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Xue J, Lin Y, Zhao D, Kannan K. Occurrence, removal, and fate of benzothiazoles (BTHs) and benzotriazoles (BTRs) in two wastewater treatment plants in New York State, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175090. [PMID: 39079646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Benzothiazoles (BTHs) and benzotriazoles (BTRs) are widely used in various consumer products. However, their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the United States remain poorly understood. In this study, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from two WWTPs from the Albany area of New York State (WWTPA and WWTPB) and the concentrations of three BTH derivatives (BTH, 2-OH-BTH, and 2-Me-S-BTH) and five BTR derivatives (1-OH-BTR, XTR, 4-OH-BTR, TTR, and BTR) were determined. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) in influent were in the range of 7550-8690 and 4590-6240 ng/L, whereas those in effluent were 6650-7150 and 4620-6800 ng/L, respectively. In the influent of two WWTPs, BTH, BTR, and TTR were identified as the major chemicals at respective GM concentrations of 8440, 4200, and 1280 ng/L in WWTPA, and 7300, 1180, and 2090 ng/L in WWTPB. The removal efficiencies of BTHs and BTRs following activated sludge treatment were < 80 %, and Σ(BTRs) showed a negative removal in both WWTPs. The respective mass loadings of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) were 7240 and 5200 mg/d/1000 individuals in WWTPA, and 3530 and 2140 mg/d/1000 individuals in WWTPB. The environmental emissions of Σ(BTHs) and Σ(BTRs) from WWTP discharges were estimated at 3110-6030 and 2160-5700 mg/d/1000 individuals, respectively. Overall, BTHs and BTRs are not efficiently removed in WWTP processes. This study provides baseline information regarding the loading, fate, and discharge of BTHs and BTRs from WWTPs in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States.
| | - Yiling Lin
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daoming Zhao
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, New York 12237, United States
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Wang W, Park S, Choi BG, Oh JE. Occurrence and removal of benzotriazole and benzothiazole in drinking water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120563. [PMID: 36332710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal of four benzotriazoles (BTRs) and five benzothiazoles (BTHs) in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and bottled water were investigated. The mean total BTR and BTH concentrations were 390 and 117 ng/L in raw water, 51.2 and 66.5 ng/L in treated water, and 0.758 and 48.4 ng/L in bottled water, respectively. Different distribution patterns were observed according to the water type, with the dominant BTR being 1H-BTR (mean: 57.8%) in raw water and a predominance of BTH in bottled water (mean: 84.6%). In the DWTPs, the mean removal of BTRs (90.9%) was better than that of BTHs (29.3%). The BTRs were efficiently removed in DWTPs, and in particular during adsorption processes. 5Cl-BTR had a high removal efficiency (75.7%) in the adsorption processes, followed by 5M-BTR (70.0%), 5,6-di-MeBTR (58.4%), and 1H-BTR (50.1%). By contrast, BTHs were not efficiently removed in DWTPs, although relatively high removal efficiencies were achieved with an ozonation process (43.1%) compared to other treatment processes. In treated drinking and bottled water, the hazard quotients (HQs) of the representative BTRs and BTHs were acceptable (defined as HQ < 1), with a safety margin of 2-5 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea; Environmental Safety-Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, South Korea.
| | - Sangmin Park
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Environmental Infrastructure Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Zhang HY, Huang Z, Liu YH, Hu LX, He LY, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107715. [PMID: 36577297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) enter road surface with the friction between tires and road surfaces. Under the volatilization, leaching, and transformation action on TWPs by sunlight and rain, tire additives are released into urban water systems, such as surface rainfall runoff, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), receiving surface waters, and drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in the urban water system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. Nineteen target compounds were detected in the surface runoff, with 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) showing highest maximum concentration of 58780 ng/L. Benzothiazole and its transformation products are detected at the frequency of 100 % with the total concentrations of 480-42160 ng/L. The antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was also detected up to 1562 ng/L, which was considerably higher than that of the parent compound 6PPD (the maximum concentration of 7.52 ng/L). Eleven and 8 compounds were detected in WWTPs influents and effluents, respectively, with removal rates of - 62-100 %. Seventeen compounds were detected in the receiving Zhujiang and Dongjiang rivers, while 9 compounds were detected in drinking water sources and DWTP samples. Road runoff, with total concentrations of target compounds up to 79200 ng/L, is suggested as the main non-point source for receiving rivers, while WWTPs effluents are the point sources due to incomplete removal of target compounds after accepting the initial runoff. 