1
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Wan Q, Wu XD, Hou ZW, Ma Y, Wang L. Organophotoelectrocatalytic C(sp 2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp 3)-H compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5502-5505. [PMID: 38699797 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoelectrocatalytic method for the C(sp2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp3)-H compounds through dehydrogenation cross-coupling has been developed. The C(sp2)-H alkylation combines organic catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoiding the need for external metal-reagents, HAT-reagents, and oxidants. This protocol exhibits good substrate tolerance and functional group compatibility, providing a straightforward and powerful pathway to access a variety of alkylated heteroarenes under green conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Xia-Die Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Shi SH, Li HY, Liu HY, Tian R, Zhu HT. Redox Relay-Induced C-S Radical Cross-Coupling Strategy: Application in Nontraditional Site-Selective Thiocyanation of Quinoxalinones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6826-6837. [PMID: 38669146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative cross-coupling is a powerful strategy to form C-heteroatom bonds. However, oxidative cross-coupling for constructing C-S bond is still a challenge due to sulfur overoxidation and poisoning transition-metal catalysts. Now, electrochemical redox relay using sulfur radicals formed in situ from inorganic sulfur source offers a solution to this problem. Herein, electrochemical redox relay-induced C-S radical cross-coupling of quinoxalinones and ammonium thiocyanate with bromine anion as mediator is presented. The electrochemical redox relay comprised initially the formation of sulfur radical via indirect electrochemical oxidation, simultaneous electrochemical reduction of the imine bond, electro-oxidation-triggered radical coupling involving dearomatization-rearomatization, and the reformation of the imine bond through anodic oxidation. Applying this strategy, various quinoxalinones bearing multifarious electron-deficient/-rich substituents at different positions were well compatible with moderate to excellent yields and good steric hindrance compatibility under constant current conditions in an undivided cell without transition-metal catalysts and additional redox reagents. Synthetic applications of this methodology were demonstrated through gram-scale preparation and follow-up transformation. Notably, such a unique strategy may offer new opportunities for the development of new quinoxalinone-core leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Hao-Yu Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Hao-Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhu
- Shannxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
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3
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Mantry L, Gandeepan P. Visible-Light-Induced PhI(OAc) 2-Mediated Alkylation of Heteroarenes with Simple Alkanes and Ethers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6539-6544. [PMID: 38642055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct alkylation of heteroarenes with alkanes has been successfully achieved through visible-light-induced hypervalent iodine-mediated C-H functionalization of both coupling partners at ambient temperatures. This reaction proceeds via the in situ generation of nucleophilic alkyl radicals from alkanes through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), followed by a Minisci-type reaction with heteroarenes. These mild reaction conditions have demonstrated their suitability for the alkylation of a wide range of heterocycles, including azoles, pyridines, quinolines, isoquinolines, and quinoxalinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusina Mantry
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu - Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu - Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619
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4
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Gu YJ, Luo MP, Yuan H, Liu GK, Wang SG. Photocatalytic Enantioselective Radical Cascade Multicomponent Minisci Reaction of β-Carbolines Using Diazo Compounds as Radical Precursors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402272. [PMID: 38639395 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Here, a photocatalytic asymmetric multicomponent cascade Minisci reaction of β-carbolines with enamides and diazo compounds is reported, enabling an effective enantioselective radical C─H functionalization of β-carbolines with high yields and enantioselectivity (up to 83% yield and 95% ee). This enantioselective multicomponent Minisci protocol exhibits step economy, high chemo-/enantio-selective control, and good functional group tolerance, allowing access to a variety of valuable chiral β-carbolines. Notably, diazo compounds are suitable radical precursors in enantioselective cascade radical reactions. Moreover, the efficiency and practicality of this approach are demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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5
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Revie R, Whitaker BJ, Paul B, Smith RC, Anderson EA. Synthesis of Heterocycle-Substituted Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and Aza-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes via Photocatalytic Minisci Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:2843-2846. [PMID: 38251922 PMCID: PMC11020156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A route toward heterocycle-functionalized bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHeps) and aza-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (aza-BCHeps) has been developed, using mild, photocatalytic Minisci-like conditions to introduce various heterocycles at the bridgehead position from readily available N-hydroxyphthalimide esters of the corresponding carboxylic acids. This chemistry enables access to heterocycle-functionalized BCHep-containing structures that are highly relevant in medicinal chemistry research as potential bioisosteres of meta-substituted arenes and pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
I. Revie
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Whitaker
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Bhaskar Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Russell C. Smith
- Drug
Discovery Science and Technology (DDST), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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7
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Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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8
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Dimasi A, Failla M, Montoli A, Citarella A, Ronchi P, Passarella D, Fasano V. First total synthesis of caerulomycin K: a case study on selective, multiple C-H functionalizations of pyridines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5542-5546. [PMID: 38352680 PMCID: PMC10862659 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Caerulomycins, natural alkaloids with antimicrobial properties, have been previously synthesized starting with highly pre-functionalized building blocks or requiring many functional group manipulations. In this work, we report the first total synthesis of caerulomycin K, a diversely trifunctionalized pyridine readily assembled in three steps exploiting the recent advancements in the C-H activation of N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dimasi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
| | - Mattia Failla
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
