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Inose T, Toyouchi S, Hara S, Sugioka S, Walke P, Oyabu R, Fortuni B, Peeters W, Usami Y, Hirai K, De Feyter S, Uji-I H, Fujita Y, Tanaka H. Visualizing Ribbon-to-Ribbon Heterogeneity of Chemically Unzipped Wide Graphene Nanoribbons by Silver Nanowire-Based Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2301841. [PMID: 37649218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), a quasi-one-dimensional form of graphene, have gained tremendous attention due to their potential for next-generation nanoelectronic devices. The chemical unzipping of carbon nanotubes is one of the attractive fabrication methods to obtain single-layered GNRs (sGNRs) with simple and large-scale production. The authors recently found that unzipping from double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), rather than single- or multi-walled, results in high-yield production of crystalline sGNRs. However, details of the resultant GNR structure, as well as the reaction mechanism, are not fully understood due to the necessity of nanoscale spectroscopy. In this regard, silver nanowire-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is applied for single GNR analysis and investigated ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity in terms of defect density and edge structure generated through the unzipping process. The authors found that sGNRs originated from the inner walls of DWNTs showed lower defect densities than those from the outer walls. Furthermore, TERS spectra of sGNRs exhibit a large variety in graphitic Raman parameters, indicating a large variation in edge structures. This work at the single GNR level reveals, for the first time, ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity that can never be observed by diffraction-limited techniques and provides deeper insights into unzipped GNR structure as well as the DWNT unzipping reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Hara
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Shoji Sugioka
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Peter Walke
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - Rikuto Oyabu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Wannes Peeters
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Yuki Usami
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8567, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Chugoku), Kagamiyama 3-11-32, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
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Sasso A, Capaccio A, Rusciano G. Exploring Reliable and Efficient Plasmonic Nanopatterning for Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16164. [PMID: 38003354 PMCID: PMC10671507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is of growing interest for a wide range of applications, especially for biomedical analysis, thanks to its sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capabilities. A crucial role for successful applications of SERS is played by the development of reproducible, efficient, and facile procedures for the fabrication of metal nanostructures (SERS substrates). Even more challenging is to extend the fabrication techniques of plasmonic nano-textures to atomic force microscope (AFM) probes to carry out tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) experiments, in which spatial resolution below the diffraction limit is added to the peculiarities of SERS. In this short review, we describe recent studies performed by our group during the last ten years in which novel nanofabrication techniques have been successfully applied to SERS and TERS experiments for studying bio-systems and molecular species of environmental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sasso
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Angela Capaccio
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
- Institute of Food Sciences, URT-CNR Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Rusciano
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.)
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3
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Patil SJ, Kurouski D. Tip-enhanced Raman imaging of plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-bromothiophenol on nickel-decorated gold nanoplate bimetallic nanostructures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10976-10979. [PMID: 37614175 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
We used tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to examine plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-bromothiophenol (4-BTP) into thiophenol (TP) and 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (4,4'-BPDT) on Au and Ni@AuNPs. TERS revealed that cross-coupling of these molecular reactants into 4,4'-BPDT occurred primarily on Ni nano islands rather than the surrounding Au on the surface of Ni@AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati J Patil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Zhang C, Min C, Li L, Zhang Y, Wei S, Wang X, Yuan X. Effect of the focused gap-plasmon mode on tip-enhanced Raman excitation and scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4216-4228. [PMID: 36785395 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful molecular detection approach, tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) spectroscopy has the advantages of nanoscale spatial resolution, label-free detection and high enhancement factor, therefore has been widely used in fields of chemistry, materials and life sciences. A TERS system enhanced by the focused gap-plasmon mode composed of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) focus and the metal probe has been reported, however, its underlying enhancement mechanism for Raman excitation and scattering remains to be deeply explored. Here, we focus on the different performances of optical focus and SPP focus in the TERS system, and verify that the cooperation of these two focuses can produce maximum enhancement in a local electromagnetic field. Further, the Purcell effect on sample scattering in such a system is studied for the enhancement of Raman scattering collection in the far field. Finally, the local field enhancement and the sample far-field scattering enhancement are combined to show a full view of the whole process of TERS enhancement. This research can be applied to optimize the excitation and collection of Raman signals in TERS systems, which is of great value for the research and development of TERS technology.
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Gu K, Sun M, Zhang Y. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Based on Spiral Plasmonic Lens Excitation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5636. [PMID: 35957194 PMCID: PMC9371167 DOI: 10.3390/s22155636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed the idea of replacing the traditional objective lens in bottom-illumination mode with a plasmonic lens (PL) to achieve tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The electric field energy of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of the spiral PL was found to be more concentrated at the focal point without any sidelobe using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method compared with that of a symmetry-breaking PL. This property reduces far-field background noise and increases the excitation efficiency of the near-field Raman signal. The disadvantage of only the near-field Raman scattering of samples at the center of the structure being detected when using an ordinary PL in TERS is overcome by using our proposed method of changing only the polarization of the incident light.
