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Korim F, Revajová V, Koľvek F, Bujňák L, Hreus S, Všianský D. Histological and chemical view on parotid duct sialolithiasis in the Slovakian warmblood mare. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:3245-3252. [PMID: 39083181 PMCID: PMC11442518 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The parotid duct has been reported to be the most common site of sialoliths in horses. In this case report, we described the first confirmed case of the equine sialolithiasis in Slovakia. The work was aimed to describe the transcutaneous approach to removing the sialolith, which manifested as a hard painless mass in the area of the maxillary cheek teeth, in a 14-year-old Slovakian warmblood mare. Pathological-anatomical and histological examination after extirpation confirmed the presence of parotid duct ectasia resulting from calculus. The mineral composition of the sialolith was determined with atomic absorption spectroscopy using X-ray powder diffraction. The sialolith was successfully extirpated transcutaneously, without complications or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Korim
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, Košice, 041 81, Slovak Republic.
| | - Viera Revajová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, Košice, 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - Filip Koľvek
- Equine Clinic, University Veterinary Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, Košice, 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukáš Bujňák
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, Košice, 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - Sebastián Hreus
- Institute of Geosciences, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 15, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Dalibor Všianský
- Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
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Takahara M, Sabusawa T, Ohara K, Katada A, Hayashi T, Harabuchi Y. Treatment outcomes of sialendoscopy for submandibular gland sialolithiasis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2023:S0385-8146(23)00024-X. [PMID: 36775770 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sialendoscopy is a procedure used to remove salivary stones intraorally using a sialendoscope. In this study, we identified treatment outcomes of sialendoscopic surgery and identified predictive factors for successful stone removal by sialendoscopy alone. METHODS We assembled the medical records of 144 patients who underwent sialendoscopic surgery for submandibular gland sialolithiasis at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, from October 2010 to November 2021, and collected patient backgrounds, medical condition, perioperative factors including operation method and complications, postoperative course, and stone constituents from a clinical laboratory testing company. RESULTS Submandibular gland stones were successfully removed using sialendoscopy in 58 patients (40%). In multivariate analysis, location, major axis, and mobility of the stones were independent factors for successful removal. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, <7.5 mm of a major axis may be used as a measuring standard for successful removal. Removal of parenchymal stones is prone to involve prolonged operation times, increased postoperative complications, and development of retained stones. The stones mainly consisted of calcium phosphate and protein, with content percentages ranging from 0 to 98% (median 37%) and from 0 to 100% (median 63%), respectively. The percentage of calcium phosphate was negatively correlated with the number of floating stones and successful stone removal. CONCLUSION Sialendoscopy is an aesthetically attractive treatment for sialolithiasis that avoids cervical incisions. The present results showed not only known but also new predictive factors for the successful removal of stones (<7.5 mm) and percentage of calcium phosphate. Moreover, our results suggest that careful consideration is required regarding the indication of sialendoscopic surgery in patients with parenchymal stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Sabusawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Katada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Trial Proteomic Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Protein Matrix of Submandibular Sialoliths. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216725. [PMID: 34771131 PMCID: PMC8588320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our studies aimed to explore the protein components of the matrix of human submandibular gland sialoliths. A qualitative analysis was carried out based on the filter aided sample preparation (FASP) methodology. In the protein extraction process, we evaluated the applicability of the standard demineralization step and the use of a lysis buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dithiothreitol (DTT). The analysis of fragmentation spectra based on the human database allowed for the identification of 254 human proteins present in the deposits. In addition, the use of multi-round search in the PEAKS Studio program against the bacterial base allowed for the identification of 393 proteins of bacterial origin present in the extract obtained from sialolith, which so far has not been carried out for this biological material. Furthermore, we successfully applied the SWATH methodology, allowing for a relative quantitative analysis of human proteins present in deposits. The obtained results correlate with the classification of sialoliths proposed by Tretiakow. The performed functional analysis allowed for the first time the selection of proteins, the levels of which differ between the tested samples, which may suggest the role of these proteins in the calcification process in different types of sialoliths. These are preliminary studies, and drawing specific conclusions requires research on a larger group, but it provides us the basis for the continuation of the work that has already begun.
