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Lazăr AI, Aghasoleimani K, Semertsidou A, Vyas J, Roșca AL, Ficai D, Ficai A. Graphene-Related Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1092. [PMID: 36985986 PMCID: PMC10051126 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper builds on the context and recent progress on the control, reproducibility, and limitations of using graphene and graphene-related materials (GRMs) in biomedical applications. The review describes the human hazard assessment of GRMs in in vitro and in vivo studies, highlights the composition-structure-activity relationships that cause toxicity for these substances, and identifies the key parameters that determine the activation of their biological effects. GRMs are designed to offer the advantage of facilitating unique biomedical applications that impact different techniques in medicine, especially in neuroscience. Due to the increasing utilization of GRMs, there is a need to comprehensively assess the potential impact of these materials on human health. Various outcomes associated with GRMs, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, beneficial effects on cell proliferation, differentiation rates, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, physical destruction, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses, have led to an increasing interest in these regenerative nanostructured materials. Considering the existence of graphene-related nanomaterials with different physicochemical properties, the materials are expected to exhibit unique modes of interactions with biomolecules, cells, and tissues depending on their size, chemical composition, and hydrophil-to-hydrophobe ratio. Understanding such interactions is crucial from two perspectives, namely, from the perspectives of their toxicity and biological uses. The main aim of this study is to assess and tune the diverse properties that must be considered when planning biomedical applications. These properties include flexibility, transparency, surface chemistry (hydrophil-hydrophobe ratio), thermoelectrical conductibility, loading and release capacity, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Isabela Lazăr
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1–7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro- and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anna Semertsidou
- Charles River Laboratories, Margate, Manston Road, Kent CT9 4LT, UK
| | - Jahnavi Vyas
- Drug Development Solution, Newmarket road, Ely, CB7 5WW, UK
| | - Alin-Lucian Roșca
- National Centre for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- National Centre for Micro- and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1–7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu St. 1–7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- National Centre for Micro- and Nanomaterials, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Centre for Food Safety, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov St. 3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
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Lee C, Park JH, Kim M, Kim JS, Shim TS. Fabrication of a tunable photothermal actuator via in situ oxidative polymerization of polydopamine nanoparticles in hydrogel bilayers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4604-4612. [PMID: 35696834 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00420h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photothermally triggered actuation enables the remote and local control of a material. The complex actuation can be achieved by controlling the photothermal efficiency of the material, which is crucial for the development of soft actuators. In this study, the photothermal efficiency of a hydrogel bilayer actuator consisting of a passive agarose/alginate double-network hydrogel layer and an active poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) layer was controlled via in situ oxidative polymerization of polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs). Highly concentrated PDA NPs were successfully incorporated into the hydrogel bilayer without interrupting or weakening the polymer network during polymerization. The photothermal efficiency of the actuator was controlled using the number of polymerization cycles. Upon light irradiation, the heat generated by the photothermal effect of PDA NPs caused the shrinkage of the PNIPAm layer, resulting in the shape-morphing of the bilayer. The broad light absorption properties of PDA NPs allowed the bilayer to actuate under sunlight or visible light. Finally, we demonstrated controlled photothermal actuation using a pinwheel-shaped actuator consisting of four panels with different photothermal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Sik Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Soup Shim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Fang J, Zhuang Y, Liu K, Chen Z, Liu Z, Kong T, Xu J, Qi C. A Shift from Efficiency to Adaptability: Recent Progress in Biomimetic Interactive Soft Robotics in Wet Environments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104347. [PMID: 35072360 PMCID: PMC8922102 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Research field of soft robotics develops exponentially since it opens up many imaginations, such as human-interactive robot, wearable robots, and transformable robots in unpredictable environments. Wet environments such as sea and in vivo represent dynamic and unstructured environments that adaptive soft robots can reach their potentials. Recent progresses in soft hybridized robotics performing tasks underwater herald a diversity of interactive soft robotics in wet environments. Here, the development of soft robots in wet environments is reviewed. The authors recapitulate biomimetic inspirations, recent advances in soft matter materials, representative fabrication techniques, system integration, and exemplary functions for underwater soft robots. The authors consider the key challenges the field faces in engineering material, software, and hardware that can bring highly intelligent soft robots into real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielun Fang
- College of Mechatronics and Control EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Yanfeng Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Kailang Liu
- College of Mechatronics and Control EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518000China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zhou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Cheng Qi
- College of Mechatronics and Control EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518000China
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Anastasiadis SH, Chrissopoulou K, Stratakis E, Kavatzikidou P, Kaklamani G, Ranella A. How the Physicochemical Properties of Manufactured Nanomaterials Affect Their Performance in Dispersion and Their Applications in Biomedicine: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:552. [PMID: 35159897 PMCID: PMC8840392 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth in novel synthesis methods and in the range of possible applications has led to the development of a large variety of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), which can, in principle, come into close contact with humans and be dispersed in the environment. The nanomaterials interact with the surrounding environment, this being either the proteins and/or cells in a biological medium or the matrix constituent in a dispersion or composite, and an interface is formed whose properties depend on the physicochemical interactions and on colloidal forces. The development of predictive relationships between the characteristics of individual MNMs and their potential practical use critically depends on how the key parameters of MNMs, such as the size, shape, surface chemistry, surface charge, surface coating, etc., affect the behavior in a test medium. This relationship between the biophysicochemical properties of the MNMs and their practical use is defined as their functionality; understanding this relationship is very important for the safe use of these nanomaterials. In this mini review, we attempt to identify the key parameters of nanomaterials and establish a relationship between these and the main MNM functionalities, which would play an important role in the safe design of MNMs; thus, reducing the possible health and environmental risks early on in the innovation process, when the functionality of a nanomaterial and its toxicity/safety will be taken into account in an integrated way. This review aims to contribute to a decision tree strategy for the optimum design of safe nanomaterials, by going beyond the compromise between functionality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros H. Anastasiadis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kiriaki Chrissopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Kavatzikidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Georgia Kaklamani
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Anthi Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (K.C.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (G.K.); (A.R.)