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Salmanion M, Nandy S, Chae KH, Najafpour MM. Further Insight into the Conversion of a Ni-Fe Metal-Organic Framework during Water-Oxidation Reaction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5112-5123. [PMID: 35297622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are extensively investigated as catalysts in the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER). A Ni-Fe MOF with 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalate as a linker has been claimed to be among the most efficient catalysts for the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline conditions. Herein, the MOF stability under the OER was reinvestigated by electrochemical methods, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, operando visible spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The peaks corresponding to the carboxylate group are observed at 1420 and 1520 cm-1 using Raman spectroscopy. The peaks disappear after the reaction, suggesting the removal of the carboxylate group. A drop in carbon content but growth in oxygen content after the OER was detected by energy-dispersive spectra. This shows that after the OER, the surface of MOF is oxidized. SEM images also show deep restructures in the surface morphology of this Ni-Fe MOF after the OER. Nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry show the decomposition of the linker in alkaline conditions and even in the absence of potential. These experimental data indicate that during the OER, the synthesized MOF transforms to a Fe-Ni-layered double hydroxide, and the formed metal oxide is a candidate for the OER catalysis. Generalization is not true; however, taken together, these findings suggest that the stability of Ni-Fe MOFs under harsh oxidation conditions should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Salmanion
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Subhajit Nandy
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.,Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran.,Research Center for Basic Sciences & Modern Technologies (RBST), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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7
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Bonhommeau S, Cooney GS, Huang Y. Nanoscale chemical characterization of biomolecules using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2416-2430. [PMID: 35275147 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale chemical and structural characterization of single biomolecules and assemblies is of paramount importance for applications in biology and medicine. It aims to describe the molecular structure of biomolecules and their interaction with unprecedented spatial resolution to better comprehend underlying molecular mechanisms of biological processes involved in cell activity and diseases. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) spectroscopy appears particularly appealing to reach these objectives. This state-of-the-art TERS technique is as versatile as it is ultrasensitive. To perform a successful TERS experiment, special care and a thorough methodology for the preparation of the TERS system, the TERS probe tip, and sample are needed. Intense efforts have been deployed to characterize nucleic acids, proteins and peptides, lipid membranes, and more complex systems such as cells and viruses using TERS. Although the vast majority of studies have first been performed in dry conditions, they have allowed for several scientific breakthroughs. These include DNA and RNA sequencing, and the determination of relationships between protein structure and biological function by the use of increasingly exploitative chemometric tools for spectral data analysis. The nanoscale determination of the secondary structure of amyloid fibrils, protofibrils and oligomers implicated in neurodegenerative diseases could, for instance, be connected with the toxicity of these species, amyloid formation pathways, and their interaction with phospholipids. Single particles of different viral strains could be distinguished from one another by comparison of their protein and lipid contents. In addition, TERS has allowed for the evermore accurate description of the molecular organization of lipid membranes. Very recent advances also demonstrated the possibility to carry out TERS in aqueous medium, which opens thrilling perspectives for the TERS technique in biological, biomedical, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary S Cooney
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
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Malard LM, Lafeta L, Cunha RS, Nadas R, Gadelha A, Cançado LG, Jorio A. Studying 2D materials with advanced Raman spectroscopy: CARS, SRS and TERS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23428-23444. [PMID: 34651627 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been established as a valuable tool to study and characterize two-dimensional (2D) systems, but it exhibits two drawbacks: a relatively weak signal response and a limited spatial resolution. Recently, advanced Raman spectroscopy techniques, such as coherent anti-Stokes spectroscopy (CARS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), have been shown to overcome these two limitations. In this article, we review how useful physical information can be retrieved from different 2D materials using these three advanced Raman spectroscopy and imaging techniques, discussing results on graphene, hexagonal boron-nitride, and transition metal di- and mono-chalcogenides, thus providing perspectives for future work in this early-stage field of research, including similar studies on unexplored 2D systems and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Malard
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Lafeta
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Renan S Cunha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Nadas
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Andreij Gadelha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Gustavo Cançado
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Ado Jorio
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30123-970, Brazil.
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9
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In situ/operando vibrational spectroscopy for the investigation of advanced nanostructured electrocatalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Li L, Jin J, Liu J, Yang J, Song W, Yang B, Zhao B. Accurate SERS monitoring of the plasmon mediated UV/visible/NIR photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic process involving Ag@carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1006-1015. [PMID: 33367352 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The excited carriers (electrons and holes) and heat energy that originate from plasmonic metal nanomaterials are crucial to the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance. In this study, an Ag@carbon dots (Ag@CDs) hybrid has been prepared with excellent Fenton-like photocatalytic and photothermal conversion properties for catalyzing H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) for the degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye under full solar spectrum irradiation based on a unique plasmon effect. We have obtained some intrinsic kinetics information, including the reaction rate and apparent activation energy on the surface of the Ag@CDs, through a surface-enhanced Raman scattering strategy to investigate the contributions made by photocatalytic and photothermal effects in the plasmon mediated reaction under irradiation from ultraviolet (UV)/visible/near-infrared (NIR) light. In the visible light region, the Ag@CDs + H2O2 system exhibits the fastest apparent reaction rate owing to the involvement of a large number of hot carriers, which are generated by the strongest plasmon effect, and the presence of the photothermal effect mediated by the plasmonic effect. As the wavelength of the illumination blue-shifts to the UV region, the plasmon effect is weakened, resulting in a decrease in the number of hot carriers. Furthermore, the hot carriers will not be further thermalized because of interband transitions. In addition, the catalytic performance of Ag@CDs in the NIR region is almost dominated by the photothermal effect. This work provides deep insights into understanding the plasmon-mediated photocatalytic mechanism of the Ag@CDs hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China.
