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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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Vajrala VS, Saunier V, Nowak LG, Flahaut E, Bergaud C, Maziz A. Nanofibrous PEDOT-Carbon Composite on Flexible Probes for Soft Neural Interfacing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:780197. [PMID: 34900968 PMCID: PMC8662776 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.780197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a flexible implantable 4-channel microelectrode probe coated with highly porous and robust nanocomposite of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) as a solid doping template for high-performance in vivo neuronal recording and stimulation. A simple yet well-controlled deposition strategy was developed via in situ electrochemical polymerization technique to create a porous network of PEDOT and CNFs on a flexible 4-channel gold microelectrode probe. Different morphological and electrochemical characterizations showed that they exhibit remarkable and superior electrochemical properties, yielding microelectrodes combining high surface area, low impedance (16.8 ± 2 MΩ µm2 at 1 kHz) and elevated charge injection capabilities (7.6 ± 1.3 mC/cm2) that exceed those of pure and composite PEDOT layers. In addition, the PEDOT-CNF composite electrode exhibited extended biphasic charge cycle endurance and excellent performance under accelerated lifetime testing, resulting in a negligible physical delamination and/or degradation for long periods of electrical stimulation. In vitro testing on mouse brain slices showed that they can record spontaneous oscillatory field potentials as well as single-unit action potentials and allow to safely deliver electrical stimulation for evoking field potentials. The combined superior electrical properties, durability and 3D microstructure topology of the PEDOT-CNF composite electrodes demonstrate outstanding potential for developing future neural surface interfacing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin Saunier
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel G Nowak
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christian Bergaud
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ali Maziz
- Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS), CNRS, Toulouse, France
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Saunier V, Flahaut E, Blatché MC, Bergaud C, Maziz A. Carbon nanofiber-PEDOT composite films as novel microelectrode for neural interfaces and biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112413. [PMID: 32729532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A clear need exists for novel nanostructured materials that are capable to meet the performance criteria of a number of neuronal therapies including neural recording, stimulation and sensing of bioactive molecules at the electrode-tissue interface. By combining Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), with Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs), we demonstrate a versatile approach for the synthesis of a novel composite material PEDOT:CNF with remarkable electrochemical properties, combining low impedance, high surface area, high charge injection capability and reliable neurotransmitters monitoring using amperometric techniques. The oxidized CNFs were utilized as dopants of PEDOT to prepare the composite coatings through electrochemical deposition on neural microelectrodes arrays (MEA). The PEDOT:CNF modified microelectrodes demonstrated the low specific impedance of 1.28 MΩ μm2 at 1 kHz and results in unrivalled charge injection limit of 10.03 mC/cm2 when compared to other reported organic electrode nanomaterials. Furthermore, amperometric detection performances were determined for the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, exhibiting linear concentration range from 0.1 to 9 μM and from 0.06 to 9 μM respectively, high sensitivities (44.54 pA/nM.μm2 and 71.08 pA/nM.μm2, respectively) and low detection limits (0.045 μM and 0.056 μM, respectively). Cell viability was investigated on PEDOT:CNF coated microelectrodes to show that the composite material does not advocate any cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results suggest the great potential of PEDOT:CNF composite for developing next-generation multifunctional microelectrodes for applications in neural therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Saunier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31031 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, F-31031 Toulouse, France.