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Light-Responsive Soft Actuators: Mechanism, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are those that can move like living organisms and adapt to the surrounding environment. Compared with traditional rigid robots, the advantages of soft robots, in terms of material flexibility, human–computer interaction, and biological adaptability, have received extensive attention. Flexible actuators based on light response are one of the most promising ways to promote the field of cordless soft robots, and they have attracted the attention of scientists in bionic design, actuation implementation, and application. First, the three working principles and the commonly used light-responsive materials for light-responsive actuators are introduced. Then, the characteristics of light-responsive soft actuators are sequentially presented, emphasizing the structure strategy, actuation performance, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research frontier.
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Application of exfoliated graphene as conductive additive for lithium-ion secondary batteries. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Xu K, Xu S, Wei F. Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:744-755. [PMID: 34367858 PMCID: PMC8313977 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, magnetic micro- and nanorobots have been developed and extensively used in many fields. Actuated by magnetic fields, micro- and nanorobots can achieve controllable motion, targeted transportation of cargo, and energy transmission. The proper use of magnetic fields is essential for the further research and development of micro- and nanorobotics. In this article, recent progress in magnetic applications in the field of micro- and nanorobots is reviewed. First, the achievements of manufacturing micro- and nanorobots by incorporating different magnetic nanoparticles, such as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials, are discussed in detail, highlighting the importance of a rational use of magnetic materials. Then the innovative breakthroughs of using different magnetoelectric devices and magnetic drive structures to improve the micro- and nanorobots are reviewed. Finally, based on the biofriendliness and the precise and stable performance of magnetic micro- and nanorobots in microbial environments, some future challenges are outlined, and the prospects of magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- School of Information & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- School of Information & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanan Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Won P, Kim KK, Kim H, Park JJ, Ha I, Shin J, Jung J, Cho H, Kwon J, Lee H, Ko SH. Transparent Soft Actuators/Sensors and Camouflage Skins for Imperceptible Soft Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002397. [PMID: 33089569 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The advent of soft robotics has led to great advancements in robots, wearables, and even manufacturing processes by employing entirely soft-bodied systems that interact safely with any random surfaces while providing great mechanical compliance. Moreover, recent developments in soft robotics involve advances in transparent soft actuators and sensors that have made it possible to construct robots that can function in a visually and mechanically unobstructed manner, assisting the operations of robots and creating more applications in various fields. In this aspect, imperceptible soft robotics that mainly consist of optically transparent imperceptible hardware components is expected to constitute a new research focus in the forthcoming era of soft robotics. Here, the recent progress regarding extended imperceptible soft robotics is provided, including imperceptible transparent soft robotics (transparent soft actuators/sensors) and imperceptible nontransparent camouflage skins. Their principles, materials selections, and working mechanisms are discussed so that key challenges and perspectives in imperceptible soft robotic systems can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Won
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung Jae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Inho Ha
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyunmin Cho
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Kwon
- Manufacturing System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31056, South Korea
| | - Habeom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehag-ro, 63 Beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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Tian S, Li S, Hu Y, Wang W, Yu A, Wan L, Zhai J. A Polymeric Bilayer Multi-Legged Soft Millirobot with Dual Actuation and Humidity Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1972. [PMID: 33799694 PMCID: PMC7998303 DOI: 10.3390/s21061972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous works that report wirelessly controlling the locomotion of soft robots through a single actuation method of light or magnetism. However, coupling multiple driving modes to improve the mobility of robots is still in its infancy. Here, we present a soft multi-legged millirobot that can move, climb a slope, swim and detect a signal by near-infrared irradiation (NIR) light or magnetic field dual actuation. Due to the design of the feet structure, our soft millirobot incorporates the advantages of a single actuation mode of light or magnetism. Furthermore, it can execute a compulsory exercise to sense a signal and analyze the ambience fluctuation in a narrow place. This work provides a novel alternative for soft robots to achieve multimode actuation and signal sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidai Tian
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Shijie Li
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yijie Hu
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aifang Yu
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingyu Wan
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Junyi Zhai
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (S.T.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhao J, Li Q, Miao B, Pi H, Yang P. Controlling Long-Distance Photoactuation with Protein Additives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000043. [PMID: 32307812 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance wireless actuation indicates precise remote control over materials, sensors, and devices that are widely utilized in biomedical, defence, disaster relief, deep ocean, and outer space applications to replace human work. Unlike radio frequency (RF) control, which has low tolerance toward electromagnetic interference (EMI), light control represents a promising method to overcome EMI. Nonetheless, long-distance light-controlled wireless actuation able to compete with RF control has not been achieved until now due to the lack of highly light-sensitive actuator designs. Here, it is demonstrate that amyloid-like protein aggregates can organize photomodule single-layer reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into a well-defined multilayer stack to display long-distance photoactuation. The amyloid-like proteinaceous component docks the rGO layers together to form a hybrid film, which can reliably adhere onto various material surfaces with robust interfacial adhesion. The sensitive photothermal effect and a fast bending in 1 s to switch a circuit are achieved after forming the film on a plastic substrate and irradiating the bilayer film with a blue laser from 100 m away. A photoactuation distance of 50 km can be further extrapolated based on a commercial high-power laser. This study reveals the great potential of amyloid-like aggregates in remote light control of robots and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Bianliang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hemu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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Gao D, Lin MF, Xiong J, Li S, Lou SN, Liu Y, Ciou JH, Zhou X, Lee PS. Photothermal actuated origamis based on graphene oxide-cellulose programmable bilayers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:730-738. [PMID: 32065179 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of 3D architectures enabled by stimuli-responsive soft materials can yield novel functionalities for next generation soft-bodied actuating devices. Apart from additive manufacturing processes, origami inspired technology offers an alternative approach to fabricate 