| | - Arianna Montoli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
| | - Andrea Citarella
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Global Research and Preclinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A Largo Francesco Belloli 11/a 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
| | - Valerio Fasano
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Camillo Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy https://www.fasanolab.com
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9
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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10
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Rubanov ZM, Levin VV, Dilman AD. One-Pot Transformation of Aldehydes to Ketones via Minisci-Type Reaction of Imines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38016095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A method for the conversion of aldehydes to ketones via the preliminary formation of aldiminines is described. The imines are involved in acid promoted Minisci-type reaction with alkyl radicals generated from esters of N-hydroxylphthalimide under photoredox conditions. Aminyl radical cations formed after the addition of the iminium ions are believed to be key intermediates, which determine the reaction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar M Rubanov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Miusskaya Sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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11
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Nippa DF, Atz K, Müller AT, Wolfard J, Isert C, Binder M, Scheidegger O, Konrad DB, Grether U, Martin RE, Schneider G. Identifying opportunities for late-stage C-H alkylation with high-throughput experimentation and in silico reaction screening. Commun Chem 2023; 6:256. [PMID: 37985850 PMCID: PMC10661846 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the properties of advanced drug candidates is aided by the direct incorporation of specific chemical groups, avoiding the need to construct the entire compound from the ground up. Nevertheless, their chemical intricacy often poses challenges in predicting reactivity for C-H activation reactions and planning their synthesis. We adopted a reaction screening approach that combines high-throughput experimentation (HTE) at a nanomolar scale with computational graph neural networks (GNNs). This approach aims to identify suitable substrates for late-stage C-H alkylation using Minisci-type chemistry. GNNs were trained using experimentally generated reactions derived from in-house HTE and literature data. These trained models were then used to predict, in a forward-looking manner, the coupling of 3180 advanced heterocyclic building blocks with a diverse set of sp3-rich carboxylic acids. This predictive approach aimed to explore the substrate landscape for Minisci-type alkylations. Promising candidates were chosen, their production was scaled up, and they were subsequently isolated and characterized. This process led to the creation of 30 novel, functionally modified molecules that hold potential for further refinement. These results positively advocate the application of HTE-based machine learning to virtual reaction screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Nippa
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kenneth Atz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex T Müller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Wolfard
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Isert
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Binder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Scheidegger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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III R, Lujan B, Martinez A, Manasi R, DeBow JD, Kou KGM. A Fenton Approach to Aromatic Radical Cations and Diarylmethane Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15060-15066. [PMID: 37847050 PMCID: PMC10629232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating carbon-centered radicals to add to electron-deficient systems is a well-precedented process. By coupling the Fe(II)-mediated Fenton reaction with the Fe(III)-mediated single-electron oxidation of anisolic compounds, we demonstrate how electron-rich carbon-centered radicals can react with electron-rich arenes through a radical-polar cascade pathway. This bioinspired approach produces diarylmethane derivatives from simple unfunctionalized precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
Crowley III
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | | | - Roni Manasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Justin D. DeBow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin G. M. Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Pramanik S, Mondal PP, Maity S. Organo-photoredox-Catalyzed Selective Mono- and Bis-C-H Alkylation of Electron-Rich (Hetero)Arenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15256-15269. [PMID: 37823605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a simple strategy for the C-H alkylation of electron-rich (hetero)arenes with alkyl bromides employing visible-light-mediated organo-photocatalytic SET processes. The generality of this method has been evidenced by the inclusion of a variety of alkyl radicals (α-alkyl-carbonyl, benzyl, cyanomethyl) as well as diverse biologically active electron-rich arenes and (hetero)arenes under mild conditions. The extent of alkylation with alkyl bromides was found to be controlled by introducing Zn(OAc)2 as a bromide scavenger, ensuring the blocking of potential bromo-arene byproduct formation under photoredox conditions. In addition, a sequential C-H alkylation strategy for selective bis-alkylation has also been developed via chronological incorporation of different alkyl radical precursors in one pot quite efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Partha Pratim Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
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14
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Chen W, Fang J, Huang J, Yang Q, Song Z, Ding Q, Wang H, Peng Y. Transition metal-free regioselective direct acylation of quinazolines for the synthesis of acylquinazoline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8603-8616. [PMID: 37861432 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01349a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, mild method for direct regioselective acylation of quinazolines under metal-free conditions was developed with bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene and trimethylsilyl azide at ambient temperature. The acylation reaction of quinazolines with aldehydes gave the corresponding acyl quinazolines in ethyl acetate with good to excellent yields and excellent functional group tolerance and site selectivity. In addition, the mechanism of the direct acylation of quinazolinone was investigated through HPLC-HRMS (high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry) and EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Jingjun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Zhibin Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Hongming Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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15