6PPD-Q and other 10 compounds displayed median to high ecological risks in surface waters, and the human daily intake of tire additives was estimated to be 2.63 × 10-8-3.16 × 10-5 mg/(kg d) via drinking water. This is the first report of the 6PPD-Q and 1,3-Diphenylurea levels in surface waters in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue-Hong Liu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Franklin EB, Alves MR, Moore AN, Kilgour DB, Novak GA, Mayer K, Sauer JS, Weber RJ, Dang D, Winter M, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Goldstein AH. Atmospheric Benzothiazoles in a Coastal Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15705-15714. [PMID: 34787411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic emissions from coastal waters play an important but poorly understood role in atmospheric chemistry in coastal regions. A mesocosm experiment focusing on facilitated biological blooms in coastal seawater, SeaSCAPE (Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution), was performed to study emission of volatile gases, primary sea spray aerosol, and formation of secondary marine aerosol as a function of ocean biological and chemical processes. Here, we report observations of aerosol-phase benzothiazoles in a marine atmospheric context with complementary measurements of dissolved-phase benzothiazoles. Though previously reported dissolved in polluted coastal waters, we report the first direct evidence of the transfer of these molecules from seawater into the atmosphere. We also report the first gas-phase observations of benzothiazole in the environment absent a direct industrial, urban, or rubber-based source. From the identities and temporal dynamics of the dissolved and aerosol species, we conclude that the presence of benzothiazoles in the coastal water (and thereby their emissions into the atmosphere) is primarily attributable to anthropogenic sources. Oxidation experiments to explore the atmospheric fate of gas-phase benzothiazole show that it produces secondary aerosol and gas-phase SO2, making it a potential contributor to secondary marine aerosol formation in coastal regions and a participant in atmospheric sulfur chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gordon A Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kathryn Mayer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Margaux Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Ivanov VL, Lyashkevich SY. Effect of Surfactants on Dye-Photosensitized Degradation of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143921050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wang S, Matt M, Murphy BL, Perkins M, Matthews DA, Moran SD, Zeng T. Organic Micropollutants in New York Lakes: A Statewide Citizen Science Occurrence Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13759-13770. [PMID: 33064942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) is a challenge for aquatic ecosystem management, and closing the gaps in risk assessment of OMPs requires a data-driven approach. One promising tool for increasing the spatiotemporal coverage of OMP data sets is through the active involvement of citizen volunteers to expand the scale of OMP monitoring. Working collaboratively with volunteers from the Citizens Statewide Lake Assessment Program (CSLAP), we conducted the first statewide study on OMP occurrence in surface waters of New York lakes. Samples collected by CSLAP volunteers were analyzed for OMPs by a suspect screening method based on mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Sixty-five OMPs were confirmed and quantified in samples from 111 lakes across New York. Hierarchical clustering of OMP occurrence data revealed the relevance of 11 most frequently detected OMPs for classifying the contamination status of lakes. Partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression analyses prioritized three water quality parameters linked to agricultural and developed land uses (i.e., total dissolved nitrogen, specific conductance, and a wastewater-derived fluorescent organic matter component) as the best combination of predictors that partly explained the interlake variability in OMP occurrence. Lastly, the exposure-activity ratio approach identified the potential for biological effects associated with detected OMPs that warrant further biomonitoring studies. Overall, this work demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating citizen science approaches into the regional impact assessment of OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Monica Matt
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - Bethany L Murphy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - MaryGail Perkins
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - David A Matthews
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - Sharon D Moran
- Department of Environmental Studies, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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7
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Bertoldi C, de Cássia Campos Pena A, Dallegrave A, Fernandes AN, Gutterres M. Photodegradation of Emerging Contaminant 2-(tiocyanomethylthio) Benzothiazole (TCMTB) in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Transformation Products. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:433-439. [PMID: 32740745 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct photolysis of the emerging contaminant 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TMCTB) was performed in aqueous solution at different concentrations with high-pressure mercury lamp (5.0, 8.0, 13.0, 16.0, 20.0, 23.0, 27.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, and 50.0 mg L- 1) and with natural sunlight radiation (6.0, 30.0, and 60.0 mg L- 1). TCMTB underwent rapid degradation by direct photolysis with a high-pressure mercury lamp in aqueous solutions, with 99% removal after 30 min at all concentrations studied. For sunlight photolysis, TCMTB degradation was observed with 96%, 81%, and 64% removal for initial concentrations of 6.0, 30.0, and 60.0 mg L- 1, respectively, after 7 h of exposure to sunlight. The degradation of TCMTB in lab-scale wastewater had kinetic constant and t1/2 in the same order when compared to the photodegradation of TCMTB in aqueous solutions. In addition, the results showed that photolysis with a high-pressure mercury lamp and sunlight were governed by the same kinetic order, however the kinetic parameters showed that degradation with sunlight was 40 times slower than photolysis with the mercury lamp. Twelve transformation products (TP) were identified, and eight of the TP have not been described in the literature. Furthermore, prediction of toxicity with ECOSAR software was carried out for fish, daphnids, and green algae species. It showed that photolytic treatment is efficient for reducing the toxicity of the compound, since the degradation formed compounds with lower toxicity than the primary compound. In conclusion, this study suggests that photolysis is an efficient way to remove the studied contaminant, and it highlights the potential of this technique for the degradation of emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crislaine Bertoldi