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Milekhin IA, Rahaman M, Anikin KV, Rodyakina EE, Duda TA, Saidzhonov BM, Vasiliev RB, Dzhagan VM, Milekhin AG, Latyshev AV, Zahn DRT. Resonant tip-enhanced Raman scattering by CdSe nanocrystals on plasmonic substrates. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5441-5449. [PMID: 36132045 PMCID: PMC9417628 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for studying the local properties of low dimensional materials. Being a plasmon driven system, a dramatic enhancement of the TERS sensitivity can be achieved by an appropriate choice of the plasmonic substrate in the so-called gap-mode configuration. Here, we investigate the phonon properties of CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) utilizing gap-mode TERS. Using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique, we homogeneously deposited submonolayers of colloidal CdSe NCs on two different nanostructured plasmonic substrates. Amplified by resonant gap-mode TERS, the scattering by the optical phonon modes of CdSe NCs is markedly enhanced making it possible to observe up to the third overtone of the LO mode reliably. The home-made plasmonic substrates and TERS tips allow the analysis of the TERS images of CdSe phonon modes with nanometer spatial resolution. The CdSe phonon scattering intensity is strongly correlated with the local electromagnetic field distribution across the plasmonic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Milekhin
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - M Rahaman
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - K V Anikin
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Novosibirsk Russia
| | - E E Rodyakina
- Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk Russia
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Novosibirsk Russia
| | - T A Duda
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Novosibirsk Russia
| | - B M Saidzhonov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Department of Material Science, Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - R B Vasiliev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Department of Material Science, Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - V M Dzhagan
- V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics UA-03028 Kiev Ukraine
| | - A G Milekhin
- Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk Russia
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Novosibirsk Russia
| | - A V Latyshev
- Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk Russia
- A.V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Novosibirsk Russia
| | - D R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
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Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Li L, Jiang N. The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1313-1340. [PMID: 32419485 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820932229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of chemistry and physical properties at the nanoscale enables the rational design of interface-based systems. Surface interactions underlie numerous technologies ranging from catalysis to organic thin films to biological systems. Since surface environments are especially prone to heterogeneity, it becomes crucial to characterize these systems with spatial resolution sufficient to localize individual active sites or defects. Spectroscopy presents as a powerful means to understand these interactions, but typical light-based techniques lack sufficient spatial resolution. This review describes the growing number of applications for the nanoscale spectroscopic technique, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with a focus on developments in areas that involve measurements in new environmental conditions, such as liquid, electrochemical, and ultrahigh vacuum. The expansion into unique environments enables the ability to spectroscopically define chemistry at the spatial limit. Through the confinement and enhancement of light at the apex of a plasmonic scanning probe microscopy tip, TERS is able to yield vibrational fingerprint information of molecules and materials with nanoscale resolution, providing insight into highly localized chemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Aminpour H, Eng LM, Kehr SC. Spatially confined vector fields at material-induced resonances in near-field-coupled systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32316-32330. [PMID: 33114920 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Local electric fields play the key role in near-field optical examinations and are especially appealing when exploring heterogeneous or even anisotropic nano-systems. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) is the most commonly used method applied to explore and quantify such confined electric fields at the nanometer length scale: while most works so far did focus on analyzing the z-component oriented perpendicular to the sample surface under p-polarized tip/sample illumination only, recent experimental efforts in s-SNOM report that material resonant excitation might equally allow to probe in-plane electric field components. We thus explore this local vector-field behavior for a simple particle-tip/substrate system by comparing our parametric simulations based on finite element modelling at mid-IR wavelengths, to the standard analytical tip-dipole model. Notably, we analyze all the 4 different combinations for resonant and non-resonant tip and/or sample excitation. Besides the 3-dimensional field confinement under the particle tip present for all scenarios, it is particularly the resonant sample excitations that enable extremely strong field enhancements associated with vector fields pointing along all cartesian coordinates, even without breaking the tip/sample symmetry! In fact, in-plane (s-) resonant sample excitation exceeds the commonly-used p-polarized illumination on non-resonant samples by more than 6 orders of magnitude. Moreover, a variety of different spatial field distributions is found both at and within the sample surface, ranging from electric fields that are oriented strictly perpendicular to the sample surface, to fields that spatially rotate into different directions. Our approach shows that accessing the full vector fields in order to quantify all tensorial properties in nanoscale and modern-type materials lies well within the possibilities and scope of today's s-SNOM technique.
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Oliveira BS, Archanjo BS, Valaski R, Achete CA, Cançado LG, Jorio A, Vasconcelos TL. Nanofabrication of plasmon-tunable nanoantennas for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:114201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0021560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S. Oliveira
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bráulio S. Archanjo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Rogério Valaski
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Achete
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Cançado
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30270-901, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- Electrical Engineering and Innovation Technology Graduate Programs, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago L. Vasconcelos
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
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15
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Schultz JF, Li S, Jiang S, Jiang N. Optical scanning tunneling microscopy based chemical imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:463001. [PMID: 32702674 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through coupling optical processes with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), single-molecule chemistry and physics have been investigated at the ultimate spatial and temporal limit. Electrons and photons can be used to drive interactions and reactions in chemical systems and simultaneously probe their characteristics and consequences. In this review we introduce and review methods to couple optical imaging and spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy. The integration of the STM and optical spectroscopy provides new insights into individual molecular adsorbates, surface-supported molecular assemblies, and two-dimensional materials with subnanoscale resolution, enabling the fundamental study of chemistry at the spatial and temporal limit. The inelastic scattering of photons by molecules and materials, that results in unique and sensitive vibrational fingerprints, will be considered with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. STM-induced luminescence examines the intrinsic luminescence of organic adsorbates and their energy transfer and charge transfer processes with their surroundings. We also provide a survey of recent efforts to probe the dynamics of optical excitation at the molecular level with scanning tunneling microscopy in the context of light-induced photophysical and photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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16
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Wang CF, Cheng Z, O'Callahan BT, Crampton KT, Jones MR, El-Khoury PZ. Tip-Enhanced Multipolar Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2464-2469. [PMID: 32160470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We record nanoscale chemical images of thiobenzonitrile (TBN)-functionalized plasmonic gold nanocubes via tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The spatially averaged optical response is dominated by conventional (dipolar) TERS scattering from TBN but also contains weaker spectral signatures in the 1225-1500 cm-1 region. The weak optical signatures dominate several of the recorded single-pixel TERS spectra. We can uniquely assign these Raman-forbidden transitions to multipolar Raman scattering, which implicates spatially varying enhanced electric field gradients at plasmonic tip-sample nanojunctions. Specifically, we can assign observations of tip-enhanced electric dipole-magnetic dipole as well as electric dipole-electric quadrupole driven transitions. Multipolar Raman scattering and local optical field gradients both need to be understood and accounted for in the interpretation of TERS spectral images, particularly in ongoing quests aimed at chemical reaction mapping via TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kevin T Crampton