3D actuators from planar materials. Here we report a class of near-infrared (NIR) responsive 3D active origamis that deploy, actuate and transform between multistable structural equilibria. By exploiting the nonlinear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide/ethylene cellulose (GO/EC) bilayers are readily fabricated to deliver precise origami structure control, and rapid low-temperature-triggered photothermal actuation. Complexity in 3D shapes is produced through heterogeneously patterning GO domains on 2D EC thin films, which allows us to customize 3D architectures that adapt to various robotic functions. The strategy also enables the construction of material systems possessing naturally inaccessible properties, such as remotely controlled mechanical metamaterials with auxetic behavior and bionic flowers with a rapid blooming rate. Harnessing deformability with multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) upon light irradiation, this work leads to breakthroughs in the design and implementation of shape-morphing functions with soft origamis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Meng-Fang Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shi Nee Lou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jing-Hao Ciou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Lyu S, Zheng F, Aguilar-Tadeo JA, Lin F, Wu R, Derby B, Kinloch IA, Soutis C, Gresil M, Blaker JJ. Patterned, morphing composites via maskless photo-click lithography. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1270-1278. [PMID: 31913394 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Morphing materials, also known as smart materials are attracting increasing attention as sensors, actuators and in soft robotic applications. In this work bilayered morphing composites were created by exploiting the thiol-ene photoclick reaction via maskless digital light processing (DLP). This technique allows for gradients and patterns of near infrared (nIR)-triggered materials to be efficiently crosslinked to substrates, with suitable interfacial adhesion to realise complex morphing. Photo-thermally responsive composites are produced by DLP patterning of reduced graphene oxide-filled chitosan-methacrylamide (rGO-chitosan-MA) on thiolated polydimethylsiloxane substrates via thiol-ene photoclick reaction. Morphing composites with parallel striped patterns and box-like hinges were printed via DLP to realise self-rolling and self-folding behaviours. Bilayered structures, with gradient rGO-chitosan-MA thicknesses (2-8 μm), were produced by controlling the light intensity from the DLP device. These gradient bilayered structures enable photothermal-triggered gradient bending and morphing exemplified here by a "walking worm" and a kirigami-inspired "opening flower". Thermo-mechanical calculations were performed to estimate bending angles, and finite element analysis applied to simulate self-folding and bending. The difference between simulation and measurements is in the range 0.4-7.6%, giving confidence to the assumptions and simplifications applied in design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Lyu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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14
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Khan A, Jain RK, Alamry KA. Characterization and actuation behavior of SPS/SGO ion exchange polymer actuator based on PEDOT: PSS/SGO composite electrode. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1686762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajahar Khan
- Information Technology Group, CSIR- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
| | - Ravi Kant Jain
- Information Technology Group, CSIR- Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Uz M, Jackson K, Donta MS, Jung J, Lentner MT, Hondred JA, Claussen JC, Mallapragada SK. Fabrication of High-resolution Graphene-based Flexible Electronics via Polymer Casting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10595. [PMID: 31332270 PMCID: PMC6646327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel method based on the transfer of graphene patterns from a rigid or flexible substrate onto a polymeric film surface via solvent casting was developed. The method involves the creation of predetermined graphene patterns on the substrate, casting a polymer solution, and directly transferring the graphene patterns from the substrate to the surface of the target polymer film via a peeling-off method. The feature sizes of the graphene patterns on the final film can vary from a few micrometers (as low as 5 µm) to few millimeters range. This process, applied at room temperature, eliminates the need for harsh post-processing techniques and enables creation of conductive graphene circuits (sheet resistance: ~0.2 kΩ/sq) with high stability (stable after 100 bending and 24 h washing cycles) on various polymeric flexible substrates. Moreover, this approach allows precise control of the substrate properties such as composition, biodegradability, 3D microstructure, pore size, porosity and mechanical properties using different film formation techniques. This approach can also be used to fabricate flexible biointerfaces to control stem cell behavior, such as differentiation and alignment. Overall, this promising approach provides a facile and low-cost method for the fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Uz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Maxsam S Donta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Juhyung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew T Lentner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - John A Hondred
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
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16
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Gao YY, Han B, Zhao WY, Ma ZC, Yu YS, Sun HB. Light-Responsive Actuators Based on Graphene. Front Chem 2019; 7:506. [PMID: 31380350 PMCID: PMC6650529 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical 2D carbon material, graphene, that possesses outstanding physical/chemical properties, has revealed great potential for developing soft actuators. Especially, the unique properties of graphene, including the excellent light absorption property, softness, and thermal conductivity, play very important roles in the development of light-responsive graphene actuators. At present, various light-driven actuators have been successfully developed based on graphene and its derivatives. In this mini review, we reviewed the recent advances in this field. The unique properties of graphene or graphene-related materials that are of benefit to the development of light-driven actuators have been summarized. Typical smart actuators based on different photothermal/photochemical effects, including photothermal expansion, photothermal desorption, photoisomerization, and photo-triggered shape memory effect, have been introduced. Besides, current challenges, and future perspective have been discussed. The rapid progress of light-responsive actuators based on graphene has greatly stimulated the development of graphene-based soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Yu GH, Han Q, Qu LT. Graphene Fibers: Advancing Applications in Sensor, Energy Storage and Conversion. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Nanodiamond-grafted hyperbranched polymers anchored with carbon nanotubes: Mechanical, thermal, and photothermal shape-recovery properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Kim JU, Lee S, Kang SJ, Kim TI. Materials and design of nanostructured broadband light absorbers for advanced light-to-heat conversion. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21555-21574. [PMID: 30431040 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light-to-heat conversion systems have been attracting growing research interest in the last few decades, due to their highly intriguing photothermal properties and their wide applications ranging from biomedical applications to solar energy harvesting to mechanical actuators. In general, because the light-to-heat conversion efficiency depends strongly on the absorbing material, significant efforts have been focused on fabricating broadband light absorbers. However, there are several challenges associated with the design and fabrication of light absorbers, such as minimizing heat loss, and optimizing the broadband light absorption and omnidirectional light absorption. Thus, the rational design of enhanced light absorbers is critical to achieve efficient light absorption over a broad wavelength range. In this paper, we introduce the basic theory of light absorption and heat transfer, then summarize fundamental understanding of representative light-to-heat conversion agents including carbon-based, semiconductor-based and plasmonic metal-based materials and structures, and highlight state-of-the-art structural designs towards the development of broadband light absorbers. In addition, the practical applications of these materials and designs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Sori Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Seung Ji Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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20