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Sappia LD, Piccinini E, von Binderling C, Knoll W, Marmisollé W, Azzaroni O. PEDOT-polyamine composite films for bioelectrochemical platforms - flexible and easy to derivatize. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sappia LD, Tuninetti JS, Ceolín M, Knoll W, Rafti M, Azzaroni O. MOF@PEDOT Composite Films for Impedimetric Pesticide Sensors. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2020; 4:1900076. [PMID: 32042446 PMCID: PMC7001120 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its deleterious effects on health, development of new methods for detection and removal of pesticide residues in primary and derived agricultural products is a research topic of great importance. Among them, imazalil (IMZ) is a widely used post-harvest fungicide with good performances in general, and is particularly applied to prevent green mold in citrus fruits. In this work, a composite film for the impedimetric sensing of IMZ built from metal-organic framework nanocrystallites homogeneously distributed on a conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer is presented. The as-synthetized thin films are produced via spin-coating over poly(ethylene terephtalate (PET) substrate following a straightforward, cost-effective, single-step procedure. By means of impedance spectroscopy, electric transport properties of the films are studied, and high sensitivity towards IMZ concentration in the range of 15 ppb to 1 ppm is demonstrated (featuring 1.6 and 4.2 ppb limit of detection, when using signal modulus and phase, respectively). The sensing platform hereby presented could be used for the construction of portable, miniaturized, and ultrasensitive devices, suitable for pesticide detection in food, wastewater effluents, or the assessment of drinking-water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano D. Sappia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataCONICET, CC 16 Suc. 4La PlataB1904DPIArgentina
| | - Jimena S. Tuninetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataCONICET, CC 16 Suc. 4La PlataB1904DPIArgentina
| | - Marcelo Ceolín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataCONICET, CC 16 Suc. 4La PlataB1904DPIArgentina
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- CEST – Competence Center for Electrochemical Surface TechnologiesKonrad Lorenz Strasse 243430TullnAustria
- Austrian Institute of TechnologyDonau‐City‐Strasse 11220ViennaAustria
| | - Matías Rafti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataCONICET, CC 16 Suc. 4La PlataB1904DPIArgentina
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasDepartamento de QuímicaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Nacional de La PlataCONICET, CC 16 Suc. 4La PlataB1904DPIArgentina
- CEST‐UNLP Partner Lab for BioelectronicsDiagonal 64 y 113La Plata1900Argentina
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Barlow ST, Louie M, Hao R, Defnet PA, Zhang B. Electrodeposited Gold on Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhancing Amperometric Detection of Dopamine Release from Pheochromocytoma Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10049-10055. [PMID: 30047726 PMCID: PMC10879420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis is an ultrafast cellular process which facilitates neuron-neuron communication in the brain. Microelectrode electrochemistry has been an essential tool for measuring fast exocytosis events with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity. Due to carbon fiber's irreproducible and inhomogeneous surface conditions, however, it is often desirable to develop simple and reproducible modification schemes to enhance a microelectrode's analytical performance for single-cell analysis. Here we present carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) modified with a thin film of electrodeposited gold for the detection of exocytosis from rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), a model cell line for neurosecretion. These new probes are made by a novel voltage-pulsing deposition procedure and demonstrate improved electron-transfer characteristics for catecholamine oxidation, and their fabrication is tractable for many different probe designs. When we applied the probes to the detection of catecholamine release, we found that they outperformed unmodified CFEs. Further, the improved performance was conserved at cells incubated with L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), a precursor to dopamine that increases the quantal size of the release events. Future use of this method may allow nanoelectrodes to be modified for highly sensitive detection of exocytosis from chemical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Matthew Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter A. Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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8
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Moon JM, Thapliyal N, Hussain KK, Goyal RN, Shim YB. Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for neurotransmitters: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 102:540-552. [PMID: 29220802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are important biochemical molecules that control behavioral and physiological functions in central and peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the analysis of neurotransmitters in biological samples has a great clinical and pharmaceutical importance. To date, various methods have been developed for their assay. Of the various methods, the electrochemical sensors demonstrated the potential of being robust, selective, sensitive, and real time measurements. Recently, conducting polymers (CPs) and their composites have been widely employed in the fabrication of various electrochemical sensors for the determination of neurotransmitters. Hence, this review presents a brief introduction to the electrochemical biosensors, with the detailed discussion on recent trends in the development and applications of electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors based on CPs and their composites. The review covers the sensing principle of prime neurotransmitters, including glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, choline, acetylcholine, nitrogen monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the combination with other analytical techniques was also highlighted. Detection challenges and future prospective of the neurotransmitter sensors were discussed for the development of biomedical and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Neeta Thapliyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Khalil Khadim Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Rajendra N Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST), Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Pappa AM, Parlak O, Scheiblin G, Mailley P, Salleo A, Owens RM. Organic Electronics for Point-of-Care Metabolite Monitoring. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:45-59. [PMID: 29196057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on demonstrating how organic electronic materials can solve key problems in biosensing thanks to their unique material properties and implementation in innovative device configurations. We highlight specific examples where these materials solve multiple issues related to complex sensing environments, and we benchmark these examples by comparing them to state-of-the-art commercially available sensing using alternative technologies. We have categorized our examples by sample type, focusing on sensing from body fluids in vitro and on wearable sensors, which have attracted significant interest owing to their integration with everyday life activities. We finish by describing a future trend for in vivo, implantable sensors, which aims to build on current progress from sensing in biological fluids ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK; Equal contributions
| | - Onur Parlak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Equal contributions
| | - Gaetan Scheiblin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France; Equal contributions
| | - Pascal Mailley
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK.