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Magnesium whitlockite - omnipresent in pathological mineralisation of soft tissues but not a significant inorganic constituent of bone. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:72-82. [PMID: 33610767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12] and beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; β-Ca3(PO4)2] are often used interchangeably since Mg-whitlockite is not easily distinguished from β-Ca3(PO4)2 by powder X-ray diffraction although their crystalline structures differ significantly. Being both osteoconductive and bioresorbable, Mg-whitlockite is pursued as a synthetic bone graft substitute. In recent years, advances in development of synthetic Mg-whitlockite have been accompanied by claims that Mg-whitlockite is the second most abundant inorganic constituent of bone, occupying as much as 20-35 wt% of the inorganic fraction. To find evidence in support of this notion, this review presents an exhaustive summary of Mg-whitlockite identification in biological tissues. Mg-whitlockite is mainly found in association with pathological mineralisation of various soft tissues and dental calculus, and occasionally with enamel and dentine. With the exception of high-temperature treated tumoural calcified deposits around interphalangeal and metacarpal joints and rhomboidal Mg-whitlockite crystals in post-apoptotic osteocyte lacunae in human alveolar bone, this unusual mineral has never been detected in the extracellular matrix of mammalian bone. Characterisation techniques capable of unequivocally distinguishing between different calcium phosphate phases, such as high-resolution imaging, crystallography, and/or spectroscopy have exclusively identified bone mineral as poorly crystalline, ion-substituted, carbonated apatite. The idea that Mg-whitlockite is a significant constituent of bone mineral remains unsubstantiated. Contrary to claims that such biomaterials represent a bioinspired/biomimetic approach to bone repair, Mg-whitlockite remains, exclusively, a pathological biomineral. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-whitlockite) is a unique calcium phosphate that typically features in pathological calcification of soft tissues; however, an alarming trend emerging in the synthetic bioceramics community claims that Mg-whitlockite occupies 20-35 wt% of bone mineral and therefore synthetic Mg-whitlockite represents a biomimetic approach towards bone regeneration. By providing an overview of Mg-whitlockite detection in biological tissues and scrutinising a diverse cross-section of literature relevant to bone composition analysis, this review concludes that Mg-whitlockite is exclusively a pathological biomineral, and having never been reported in bone extracellular matrix, Mg-whitlockite does not constitute a biomimetic strategy for bone repair.
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Tretiakow D, Skorek A, Wysocka J, Darowicki K, Ryl J. Classification of submandibular salivary stones based on ultrastructural studies. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1711-1719. [PMID: 33140898 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sialolithiasis remains a clinical problem with unclear etiopathogenesis, lack of prevention methods, and only surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ultrastructure examination of submandibular sialoliths obtained from patients with chronic sialolithiasis was conducted using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RESULTS Based on the results, we divided sialoliths into three types: calcified (CAL), organic/lipid (LIP), and mixed (MIX). The core structure of the CAL and MIX is very similar. The core of the LIP has a prevalence of organic components. The intermediate layers' structure of the CAL is different from LIP and MIX. In LIP and MIX, the organic component begins to increase in intermediate layers rapidly. The structure of the superficial layers for all types of sialoliths is similar. CONCLUSIONS We introduced a new classification of the submandibular salivary gland stones. Based on the results, it can be said that sialoliths type CAL and LIP have their separate path of origin and development, while MIX is formed as CAL stone, and the further pathway of their growth passes as LIP stones. Organic components were much more than inorganic in all layers of salivary gland stones, which highly prevents their dissolution in the patient's salivary gland duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tretiakow
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Darowicki
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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Busso CS, Guidry JJ, Gonzalez JJ, Zorba V, Son LS, Winsauer PJ, Walvekar RR. A comprehensive analysis of sialolith proteins and the clinical implications. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:12. [PMID: 32265614 PMCID: PMC7110646 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialolithiasis or salivary gland stones are associated with high clinical morbidity. The advances in the treatment of sialolithiasis has been limited, however, by our understanding of their composition. More specifically, there is little information regarding the formation and composition of the protein matrix, the role of mineralogical deposition, or the contributions of cell epithelium and secretions from the salivary glands. A better understanding of these stone characteristics could pave the way for future non-invasive treatment strategies. METHODS Twenty-nine high-quality ductal stone samples were analyzed. The preparation included successive washings to avoid contamination from saliva and blood. The sialoliths were macerated in liquid nitrogen and the maceration was subjected to a sequential, four-step, protein extraction. The four fractions were pooled together, and a standardized aliquot was subjected to tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The data output was subjected to a basic descriptive statistical analysis for parametric confirmation and a subsequent G.O.-KEGG data base functional analysis and classification for biological interpretation. RESULTS The LC-MS output detected 6934 proteins, 824 of which were unique for individual stones. An example of our sialolith protein data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD012422. More important, the sialoliths averaged 53% homology with bone-forming proteins that served as a standard comparison, which favorably compared with 62% homology identified among all sialolith sample proteins. The non-homologous protein fraction had a highly variable protein identity. The G.O.-KEGG functional analysis indicated that extracellular exosomes are a primary cellular component in sialolithiasis. Light and electron microscopy also confirmed the presence of exosomal-like features and the presence of intracellular microcrystals. CONCLUSION Sialolith formation presents similarities with the hyperoxaluria that forms kidney stones, which suggests the possibility of a common origin. Further verification of a common origin could fundamentally change the way in which lithiasis is studied and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Busso