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Singh JP. Photomechanical and Chemomechanical Actuation Behavior of Graphene-Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Gold Bilayer Tube for Multimode Soft Grippers and Volatile Organic Compounds Detection Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33956-33965. [PMID: 30252432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene polymers-based soft actuators driven by infrared (IR) light have attracted wide attention recently. However, the scientific fraternity is striving hard in unraveling the area of actuators that could be triggered by IR light along with chemicals. The fabricating methodology of multiresponsive soft actuators based on graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposite/gold bilayers, ensuring large, fast, and reversible response, has been illustrated. The actuators display a novel dual-mode operation as photomechanical and chemomechanical actuation. The actuators are realized by depositing a thin film (100 nm) of gold on GNP-PDMS nanocomposite films resulting tubular structure on account of thermal residual stress. The actuation response of this structure upon its exposure to IR light and chemicals was measured in terms of percentage opening and degree of unscroll, respectively. The three-dimensional tubular structure is transformed into a two-dimensional sheet within 8 s under IR light irradiation. The same structures were also tested in various organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and aldehydes, but the actuation has been observed only in acetone and aldehydes. This tubular actuator unscrolls completely and then scrolls in opposite direction along with tube axis shift through 90° during its exposure to acetone (liquid/vapors) and aldehydes. Few applications of these actuators, such as multimode soft grippers for on-demand capture/release of objects (with weight 1.2 times the actuator's own weight) and volatile organic compounds detection module, have been demonstrated. The combination of surface micromachining techniques of microelectromechanical systems process with this smart material may find applications in drug-delivery systems with precise control, soft robotics, and noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes and breast/lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Singh
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
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21
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Leeladhar, Raturi P, Singh JP. Sunlight-driven eco-friendly smart curtain based on infrared responsive graphene oxide-polymer photoactuators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3687. [PMID: 29487309 PMCID: PMC5829250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomechanical actuation is the conversion of light energy into mechanical energy through some smart materials. Infrared-responsive smart materials have become an emerging field of research due to easy availability and eco-friendly nature of their stimulus in the form of sunlight, which contains about 50% of near-infrared(nIR) making these materials useful at macro-scale photoactuator applications. Here, we demonstrate fabrication of highly versatile nIR triggered photoactuators based on graphene oxide/polycarbonate bilayers that offers fast, low-cost fabrication, large deflection, reversible actuation and wavelength-selective response. The photoactuators are realized by vacuum filtration of graphene oxide/water dispersion through polycarbonate membrane resulting graphene oxide/polymer bilayer structure. The photoactuation response was measured in the form of deflection from equilibrium position as a result of infrared-irradiation. The deflection is caused by the generated thermal stress at the interface of bilayers due to mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient as a results of nIR absorption by graphene oxide and subsequent temperature rise. A maximum deflection of 12 mm (circular-shaped structure with diameter 28 mm) with corresponding bending curvature of 0.33 cm-1 was shown by this photoactuator for illumination intensity of 106 mW/cm2. Few applications of these photoactuators such as sunlight-driven smart curtain, infrared actuated curtain and self-folding box are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeladhar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Parul Raturi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - J P Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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22
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Zhao Q, Liang Y, Ren L, Qiu F, Zhang Z, Ren L. Study on temperature and near-infrared driving characteristics of hydrogel actuator fabricated via molding and 3D printing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Xu G, Zhang M, Zhou Q, Chen H, Gao T, Li C, Shi G. A small graphene oxide sheet/polyvinylidene fluoride bilayer actuator with large and rapid responses to multiple stimuli. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17465-17470. [PMID: 29106420 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance actuator should be able to deliver large-shape deformations, fast actuations and sensitive responses to multiple stimuli. Here, we report such an actuator constructed from one layer of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and another layer of small sheets of graphene oxide (SGO) with a negative CTE. The opposite deformations of both actuation layers make the SGO/PVDF bilayer actuator highly sensitive to the temperature stimulus with a large bending sensitivity of 1.5 cm-1 °C-1. Upon irradiation with 60 mW cm-2 infrared light, this SGO/PVDF bilayer actuator displayed an extremely rapid tip displacement rate of 140 mm s-1. Furthermore, this actuator can also sensitively respond to moisture because of its SGO layer, showing a curvature change from -22 to 13 cm-1 upon changing the relative humidity (RH) from 11% to 86%. This actuator can generate a contractile or relaxed stress 18 times that of mammalian skeletal muscle, under light irradiation or moisture with a response time as short as 1 s, being capable of lifting an object with a weight 80 times that of itself. Furthermore, it also showed excellent stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochuang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Vassalini I, Alessandri I. "The phactalysts": carbon nanotube/TiO 2 composites as phototropic actuators for wireless remote triggering of chemical reactions and catalysis. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11446-11451. [PMID: 28786458 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new concept of a reconfigurable smart catalyst was developed from the synergistic combination of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube bimorph photoactuators and TiO2. The addition of TiO2 provides the photoactuators with photocatalytic activity and superior opto-mechanical properties, making phototropic actuation fast, reversible and responsive to Vis-NIR light sources. These composites were tested in the wireless, light-driven and spatially controlled remote triggering of different chemical reactions, including local explosions and photocatalytic polymerizations. The same materials were also investigated as efficient opto-mechanical shutters for the light-selective inhibition or activation of specific reactions, such as the photo-induced degradation of organic dyes. These results suggest that the integration of photocatalysts with soft photoactuators can open intriguing opportunities for chemistry and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vassalini
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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25
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Tang Z, Gao Z, Jia S, Wang F, Wang Y. Graphene-Based Polymer Bilayers with Superior Light-Driven Properties for Remote Construction of 3D Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600437. [PMID: 28546911 PMCID: PMC5441511 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