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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17
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Bhattarai A, Cheng Z, Joly AG, Novikova IV, Evans JE, Schultz ZD, Jones MR, El-Khoury PZ. Tip-Enhanced Raman Nanospectroscopy of Smooth Spherical Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1795-1801. [PMID: 32069408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We record nanoscale-resolved chemical images of thiobenzonitrile (TBN)-functionalized smooth gold nanospheres on silicon via tip-enhanced Raman (TER) nanospectroscopy. The recorded images trace the nascence of the familiar doughnut-shaped scattering profile of nanoparticles on silicon at its origin (the particle surface), which appears as a horseshoe-shaped scattering pattern under our experimental conditions. The local optical field maps are in agreement with their simulated finite-difference time-domain analogues. Analysis of the recorded spectra with the aid of ab-initio-molecular-dynamics-based Raman spectral simulations further suggests that optical rectification and molecular charging take place throughout the course of atomic-force-microscopy-based TER nanoscale chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alan G Joly
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Irina V Novikova
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James E Evans
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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18
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Bhattarai A, Crampton KT, Joly AG, Wang CF, Schultz ZD, El-Khoury PZ. A Closer Look at Corrugated Au Tips. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1915-1920. [PMID: 32078775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of optical and electron microscopies are utilized in concert to unravel the properties of corrugated metallic tips. While the overall microscopic shapes of the tips dictate their optical resonances and plasmonic field enhancement factors, nanometric structural details govern their tip-enhanced Raman (TER) spectra and images. Using 4-thiobenzonitrile (TBN) as a molecular reporter, spatially resolved TER spectra reveal that optical rectification and molecular charging are among the prominent observables in the tip-tip TER geometry. We show the spurious appearance of anions is driven by highly localized resonances that appear as a result of surface corrugation and their manifestation throughout the course of TER nanospectroscopy complicates spectral assignments. Overall, nanoscale spatial variations in the TERS spectra suggest that the tip-tip geometry sustains junction plasmons that appear very different from what may be expected from the hybridization of the bulk tip resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kevin T Crampton
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alan G Joly
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chih-Feng Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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19
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Voylov DN, Bocharova V, Lavrik NV, Vlassiouk I, Polizos G, Volodin A, Shulga YM, Kisliuk A, Thiyagarajan T, Miller DD, Narayanan R, Sumpter BG, Sokolov AP. Noncontact tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for nanomaterials and biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3392-3399. [PMID: 36133556 PMCID: PMC9419720 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has been established as one the most efficient analytical techniques for probing vibrational states with nanoscale resolution. While TERS may be a source of unique information about chemical structure and interactions, it has a limited use for materials with rough or sticky surfaces. Development of the TERS approach utilizing a non-contact scanning probe microscopy mode can significantly extend the number of applications. Here we demonstrate a proof of the concept and feasibility of a non-contact TERS approach and test it on various materials. Our experiments show that non-contact TERS can provide 10 nm spatial resolution and a Raman signal enhancement factor of 105, making it very promising for chemical imaging of materials with high aspect ratio surface patterns and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N Voylov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Nickolay V Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Ivan Vlassiouk
- Energy & Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Georgios Polizos
- Energy & Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Alexei Volodin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow region 142432 Russia
| | - Yury M Shulga
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS Moscow 119049 Russia
| | - Alexander Kisliuk
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
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20
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Shu S, Huang C, Zhang M, Yan Y. Greatly enhanced electric field by the improved metal-insulator-metal structure in the visible region. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:32LT01. [PMID: 31013485 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1b91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a study on the introduction of the coupling effect of nanostructures into the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) based absorber to enhance the intensity of incident optical signal. A system including square-shaped holes with an embedded gold nanorods structure is elaborately designed and integrated into the MIM based absorber. Through the fine-tuning of size, shape and material inside the system, a strong coupling effect is formed among the void plasmons resonance mode of nanoholes, the localized surface plasmons resonance mode of nanorods and the Fabry-Perot resonance of the middle layer cavity. And the maximum strength of electric field intensity is enhanced to 4000 times at 'hotspots' in the visible region. The proposed absorber here can realize an enhanced coupling effect as well as keep the high absorption efficiency, showing a great application potential in the field of effective optical signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Shu
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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21
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Bhattarai A, El-Khoury PZ. Nanoscale Chemical Reaction Imaging at the Solid-Liquid Interface via TERS. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2817-2822. [PMID: 31074285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Not all regions of optical field nanolocalization and enhancement are suitable sites for chemical transformations on plasmonic metals. We illustrate the concept using chemically functionalized monocrystalline gold platelets in aqueous solution imaged using a Au-coated tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) probe. For our proof-of-principle study, we select a model plasmon-driven chemical process, namely, the dimerization of p-nitrothiophenol (NTP) to dimercaptoazobenzene. Consistent with recent observations from our group, we find that TERS maps at vibrational resonances corresponding to NTP trace the optical fields that are maximally enhanced toward the edges of the platelets. Conversely, simultaneously recorded product maps reveal that the dimerization process occurs only at specific sites on our substrate. Given the uniformity of the structures and local optical fields at the edges of the gold platelets, our results suggest that molecular crowding and steric effects play a key role in our case of plasmon-driven NTP dimerization at the gold-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
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22
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Ma X, Zhu Y, Yu N, Kim S, Liu Q, Apontti L, Xu D, Yan R, Liu M. Toward High-Contrast Atomic Force Microscopy-Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Imaging: Nanoantenna-Mediated Remote-Excitation on Sharp-Tip Silver Nanowire Probes. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:100-107. [PMID: 30512954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) imaging technique is designed to provide correlated morphological and chemical information with a nanoscale spatial resolution by utilizing the plasmonic resonance supported by metallic nanostructures at the tip apex of a scanning probe. However, limited by the scattering cross sections of these nanostructures, only a small fraction of the incident light can be coupled to the plasmonic resonance to generate Raman signals. The uncoupled light then directly excites background spectra with a diffraction-limited resolution, which becomes the background noise that often blurs the TERS image. Here, we demonstrate how this problem can be solved by physically separating the light excitation region from the Raman signal generation region on the scanning probe. The remote-excitation TERS (RE-TERS) probe, which can be fabricated with a facile, robust and reproducible method, utilizes silver nanoparticles as nanoantennas to mediate the coupling of free-space excitation light to propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a sharp-tip silver nanowire to excite Raman signals remotely. With this RE-TERS probe, a 10 nm spatial resolution was demonstrated on a single-walled carbon nanotube sample, and the strain distribution in a monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was mapped.