- Laboratory of Leather and Environmental Studies (LACOURO), Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Luiz Englert s/n°, 90040- 040, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Aline de Cássia Campos Pena
- Laboratory of Leather and Environmental Studies (LACOURO), Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Luiz Englert s/n°, 90040- 040, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreia N Fernandes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mariliz Gutterres
- Laboratory of Leather and Environmental Studies (LACOURO), Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Luiz Englert s/n°, 90040- 040, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Ivanov VL, Lyashkevich SY. Influence of Electron Acceptors and Donors on the Dye-Photosensitized Decomposition of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143920040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee HJ, Kadokami K, Oh JE. Occurrences of microorganic pollutants in the Kumho River by a comprehensive target analysis using LC-Q/TOF-MS with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136508. [PMID: 32019012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, simultaneous identification and semi-quantification of hundreds of micropollutant compounds, including pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides were performed in river and effluent samples from the Kumho River Basin using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS) with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH). In total, 85 compounds (29 pesticides and 56 PPCPs) were identified. The highest proportions of PPCP residues were detected in the downstream area of the Kumho River, close to the central city. On the other hand, the highest proportions of pesticide residues were observed upstream, near agricultural land and golf courses. Additionally, the highly exposable chemicals were prioritized using a scoring and ranking system based on their concentration and detection frequency. Thus, 20 compounds (7 pesticides and 13 PPCPs) with scores of 200 or higher were defined as highly exposable compounds in Kumho River basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Ivanov VL, Lyashkevich SY. Dye-Photosensitized Decomposition of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143918060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Han X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Pan M, Yan J. Benzothiazole heterogeneous photodegradation in nano α-Fe 2O 3/oxalate system under UV light irradiation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180322. [PMID: 30110447 PMCID: PMC6030283 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of benzothiazole (BTH) in wastewater with the coexistence of iron oxides and oxalic acid under UV light irradiation was investigated. Results revealed that an effective heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like system could be set up for BTH abatement in wastewater under UV irradiation without additional H2O2, and 88.1% BTH was removed with the addition of 2.0 mmol l-1 oxalic acid and 0.2 g l-1 α-Fe2O3 using a 500 W high-pressure mercury lamp (365 nm). The degradation of BTH in the photo-Fenton-like system followed the first-order kinetic model. The photoproduction of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in different systems was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Identification of transformation products by using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry provided information about six transformation products formed during the photodegradation of BTH. Further insight was obtained by monitoring concentrations of the sulfate ion (SO42-) and nitrate ion (NO3-) , which demonstrated that the intermediate products of BTH could be decomposed ultimately. Based on the results, the potential photodegradation pathway of BTH was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China
| | - Mei Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China
| | - Jinlong Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China
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Liao C, Kim UJ, Kannan K. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Exposure, and Toxicity of Benzothiazoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5007-5026. [PMID: 29578695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole and its derivatives (BTs) are high production volume chemicals that have been used for several decades in a large number of industrial and consumer products, including vulcanization accelerators, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides, herbicides, algicides, and ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizers. Several benzothiazole derivatives are used commercially, and widespread use of these chemicals has led to ubiquitous occurrence in diverse environmental compartments. BTs have been reported to be dermal sensitizers, respiratory tract irritants, endocrine disruptors, carcinogens, and genotoxicants. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of BTs in the environment, as well as human exposure and toxicity. BTs have frequently been found in various environmental matrices at concentrations ranging from sub-ng/L (surface water) to several tens of μg/g (indoor dust). The use of BTs in a number of consumer products, especially in rubber products, has resulted in widespread human exposure. BTs undergo chemical, biological, and photolytic degradation in the environment, creating several transformation products. Of these, 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole (2-SCNMeS-BTH) has been shown to be the most toxic. Epidemiological studies have shown excess risks of cancers, including bladder cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia, among rubber factory workers, particularly those exposed to 2-mercapto-benzothiazole (2-SH-BTH). Human exposure to BTs continues to be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
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13