3D structure assembly in advanced functional materials is important for many areas of technology. Here, a new strategy exploits IR light-driven bilayer polymeric composites for autonomic origami assembly of 3D structures. The bilayer sheet comprises a passive layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and an active layer comprising reduced graphene oxides (RGOs), thermally expanding microspheres (TEMs), and PDMS. The corresponding fabrication method is versatile and simple. Owing to the large volume expansion of the TEMs, the two layers exhibit large differences in their coefficients of thermal expansion. The RGO-TEM-PDMS/PDMS bilayers can deflect toward the PDMS side upon IR irradiation via the cooperative effect of the photothermal effect of the RGOs and the expansion of the TEMs, and exhibit excellent light-driven, a large bending deformation, and rapid responsive properties. The proposed RGO-TEM-PDMS/PDMS composites with excellent light-driven bending properties are demonstrated as active hinges for building 3D geometries such as bidirectionally folded columns, boxes, pyramids, and cars. The folding angle (ranging from 0° to 180°) is well-controlled by tuning the active hinge length. Furthermore, the folded 3D architectures can permanently preserve the deformed shape without energy supply. The presented approach has potential in biomedical devices, aerospace applications, microfluidic devices, and 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- School of Mechanical EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Shuhai Jia
- School of Mechanical EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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26
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Yao S, Cui J, Cui Z, Zhu Y. Soft electrothermal actuators using silver nanowire heaters. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3797-3805. [PMID: 28134386 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-voltage and extremely flexible electrothermal bimorph actuators were fabricated in a simple, efficient and scalable process. The bimorph actuators were made of flexible silver nanowire (AgNW) based heaters, which exhibited a fast heating rate of 18 °C s-1 and stable heating performance with large bending. The actuators offered the largest bending angle (720°) or curvature (2.6 cm-1) at a very low actuation voltage (0.2 V sq-1 or 4.5 V) among all types of bimorph actuators that have been reported to date. The actuators can be designed and fabricated in different configurations that can achieve complex patterns and shapes upon actuation. Two applications of this type of soft actuators were demonstrated towards biomimetic robotics - a crawling robot that can walk spontaneously on ratchet surfaces and a soft gripper that is capable of manipulating lightweight and delicate objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Jianxun Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Zheng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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27
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Hu Y, Li Z, Lan T, Chen W. Photoactuators for Direct Optical-to-Mechanical Energy Conversion: From Nanocomponent Assembly to Macroscopic Deformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10548-10556. [PMID: 27604650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoactuators with integrated optical-to-mechanical energy conversion capacity have attracted growing research interest in the last few decades due to their unique features of remote control and their wide applications ranging from bionic robots, biomedical devices, and switches to motors. For the photoactuator design, the energy conversion route and structure assembly are two important parts, which directly affect the performance of the photoactuators. In particular, the architectural designs at the molecular, nano-, micro-, and macro- level, are found to play a significant role in accumulating molecular-scale strain/stress to macroscale strain/stress. Here, recent progress on photoactuators based on photochemical and photothermal effects is summarized, followed by a discussion of the important assembly strategies for the amplification of the photoresponsive components at nanoscale to macroscopic scale motions. The application advancement of current photoactuators is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lan
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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28
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Zhang Q, Tan L, Chen Y, Zhang T, Wang W, Liu Z, Fu L. Human-Like Sensing and Reflexes of Graphene-Based Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600130. [PMID: 27981005 PMCID: PMC5157176 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans have numerous senses, wherein vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are considered as the five conventionally acknowledged senses. Triggered by light, sound, or other physical stimulations, the sensory organs of human body are excited, leading to the transformation of the afferent energy into neural activity. Also converting other signals into electronical signals, graphene-based film shows its inherent advantages in responding to the tiny stimulations. In this review, the human-like senses and reflexes of graphene-based films are presented. The review starts with the brief discussions about the preparation and optimization of graphene-based film, as where as its new progress in synthesis method, transfer operation, film-formation technologies and optimization techniques. Various human-like senses of graphene-based film and their recent advancements are then summarized, including light-sensitive devices, acoustic devices, gas sensors, biomolecules and wearable devices. Similar to the reflex action of humans, graphene-based film also exhibits reflex when under thermal radiation and light actuation. Finally, the current challenges associated with human-like applications are discussed to help guide the future research on graphene films. At last, the future opportunities lie in the new applicable human-like senses and the integration of multiple senses that can raise a revolution in bionic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Lifang Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Yunxu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for NanochemistryCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
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29
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Arazoe H, Miyajima D, Akaike K, Araoka F, Sato E, Hikima T, Kawamoto M, Aida T. An autonomous actuator driven by fluctuations in ambient humidity. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1084-9. [PMID: 27429210 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Devices that respond to negligibly small fluctuations in environmental conditions will be of great value for the realization of more sustainable, low-power-consumption actuators and electronic systems. Herein we report an unprecedented film actuator that seemingly operates autonomously, because it responds to the adsorption and desorption of a minute amount of water (several hundred nanograms per 10 mm(2)) possibly induced by fluctuations in the ambient humidity. The actuation is extremely rapid (50 ms for one curl) and can be repeated >10,000 times without deterioration. On heating or light irradiation, the film loses adsorbed water and bends quickly, so that it can jump vertically up to 10 mm from a surface or hit a glass bead. The film consists of a π-stacked carbon nitride polymer, formed by one-pot vapour-deposition polymerization of guanidinium carbonate, and is characterized by a tough, ultralightweight and highly anisotropic layered structure. An actuator partially protected against water adsorption is also shown to walk unidirectionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Arazoe
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kouki Akaike
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masuki Kawamoto
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Han DD, Zhang YL, Ma JN, Liu YQ, Han B, Sun HB. Light-Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8328-8343. [PMID: 27435292 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light-mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light-driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Jiefang Road 119, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China.
