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Hepel M. Advances in micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with high energy density and fast charge‐discharge capabilities for flexible bioelectronic devices—A review. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hepel
- Department of Chemistry State University of New York at Potsdam Potsdam New York USA
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2
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Powering future body sensor network systems: A review of power sources. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Kumar A, Wang C, Meng FY, Zhou ZL, Zhao M, Yan GF, Kim ES, Kim NY. High-Sensitivity, Quantified, Linear and Mediator-Free Resonator-Based Microwave Biosensor for Glucose Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4024. [PMID: 32698465 PMCID: PMC7412357 DOI: 10.3390/s20144024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a high-sensitivity, quantified, linear, and mediator-free resonator-based microwave biosensor for glucose sensing application. The proposed biosensor comprises an air-bridge-type asymmetrical differential inductor (L) and a center-loaded circular finger-based inter-digital capacitor (C) fabricated on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate using advanced micro-fabrication technology. The intertwined asymmetrical differential inductor is used to achieve a high inductance value with a suitable Q-factor, and the centralized inter-digital capacitor is introduced to generate an intensified electric field. The designed microwave sensor is optimized to operate at a low resonating frequency that increases the electric field penetration depth and interaction area in the glucose sample. The microwave biosensor is tested with different glucose concentrations (0.3-5 mg/ml), under different ambient temperatures (10-50 °C). The involvement of advanced micro-fabrication technology effectively miniaturized the microwave biosensor (0.006λ0 × 0.005λ0) and enhanced its filling factor. The proposed microwave biosensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 117.5 MHz/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9987), good amplitude variation of 0.49 dB/mgmL-1 with a linear response (r2 = 0.9954), and maximum reproducibility of 0.78% at 2 mg/mL. Additionally, mathematical modelling was performed to estimate the dielectric value of the frequency-dependent glucose sample. The measured and analyzed results indicate that the proposed biosensor is suitable for real-time blood glucose detection measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.K.); (F.-Y.M.); (Z.-L.Z.)
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.K.); (F.-Y.M.); (Z.-L.Z.)
| | - Fan-Yi Meng
- School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.K.); (F.-Y.M.); (Z.-L.Z.)
| | - Zhong-Liang Zhou
- School of Information and Communication, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (A.K.); (F.-Y.M.); (Z.-L.Z.)
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China;
| | - Guo-Feng Yan
- Research Center for Smart Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 310000, China;
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea;
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4
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Caneppele GL, Reis DD, Goncalves AB, Da Silva GC, Martins CA. Active Porous Electrodes Prepared by Ultrasonic‐bath and their Application in Glucose/O
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Electrochemical Reactions. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella L. Caneppele
- Institute of Physics Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brazil
| | - Diogo D. Reis
- Institute of Physics Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brazil
| | - Alem‐Mar B. Goncalves
- Institute of Physics Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brazil
| | - Gabriel C. Da Silva
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo, IQSC-USP C.P. 780 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Cauê A. Martins
- Institute of Physics Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS Brazil
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5
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Chao YJ, Wu ZW, Hsu SY, Lee CL. Shape-Dependent Properties of Silver Nanocrystals as Electrocatalysts toward Glucose Oxidation Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; No. 415, Chien Kung Rd. Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; No. 415, Chien Kung Rd. Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Su-Yang Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; No. 415, Chien Kung Rd. Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences; No. 415, Chien Kung Rd. Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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6
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Ye JS, Hsu SY, Lee CL. Sequential and Transient Electrocatalysis of Glucose Oxidation Reactions by Octahedral, Rhombic Dodecahedral, and Cubic Palladium Nanocrystals. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Ng E, Chen K, Hang A, Syed A, Zhang JXJ. Multi-Dimensional Nanostructures for Microfluidic Screening of Biomarkers: From Molecular Separation to Cancer Cell Detection. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:847-62. [PMID: 26692080 PMCID: PMC4828292 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid screening of biomarkers, with high specificity and accuracy, is critical for many point-of-care diagnostics. Microfluidics, the use of microscale channels to manipulate small liquid samples and carry reactions in parallel, offers tremendous opportunities to address fundamental questions in biology and provide a fast growing set of clinical tools for medicine. Emerging multi-dimensional nanostructures, when coupled with microfluidics, enable effective and efficient screening with high specificity and sensitivity, both of which are important aspects of biological detection systems. In this review, we provide an overview of current research and technologies that utilize nanostructures to facilitate biological separation in microfluidic channels. Various important physical parameters and theoretical equations that characterize and govern flow in nanostructure-integrated microfluidic channels will be introduced and discussed. The application of multi-dimensional nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanopillars, and nanoporous layers, integrated with microfluidic channels in molecular and cellular separation will also be reviewed. Finally, we will close with insights on the future of nanostructure-integrated microfluidic platforms and their role in biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kaina Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Annie Hang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Abeer Syed
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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8
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A wireless transmission system powered by an enzyme biofuel cell implanted in an orange. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Chen D, Wang C, Chen W, Chen Y, Zhang JXJ. PVDF-Nafion nanomembranes coated microneedles for in vivo transcutaneous implantable glucose sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:1047-52. [PMID: 26276540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that microporous PVDF membranes sandwiched between multiple layers of nanomaterials can be used for continuous monitoring of glucose level in vivo. This is achieved by coating needle electrodes with Polyaniline nanofiber, Platinum nanoparticles, glucose oxidase enzyme and porous layers, successfully fabricated with layer-by-layer deposition. Nanoparticles incorporated into conductive Polyaniline nanofibers resulted in high surface to volume ratio and electrocatalytic activity for glucose enzyme. A composite coating membrane of porous PVDF and nano-sphere Nafion limited the glucose transportation and increased the lifetime of in vivo measurements. The glucose biosensor exhibited a sub-microamperometric output current, fast response time of less than 30s and a sensitivity of 0.23 μA/mM. The linear sensing range in terms of glucose concentration was from 0 to 20mM. Implantable experiments using mice models showed excellent response to the variation of blood glucose concentration while maintaining biocompatibility with the surrounding tissues. The sensitivity was shown to remain within 10% close to initial sensitivity within the 7 days of continuous monitoring, and maintain at 70% of the initial sensitivity within 21 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, US
| | - Cang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, US.