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23
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Bhattarai A, Crampton KT, Joly AG, Kovarik L, Hess WP, El-Khoury PZ. Imaging the Optical Fields of Functionalized Silver Nanowires through Molecular TERS. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:7105-7109. [PMID: 30517015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We image 4-mercaptobenzonitrile-functionalized silver nanowires (∼20 nm diameter) through tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). The enhanced local optical field-molecular interactions that govern the recorded hyperspectral TERS images are dissected through hybrid finite-difference time-domain density functional theory simulations. Our forward simulations illustrate that the recorded spatiospectral profiles of the chemically functionalized nanowires may be reproduced by accounting for the interaction between orientationally averaged molecular polarizability derivative tensors and enhanced incident/scattered local fields polarized along the tip axis. In effect, we directly map the enhanced optical fields of the nanowire in real space through TERS. The simultaneously recorded atomic force microscopy (AFM) images allow a direct comparison between our attainable spatial resolution in topographic (13 nm) and TERS (5 nm) imaging measurements performed under ambient conditions. Overall, our described protocol enables local electric field imaging with few nm precision through molecular TERS, and it is therefore generally applicable to a variety of plasmonic nanostructures.
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24
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Gao L, Zhao H, Li Y, Li T, Chen D, Liu B. Controllable Fabrication of Au-Coated AFM Probes via a Wet-Chemistry Procedure. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:366. [PMID: 30456453 PMCID: PMC6242804 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), which offers a spatial resolution far beyond the limitations of the optical diffraction and detection sensitivity down to a single molecular level, has become one of the powerful techniques applied in current nanoscience and technology. However, the excellent performance of a TERS system is very much dependent on the quality of metallized probes used in TERS characterization. Thus, how to prepare higher-quality probes plays a vital role in the development and application of TERS technique. In this work, one simple wet-chemistry procedure was designed to fabricate atomic force microscopy-based TERS (AFM-TERS) probes. Through the controlled growth of a gold film on a commercial silicon AFM probe, TERS probes with different apex diameters were prepared successfully. A series of TERS results indicated that the probes with the apex size of 50~60 nm had the maximum TERS enhancement, and the Raman enhancement factor was in the range of 106 to 107. Compared with those prepared by other fabrication methods, our TERS probes fabricated by this wet-chemistry method have the virtues of good stability, high reproducibility, and strong enhancement effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Gao
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Zhao
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinli Li
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianfeng Li
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Photo-biophysics, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 People’s Republic of China
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25
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Lee C, Jeong BG, Yun SJ, Lee YH, Lee SM, Jeong MS. Unveiling Defect-Related Raman Mode of Monolayer WS 2 via Tip-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9982-9990. [PMID: 30142265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) has emerged as an active material for optoelectronic devices due to its quantum yield of photoluminescence. Despite the enormous research about physical characteristics of monolayer WS2, the defect-related Raman scattering has been rarely studied. Here, we report the correlation of topography and Raman scattering in monolayer WS2 by using tip-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy and reveal defect-related Raman modes denoted as D and D' modes. We found that the sulfur vacancies introduce not only the red-shifted A1g mode but also the D and D' modes by the density functional theory calculations. The observed defect-related Raman modes can be utilized to evaluate the quality of monolayer WS2 and will be helpful to improve the performance of WS2 optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwoo Lee
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Geun Jeong
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) , Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Energy Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP) , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles, practice, and applications to nanospectroscopic imaging of 2D materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Aprà E, Bhattarai A, Crampton KT, Bylaska EJ, Govind N, Hess WP, El-Khoury PZ. Time Domain Simulations of Single Molecule Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7437-7442. [PMID: 30148635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium chemical phenomena are known to play an important role in single molecule microscopy and spectroscopy. Herein, we explore these effects through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)-based Raman spectral simulations. We target an isolated aromatic thiol (thiobenzonitrile, TBN) as a prototypical molecular system. We first show that the essential features contained in the ensemble-averaged Raman spectrum of TBN can be reproduced by averaging over 18 short AIMD trajectories spanning a total simulation time of ∼60 ps. This involved more than 90 000 polarizability calculations at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP level of theory. We then illustrate that the short trajectories (∼3.3 ps total simulation time), where the accessible phase space is not fully sampled, provide a starting point for understanding key features that are often observed in measurements targeting single molecules. Our results suggest that a complete understanding of single molecule Raman scattering needs to account for molecular conformational flexibility and nonequilibrium chemical phenomena in addition to local optical fields and modified selection rules. The former effects are well-captured using the described AIMD-based single molecule Raman spectral simulations.
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28
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Zhan C, Chen XJ, Yi J, Li JF, Wu DY, Tian ZQ. From plasmon-enhanced molecular spectroscopy to plasmon-mediated chemical reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Bhattarai A, Krayev A, Temiryazev A, Evplov D, Crampton KT, Hess WP, El-Khoury PZ. Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Nanopatterned Graphene and Graphene Oxide. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4029-4033. [PMID: 29791800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is particularly sensitive to analytes residing at plasmonic tip-sample nanojunctions, where the incident and scattered optical fields may be localized and optimally enhanced. However, the enhanced local electric fields in this so-called gap-mode TERS configuration are nominally orthogonal to the sample plane. As such, any given Raman active vibrational eigenstate needs to have projections (of its polarizability derivative tensor elements) along the sample normal to be detectable via TERS. The faint TERS signals observed from two prototypical systems, namely, pristine graphene and graphene oxide are a classical example of the aforementioned rather restrictive TERS selection rules in this context. In this study, we demonstrate that nanoindentation, herein achieved using pulsed-force lithography with a sharp single-crystal diamond atomic force microscope probe, may be used to locally enhance TERS signals from graphene and graphene oxide flakes on gold. Nanoindentation locally perturbs the otherwise flat graphene structure and introduces out-of-plane protrusions that generate enhanced TERS. Although our approach is nominally invasive, we illustrate that the introduced nanodefects are highly localized, as evidenced by TERS nanoscale chemical mapping. As such, the described protocol may be used to extend and generalize the applicability of TERS for the rapid identification of two-dimensional material systems on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Andrey Krayev
- Horiba Instruments Inc. , 359 Bel Marin Keys Boulevard, Suite 20 , Novato , California 94949 , United States
| | - Alexey Temiryazev
- Kotel'nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Fryazino Branch , Vvedensky Square 1 , Fryazino 141190 , Russia
| | - Dmitry Evplov
- Horiba Instruments Inc. , 359 Bel Marin Keys Boulevard, Suite 20 , Novato , California 94949 , United States
| | - Kevin T Crampton
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Wayne P Hess
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
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30
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Huang YP, Huang SC, Wang XJ, Bodappa N, Li CY, Yin H, Su HS, Meng M, Zhang H, Ren B, Yang ZL, Zenobi R, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Shell-Isolated Tip-Enhanced Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiang-Jie Wang
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nataraju Bodappa
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chao-Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hai-Sheng Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Meng Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bin Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhi-Lin Yang
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Renato Zenobi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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31
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Huang YP, Huang SC, Wang XJ, Bodappa N, Li CY, Yin H, Su HS, Meng M, Zhang H, Ren B, Yang ZL, Zenobi R, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Shell-Isolated Tip-Enhanced Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7523-7527. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiang-Jie Wang
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nataraju Bodappa
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chao-Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hai-Sheng Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Meng Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bin Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhi-Lin Yang
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Renato Zenobi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, i ChEM; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Physics; Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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32