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Ivanov VL, Lyashkevich SY. Photolysis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in the presence of surfactants. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143917040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang T, Chen Y, Leiknes T. Oxidation of Refractory Benzothiazoles with PMS/CuFe2O4: Kinetics and Transformation Intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5864-5873. [PMID: 27144396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTH) and its derivatives 2-(methylthio)bezothiazole (MTBT), 2-benzothiazolsulfonate (BTSA), and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OHBT) are refractory pollutants ubiquitously existing in urban runoff at relatively high concentrations. Here, we report their oxidation by CuFe2O4-activated peroxomonosulfate (PMS/CuFe2O4), focusing on kinetics and transformation intermediates. These benzothiazoles can be efficiently degraded by this oxidation process, which is confirmed to generate mainly sulfate radicals (with negligible hydroxyl-radical formation) under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions. The molar exposure ratio of sulfate radical to residual PMS (i.e., Rct) for this process is a constant that is related to the reaction condition and can be easily determined. The reaction rate constants of these benzothiazoles toward sulfate radical are (3.3 ± 0.3) × 10(9), (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10(9), (1.5 ± 0.1) × 10(9), and (4.7 ± 0.5) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively (pH 7 and 20 °C). On the basis of Rct and these rate constants, their degradation in the presence of organic matter can be well-predicted. A number of transformation products were detected and tentatively identified using triple-quadruple/linear ion trap MS/MS and high-resolution MS. It appears that sulfate radicals attack BTH, MTBT, and BTSA on their benzo ring via electron transfer, generating multiple hydroxylated intermediates that are reactive toward common oxidants. For OHBT oxidation, the thiazole ring is preferentially broken down. Due to competitions of the transformation intermediates, a minimum PMS/pollutant molar ratio of 10-20 is required for effective degradation. The flexible PMS/CuFe2O4 could be a useful process to remove the benzothiazoles from low dissolved organic carbon waters like urban runoff or polluted groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23966-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - TorOve Leiknes
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23966-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Wang L, Zhang J, Sun H, Zhou Q. Widespread Occurrence of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Tap Water: Influencing Factors and Contribution to Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2709-2717. [PMID: 26829156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the frequent detection of benzotriazoles (BTRs) and benzothiazoles (BTHs) in groundwater and surface-water environments, knowledge on their occurrence and profile in tap water is still scarce. This study demonstrates widespread occurrence of these compounds in tap water from 51 major cities in China, which have ranges of <LOQ-310 ng/L for ΣBTRs (median: 15.6 ng/L) and 40.1-1310 ng/L for ΣBTHs (median: 406 ng/L). Relationship between BTRs in tap water and influencing factors (e.g., water-source type and gross domestic product of the cities) were discussed. Difference of concentration level and compound profile of BTRs and BTHs in tap water and their surface water source, as well as in wastewater treatment plant effluents, is described. For the first time, different sources of contamination (i.e. from the water source and from distribution systems) are proposed for BTRs and BTHs, respectively. In addition, the contribution of tap water to human exposure to these compounds is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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Bahnmüller S, Loi CH, Linge KL, Gunten UV, Canonica S. Degradation rates of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles under UV-C irradiation and the advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 74:143-154. [PMID: 25725202 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTs) and benzothiazoles (BTHs) are extensively used chemicals found in a wide range of household and industrial products. They are chemically stable and are therefore ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The present study focuses on the potential of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to remove BTs and BTHs from contaminated waters. Six compounds, three out of each chemical class, were investigated using a low-pressure mercury lamp (main emission at 254 nm) as the radiation source. Initially, the direct phototransformation kinetics and quantum yield in dilute aqueous solution was studied over the pH range of 4-12. All BTs and BTHs, except for benzothiazole, exhibited pH-dependent direct phototransformation rate constants and quantum yields in accordance to their acid-base speciation (7.1 < pKa < 8.9). The direct phototransformation quantum yields (9.0 × 10(-4)-3.0 × 10(-2) mol einstein(-1)), as well as the photon fluence-based rate constants (1.2-48 m(2) einstein(-1)) were quite low. This suggests that UV irradiation alone is not an efficient method to remove BTs and BTHs from impacted waters. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of selected BTs and BTHs with the hydroxyl radical were also determined, and found to fall in the range of 5.1-10.8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), which is typical for aromatic contaminants. Finally, the removal of BTs and BTHs was measured in wastewater and river water during application of UV irradiation or the advanced oxidation process UV/H2O2. The latter process provided an efficient removal, mostly due to the effect of the hydroxyl radical, that was comparable to other aromatic aquatic contaminants, in terms of energy requirement or treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bahnmüller
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara H Loi
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Fischer K, Fries E, Körner W, Schmalz C, Zwiener C. New developments in the trace analysis of organic water pollutants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:11-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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