- Department of Otolaryngology and Bio-communication, Louisiana State University Medical School Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar St. Suite 566, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Jessie J. Guidry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The LSUHSC Proteomics Facility Core, Louisiana State University Medical School Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar St. Suite 331, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Jhanis J. Gonzalez
- Laser Technologies Group Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 70R0108B, University of California Berkeley, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Applied Spectra, Inc, 950 Riverside Parkway, West Sacramento, CA 95605 USA
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- Laser Technologies Group Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 70R0108B, University of California Berkeley, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Leslie S. Son
- Department of Academic Affairs, Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, 7777 Hennessy Blvd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA
| | - Peter J. Winsauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Rohan R. Walvekar
- Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical School Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar St. Suite 566, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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Tretiakow D, Skorek A, Ryl J, Wysocka J, Darowicki K. Ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular sialoliths: Raman spectroscopy and electron back-scatter studies. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:219-226. [PMID: 32252577 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1744784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of work was the epidemiological analysis of the occurrence of sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland in adults and the evaluation of the ultrastructure of salivary stones. The study sample consisted of 44 sialoliths. Analysis of the structure and chemical composition of sialoliths was performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Raman Spectroscopy. Comparing our results with the literature we can say that the epidemiology of sialolithiasis has not changed significantly over the past 50 years. A wide variety of sialoliths structure was observed. In 75% (33) cases a layered structure of salivary stones was observed, while in 25% (11) - homogeneous structure. The various distribution of organic and inorganic components was observed among all the analyzed sialoliths. Raman spectroscopy allows for preliminary analysis of the sialoliths structure with only a qualitative assessment of their composition, which significantly reduces the research value of this method. The presence of organic and inorganic compounds in the core and inner layers of the salivary glands stones confirms 2 basic theories of the formation of sialoliths: inflammation and deposition of the inorganic component as a result of disruption of saliva flow in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tretiakow
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skorek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Darowicki
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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Nolasco P, Coelho PV, Coelho C, Angelo DF, Dias JR, Alves NM, Maurício A, Pereira MFC, Alves de Matos AP, Martins RC, Carvalho PA. Mineralization of Sialoliths Investigated by Ex Vivo and In Vivo X-ray Computed Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:151-163. [PMID: 30714561 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618016124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fraction of organic matter present affects the fragmentation behavior of sialoliths; thus, pretherapeutic information on the degree of mineralization is relevant for a correct selection of lithotripsy procedures. This work proposes a methodology for in vivo characterization of salivary calculi in the pretherapeutic context. Sialoliths were characterized in detail by X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) in combination with atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Correlative analysis of the same specimens was performed by in vivo and ex vivo helical computed tomography (HCT) and ex vivo μCT. The mineral matter in the sialoliths consisted essentially of apatite (89 vol%) and whitlockite (11 vol%) with average density of 1.8 g/cm3. In hydrated conditions, the mineral mass prevailed with 53 ± 13 wt%, whereas the organic matter, with a density of 1.2 g/cm3, occupied 65 ± 10% of the sialoliths' volume. A quantitative relation between sialoliths mineral density and X-ray attenuation is proposed for both HCT and μCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nolasco
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Paulo V Coelho
- Service of Maxillofacial Surgery,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central,R. José António Serrano 1150-199 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Carla Coelho
- Service of Maxillofacial Surgery,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central,R. José António Serrano 1150-199 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - David F Angelo
- NMS/FCM-UNL, Nova Medical School--Medical Sciences Faculty, Nova University of Lisbon,Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - J R Dias