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, Duan C. Harnessing Radicals in Confined Supramolecular Environments Made Possible by MOFs. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300158. [PMID: 37310416 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researching and utilizing radical intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry have innovated discoveries in methodology and theory. Reactions concerning free radical species opened new pathways beyond the frame of the two-electron mechanism while commonly characterized as rampant processes lacking selectivity. As a result, research in this field has always focused on the controllable generation of radical species and determining factors of selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as compelling candidates as catalysts in radical chemistry. From a catalytic point of view, the porous nature of MOFs entails an inner phase for the reaction that could offer possibilities for the regulation of reactivity and selectivity. From a material science perspecti ve, MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials that integrate functional units in organic compounds and complex forms in the tunable long-ranged periodic structure. In this account, we summarized our progress in the application of MOFs in radical chemistry in three parts: (1) The generation of radical species; (2) The weak interactions and site selectivity; (3) Regio- and stereo-selectivity. The unique role of MOFs play in these paradigms is demonstrated in a supramolecular narrative through the analyses of the multi-constituent collaboration within the MOF and the interactions between MOFs and the intermediates during the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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16
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Shi C, Guo L, Gao H, Luo M, Zhou X, Yang C, Xia W. Three-Component Aminoheteroarylation of Alkenes via Photoinduced EDA Complex Activation. Org Lett 2023; 25:7661-7666. [PMID: 37844134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst-free approach for the multicomponent aminoheteroarylation reaction of alkenes with N-aminopyridinium salts and heteroarenes is herein described. The reaction shows good functional group tolerance and allows the generation of valuable β-heteroarylethylamines in satisfying yields. In this transformation, N-aminopyridinium salts and heteroarenes are utilized to generate electron donor-acceptor complexes, which undergo a single-electron transfer process upon light irradiation to form key amidyl radicals and heteroaryl radical cations. The amidyl radical is subsequently captured by alkenes, followed by a Minisci-type reaction to yield the desired β-heteroarylamines as products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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17
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Kuehner C, Hill AG, Harris CF, Owens CA, Bacsa J, Soper JD. Catalytic C-H Trifluoromethylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes via Visible Light Photoexcitation of a Co(III)-CF 3 Complex. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13607-13617. [PMID: 37881792 PMCID: PMC10594583 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt photocatalyst for direct trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arene C(sp2)-H bonds is described and shown to operate via visible light activation of a Co-CF3 intermediate, which functions as a combined chromophore and organometallic reaction center. Chemical oxidations of previously reported (OCO)Co complexes containing a redox-active [OCO] pincer ligand afford a Co-CF3 complex two oxidation states above Co(II). Computational and spectroscopic studies are consistent with formulation of the product as [(OCO•)CoIII(CF3)(THF)(OTf)] (II) containing an open-shell [OCO•]1- radical ligand bound to a S = 0 Co(III) center. II is thermodynamically stable, but exposure to blue (440 nm) light induces Co-CF3 bond homolysis and release of •CF3, which is trapped by radical acceptors including TEMPO•, (hetero)arenes, or the radical [OCO•] ligand in II. The latter comprises a competitive degradation pathway, which is overcome under catalytic conditions by using excess substrate. Accordingly, generation of II from the reaction of [(OCO)CoIIL] (III) (L = THF, MeCN) with Umemoto's dibenzothiophenium trifluoromethylating reagent (1) followed by photolytic Co-CF3 bond activation completes a photoredox catalytic cycle for C-H (hetero)arene trifluoromethylation utilizing visible light. Electronic structure and photophysical studies, including time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, suggest that Co-CF3 bond homolysis at II occurs via an ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) (OCO0)CoII(CF3) state, revealing ligand redox activity as a critical design feature and establishing design principles for the use of base metal chromophores for selectivity in photoredox bond activations occurring via free radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
S. Kuehner
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Andrew G. Hill
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Caleb F. Harris
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian A. Owens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- X-ray
Crystallography Center, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jake D. Soper
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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18
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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19
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Rosadoni E, Bombonato E, Del Vecchio A, Guariento S, Ronchi P, Bellina F. Direct Decarboxylative C-2 Alkylation of Azoles through Minisci-Type Coupling. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14236-14241. [PMID: 37729603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
This note discusses the application of a Minisci-type reaction for the direct alkylation of azoles with carboxylic acids as radical precursors. Different reaction conditions were investigated to achieve high yield of the desired products, focusing on acid strength and solvent screening. Moreover, the reactivity of imidazoles with various carboxylic acids was investigated, showing good yield for most cases. The study reveals the potential of this approach for late-stage functionalization in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosadoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Bombonato
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Guariento
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/A, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/A, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Wang T, Zong YY, Feng WZ, Wu LZ, Liu Q. Visible-Light-Mediated Generation of Acyl Radicals from Triazine Esters. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12698-12708. [PMID: 37589746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl radicals are significant synthetic active species in organic synthesis. However, their generation via green and compatible methods remains challenging. Herein, we report an unprecedented visible-light-mediated approach for generating aryl acyl radicals from readily available triazine esters. This protocol with mild and redox-neutral conditions affords a diverse array of oxindoles attached to alcohol groups in a single operation. The recycling of leaving groups and a range of visible-light-mediated reactions using triazine ester as an acyl radical precursor demonstrate the synthetic potential of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wan-Zhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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21
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Shi M, Niu G, Zhang T, Xu A, Zheng R, Yusuf A, Shi T, Hu W, Qian Y. Silver-catalyzed pyrazole migration and cycloaddition reaction of diazo pyrazoleamides with ketimines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10311-10314. [PMID: 37548265 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel pyrazole migration and cycloaddition process is well developed via AgOTf-catalyzed annulation reactions of α-diazo pyrazoleamides with ketimines. This protocol discloses efficient access to synthesize a series of spirooxindole-based β-lactams in good to excellent yields and the diastereoselectivity is switchable by tuning the substituents on the α-diazo pyrazoleamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gejun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Rimei Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Abdulla Yusuf