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10
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Sharma T, Naik S, Gopal A, Zhang JXJ. Emerging trends in bioenergy harvesters for chronic powered implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1557/mre.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Rapid, sensitive, and reusable detection of glucose by a robust radiofrequency integrated passive device biosensor chip. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7807. [PMID: 25588958 PMCID: PMC4295091 DOI: 10.1038/srep07807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous demands for sensitive and reliable label-free biosensors have stimulated intensive research into developing miniaturized radiofrequency resonators for a wide range of biomedical applications. Here, we report the development of a robust, reusable radiofrequency resonator based integrated passive device biosensor chip fabricated on a gallium arsenide substrate for the detection of glucose in water-glucose solutions and sera. As a result of the highly concentrated electromagnetic energy between the two divisions of an intertwined spiral inductor coupled with an interdigital capacitor, the proposed glucose biosensor chip exhibits linear detection ranges with high sensitivity at center frequency. This biosensor, which has a sensitivity of up to 199 MHz/mgmL−1 and a short response time of less than 2 sec, exhibited an ultralow detection limit of 0.033 μM and a reproducibility of 0.61% relative standard deviation. In addition, the quantities derived from the measured S-parameters, such as the propagation constant (γ), impedance (Z), resistance (R), inductance (L), conductance (G) and capacitance (C), enabled the effective multi-dimensional detection of glucose.
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12
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Katz E. Implantable Biofuel Cells Operating In Vivo—Potential Power Sources for Bioelectronic Devices. Bioelectron Med 2015. [DOI: 10.15424/bioelectronmed.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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13
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Holade Y, MacVittie K, Conlon T, Guz N, Servat K, Napporn TW, Kokoh KB, Katz E. Wireless Information Transmission System Powered by an Abiotic Biofuel Cell Implanted in an Orange. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaovi Holade
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR‐CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Kevin MacVittie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Tyler Conlon
- Department of Business, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Nataliia Guz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Karine Servat
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR‐CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Teko W. Napporn
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR‐CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - K. Boniface Kokoh
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR‐CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, B27 TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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14
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Holade Y, MacVittie K, Conlon T, Guz N, Servat K, Napporn TW, Kokoh KB, Katz E. Pacemaker Activated by an Abiotic Biofuel Cell Operated in Human Serum Solution. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Luz RAS, Pereira AR, de Souza JCP, Sales FCPF, Crespilho FN. Enzyme Biofuel Cells: Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Challenges in Applicability. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Köhler C, Frei M, Zengerle R, Kerzenmacher S. Performance Loss of a Pt-Based Implantable Glucose Fuel Cell in Simulated Tissue and Cerebrospinal Fluids. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Foote C, MacVittie K, Halámek J, Halámková L, Martinez-Lemus LA, Katz E. Biofuel Cell Operating in Vivo in Rat. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Falk M, Narváez Villarrubia CW, Babanova S, Atanassov P, Shleev S. Biofuel cells for biomedical applications: colonizing the animal kingdom. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2045-58. [PMID: 23460490 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research has combined the efforts of many scientists and engineers to gain an understanding of biotic and abiotic electrochemical processes, materials properties, biomedical, and engineering approaches for the development of alternative power-generating and/or energy-harvesting devices, aiming to solve health-related issues and to improve the quality of human life. This review intends to recapitulate the principles of biofuel cell development and the progress over the years, thanks to the contribution of cross-disciplinary researchers that have combined knowledge and innovative ideas to the field. The emergence of biofuel cells, as a response to the demand of electrical power devices that can operate under physiological conditions, are reviewed. Implantable biofuel cells operating inside living organisms have been envisioned for over fifty years, but few reports of implanted devices have existed up until very recently. The very first report of an implanted biofuel cell (implanted in a grape) was published only in 2003 by Adam Heller and his coworkers. This work was a result of earlier scientific efforts of this group to "wire" enzymes to the electrode surface. The last couple of years have, however, seen a multitude of biofuel cells being implanted and operating in different living organisms, including mammals. Herein, the evolution of the biofuel concept, the understanding and employment of catalyst and biocatalyst processes to mimic biological processes, are explored. These potentially green technology biodevices are designed to be applied for biomedical applications to power nano- and microelectronic devices, drug delivery systems, biosensors, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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19