- CDRsp, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria,Rua de Portugal, Zona Industrial,2430-028, Marinha Grande,Portugal
| | - Nuno M Alves
- CDRsp, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria,Rua de Portugal, Zona Industrial,2430-028, Marinha Grande,Portugal
| | - António Maurício
- CERENA, Department of Civil Engineering,Architecture and Georessources, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Manuel F C Pereira
- CERENA, Department of Civil Engineering,Architecture and Georessources, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,Portugal
| | | | - Raul C Martins
- IT, Department of Bioengineering,Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Patrícia A Carvalho
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon,Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,Portugal
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Kraaij S, Brand HS, van der Meij EH, de Visscher JG. Biochemical composition of salivary stones in relation to stone- and patient-related factors. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e540-e544. [PMID: 30148468 PMCID: PMC6167104 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary stones are calcified structures most often found in the main duct of the submandibular or parotid salivary gland. They contain of a core surrounded by laminated layers of organic and inorganic material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Submandibular and parotid sialoliths (n=155) were collected at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery of a general hospital between February 1982 and September 2012. The weight of the sialoliths was determined and the consistency was subjectively classified. Subsequently, the biochemical composition of the stones was determined by wet chemical methods or FT-IR spectrometry. Age and gender of the patients were retrieved from their medical records. Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Sialoliths are mainly composed of inorganic material. Carbonate apatite was identified in 99% of the stones, phosphate in 88%, calcium in 87%, magnesium in 68%, struvite in 44%, oxalate in 38% and carbonate in 35%. Solid salivary stones contain more frequently struvite than stones with a soft consistency (p=0.05). Larger stones (>100mg) contain more frequently carbonate (p=0.05). Stones from older patients (≥38years) showed an almost significant trend towards more frequent presence of phosphate (p=0.083). CONCLUSIONS The biochemical composition of submandibular and parotid sialoliths is related to stone-related factors, probably to age but not to the gender of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kraaij
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry, Amsterdam (ACTA), room 12N-37, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Characterization of a submandibular gland sialolith: micromorphology, crystalline structure, and chemical compositions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 124:e13-e20. [PMID: 28483473 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism of mineralization and growth of a sialolith by analyzing its micromorphology, crystalline structure, and chemical compositions. STUDY DESIGN A sialolith was removed along with submandibular salivary gland from a patient. After cross-cutting and polishing the sialolith, its morphology, chemical compositions, crystalline structure, and chemical states were analyzed by using optical camera, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, and transmittance electron microscopy. RESULTS The sialolith had a core composed of organic material, such as lipid compounds, and the surrounding mineralized shell structure mostly consisted of hydroxyapatite. In the transition zone between the organic core and mineralized shell layers, inorganic layers were arranged alternately with organic layers. Congregated globular structures were calcified with hydroxyapatite and whitlockite crystallites. Analysis of crystalline structures and chemical compositions suggested that calcium phosphate minerals containing magnesium, such as whitlockite, were developed in the initial stage and gradually transformed into crystallites composed of hydroxyapatite during the growth of crystallites. CONCLUSIONS Sialolith with an organic core grew as inorganic materials were deposited and calcified in alternate layers. The mineralization process might include the initial whitlockite development and successive transformation into more stable hydroxyapatite.
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Velasquez D, Chaunier L, Guessasma S, Faure F, Bizeau A, Pavon-Djavid G, Meddahi-Pellé A, Lourdin D. Design, fabrication, and implantation of tube-shaped devices for the treatment of salivary duct diseases. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2017; 8:91-98. [PMID: 29977830 PMCID: PMC6026526 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Starch-based materials were designed using a special extrusion die in order to obtain a tube-shaped device for application to salivary duct treatment in the field of endoscopy, i.e., sialendoscopy . Methods: Extrusion process was used to produce starch tubes. Mechanical properties of the dry tube before implantation were determined using an axial compression test. A finite element study was carried out to simulate the behavior of the hydrated tube under external axial pressure. Hydrolysis of these devices in a simulated salivary solution was studied, as well as its glycerol kinetics release. An animal short-term implantation model for salivary ducts was proposed as a feasibility study for starch tube-shaped devices. Results: A continuous production of regular and size-controlled tubes was obtained. The very small diameter obtained, less than 2 mm, corresponds to the requirement of being insertable in a human salivary duct using sialendoscopy guidewire. Finite element analysis showed that the starch tube can still support an external pressure higher than 0.2 MPa without irreversible damage. After 4 days of implantation, the host response is encouraging and the inflammatory response for this type of procedure remains normal. Conclusion: These devices were adapted to sialendoscopic guidewires and able to be implanted in the salivary ducts of pigs. If a longer lasting tube is required, the crystallinity of the starch material should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Velasquez
