose-dependent
G1 cell cycle arrest after 24 h exposure in A2780 human
ovarian cancer cells while promoting an increase in reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which is likely to contribute to its antiproliferative
activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - James P C Coverdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pal M, Nandi U, Mukherjee D. Detailed account on activation mechanisms of ruthenium coordination complexes and their role as antineoplastic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:419-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
A comparative study on in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, localization and apoptosis-inducing mechanism of two ruthenium(II) complexes. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-018-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
35
|
Zhang DY, Zheng Y, Zhang H, He L, Tan CP, Sun JH, Zhang W, Peng X, Zhan Q, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Ruthenium complex-modified carbon nanodots for lysosome-targeted one- and two-photon imaging and photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18966-18976. [PMID: 29181479 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanohybrids can in most cases kill cancer cells more efficiently as compared with free photosensitizers. In this work, we constructed nanohybrid Ru1@CDs composed of carbon nanodots (CDs) and a phosphorescent Ru(ii) complex (Ru1) for one- and two-photon photodynamic therapy of cancer. The photosensitizer and imaging agent Ru1 is decorated onto the nanocarrier CDs covalently. Ru1 and Ru1@CDs can penetrate into cancer cells through an energy-dependent mechanism and endocytosis, respectively. Both Ru1 and Ru1@CDs are capable of lysosome-targeted phosphorescence imaging and photodamage under either 450 nm (one-photon) or 810 nm (two-photon) excitation. Conjugation with CDs can increase the cellular uptake efficacy of Ru1. Mechanism investigations show that both Ru1 and Ru1@CDs can induce apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species and cathepsin-initiated apoptotic signaling pathways. Upon two-photon excitation, Ru1@CDs show better penetrability, as well as higher inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in both 2D cell and 3D multicellular tumor spheroid models. Our work provides an effective strategy for the construction of multifunctional imaging and phototherapeutic nanohybrids for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wei J, Renfrew AK. Photolabile ruthenium complexes to cage and release a highly cytotoxic anticancer agent. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 179:146-153. [PMID: 29180165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CHS-828 (N-(6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl)-N'-cyano-N″-4-pyridyl guanidine) is an anticancer agent with low bioavailability and high systemic toxicity. Here we present an approach to improve the therapeutic profile of the drug using photolabile ruthenium complexes to generate light-activated prodrugs of CHS-828. Both prodrug complexes are stable in the dark but release CHS-828 when irradiated with visible light. The complexes are water-soluble and accumulate in tumour cells in very high concentrations, predominantly in the mitochondria. Both prodrug complexes are significantly less cyototoxic than free CHS-828 in the dark but their toxicity increases up to 10-fold in combination with visible light. The cellular responses to light treatment are consistent with release of the cytotoxic CHS-828 ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wei
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna K Renfrew
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu L, Ma Z, Wang W, Xie L, Liu L, Liu J, Zhao X, Wang H. Photo-induced cytotoxicity, photo-controlled nitric oxide release and DNA/human serum albumin binding of three water-soluble nitrosylruthenium complexes. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
38
|
Zeng L, Gupta P, Chen Y, Wang E, Ji L, Chao H, Chen ZS. The development of anticancer ruthenium(ii) complexes: from single molecule compounds to nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5771-5804. [PMID: 28654103 PMCID: PMC5624840 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is rapidly becoming the top killer in the world. Most of the FDA approved anticancer drugs are organic molecules, while metallodrugs are very scarce. The advent of the first metal based therapeutic agent, cisplatin, launched a new era in the application of transition metal complexes for therapeutic design. Due to their unique and versatile biochemical properties, ruthenium-based compounds have emerged as promising anti-cancer agents that serve as alternatives to cisplatin and its derivertives. Ruthenium(iii) complexes have successfully been used in clinical research and their mechanisms of anticancer action have been reported in large volumes over the past few decades. Ruthenium(ii) complexes have also attracted significant attention as anticancer candidates; however, only a few of them have been reported comprehensively. In this review, we discuss the development of ruthenium(ii) complexes as anticancer candidates and biocatalysts, including arene ruthenium complexes, polypyridyl ruthenium complexes, and ruthenium nanomaterial complexes. This review focuses on the likely mechanisms of action of ruthenium(ii)-based anticancer drugs and the relationship between their chemical structures and biological properties. This review also highlights the catalytic activity and the photoinduced activation of ruthenium(ii) complexes, their targeted delivery, and their activity in nanomaterial systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maisuls I, Wolcan E, Piro OE, Castellano EE, Petroselli G, Erra-Balsells R, Cabrerizo FM, Ruiz GT. Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes with β-Carboline Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Maisuls