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources Chemistry, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
| | - Taoda Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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22
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Abstract
Azines, such as pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyridazines, are widespread components of pharmaceuticals. Their occurrence derives from a suite of physiochemical properties that match key criteria in drug design and is tunable by varying their substituents. Developments in synthetic chemistry, therefore, directly impact these efforts, and methods that can install various groups from azine C-H bonds are particularly valuable. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions that focus on advanced candidate compounds that are often complex structures with multiple heterocycles, functional groups, and reactive sites. Because of factors such as their electron-deficient nature and the effects of the Lewis basic N atom, azine C-H functionalization reactions are often distinct from their arene counterparts, and the application of these reactions in LSF contexts is difficult. However, there have been many significant advances in azine LSF reactions, and this review will describe this progress, much of which has occurred over the past decade. It is possible to categorize these reactions as radical addition processes, metal-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, and transformations occurring via dearomatized intermediates. Substantial variation in reaction design within each category indicates both the rich reactivity of these heterocycles and the creativity of the approaches involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena M Josephitis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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23
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Anderson JM, Measom ND, Murphy JA, Poole DL. Bridge Heteroarylation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:2053-2057. [PMID: 36929825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the decarboxylative Minisci heteroarylation of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) and 2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (oBCH) derivatives at the bridge positions. In an operationally simple, photocatalyst-free process, free bridge carboxylic acids are directly coupled with nonprefunctionalized heteroarenes to provide rare examples of polysubstituted BCP and oBCH derivatives in synthetically useful yields. Additionally, the impact of the BCP core on the physicochemical properties of a representative example compared to those of its all-aromatic ortho- and meta-substituted analogues is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Anderson
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Nicholas D Measom
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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24
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Baroliya PK, Dhaker M, Panja S, Al-Thabaiti SA, Albukhari SM, Alsulami QA, Dutta A, Maiti D. Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Through Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202202201. [PMID: 36881013 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization has emerged as a promising area of research over the last few decades. However, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to traditional functionalization reactions using chemical-based oxidizing agents. Recent reports have shown increased attention on electrochemically promoted metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization. From the standpoint of sustainability, environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness, electrochemically promoted oxidation of a metal catalyst offers a mild, efficient, and atom-economical alternative to traditional chemical oxidants. This Review discusses advances in the field of transition metal-electrocatalyzed C-H functionalization over the past decade and describes how the unique features of electricity enable metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization in an economic and sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Baroliya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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25
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Palit K, Sepay N, Panda N. Arylative Methylation of 2,3-Dihydropyrazines and Pyrazinones Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a C1 Source. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36786556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Divergent synthesis of α-C-H methylated pyrazines and pyrazinones using dimethyl sulfoxide as a nonconventional methylating agent under metal-free conditions was reported. Dimethyl sulfoxide-coordinated bromine cation pools generated from the treatment of dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,2-dibromoethane undergo Pummerer-type fragmentation to afford an electrophilic methyl(methylene)sulfonium ion for reaction with a carbon nucleophile followed by aromatization to afford α-methylated pyrazines and pyrazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Palit
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata 700017, India
| | - Niranjan Panda
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
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26
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Qin Q, Cheng Z, Jiao N. Recent Applications of Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215008. [PMID: 36541579 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride has been widely used in synthetic organic chemistry, not only for the conversion of various oxygen-containing compounds to the triflates, but also for the electrophilic activation and further conversion of amides, sulfoxides, and phosphorus oxides. In recent years, the utilization of Tf2 O as an activator for nitrogen-containing heterocycles, nitriles and nitro groups has become a promising tool for the development of new valuable methods with considerable success. In addition, Tf2 O has been used as an efficient radical trifluoromethylation and trifluoromethylthiolation reagent due to the contained SO2 CF3 fragment, and significant progress has been made in this area. This review summarizes the recent progress in the applications of Tf2 O in the above two aspects, and aims to illustrate the role and potential application of this reagent in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixue Qin
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
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27
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Sui K, Leng Y, Wu Y. Synthesis of Difluoroarymethyl-Substituted Benzimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones under Mild Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7517-7528. [PMID: 36872989 PMCID: PMC9979369 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient method for synthesis of difluoroarymethyl-substituted benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones using 2-arylbenzoimidazoles with α,α-difluorophenylacetic acid as reaction substrates has been developed through radical cascade cyclization. The advantage of this strategy lies in excellent functional group tolerance to generate the corresponding products in good yields under base- and metal-free conditions.