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Huang TX, Li CW, Yang LK, Zhu JF, Yao X, Liu C, Lin KQ, Zeng ZC, Wu SS, Wang X, Yang FZ, Ren B. Rational fabrication of silver-coated AFM TERS tips with a high enhancement and long lifetime. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4398-4405. [PMID: 29451566 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), known as nanospectroscopy, has received increasing interest as it can provide nanometer spatial resolution and chemical fingerprint information of samples simultaneously. Since Ag tips are well accepted to show a higher TERS enhancement than that of gold tips, there is an urgent quest for Ag TERS tips with a high enhancement, long lifetime, and high reproducibility, especially for atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based TERS. Herein, we developed an electrodeposition method to fabricate Ag-coated AFM TERS tips in a highly controllable and reproducible way. We investigated the influence of the electrodeposition potential and time on the morphology and radius of the tip. The radii of Ag-coated AFM tips can be rationally controlled at a few to hundreds nanometers, which allows us to systematically study the dependence of the TERS enhancement on the tip radius. The Ag-coated AFM tips show the highest TERS enhancement under 632.8 nm laser excitation and a broad localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) response when coupled to a Au substrate. The tips exhibit a lifetime of 13 days, which is particularly important for applications that need a long measuring time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Xiang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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33
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Milekhin AG, Rahaman M, Rodyakina EE, Latyshev AV, Dzhagan VM, Zahn DRT. Giant gap-plasmon tip-enhanced Raman scattering of MoS 2 monolayers on Au nanocluster arrays. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2755-2763. [PMID: 29308796 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06640f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present the results of a gap-plasmon tip-enhanced Raman scattering study of MoS2 monolayers deposited on a periodic array of Au nanostructures on a silicon substrate forming a two dimensional (2D) crystal/plasmonic heterostructure. We observe a giant Raman enhancement of the phonon modes in the MoS2 monolayer located in the plasmonic gap between the Au tip apex and Au nanoclusters. Tip-enhanced Raman mapping allows us to determine the gap-plasmon field distribution responsible for the formation of hot spots. These hot spots provide an unprecedented giant Raman enhancement of 5.6 × 108 and a spatial resolution as small as 2.3 nm under ambient conditions. Moreover, due to strong hot electron doping in the order of 1.8 × 1013 cm-2, we observe a structural change of MoS2 from the 2H to the 1T phase. Owing to the very good spatial resolution, we are able to spatially resolve those doping sites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time reporting of such a phenomenon with nm spatial resolution. Our results will open the perspectives of optical diagnostics with nanometer resolution for many other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Milekhin
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 13, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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34
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Bonhommeau S, Lecomte S. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Tool for Nanoscale Chemical and Structural Characterization of Biomolecules. Chemphyschem 2017; 19:8-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bonhommeau
- University of Bordeaux; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; CNRS UMR 5255; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- University of Bordeaux; Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-objets; CNRS UMR 5248; Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 33600 Pessac France
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35
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Sheng S, Wu JB, Cong X, Li W, Gou J, Zhong Q, Cheng P, Tan PH, Chen L, Wu K. Vibrational Properties of a Monolayer Silicene Sheet Studied by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:196803. [PMID: 29219519 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.196803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Combining ultrahigh sensitivity, spatial resolution, and the capability to resolve chemical information, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful tool to study molecules or nanoscale objects. Here we show that TERS can also be a powerful tool in studying two-dimensional materials. We have achieved a 10^{9} Raman signal enhancement and a 0.5 nm spatial resolution using monolayer silicene on Ag(111) as a prototypical 2D material system. Because of the selective enhancement on Raman modes with vertical vibrational components in TERS, our experiment provides direct evidence of the origination of Raman modes in silicene. Furthermore, the ultrahigh sensitivity of TERS allows us to identify different vibrational properties of silicene phases, which differ only in the bucking direction of the Si-Si bonds. Local vibrational features from defects and domain boundaries in silicene can also be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiang Sheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang-Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Gou
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of physical sciences, and College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of physical sciences, and College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Bhattarai A, Joly AG, Hess WP, El-Khoury PZ. Visualizing Electric Fields at Au(111) Step Edges via Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7131-7137. [PMID: 28972773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) can be used to image plasmon-enhanced local electric fields on the nanoscale. This is illustrated through ambient TERS measurements recorded using silver atomic force microscope tips coated with 4-mercaptobenzonitrile molecules and used to image step edges on an Au(111) surface. The observed two-dimensional TERS images uniquely map electric fields localized at Au(111) step edges following 671 nm excitation. We establish that our measurements are not only sensitive to spatial variations in the enhanced electric fields but also to their vector components. We also experimentally demonstrate that (i) few nanometer precision is attainable in TERS nanoscopy using corrugated tips with nominal radii on the order of 100-200 nm, and (ii) TERS signals do not necessarily exhibit the expected E4 dependence. Overall, we illustrate the concept of electric field imaging via TERS and establish the connections between our observations and conventional TERS chemical imaging measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alan G Joly
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wayne P Hess
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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37
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Jiang S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Hu C, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Liao Y, Smith ZJ, Dong Z, Hou JG. Subnanometer-resolved chemical imaging via multivariate analysis of tip-enhanced Raman maps. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17098. [PMID: 30167216 PMCID: PMC6062048 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful surface analysis technique that can provide subnanometer-resolved images of nanostructures with site-specific chemical fingerprints. However, due to the limitation of weak Raman signals and the resultant difficulty in achieving TERS imaging with good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the conventional single-peak analysis is unsuitable for distinguishing complex molecular architectures at the subnanometer scale. Here we demonstrate that the combination of subnanometer-resolved TERS imaging and advanced multivariate analysis can provide an unbiased panoramic view of the chemical identity and spatial distribution of different molecules on surfaces, yielding high-quality chemical images despite limited SNRs in individual pixel-level spectra. This methodology allows us to exploit the full power of TERS imaging and unambiguously distinguish between adjacent molecules with a resolution of ~0.4 nm, as well as to resolve submolecular features and the differences in molecular adsorption configurations. Our results provide a promising methodology that promotes TERS imaging as a routine analytical technique for the analysis of complex nanostructures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xianbiao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunrui Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zachary J Smith
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenchao Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - J G Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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38
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Mochizuki M, Lkhamsuren G, Suthiwanich K, Mondarte EA, Yano TA, Hara M, Hayashi T. Damage-free tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for heat-sensitive materials. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10715-10720. [PMID: 28681893 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02398g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to establish experimental conditions for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) with low thermal and mechanical damage to samples. In this method, we monitor the thermal desorption of thiol molecules from a gold-coated probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM) via TERS spectra. Temperatures for desorption of thiol molecules (60-100 °C) from gold surfaces cover the temperature range for degradation of heat-sensitive biomaterials (e.g. proteins). By monitoring the desorption of the thiols on the probe, we can estimate the power of an excitation laser for the samples to reach their critical temperatures for thermal degradation. Furthermore, we also found that an active oscillation of AFM cantilevers significantly promotes the heat transfer from the probe to the surrounding medium. This enables us to employ a higher power density of the excitation laser, resulting in a stronger Raman signal compared with the signal obtained with a contact mode. We propose that this combinatory method is effective in acquiring strong TERS signals while suppressing thermal and mechanical damage to soft and heat-sensitive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Mochizuki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan.