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Oncescu V, Erickson D. High volumetric power density, non-enzymatic, glucose fuel cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1226. [PMID: 23390576 PMCID: PMC3565166 DOI: 10.1038/srep01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new implantable medical devices has been limited in the past by slow advances in lithium battery technology. Non-enzymatic glucose fuel cells are promising replacement candidates for lithium batteries because of good long-term stability and adequate power density. The devices developed to date however use an "oxygen depletion design" whereby the electrodes are stacked on top of each other leading to low volumetric power density and complicated fabrication protocols. Here we have developed a novel single-layer fuel cell with good performance (2 μW cm⁻²) and stability that can be integrated directly as a coating layer on large implantable devices, or stacked to obtain a high volumetric power density (over 16 μW cm⁻³). This represents the first demonstration of a low volume non-enzymatic fuel cell stack with high power density, greatly increasing the range of applications for non-enzymatic glucose fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Oncescu
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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20
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Elouarzaki K, Le Goff A, Holzinger M, Thery J, Cosnier S. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose by Rhodium Porphyrin-Functionalized MWCNT Electrodes: Application to a Fully Molecular Catalyst-Based Glucose/O2 Fuel Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14078-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304589m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Elouarzaki
- Département de Chimie
Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Alan Le Goff
- Département de Chimie
Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Holzinger
- Département de Chimie
Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Jessica Thery
- LCI/DTNM/LITEN/CEA, 17 Av. des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Département de Chimie
Moléculaire UMR-5250, ICMG FR-2607, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, BP-53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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21
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Rapoport BI, Kedzierski JT, Sarpeshkar R. A glucose fuel cell for implantable brain-machine interfaces. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38436. [PMID: 22719888 PMCID: PMC3373597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an implantable fuel cell that generates power through glucose oxidation, producing steady-state power and up to peak power. The fuel cell is manufactured using a novel approach, employing semiconductor fabrication techniques, and is therefore well suited for manufacture together with integrated circuits on a single silicon wafer. Thus, it can help enable implantable microelectronic systems with long-lifetime power sources that harvest energy from their surrounds. The fuel reactions are mediated by robust, solid state catalysts. Glucose is oxidized at the nanostructured surface of an activated platinum anode. Oxygen is reduced to water at the surface of a self-assembled network of single-walled carbon nanotubes, embedded in a Nafion film that forms the cathode and is exposed to the biological environment. The catalytic electrodes are separated by a Nafion membrane. The availability of fuel cell reactants, oxygen and glucose, only as a mixture in the physiologic environment, has traditionally posed a design challenge: Net current production requires oxidation and reduction to occur separately and selectively at the anode and cathode, respectively, to prevent electrochemical short circuits. Our fuel cell is configured in a half-open geometry that shields the anode while exposing the cathode, resulting in an oxygen gradient that strongly favors oxygen reduction at the cathode. Glucose reaches the shielded anode by diffusing through the nanotube mesh, which does not catalyze glucose oxidation, and the Nafion layers, which are permeable to small neutral and cationic species. We demonstrate computationally that the natural recirculation of cerebrospinal fluid around the human brain theoretically permits glucose energy harvesting at a rate on the order of at least 1 mW with no adverse physiologic effects. Low-power brain–machine interfaces can thus potentially benefit from having their implanted units powered or recharged by glucose fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I. Rapoport
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Advanced Silicon Technology Group, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
- M.D.– Ph.D. Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jakub T. Kedzierski
- Advanced Silicon Technology Group, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rahul Sarpeshkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kloke A, Köhler C, Gerwig R, Zengerle R, Kerzenmacher S. Cyclic electrodeposition of PtCu alloy: facile fabrication of highly porous platinum electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:2916-21. [PMID: 22549848 PMCID: PMC3468725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electrodeposition of platinum and copper enables the fabrication of high surface area electrodes (roughness factors of >3000) by multiple alternation of alloy co-deposition and dealloying of copper from the just-fabricated alloy layers. The underlying processes, resulting electrode structures, and their applicability to potentially implantable glucose fuel cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kloke
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgGeorges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyE-mail:
| | - Christian Köhler
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgGeorges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyE-mail:
| | - Ramona Gerwig
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of TübingenMarkwiesenstrasse 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgGeorges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyE-mail:
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitätFreiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Kerzenmacher
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgGeorges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyE-mail:
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Halámková L, Halámek J, Bocharova V, Szczupak A, Alfonta L, Katz E. Implanted Biofuel Cell Operating in a Living Snail. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5040-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211714w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alon Szczupak
- Avram
and Stella Goldstein-Goren
Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for
Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Avram
and Stella Goldstein-Goren
Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Ilse Katz Institute for
Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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