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28
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Jiang Q, Liu X, Wang W, Chen Y, Yu M. Metal-free direct C-6-H alkylation of purines and purine nucleosides enabled by oxidative homolysis of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines at room temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1744-1754. [PMID: 36723234 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the application of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs), which are easily prepared from inexpensive aldehydes in one step, for the direct site-specific C-H alkylation of purines and purine nucleosides. Despite there being three active C(sp2)-H bonds (C-2-H, C-6-H, and C-8-H) in the structure, the reactions still show high regioselectivity at the purinyl C-6-H position. Importantly, the reactions successfully avoid the use of transition metal catalysts and additional acids. Meanwhile, the protocols are not sensitive to moisture and require only persulfate as an oxidant. Besides, this method displays broad functional group compatibility and is easy to scale up. Notably, pharmaceutical purines, e.g. the natural product 6-hydroxymethyl nebularine isolated from basidiomycetes, can be smoothly prepared using this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xiguang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Weili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Mingwu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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29
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Cole KP, Douglas JJ, Hammerstad T, Stephenson CRJ. Visible-Light Photocatalysis Academic–Industrial Collaboration Retrospective: Shared Learning and Impact Analysis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Cole
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - James J. Douglas
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Travis Hammerstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Segida OO, Merkulova VM, Ilovaisky AI, Terent’ev AO. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Potent Tool for Organic Synthesis: Cross-Dehydrogenative C-C Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Ethers Employing TiO 2/ N-Hydroxyphthalimide System under Visible Light. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030934. [PMID: 36770603 PMCID: PMC9920906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the obvious advantages of heterogeneous photocatalysts (availability, stability, recyclability, the ease of separation from products and safety) their application in organic synthesis faces serious challenges: generally low efficiency and selectivity compared to homogeneous photocatalytic systems. The development of strategies for improving the catalytic properties of semiconductor materials is the key to their introduction into organic synthesis. In the present work, a hybrid photocatalytic system involving both heterogeneous catalyst (TiO2) and homogeneous organocatalyst (N-hydroxyphthalimide, NHPI) was proposed for the cross-dehydrogenative C-C coupling of electron-deficient N-heterocycles with ethers employing t-BuOOH as the terminal oxidant. It should be noted that each of the catalysts is completely ineffective when used separately under visible light in this transformation. The occurrence of visible light absorption upon the interaction of NHPI with the TiO2 surface and the generation of reactive phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radicals upon irradiation with visible light are considered to be the main factors determining the high catalytic efficiency. The proposed method is suitable for the coupling of π-deficient pyridine, quinoline, pyrazine, and quinoxaline heteroarenes with various non-activated ethers.