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39
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Yuan CC, Zhang D, Gan Y. Invited Review Article: Tip modification methods for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and colloidal probe technique: A 10 year update (2006-2016) review. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:031101. [PMID: 28372438 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering atomic force microscopy tips for reliable tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and colloidal probe technique are becoming routine practices in many labs. In this 10 year update review, various new tip modification methods developed over the past decade are briefly reviewed to help researchers select the appropriate method. The perspective is put in a large context to discuss the opportunities and challenges in this area, including novel combinations of seemingly different methods, potential applications of some methods which were not originally intended for TERS tip fabrication, and the problems of high cost and poor reproducibility of tip fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - D Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Y Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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40
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Fischer SA, Aprà E, Govind N, Hess WP, El-Khoury PZ. Nonequilibrium Chemical Effects in Single-Molecule SERS Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1344-1350. [PMID: 28117998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanophotonics have paved the way for achieving significant advances in the realm of single-molecule chemical detection, imaging, and dynamics. In particular, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that is now routinely used to identify the chemical identity of single molecules. Understanding how nanoscale physical and chemical processes affect single-molecule SERS spectra and selection rules is a challenging task and is still actively debated. Herein, we explore underappreciated chemical phenomena in ultrasensitive SERS. We observe a fluctuating excited electronic state manifold, governed by the conformational dynamics of a molecule (4,4'-dimercaptostilbene, DMS) interacting with a metallic cluster (Ag20). This affects our simulated single-molecule SERS spectra; the time trajectories of a molecule interacting with its unique local environment dictates the relative intensities of the observable Raman-active vibrational states. Ab initio molecular dynamics of a model Ag20-DMS system are used to illustrate both concepts in light of recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Fischer
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Edoardo Aprà
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Wayne P Hess
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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41
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Lee C, Kim ST, Jeong BG, Yun SJ, Song YJ, Lee YH, Park DJ, Jeong MS. Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging of Two-Dimensional Tungsten Disulfide with Optimized Tip Fabrication Process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40810. [PMID: 28084466 PMCID: PMC5234014 DOI: 10.1038/srep40810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully achieve the tip-enhanced nano Raman scattering images of a tungsten disulfide monolayer with optimizing a fabrication method of gold nanotip by controlling the concentration of etchant in an electrochemical etching process. By applying a square-wave voltage supplied from an arbitrary waveform generator to a gold wire, which is immersed in a hydrochloric acid solution diluted with ethanol at various ratios, we find that both the conical angle and radius of curvature of the tip apex can be varied by changing the ratio of hydrochloric acid and ethanol. We also suggest a model to explain the origin of these variations in the tip shape. From the systematic study, we find an optimal condition for achieving the yield of ~60% with the radius of ~34 nm and the cone angle of ~35°. Using representative tips fabricated under the optimal etching condition, we demonstrate the tip-enhanced Raman scattering experiment of tungsten disulfide monolayer grown by a chemical vapor deposition method with a spatial resolution of ~40 nm and a Raman enhancement factor of ~4,760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwoo Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Geun Jeong
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Song
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Jae Park
- Department of Physics, Hallym University, Hallymdaehakgil 1, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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42
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Basuray S, Pathak A, Bok S, Chen B, Hamm SC, Mathai CJ, Guha S, Gangopadhyay K, Gangopadhyay S. Plasmonic nano-protrusions: hierarchical nanostructures for single-molecule Raman spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:025302. [PMID: 27905323 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/28/2/025302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Classical methods for enhancing the electromagnetic field from substrates for spectroscopic applications, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have involved the generation of hotspots through directed self-assembly of nanoparticles or by patterning nanoscale features using expensive nanolithography techniques. A novel large-area, cost-effective soft lithographic technique involving glancing angle deposition (GLAD) of silver on polymer gratings is reported here. This method produces hierarchical nanostructures with high enhancement factors capable of analyzing single-molecule SERS. The uniform ordered and patterned nanostructures provide extraordinary field enhancements that serve as excitatory hotspots and are herein interrogated by SERS. The high spatial homogeneity of the Raman signal and signal enhancement over a large area from a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 2-naphthalenethiol demonstrated the uniformity of the hotspots. The enhancement was shown to have a critical dependence on the underlying nanostructure via the surface energy landscape and GLAD angles for a fixed deposition thickness, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy surface analysis of the substrate. The nanostructured surface leads to an extremely concentrated electromagnetic field at sharp nanoscale peaks, here referred to as 'nano-protrusions', due to the coupling of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with localized SPR. These nano-protrusions act as hotspots which provide Raman enhancement factors as high as 108 over a comparable SAM on silver. Comparison of our substrate with the commercial substrate Klarite™ shows higher signal enhancement and minimal signal variation with hotspot spatial distribution. By using the proper plasmon resonance angle corresponding to the laser source wavelength, further enhancement in signal intensity can be achieved. Single-molecule Raman spectra for rhodamine 6G are obtained from the best SERS substrate (a GLAD angle of 60°). The single-molecule spectrum is invariant over the substrate, due to the patterned ordered nanostructures (nano-protrusions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 349 Engineering Building West, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Tiernan Hall, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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43
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Ren X, Cao E, Lin W, Song Y, Liang W, Wang J. Recent advances in surface plasmon-driven catalytic reactions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmons, the free electrons' collective oscillations, have been used in the signal detection and analysis of target molecules, where the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) can produce a huge EM field, thus enhancing the SERS signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ren
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science
| | - En Cao
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science
| | - Weihua Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Song