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31
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Wan S, Peng J, Jiang L, Cheng Q. Bioinspired Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application in Flexible Energy Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7862-7898. [PMID: 27356114 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is the strongest and stiffest material ever identified and the best electrical conductor known to date, making it an ideal candidate for constructing nanocomposites used in flexible energy devices. However, it remains a great challenge to assemble graphene nanosheets into macro-sized high-performance nanocomposites in practical applications of flexible energy devices using traditional approaches. Nacre, the gold standard for biomimicry, provides an excellent example and guideline for assembling two-dimensional nanosheets into high-performance nanocomposites. This review summarizes recent research on the bioinspired graphene-based nanocomposites (BGBNs), and discusses different bioinspired assembly strategies for constructing integrated high-strength and -toughness graphene-based nanocomposites through various synergistic effects. Fundamental properties of graphene-based nanocomposites, such as strength, toughness, and electrical conductivities, are highlighted. Applications of the BGBNs in flexible energy devices, as well as potential challenges, are addressed. Inspired from the past work done by the community a roadmap for the future of the BGBNs in flexible energy device applications is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jingsong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qunfeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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32
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M.N. M, K.P. S, A. S. Optically triggered actuation in chitosan/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen L, Weng M, Zhang W, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Xia D, Li J, Huang Z, Liu C, Fan S. Transparent actuators and robots based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6877-6883. [PMID: 26959343 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transparent actuators have been attracting emerging interest recently, as they demonstrate potential applications in the fields of invisible robots, tactical displays, variable-focus lenses, and flexible cellular phones. However, previous technologies did not simultaneously realize macroscopic transparent actuators with advantages of large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation and fast fabrication. Here, we develop a fast approach to fabricate a high-performance transparent actuator based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and polymer composites. Various advantages of single-layer nanotube sheets including high transparency, considerable conductivity, and ultra-thin dimensions together with selected polymer materials completely realize all the above required advantages. Also, this is the first time that a single-layer nanotube sheet has been used to fabricate actuators with high transparency, avoiding the structural damage to the single-layer nanotube sheet. The transparent actuator shows a transmittance of 72% at the wavelength of 550 nm and bends remarkably with a curvature of 0.41 cm(-1) under a DC voltage for 5 s, demonstrating a significant advance in technological performances compared to previous conventional actuators. To illustrate their great potential usage, a transparent wiper and a humanoid robot "hand" were elaborately designed and fabricated, which initiate a new direction in the development of high-performance invisible robotics and other intelligent applications with transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhuo Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. and Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mingcen Weng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. and Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. and Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Dan Xia
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. and Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhigao Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China. and Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Uh K, Yoon B, Lee CW, Kim JM. An Electrolyte-Free Conducting Polymer Actuator that Displays Electrothermal Bending and Flapping Wing Motions under a Magnetic Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1289-1296. [PMID: 26717199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive materials that change shape in response to electrical stimulation can serve as actuators. Electroactive actuators of this type have great utility in a variety of technologies, including biomimetic artificial muscles, robotics, and sensors. Electroactive actuators developed to date often suffer from problems associated with the need to use electrolytes, slow response times, high driving voltages, and short cycle lifetimes. Herein, we report an electrolyte-free, single component, polymer electroactive actuator, which has a fast response time, high durability, and requires a low driving voltage (<5 V). The process employed for production of this material involves wet-spinning of a preorganized camphorsulfonic acid (CSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) gel, which generates long, flexible, and conductive (∼270 S/cm) microfibers. Reversible bending motions take place upon application of an alternating current (AC) to the PANI polymer. This motion, promoted by a significantly low driving voltage (<0.5 V) in the presence of an external magnetic field, has a very large swinging speed (9000 swings/min) that lies in the range of those of flies and bees (1000-15000 swings/min) and is fatigue-resistant (>1000000 cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchan Uh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Bora Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Park T, Na J, Kim B, Kim Y, Shin H, Kim E. Photothermally Activated Pyroelectric Polymer Films for Harvesting of Solar Heat with a Hybrid Energy Cell Structure. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11830-11839. [PMID: 26308669 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal effects in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)s (PEDOTs) were explored for pyroelectric conversion. A poled ferroelectric film was coated on both sides with PEDOT via solution casting polymerization of EDOT, to give highly conductive and effective photothermal thin films of PEDOT. The PEDOT films not only provided heat source upon light exposure but worked as electrodes for the output energy from the pyroelectric layer in an energy harvester hybridized with a thermoelectric layer. Compared to a bare thermoelectric system under NIR irradiation, the photothermal-pyro-thermoelectric device showed more than 6 times higher thermoelectric output with the additional pyroelectric output. The photothermally driven pyroelectric harvesting film provided a very fast electric output with a high voltage output (Vout) of 15 V. The pyroelectric effect was significant due to the transparent and high photothermal PEDOT film, which could also work as an electrode. A hybrid energy harvester was assembled to enhance photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of a solar cell with a thermoelectric device operated by the photothermally generated heat. The PCE was increased more than 20% under sunlight irradiation (AM 1.5G) utilizing the transmitted light through the photovoltaic cell as a heat source that was converted into pyroelectric and thermoelectric output simultaneously from the high photothermal PEDOT electrodes. Overall, this work provides a dynamic and static hybrid energy cell to harvest solar energy in full spectral range and thermal energy, to allow solar powered switching of an electrochromic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teahoon Park