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31
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Luo MP, Gu YJ, Wang SG. Photocatalytic enantioselective Minisci reaction of β-carbolines and application to natural product synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:251-256. [PMID: 36687353 PMCID: PMC9811569 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient enantioselective direct C-H functionalization of β-carbolines via a Minisci-type radical process under a photo-redox and chiral phosphoric acid cooperative catalytic system has been disclosed. Through this protocol, a wide range of C1 aminoalkylated β-carbolines were constructed directly with high levels of enantioselectivities from readily available β-carbolines and alanine-derived redox-active esters. This transformation allows straightforward access to highly valuable enantioenriched β-carbolines, which are an intriguing structural motif in valuable natural products and synthetic bio-active compounds. This protocol has been utilized as a highly efficient synthetic strategy for the concise asymmetric total synthesis of marine alkaloids eudistomin X, (+)-eudistomidin B and (+)-eudistomidin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
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32
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He T, Liang C, Huang S. Cobalt-electrocatalytic C-H hydroxyalkylation of N-heteroarenes with trifluoromethyl ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 14:143-148. [PMID: 36605737 PMCID: PMC9769098 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl carbinols and N-heteroarenes are both prevalent in bioactive molecules. However, access to high-value pharmacophores combining these two functional groups still remains a challenge. Herein, we report an electro-chemical redox-neutral coupling for the synthesis of N-heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols from readily available N-heteroarenes and trifluoromethyl ketones. The reaction starts with reversing the polarity of ketones to nucleophilic ketyl radicals through an electrocatalytic proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), followed by radical addition to heteroarenes and rearomatization to afford tertiary alcohol products. Importantly, the merging of paired electrolysis and cobalt catalysis is crucial to this regioselective C-H hydroxyalkylation of heteroarenes, and thus avoids several known competing pathways including the spin-center shift (SCS) process. Collectively, this protocol provides straightforward access to heteroaryl trifluoromethyl carbinols, featuring ideal atom economy, excellent regioselectivity, and paired redox-neutral electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Chaoqiang Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China
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33
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Lin Q, Gong H, Wu F. Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Heteroaryl Bromides with Tertiary Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8996-9000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology and Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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34
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Sanjosé-Orduna J, Silva RC, Raymenants F, Reus B, Thaens J, de Oliveira KT, Noël T. Dual role of benzophenone enables a fast and scalable C-4 selective alkylation of pyridines in flow. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12527-12532. [PMID: 36382292 PMCID: PMC9629060 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient C-4 selective modification of pyridines is a major challenge for the synthetic community. Current strategies are plagued with at least one drawback regarding functional group-tolerant electronic activation of the heteroarene, mild generation of the required alkyl radicals, regioselectivity, safety and/or scalability. Herein, we describe a fast, safe and scalable flow process which allows preparation of said C-4 alkylated pyridines. The process involves a photochemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event to generate the carbon-centered radicals needed to alkylate the C-2 blocked pyridine. In a two-step streamlined flow process, this light-mediated alkylation step is combined with a nearly instantaneous inline removal of the blocking group. Notably, cheap benzophenone plays a dual role in the pyridine alkylation mechanism by activating the hydrocarbon feedstock reagents via a HAT mechanism, and by acting as a benign, terminal oxidant. The key role of benzophenone in the operative reaction mechanism has also been revealed through a combination of experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Rodrigo C Silva
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Bente Reus
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | - Jannik Thaens
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
| | | | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands https://www.noelresearchgroup.com/
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35
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Li JF, Pan D, Wang HR, Zhang T, Li Y, Huang G, Ye M. Enantioselective C2-H Alkylation of Pyridines with 1,3-Dienes via Ni-Al Bimetallic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18810-18816. [PMID: 36205623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chiral phosphine oxide-ligated Ni-Al bimetallic catalyst was used to realize an enantioselective C2-H alkylation of pyridines without the need of a C2-block. A wide range of pyridines, including unsubstituted pyridine, C3, C4, and C2-substituted pyridines, and even complex pyridine-containing bioactive molecules are well compatible with the reaction, providing up to 81% yield and up to 97% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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36
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Palkowitz MD, Laudadio G, Kolb S, Choi J, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Bolduc PN, Chen T, Zhang H, Cheng PTW, Zhang B, Mandler MD, Blasczak VD, Richter JM, Collins MR, Schioldager RL, Bravo M, Dhar TGM, Vokits B, Zhu Y, Echeverria PG, Poss MA, Shaw SA, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Mykhailiuk PK, Baran PS. Overcoming Limitations in Decarboxylative Arylation via Ag-Ni Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17709-17720. [PMID: 36106767 PMCID: PMC9805175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A useful protocol for achieving decarboxylative cross-coupling (DCC) of redox-active esters (RAE, isolated or generated in situ) and halo(hetero)arenes is reported. This pragmatically focused study employs a unique Ag-Ni electrocatalytic platform to overcome numerous limitations that have plagued this strategically powerful transformation. In its optimized form, coupling partners can be combined in a surprisingly simple way: open to the air, using technical-grade solvents, an inexpensive ligand and Ni source, and substoichiometric AgNO3, proceeding at room temperature with a simple commercial potentiostat. Most importantly, all of the results are placed into context by benchmarking with state-of-the-art methods. Applications are presented that simplify synthesis and rapidly enable access to challenging chemical space. Finally, adaptation to multiple scale regimes, ranging from parallel milligram-based synthesis to decagram recirculating flow is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Simon Kolb
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philippe N Bolduc
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - TeYu Chen
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Peter T W Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Vanna D Blasczak
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryan L Schioldager
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martin Bravo
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Benjamin Vokits