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Rue de la Géraudière, Nantes, 44316, France
- Ingennova Research Group, CES University. Calle 10A # 22 – 04. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Laurent Chaunier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Rue de la Géraudière, Nantes, 44316, France
| | - Sofiane Guessasma
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Rue de la Géraudière, Nantes, 44316, France
| | - Frédéric Faure
- Service ORL et CCF, Hôpital Edourad Herriot, CHU de Lyon, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Bizeau
- Hôpital Sainte Musse, Service d’ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Toulon, France
| | - Graciela Pavon-Djavid
- INSERM, U1148 LVTS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité 99 Ave Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93 430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Anne Meddahi-Pellé
- INSERM, U1148 LVTS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité 99 Ave Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93 430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Denis Lourdin
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Rue de la Géraudière, Nantes, 44316, France
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Li Y, Reid DG, Bazin D, Daudon M, Duer MJ. Solid state NMR of salivary calculi: Proline-rich salivary proteins, citrate, polysaccharides, lipids, and organic–mineral interactions. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bottoni U, Tiriolo R, Pullano SA, Dastoli S, Amoruso GF, Nisticò SP, Fiorillo AS. Infrared Saliva Analysis of Psoriatic and Diabetic Patients: Similarities in Protein Components. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015. [PMID: 26208262 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2458967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
GOAL Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease which is very common in the population and requires frequent clinical and pharmacological treatment. In the following, a study based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzing saliva proteomic components in psoriatic patients against diabetic patients and a control group is presented. Clinical analysis showed a prominent amide II band, at around 1545 cm(-1), and the composition of the amide I band, at around 1647 cm(-1), allowing us to distinguish the infrared salivary signature of psoriatic and diabetic patients from the control group and even from patients with different kinds of psoriasis. Moreover, results highlighted existing differences in the secondary structure composition of proteins between psoriatic and diabetic patients as compared to the control group. In fact, the saliva spectra of the control group and that of the palmoplantar psoriatic patients differ from plaque psoriasis and diabetic patient spectra because of the absence of the amide II band and the presence of different secondary protein-structure conformations.
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Yiu AJ, Callaghan D, Sultana R, Bandyopadhyay BC. Vascular Calcification and Stone Disease: A New Look towards the Mechanism. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:141-164. [PMID: 26185749 PMCID: PMC4501032 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals are formed in pathological calcification as well as during stone formation. Although there are several theories as to how these crystals can develop through the combined interactions of biochemical and biophysical factors, the exact mechanism of such mineralization is largely unknown. Based on the published scientific literature, we found that common factors can link the initial stages of stone formation and calcification in anatomically distal tissues and organs. For example, changes to the spatiotemporal conditions of the fluid flow in tubular structures may provide initial condition(s) for CaP crystal generation needed for stone formation. Additionally, recent evidence has provided a meaningful association between the active participation of proteins and transcription factors found in the bone forming (ossification) mechanism that are also involved in the early stages of kidney stone formation and arterial calcification. Our review will focus on three topics of discussion (physiological influences-calcium and phosphate concentration-and similarities to ossification, or bone formation) that may elucidate some commonality in the mechanisms of stone formation and calcification, and pave the way towards opening new avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J. Yiu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Daniel Callaghan
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Razia Sultana
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; E-Mails: (A.J.Y.); (D.C.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-202-745-8622; Fax: +1-202-462-2006
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Zhu P, Lin Y, Lin H, Xu Y, Zheng Q, Han Y. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of salivary flow and its effect on sialolithogenesis. Oral Dis 2014; 20:624-30. [PMID: 24164693 PMCID: PMC3962513 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sialolithiasis is a common disease caused by intraductal stones, formed by reduction in salivary flow, salivary stagnation, and metabolic events. We used computational fluid dynamics to investigate changes in salivary flow field around parotid stones of different shapes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional configurations of the Stensen's duct were reconstructed from computed tomography sialographic images. Fluid dynamics modeling was used to analyze the salivary flow field around stones under unstimulated and stimulated conditions. RESULTS The majority of sialoliths were oval-shaped (59/98), followed by irregular (24/98) and round (15/98). Salivary velocity was significantly higher around streamlined stones, compared with round (P = 0.013) and oval (P = 0.025) types. Changes in salivary flow field around sialoliths were found to affect the pattern of mineral deposition in saliva. The area of low velocity around the round stone was double the size observed around the streamlined stone during the unstimulated state, whereas in the stimulated state, local vortexes were formed on the downstream side of round and