- INIFTA; UNLP (CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, C.C. 16, Suc. 4, (B1906ZAA); La Plata Argentina
- IIB-INTECH - UNSAM-CONICET; I. Marino Km 8,2. CC 164 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Wolcan
- INIFTA; UNLP (CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, C.C. 16, Suc. 4, (B1906ZAA); La Plata Argentina
| | - Oscar E. Piro
- Instituto IFLP (CCT La Plata-CONICET) y Depto. de Física; FCE-UNLP, C.C. 67; 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela Petroselli
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN; UBA, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria; (1428) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN; UBA, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria; (1428) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Franco M. Cabrerizo
- IIB-INTECH - UNSAM-CONICET; I. Marino Km 8,2. CC 164 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo T. Ruiz
- INIFTA; UNLP (CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, C.C. 16, Suc. 4, (B1906ZAA); La Plata Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Synthesis, characterization, cellular uptake and apoptosis-inducing properties of two highly cytotoxic cyclometalated ruthenium(II) β-carboline complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:104-117. [PMID: 28923379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes of the general formula [Ru(N-N)2(1-Ph-βC)](PF6), where N-N = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb, Ru1), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, Ru2), and 1-Ph-βC (1-phenyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) is a β-carboline alkaloids derivatives, have been synthesized and characterized. The in vitro cytotoxicities, cellular uptake and localization, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of these complexes have been extensively explored by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flow cytometry, comet assay, inverted fluorescence microscope as well as western blotting experimental techniques. Notably, Ru1 and Ru2 exhibit potent antiproliferative activities against selected human cancer cell lines with IC50 values lower than those of cisplatin and other non-cyclometalated Ru(II) β-carboline complexes. The cellular uptake and localization exhibit that these complexes can accumulate in the cell nuclei. Further antitumor mechanism studies show that Ru1 and Ru2 can cause cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase by regulating cell cycle relative proteins and induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and ROS-mediated DNA damage.
Collapse
|
41
|
Griffith C, Dayoub AS, Jaranatne T, Alatrash N, Mohamedi A, Abayan K, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, MacDonnell FM. Cellular and cell-free studies of catalytic DNA cleavage by ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing redox-active intercalating ligands. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3726-3740. [PMID: 28553531 PMCID: PMC5428021 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs), [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]2+ (32+ ) and [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]4+ (44+ ) are shown to cleave DNA in cell-free studies in the presence of a mild reducing agent, i.e. glutathione (GSH), in a manner that is enhanced upon lowering the [O2]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cleavage process as hydroxy radical scavengers attenuate the cleavage activity. Cleavage experiments in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase reveal a central role for H2O2 as the immediate precursor for hydroxy radicals. A mechanism is proposed which explains the inverse [O2] dependence and ROS data and involves redox cycling between three DNA-bound redox isomers of 32+ or 44+ . Cultured non-small cell lung cancer cells (H358) are sensitive to 32+ and 44+ with IC50 values of 13 and 15 μM, respectively, and xenograft H358 tumors in nude mice show substantial (∼80%) regression relative to untreated tumors when the mice are treated with enantiopure versions of 32+ and 44+ (Yadav et al. Mol Cancer Res, 2013, 12, 643). Fluorescence microscopy of H358 cells treated with 15 μM 44+ reveals enhanced intracellular ROS production in as little as 2 h post treatment. Detection of phosphorylated ATM via immunofluorescence within 2 h of treatment with 44+ reveals initiation of the DNA damage repair machinery due to the ROS insult and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the nuclei of H358 cells and is confirmed using the γH2AX assay. The cell data for 32+ is less clear but DNA damage occurs. Notably, cells treated with [Ru(diphenylphen)3]2+ (IC50 1.7 μM) show no extra ROS production and no DNA damage by either the pATM or γH2AX even after 22 h. The enhanced DNA cleavage under low [O2] (4 μM) seen in cell-free cleavage assays of 32+ and 44+ is only partially reflected in the cytotoxicity of 32+ and 44+ in H358, HCC2998, HOP-62 and Hs766t under hypoxia (1.1% O2) relative to normoxia (18% O2). Cells treated with RPC 32+ show up to a two-fold enhancement in the IC50 under hypoxia whereas cells treated with RPC 44+ gave the same IC50 whether under hypoxia or normoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Griffith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Adam S Dayoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Thamara Jaranatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Ali Mohamedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Kenneth Abayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang H, Hu L, Du W, Tian X, Zhang Q, Hu Z, Luo L, Zhou H, Wu J, Tian Y. Two-Photon Active Organotin(IV) Carboxylate Complexes for Visualization of Anticancer Action. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:836-842. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhangjun Hu