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Byeonggwan Kim
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Haijin Shin
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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36
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Chen L, Weng M, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li J, Huang Z, Zhang W, Liu C, Fan S. Large-Deformation Curling Actuators Based on Carbon Nanotube Composite: Advanced-Structure Design and Biomimetic Application. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12189-12196. [PMID: 26512734 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electroactive polymers have been developed as actuator materials. As an important branch of electroactive polymers, electrothermal actuators (ETAs) demonstrate potential applications in the fields of artificial muscles, biomimetic devices, robotics, and so on. Large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation, and ultrafast fabrication are critical to the development of ETA. However, a simultaneous optimization of all of these advantages has not been realized yet. Practical biomimetic applications are also rare. In this work, we introduce an ultrafast approach to fabricate a curling actuator based on a newly designed carbon nanotube and polymer composite, which completely realizes all of the above required advantages. The actuator shows an ultralarge curling actuation with a curvature greater than 1.0 cm(-1) and bending angle larger than 360°, even curling into a tubular structure. The driving voltage is down to a low voltage of 5 V. The remarkable actuation is attributed not only to the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion but also to the mechanical property changes of materials during temperature change. We also construct an S-shape actuator to show the possibility of building advanced-structure actuators. A weightlifting walking robot is further designed that exhibits a fast-moving motion while lifting a sample heavier than itself, demonstrating promising biomimetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhuo Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Mingcen Weng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhigao Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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37
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Cheng Z, Wang T, Li X, Zhang Y, Yu H. NIR-Vis-UV Light-Responsive Actuator Films of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27494-501. [PMID: 26592303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To take full advantage of sunlight for photomechanical materials, NIR-vis-UV light-responsive actuator films of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were fabricated. The strategy is based on phase transition of LCs from nematic to isotropic phase induced by combination of photochemical and photothermal processes in the PDLC/GO nanocomposites. Upon mechanical stretching of the film, both topological shape change and mesogenic alignment occurred in the separated LC domains, enabling the film to respond to NIR-vis-UV light. The homodispersed GO flakes act as photoabsorbent and nanoscale heat source to transfer NIR or VIS light into thermal energy, heating the film and photothermally inducing phase transition of LC microdomains. By utilizing photochemical phase transition of LCs upon UV-light irradiation, one azobenzene dye was incorporated into the LC domains, endowing the nanocomposite films with UV-responsive property. Moreover, the light-responsive behaviors can be well-controlled by adjusting the elongation ratio upon mechanical treatment. The NIR-vis-UV light-responsive PDLC/GO nanocomposite films exhibit excellent properties of easy fabrication, low-cost, and good film-forming and mechanical features, promising their numerous applications in the field of soft actuators and optomechanical systems driven directly by sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxiang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Waste, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tianjie Wang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Waste, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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38
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Yang Y, Zhan W, Peng R, He C, Pang X, Shi D, Jiang T, Lin Z. Graphene-Enabled Superior and Tunable Photomechanical Actuation in Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6376-81. [PMID: 26389820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmable photoactuation enabled by graphene: Graphene sheets aligned in liquid crystalline elastomers are capable of absorbing near-infrared light. They thereafter act as nanoheaters and provide thermally conductive pathways to trigger the nematic-to-isotropic transition of elastomers, leading to macroscopic mechanical deformation of nanocomposites. Large strain, high actuation force, high initial sensitivity, fast reversible response, and long cyclability are concurrently achieved in nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wenjie Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Rengui Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chengen He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dean Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materialsand School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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In Situ Studies of Molecular Self-Assembling during the Formation of Ion-Conducting Membranes for Fuel Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In present work a new setup for in situ studies of molecular self-assembling process for fabrication of ion-conducting membranes for “green” fuel cells was developed. Due to compactness, this unique setup can be used on the synchrotron beamlines. The GISAXS and optical microscopy data have shown the effectiveness of the control of molecular architecture by impact of high temperature, UV-irradiation and solvent vapors.