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Tan DCL, Sato H. Enhancing Catalytic Activity of Bioanode for Glucose Biofuel Cell by Compressing Enzyme, Mediator and Carbon Support through Centrifugation. Chemistry 2017; 23:11485-11488. [PMID: 28608556 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fabrication of a graphene-based bioanode utilizing ferrocenemethanol as mediator and glucose oxidase as enzyme catalyst through centrifugation was demonstrated. The enhanced in catalytic activity for glucose oxidation was achieved via centrifuge compressing respective components within the mixture. The glucose/O2 biofuel cell (GBFC) was assembled by having the bioanode integrated with Pt wire as cathode. The GBFC produced maximum power density and open circuit voltage of approximately 70 μW cm-2 and 0.38 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Chun Long Tan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Fully-Polymeric pH Sensor Realized by Means of a Single-Step Soft Embossing Technique. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051169. [PMID: 28531106 PMCID: PMC5470914 DOI: 10.3390/s17051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present here an electrochemical sensor microsystem for the monitoring of pH. The all-polymeric device is comprised of a cyclic olefin copolymer substrate, a 200 nm-thin patterned layer of conductive polymer (PEDOT), and a 70 nm electropolymerized layer of a pH sensitive conductive polymer (polyaniline). The patterning of the fluidic (microfluidic channels) and conductive (wiring and electrodes) functional elements was achieved with a single soft PDMS mold via a single embossing step process. A post-processing treatment with ethylene glycol assured the functional enhancement of the electrodes, as demonstrated via an electrical and electrochemical characterization. A surface modification of the electrodes was carried out, based on voltammetric electropolymerization, to obtain a thin layer of polyaniline. The mechanism for pH sensing is based on the redox reactions of the polyaniline layer caused by protonation. The sensing performance of the microsystem was finally validated by monitoring its potentiometric response upon exposure to a relevant range of pH.
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12
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Taylor IM, Robbins EM, Catt KA, Cody PA, Happe CL, Cui XT. Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:400-410. [PMID: 27268013 PMCID: PMC5107160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for regulating a variety of vital life functions. In vivo detection of DA poses a challenge due to the low concentration and high speed of physiological signaling. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) is an effective method to monitor real-time in vivo DA signaling, however the sensitivity is somewhat limited. Electrodeposition of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/graphene oxide (GO) onto the CFE surface is shown to increase the sensitivity and lower the limit of detection for DA compared to bare CFEs. Thicker PEDOT/GO coatings demonstrate higher sensitivities for DA, but display the negative drawback of slow adsorption and electron transfer kinetics. The moderate thickness resulting from 25 s electrodeposition of PEDOT/GO produces the optimal electrode, exhibiting an 880% increase in sensitivity, a 50% decrease in limit of detection and minimally altered electrode kinetics. PEDOT/GO coated electrodes rapidly and robustly detect DA, both in solution and in the rat dorsal striatum. This increase in DA sensitivity is likely due to increasing the electrode surface area with a PEDOT/GO coating and improved adsorption of DA's oxidation product (DA-o-quinone). Increasing DA sensitivity without compromising electrode kinetics is expected to significantly improve our understanding of the DA function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mitch Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Elaine M Robbins
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemistry, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kasey A Catt
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Patrick A Cody
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cassandra L Happe
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Meier AR, Matteucci M, Vreeland RF, Taboryski R, Heien ML. Rapid Voltammetric Measurements at Conducting Polymer Microelectrodes Using Ultralow-Capacitance Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Tosylate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8009-8018. [PMID: 27483032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We use a vapor-phase synthesis to generate conducting polymer films with low apparent capacitance and high conductance enabling rapid electrochemical measurements. Specifically, oxidative chemical vapor deposition was used to create thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate ( PEDOT tosylate). These films had a conductance of 17.1 ± 1.7 S/cm. Furthermore, they had an apparent capacitance of 197 ± 14 μF/cm(2), which is an order of magnitude lower than current commercially available and previously reported PEDOT. Using a multistage photolithography process, these films were patterned into PEDOT tosylate microelectrodes and were used to perform fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) measurements. Using a scan rate of 100 V/s, we measured ferrocene carboxylic acid and dopamine by FSCV. In contrast to carbon-fiber microelectrodes, the reduction peak showed higher sensitivity when compared to the oxidation peak. The adsorption characteristics of dopamine at the polymer electrode were fit to a Langmuir isotherm. The low apparent capacitance and the microlithographic processes for electrode design make PEDOT tosylate an attractive material for future applications as an implantable biosensor for FSCV measurements. Additionally, the integration of PEDOT tosylate electrodes on plastic substrates enables new electrochemical measurements at this polymer using FSCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Marco Matteucci
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , Building 345B, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard F Vreeland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rafael Taboryski
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , Building 345B, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Get to Understand More from Single-Cells: Current Studies of Microfluidic-Based Techniques for Single-Cell Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26213918 PMCID: PMC4581168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160816763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the microfluidic techniques developed for the analysis of a single cell. The characteristics of microfluidic (e.g., little sample amount required, high-throughput performance) make this tool suitable to answer and to solve biological questions of interest about a single cell. This review aims to introduce microfluidic related techniques for the isolation, trapping and manipulation of a single cell. The major approaches for detection in single-cell analysis are introduced; the applications of single-cell analysis are then summarized. The review concludes with discussions of the future directions and opportunities of microfluidic systems applied in analysis of a single cell.