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Yeheng Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Scott A Shaw
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | | | | | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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37
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Laudadio G, Palkowitz MD, El-Hayek Ewing T, Baran PS. Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: A Radical Tool in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1413-1420. [PMID: 36105339 PMCID: PMC9465705 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids, the most versatile and ubiquitous diversity input used in medicinal chemistry for canonical polar bond constructions such as amide synthesis, can now be employed in a fundamentally different category of reaction to make C-C bonds by harnessing the power of radicals. This outlook serves as a user-guide to aid practitioners in both the design of syntheses that leverage the simplifying power of this disconnection and the precise tactics that can be employed to enable them. Taken together, this emerging area holds the potential to rapidly accelerate access to chemical space of value to modern medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
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38
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Cuccu F, De Luca L, Delogu F, Colacino E, Solin N, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry: New Tools to Navigate the Uncharted Territory of "Impossible" Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200362. [PMID: 35867602 PMCID: PMC9542358 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations have made chemists enter unknown territories, forcing a different chemistry perspective. While questioning or revisiting familiar concepts belonging to solution chemistry, mechanochemistry has broken new ground, especially in the panorama of organic synthesis. Not only does it foster new "thinking outside the box", but it also has opened new reaction paths, allowing to overcome the weaknesses of traditional chemistry exactly where the use of well-established solution-based methodologies rules out progress. In this Review, the reader is introduced to an intriguing research subject not yet fully explored and waiting for improved understanding. Indeed, the study is mainly focused on organic transformations that, although impossible in solution, become possible under mechanochemical processing conditions, simultaneously entailing innovation and expanding the chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cuccu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Electronic and Photonic Materials (EFM), Building Fysikhuset, Room M319, Campus, Valla, Sweden
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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39
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Pan Y, Liu Z, Zou P, Chen Y, Chen Y. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Enable C(sp 2)-H Amidation of (Hetero)arenes with Iminophenylacetic Acids. Org Lett 2022; 24:6681-6685. [PMID: 36043941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamide-containing (hetero)arenes are widely present in bioactive molecules. Here, we report the sulfonamidyl (hetero)arenes synthesis by the C(sp2)-H amidation from bench-stable amidyl-iminophenylacetic acids. The hypervalent iodine reagents covalently activated iminophenylacetic acids for the facile sulfonamidyl radical generation under mild photocatalytic oxidative conditions. Diversified indoles, pyrroles, imidazopyridines, and fused arenes underwent the C(sp2)-H amidation with excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity. This reaction performs well under neutral aqueous conditions with potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China.,Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Peng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210 China.,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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40
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures. The synthesis of polycyclic structures bearing partially saturated (hetero)arenes is important as many of these structures have biological relevance. Here the authors develop a one-step method for selective dearomative functionalization of feedstock (hetero)arenes via organophotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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41
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Liang D, Xiao W, Lakhdar S, Chen J. Construction of axially chiral compounds via catalytic asymmetric radical reaction. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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42
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Dinesh V, Nagarajan R. (NH 4) 2S 2O 8-Mediated Metal-Free Decarboxylative Formylation/Acylation of α-Oxo/Ketoacids and Its Application to the Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10359-10365. [PMID: 35820161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free method for the formylation/acylation of indoles and β-carbolines with (NH4)2S2O8 via direct decarboxylative cross-coupling of α-oxo/ketoacids in moderate to good yields is described. The reaction occurs between ambient temperature and 40 °C under mild reaction conditions with commercially available starting materials. This methodology can be expanded to some biologically active indole alkaloids like pityriacitrins, eudistomins Y1 and Y3, and marinacarbolines A-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Votarikari Dinesh
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Rajagopal Nagarajan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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43
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Dai XJ, Krolikowski P, Murray JI, Wei CS, Dornan PK, Rötheli AR, Caille S, Thiel OR, Smith AG, Parsons AT. Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines via Formal (3+3) Cycloaddition of Enamines with Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8437-8444. [PMID: 35679839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalyzed, formal (3+3) cycloaddition reaction is described for the practical synthesis of substituted pyridines. Starting from readily available enamines and enal/ynal/enone substrates, the protocol affords tri- or tetrasubstituted pyridine scaffolds bearing various functional groups. This method was demonstrated on a 50 g scale, enabling the synthesis of 2-isopropyl-4-methylpyridin-3-amine, a raw material used for the manufacture of sotorasib. Mechanistic analysis using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry revealed the transformation proceeds through the reversible formation of a stable reaction off-cycle species that precedes pyridine formation. In situ reaction progress kinetic analysis and control NMR studies were employed to better understand the role of FeCl3 and pyrrolidine hydrochloride in promoting the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jie Dai
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul Krolikowski
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James I Murray
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Carolyn S Wei
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Peter K Dornan
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andreas R Rötheli
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Seb Caille
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Oliver R Thiel
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Austin G Smith
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew T Parsons
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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44