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40
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Yamamoto Y, Kanao K, Arie T, Akita S, Takei K. Air Ambient-Operated pNIPAM-Based Flexible Actuators Stimulated by Human Body Temperature and Sunlight. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11002-11006. [PMID: 25938381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing a natural power source such as the human body temperature or sunlight should realize ultimate low-power devices. In particular, macroscale and flexible actuators that do not require an artificial power source have tremendous potential. Here we propose and demonstrate electrically powerless polymer-based actuators operated at ambient conditions using a packaging technique in which the stimulating power source is produced by heat from the human body or sunlight. The actuating angle, force, and reliability are discussed as functions of temperature and exposure to sunlight. Furthermore, a wearable device platform and a smart curtain actuated by the temperature of human skin and sunlight, respectively, are demonstrated as the first proof-of-concepts. These nature-powered actuators should realize a new class of ultimate low-power devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kanao
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arie
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Seiji Akita
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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41
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Zhang F, Shen Q, Shi X, Li S, Wang W, Luo Z, He G, Zhang P, Tao P, Song C, Zhang W, Zhang D, Deng T, Shang W. Infrared detection based on localized modification of Morpho butterfly wings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1077-82. [PMID: 25532496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by butterflies an advanced detection and sensing system is developed. The hierarchical nanoarchitecture of Morpho butterfly wings is shown to facilitate the selective modification of such a structure, which results in a sensitive infrared response. These findings offer a new path both for detecting infrared photons and for generating nanostructured bimaterial systems for high-performance sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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42
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Meng D, Yang S, Guo L, Li G, Ge J, Huang Y, Bielawski CW, Geng J. The enhanced photothermal effect of graphene/conjugated polymer composites: photoinduced energy transfer and applications in photocontrolled switches. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14345-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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43
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Zhang J, Song L, Zhang Z, Chen N, Qu L. Environmentally responsive graphene systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2151-2164. [PMID: 24376152 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene materials have been attracting significant research interest in the past few years, with the recent focuses on graphene-based electronic devices and smart stimulus-responsive systems that have a certain degree of automatism. Owing to its huge specific surface area, large room-temperature electron mobility, excellent mechanical flexibility, exceptionally high thermal conductivity and environmental stability, graphene is identified as a beneficial additive or an effective responding component by itself to improve the conductivity, flexibility, mechanical strength and/or the overall responsive performance of smart systems. In this review article, we aim to present the recent advances in graphene systems that are of spontaneous responses to external stimulations, such as environmental variation in pH, temperature, electric current, light, moisture and even gas ambient. These smart stimulus-responsive graphene systems are believed to have great theoretical and practical interests to a wide range of device applications including actuators, switches, robots, sensors, drug/gene deliveries, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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44
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Kim J, Jeon JH, Kim HJ, Lim H, Oh IK. Durable and water-floatable ionic polymer actuator with hydrophobic and asymmetrically laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide paper electrodes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2986-97. [PMID: 24548279 DOI: 10.1021/nn500283q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic polymer actuators driven by electrical stimuli have been widely investigated for use in practical applications such as bioinspired robots, sensors, and biomedical devices. However, conventional ionic polymer-metal composite actuators have a serious drawback of poor durability under long-term actuation in open air, mainly because of the leakage of the inner electrolyte and hydrated cations through cracks in the metallic electrodes. Here, we developed a highly durable and water-floatable ionic polymer artificial muscle by employing hydrophobic and asymmetrically laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide paper electrodes (HLrGOP). The highly conductive, flexible, and cost-effective HLrGOP electrodes have asymmetrically smooth hydrophobic outer and rough inner surfaces, resulting in liquid-impermeable and water-floatable functionalities and strong bonding between an ionic polymer and the electrodes. More interestingly, the HLrGOP electrode, which has a unique functionality to prevent the leakage of the vaporized or liquid electrolyte and mobile ions during electrical stimuli, greatly contributes to an exceptionally durable ionic polymer-graphene composite actuator that is a prerequisite for practical applications in active biomedical devices, biomimetic robots, touch-feedback haptic systems, and flexible soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Graphene Research Center, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Systems Engineering, Division of Ocean Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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45
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Chen P, Xu K, Li X, Guo Y, Zhou D, Zhao J, Wu X, Wu C, Xie Y. Ultrathin nanosheets of feroxyhyte: a new two-dimensional material with robust ferromagnetic behavior. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new two dimensional nanomaterial with robust room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior has been synthesizedviaan atomic-scale topochemical transformation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzuo Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Depart of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiao Guo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jiyin Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Depart of Material Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Changzheng Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei, P. R. China
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46
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Cheng H, Liu J, Zhao Y, Hu C, Zhang Z, Chen N, Jiang L, Qu L. Graphene Fibers with Predetermined Deformation as Moisture-Triggered Actuators and Robots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Cheng H, Liu J, Zhao Y, Hu C, Zhang Z, Chen N, Jiang L, Qu L. Graphene Fibers with Predetermined Deformation as Moisture-Triggered Actuators and Robots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10482-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Ansari S, Neelanchery MM, Ushus D. Graphene/poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) nanocomposite optical actuators. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Ansari
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology; Thrissur; Kerala; 680581; India
| | | | - Deepthi Ushus
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology; Thrissur; Kerala; 680581; India
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49
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Kim U, Kang J, Lee C, Kwon HY, Hwang S, Moon H, Koo JC, Nam JD, Hong BH, Choi JB, Choi HR. A transparent and stretchable graphene-based actuator for tactile display. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:145501. [PMID: 23511195 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/14/145501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A tactile display is an important tool to help humans interact with machines by using touch. In this paper, we present a transparent and stretchable graphene-based actuator for advanced tactile displays. The proposed actuator is composed of transparent and compliant graphene electrodes and a dielectric elastomer substrate. Since the electrode is coated onto the appointed region of the substrate layer by layer, only the area of the dielectric elastomer substrate with electrodes bumps up in response to the input voltage, which consequently produces actuation. The actuator is proven to be operable while preserving its electrical and mechanical properties even under 25% stretching. Also, the simple fabrication of the proposed actuator is cost-effective and can easily be extended to multiple arrays. The actuator is expected to be applicable to various applications including tactile displays, vari-focal lenses etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uikyum Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
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50
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Graphene: A Rising Star on the Horizon of Materials Science. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, a one-atom thick planar sheet of sp2bonded carbon atoms packed in a honeycomb lattice, is considered to be the mother of all graphitic materials like fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphite. Graphene has created tremendous interest to both physicists and chemists due to its various fascinating properties, both observed and predicted with possible potential applications in nanoelectronics, supercapacitors, solar cells, batteries, flexible displays, hydrogen storage, and sensors. In this paper, a brief overview on various aspects of graphene such as synthesis, functionalization, self-assembly, and some of its amazing properties along with its various applications ranging from sensors to energy storage devices had been illustrated.
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