oval stones. CONCLUSIONS Salivary flow field around sialoliths plays an important role in the progression of multicentric stones, and analysis of the salivary dynamics during sialolithiasis may provide deeper understandings of the condition and aid in developing successful treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Soft Tissue Calcifications and Ossifications. Oral Radiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09633-1.00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kolmas J, Prządka R. Benign odontogenic tumors versus histochemically related tissues: preliminary results from mid-infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:663-671. [PMID: 25014722 DOI: 10.1366/13-07264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three types of human odontogenic tumors histologically classified as compound composite odontoma, ossifying fibroma, and Pindborg tumor were characterized using mid-infrared spectroscopy (mid-IR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR). For comparison, human jawbone and dental mineralized tissues such as dentin, enamel, and dental cement were also characterized. The studies focused on the structural properties and chemical composition of pathological tissues versus histochemically related tissues. All analyzed tumors were composed of organic and mineral parts and water. Apatite was found to be the main constituent of the mineral part. Various components (water, structural hydroxyl groups, carbonate ions (CO(3)(2-)), and hydrogen phosphate ions (HPO(4)(2-))) and physicochemical parameters (index of apatite maturity and crystallinity) were examined. The highest organic/mineral ratio was observed in fibrocementoma, a finding that can be explained by the fibrous character of the tumor. The lowest relative HPO(4)(2-) content was found in odontoma. This tumor is characterized by the highest mineral crystallinity index and content of structural hydroxyl groups. The Pindborg tumor mineral portion was found to be poorly crystalline and rich in HPO(4)(2-). The relative CO(3)(2-) content was similar in all samples studied. The results of spectroscopic studies of odontogenic tumors were consistent with the standard histochemical analysis. It was shown that the various techniques of ssNMR and elaborate analysis of the mid-IR spectra, applied together, provide valuable information about calcified benign odontogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolmas
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Prządka
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Papaspyrou G, Werner JA, Sesterhenn AM. Transcervical extirpation of the submandibular gland: the University of Marburg experience. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:2009-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nolasco P, Anjos AJ, Marques JMA, Cabrita F, da Costa EC, Maurício A, Pereira MFC, de Matos APA, Carvalho PA. Structure and growth of sialoliths: computed microtomography and electron microscopy investigation of 30 specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:1190-1203. [PMID: 24001782 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Theories have been put forward on the etiology of sialoliths; however, a comprehensive understanding of their growth mechanisms is lacking. In an attempt to fill this gap, the current study has evaluated the internal architecture and growth patterns of a set of 30 independent specimens of sialoliths characterized at different scales by computed microtomography and electron microscopy. Tomography reconstructions showed cores in most of the sialoliths. The cores were surrounded by concentric or irregular patterns with variable degrees of mineralization. Regardless of the patterns, at finer scales the sialoliths consisted of banded and globular structures. The distribution of precipitates in the banded structures is compatible with a Liesegang-Ostwald phenomenon. On the other hand, the globular structures appear to arise from surface tension effects and to develop self-similar features as a result of a viscous fingering process. Electron diffraction patterns demonstrated that Ca- and P-based electrolytes crystallize in a structure close to that of hydroxyapatite. The organic matter contained sulfur with apparent origin from sulfated components of secretory material. These results cast new light on the mechanisms involved in the formation of sialoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nolasco
- ICEMS, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Proteomic and scanning electron microscopic analysis of submandibular sialoliths. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:1709-17. [PMID: 23103960 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several theories have been proposed regarding the genesis of sialoliths, including the organic core theory, which suggests epithelial or bacterial etiology originating in the central core. Our aim was to use novel methodologies to analyze central areas (the core) of calculi from sialolithiasis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The structures of the halves of six submandibular salivary stones were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After structural analysis, from the other six halves, samples from the central parts of the core and peripheral parts of the core were digested with trypsin and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The peptide mass fingerprints were compared with the results of in silico digestion. RESULTS SEM analysis of the sialoliths showed that organic structures (collagen/fibrous-like structures, bacterial fragments) were visible only outside of the core in the concentric layers of external areas, but not in the core area. The mass spectrometry (MS)/MS post-source decay experiments were completed from the four, most intense signals observed in the MS spectrum and human defensin was proven to be present in three of the examined samples, originated from the peripheral region of three cores. CONCLUSIONS Although proteomic analysis demonstrated defensin protein in the peripheral region of the core in three sialoliths, SEM failed to prove organic structures in the core. CLINICAL RELEVANCE New investigation modalities still cannot prove organic structures in the core, henceforward challenging the organic core theory.
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