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics & Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköing University, 58183 Linköing, Sweden
| | - Lei Luo
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | | | | | - Yupeng Tian
- State Key
Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nitroimidazole derivatives of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes: Towards understanding their anticancer activity and mode of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
44
|
Understanding the Effectiveness of Natural Compound Mixtures in Cancer through Their Molecular Mode of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030656. [PMID: 28304343 PMCID: PMC5372668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches to cancer management are often ineffective due to adverse reactions, drug resistance, or inadequate target specificity of single anti-cancer agents. In contrast, a combinatorial approach with the application of two or more anti-cancer agents at their respective effective dosages can achieve a synergistic effect that boosts cytotoxicity to cancer cells. In cancer, aberrant apoptotic pathways allow cells that should be killed to survive with genetic abnormalities, leading to cancer progression. Mutations in apoptotic mechanism arising during the treatment of cancer through cancer progression can consequently lead to chemoresistance. Natural compound mixtures that are believed to have multiple specific targets with minimal acceptable side-effects are now of interest to many researchers due to their cytotoxic and chemosensitizing activities. Synergistic interactions within a drug mixture enhance the search for potential molecular targets in cancer cells. Nonetheless, biased/flawed scientific evidence from natural products can suggest false positive therapeutic benefits during drug screening. In this review, we have taken these factors into consideration when discussing the evidence for these compounds and their synergistic therapeutic benefits in cancer. While there is limited evidence for clinical efficacy for these mixtures, in vitro data suggest that these preparations merit further investigation, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang DY, Zheng Y, Tan CP, Sun JH, Zhang W, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Graphene Oxide Decorated with Ru(II)-Polyethylene Glycol Complex for Lysosome-Targeted Imaging and Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6761-6771. [PMID: 28150943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can kill cancer cells more efficiently as compared with PTT or PDT treatment alone. In this work, we use nanohybrid rGO-Ru-PEG composed of reduced nanographene oxide (rGO) sheet and a phosphorescent polyethylene glycol modified Ru(II) complex (Ru-PEG) for combined PTT and PDT of cancer. Photosensitizer and imaging agent Ru-PEG is decorated onto delivery and PTT agent rGO via π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. The chemical structure and morphology have been characterized by various methods. The release of Ru-PEG from rGO surface is pH-dependent, and irradiation can increase the release rate considerably. The combined effects of PDT and PTT have been evaluated by cytotoxicity assay under serial irradiation at 808 nm (PTT) and 450 nm (PDT). Mechanism investigation shows that the nanohybrid can induce apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsin-initiated apoptotic signaling pathways under light excitation. rGO-Ru-PEG can be applied to in vivo photothermal imaging, and high treatment efficacy was achieved for in vivo antitumor experiments when irradiated with an 808 nm laser and a 450 nm laser. Our work provides an effective strategy for the construction of multifunctional imaging and phototherapeutic nanohybrids for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jing-Hua Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Anjong TF, Kim G, Jang HY, Yoon J, Kim J. Diiridium(iii) complexes: luminescent probes and sensors for G-quadruplex DNA and endoplasmic reticulum imaging. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two new dinuclear iridium (Ir) complexes bridged by a conjugated aromatic tppz ligand, (bhq)2Ir(tppz)Ir(bhq)2(1) and (ppy)2Ir(tppz)Ir(ppy)2(2) (bhq = benzo(h)quinolone, ppy = phenyl-pyridine, tppz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3′′,2′′-h:2′′′,3′′′-j]phenazine), were prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gyoungmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 120-750
- Korea
| | - Ha Yoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 120-750
- Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 120-750
- Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 120-750
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Notaro A, Gasser G. Monomeric and dimeric coordinatively saturated and substitutionally inert Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes as anticancer drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:7317-7337. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monomeric and dimeric coordinatively saturated and substitutionally inert Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes with anticancer properties are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology
- F-75005 Paris
- France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Riccardi C, Musumeci D, Irace C, Paduano L, Montesarchio D. RuIIIComplexes for Anticancer Therapy: The Importance of Being Nucleolipidic. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli Federico II; Via D. Montesano 49 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ru(II) complexes bearing guanidinium ligands as potent anticancer agents. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 164:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
50
|
Alessio E. Thirty Years of the Drug Candidate NAMI-A and the Myths in the Field of Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: A Personal Perspective. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| |
Collapse
|