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Wejie Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics
- Institute of Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jingang Wang
- Department of Physics
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- P. R. China
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44
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Bhattarai A, El-Khoury PZ. Imaging localized electric fields with nanometer precision through tip-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:7310-7313. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering may be used to image various aspects of plasmon-enhanced local electric fields with extremely high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bhattarai
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - P. Z. El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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45
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Wang X, Huang SC, Huang TX, Su HS, Zhong JH, Zeng ZC, Li MH, Ren B. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surfaces and interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4020-4041. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TERS offers the high spatial resolution to establish structure-function correlation for surfaces and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Teng-Xiang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Hai-Sheng Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhi-Cong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Mao-Hua Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Bin Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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46
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Pozzi EA, Goubert G, Chiang N, Jiang N, Chapman CT, McAnally MO, Henry AI, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Hersam MC, Duyne RPV. Ultrahigh-Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2016; 117:4961-4982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), a combination of Raman spectroscopy and apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy using a metallic tip which resonates with the local mode of the surface plasmon, can provide a high-sensitive and high-spatial-resolution optical analytical approach. The basic principle of TERS, common experimental setups, various SPM technologies, and excitation/collection configurations are introduced as well as recent research progress with respect to TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shaoxiang Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Nanodevices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongming Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Nanodevices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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48
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Nanometal Skin of Plasmonic Heterostructures for Highly Efficient Near-Field Scattering Probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31113. [PMID: 27502178 PMCID: PMC4977468 DOI: 10.1038/srep31113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, atomic force microscopy probes are functionalized by virtue of self-assembling monolayers of block copolymer (BCP) micelles loaded either with clusters of silver nanoparticles or bimetallic heterostructures consisting of mixed species of silver and gold nanoparticles. The resulting self-organized patterns allow coating the tips with a sort of nanometal skin made of geometrically confined nanoislands. This approach favors the reproducible engineering and tuning of the plasmonic properties of the resulting structured tip by varying the nanometal loading of the micelles. The newly conceived tips are applied for experiments of tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) spectroscopy and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). TERS and s-SNOM probe characterizations on several standard Raman analytes and patterned nanostructures demonstrate excellent enhancement factor with the possibility of fast scanning and spatial resolution <12 nm. In fact, each metal nanoisland consists of a multiscale heterostructure that favors large scattering and near-field amplification. Then, we verify the tips to allow challenging nongap-TER spectroscopy on thick biosamples. Our approach introduces a synergistic chemical functionalization of the tips for versatile inclusion and delivery of plasmonic nanoparticles at the tip apex, which may promote the tuning of the plasmonic properties, a large enhancement, and the possibility of adding new degrees of freedom for tip functionalization.
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Kumar N, Spencer SJ, Imbraguglio D, Rossi AM, Wain AJ, Weckhuysen BM, Roy D. Extending the plasmonic lifetime of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy probes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13710-6. [PMID: 27140329 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is an emerging technique for simultaneous mapping of chemical composition and topography of a surface at the nanoscale. However, rapid degradation of TERS probes, especially those coated with silver, is a major bottleneck to the widespread uptake of this technique and severely prohibits the success of many TERS experiments. In this work, we carry out a systematic time-series study of the plasmonic degradation of Ag-coated TERS probes under different environmental conditions and demonstrate that a low oxygen (<1 ppm) and a low moisture (<1 ppm) environment can significantly improve the plasmonic lifetime of TERS probes from a few hours to a few months. Furthermore, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on Ag nanoparticles we show that the rapid plasmonic degradation of Ag-coated TERS probes can be correlated to surface oxide formation. Finally, we present practical guidelines for the effective use and storage of TERS probes to improve their plasmonic lifetime based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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50
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Fang Y, Zhang Z, Sun M. High vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscope based on a scanning tunneling microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:033104. [PMID: 27036755 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the construction of a high-vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (HV-TERS) system that allows in situ sample preparation and measurement. A detailed description of the prototype instrument is presented with experimental validation of its use and novel ex situ experimental results using the HV-TERS system. The HV-TERS system includes three chambers held under a 10(-7) Pa vacuum. The three chambers are an analysis chamber, a sample preparation chamber, and a fast loading chamber. The analysis chamber is the core chamber and contains a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and a Raman detector coupled with a 50 × 0.5 numerical aperture objective. The sample preparation chamber is used to produce single-crystalline metal and sub-monolayer molecular films by molecular beam epitaxy. The fast loading chamber allows ex situ preparation of samples for HV-TERS analysis. Atomic resolution can be achieved by the STM on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. We demonstrate the measurement of localized temperature using the Stokes and anti-Stokes TERS signals from a monolayer of 1,2-benzenedithiol on a gold film using a gold tip. Additionally, plasmonic catalysis can be monitored label-free at the nanoscale using our device. Moreover, the HV-TERS experiments show simultaneously activated infrared and Raman vibrational modes, Fermi resonance, and some other non-linear effects that are not observed in atmospheric TERS experiments. The high spatial and spectral resolution and pure environment of high vacuum are beneficial for basic surface studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 603-146, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 603-146, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtao Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 603-146, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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