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Yu M, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Sun K. Regioselective C 6-H Hydroxyalkylation of Purines and Purine Nucleosides via α-C-H Functionalization of Alcohols at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2022; 24:4886-4891. [PMID: 35775741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The highly regioselective C6-H hydroxylalkylation of purines and purine nucleosides within 10 min via the α-C(sp3)-H functionalization of alcohols at room temperature is reported here for the first time. The reaction tolerated various functional groups, which have the potential for further modification to afford other valuable molecules. The reported method avoids metal catalysts, light, and protecting groups, giving a direct strategy to access 6-substitued alkylated purines and nucleosides with pharmaceutical bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, P. R. China
| | - Zhichuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Weili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, P. R. China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
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45
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Barata‐Vallejo S, Yerien DE, Postigo A. Bioinspired Photocatalyzed Organic Synthetic Transformations. The Use of Natural Pigments and Vitamins in Photocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Barata‐Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
- Istituto per la Sintesis Organica e la Fotorreattivita, ISOF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Damian E. Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
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46
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Colgan AC, Proctor RSJ, Gibson DC, Chuentragool P, Lahdenperä ASK, Ermanis K, Phipps RJ. Hydrogen Atom Transfer Driven Enantioselective Minisci Reaction of Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200266. [PMID: 35420220 PMCID: PMC9321721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective Minisci reactions have recently been developed but all instances so far utilize α-amino radical coupling partners. We report a substantial evolution of the enantioselective Minisci reaction that enables α-hydroxy radicals to be used, providing valuable enantioenriched secondary alcohol products. This is achieved through the direct oxidative coupling of two C-H bonds on simple alcohol and pyridine partners through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-driven approach: a challenging process to achieve due to the numerous side reactions that can occur. Our approach is highly regioselective as well as highly enantioselective. Dicumyl peroxide, upon irradiation with 390 nm light, serves as both HAT reagent and oxidant whilst selectivity is controlled by use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. Computational and experimental evidence provide mechanistic insight as to the origin of selectivity, revealing a stereodetermining deprotonation step distinct from the analogous reaction of amide-containing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avene C Colgan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rupert S J Proctor
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David C Gibson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Padon Chuentragool
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Antti S K Lahdenperä
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kristaps Ermanis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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47
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Burtea A, DeForest J, Baldwin N, Leverett C, Gallego GM. A convenient and versatile S NAr-decarboxylation protocol for the construction of C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7435-7438. [PMID: 35699115 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing saturation (Fsp3) remains a central strategy in the optimization of properties of molecules during drug discovery. Here, we describe a versatile and operationally simple one-pot procedure for accomplishing this goal via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution-decarboxylation sequence to construct C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds. The method is tolerant of a variety of biologically privileged moieties and has been demonstrated in a library format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Burtea
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Jacob DeForest
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Neil Baldwin
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Carolyn Leverett
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Gary M Gallego
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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48
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Del Río-Rodríguez R, Fragoso-Jarillo L, Garrido-Castro AF, Maestro MC, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. General electrochemical Minisci alkylation of N-heteroarenes with alkyl halides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6512-6518. [PMID: 35756520 PMCID: PMC9172443 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report, a general, facile and environmentally friendly Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes under simple and straightforward electrochemical conditions using widely available alkyl halides as radical precursors. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals have been shown to be efficiently generated and coupled with a large variety of N-heteroarenes. The method presents a very high functional group tolerance, including various heterocyclic-based natural products, which highlights the robustness of the methodology. This applicability has been further proved in the synthesis of various interesting biologically valuable building blocks. In addition, we have proposed a mechanism based on different proofs and pieces of electrochemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Fragoso-Jarillo
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Maestro
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jose A Fernández-Salas
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
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49
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Yang L, Zhu L, Zhang S, Hong X. Machine Learning Prediction of
Structure‐Performance
Relationship in Organic Synthesis. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Cheng Yang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Lu‐Jing Zhu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shuo‐Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2 Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou Zhejiang 310024 China
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50
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Sharique M, Majhi J, Dhungana RK, Kammer LM, Krumb M, Lipp A, Romero E, Molander GA. A practical and sustainable two-component Minisci alkylation via photo-induced EDA-complex activation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5701-5706. [PMID: 35694363 PMCID: PMC9116295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple, open-air, and efficient light-mediated Minisci C-H alkylation method is described, based on the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between nitrogen-containing heterocycles and redox-active esters. In contrast to previously reported protocols, this method does not require a photocatalyst, an external single electron transfer agent, or an oxidant additive. Achieved under mildly acidic and open-air conditions, the reaction incorporates primary-, secondary-, and tertiary radicals, including bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl (BCP) radicals, along with various heterocycles to generate Minisci alkylation products in moderate to good yields. Additionally, the method is exploited to generate a stereo-enriched, hetereoaryl-substituted carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Roshan K Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Eugénie Romero
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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