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15
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Vreeland RF, Atcherley CW, Russell WS, Xie JY, Lu D, Laude ND, Porreca F, Heien ML. Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion composite electrode coatings for selective detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2600-7. [PMID: 25692657 DOI: 10.1021/ac502165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Nafion and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) containing composite polymer has been electropolymerized on carbon-fiber microelectrodes with the goal of creating a mechanically stable, robust, and controllable electrode coating that increases the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The coating is deposited on carbon-fiber microelectrodes by applying a triangle waveform from +1.5 V to -0.8 V and back in a dilute solution of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Nafion in acetonitrile. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the coating is uniform and ∼100 nm thick. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that both sulfur and fluorine are present in the coating, indicating the incorporation of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Nafion. Two types of PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were then analyzed electrochemically. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes made using 200 μM EDOT exhibit a 10-90 response time of 0.46 ± 0.09 s versus 0.45 ± 0.11 s for an uncoated fiber in response to a 1.0 μM bolus of dopamine. The electrodes coated using a higher EDOT concentration (400 μM) are slower with a 10-90 response time of 0.84 ± 0.19 s, but display increased sensitivity to dopamine, at 46 ± 13 nA/μM, compared to 26 ± 6 nA/μM for the electrodes coated in 200 μM EDOT and 13 ± 2 nA/μM for an uncoated fiber. PEDOT:Nafion-coated electrodes were lowered into the nucleus accumbens of a rat, and both spontaneous and electrically evoked dopamine release were measured. In addition to improvements in sensitivity and selectivity, the coating dramatically reduces acute in vivo biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Vreeland
- 1306 East University Boulevard, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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16
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Vreeland RF, Laude ND, Lambert SM, Heien ML. Microwave-plasma dry-etch for fabrication of conducting polymer microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1385-90. [PMID: 24417474 DOI: 10.1021/ac403363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive dry etch technology based on a low-pressure microwave plasma generated in a countertop microwave oven is characterized for the patterning of a conductive polymer microelectrode. The etch process is described, and the microwave-generated plasma is characterized by emission spectroscopy. The plasma is generated with an atmospheric mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen. A 10 μm wide band microelectrode composed of PEDOT:Tosylate, an optically transparent conductive polymer, is fabricated on a plastic substrate. Conductive polymer etch rates are approximately 280-300 nm/minute. A patterned microelectrode is characterized by atomic force microscopy. The horizontal distance of a 10-90% height of a plasma-etched 150 nm thick electrode was measured to be 360 ± 200 nm (n = 5). Electrodes are further characterized using steady-state cyclic voltammetry, and they have an electroactive area congruent with their geometric area. Finally, a complete device is assembled and used as a separation platform for biogenic amines. A microwave-etched 250 μm PEDOT:PSS electrode is employed for end-channel electrochemical detection on this microchip, where an electrophoretic separation of dopamine and catechol and a micellar electrokinetic chromatography separation of dopamine and serotonin are performed. Both mass and concentration LODs are comparable to other electrochemical detectors in an end-channel configuration. With the added advantages of easy processing, robustness, optical transparency, and low cost, we expect microwave-etched polymer films to be a viable alternative to traditional electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Vreeland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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17
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Analysis of dopamine on printed polymer thin film consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Cell-Based Biosensors: Electrical Sensing in Microfluidic Devices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2012; 2:83-96. [PMID: 26859401 PMCID: PMC4665553 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics2040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors provide new horizons for medical diagnostics by adopting complex recognition elements such as mammalian cells in microfluidic devices that are simple, cost efficient and disposable. This combination renders possible a new range of applications in the fields of diagnostics and personalized medicine. The review looks at the most recent developments in cell-based biosensing microfluidic systems with electrical and electrochemical transduction, and relevance to medical diagnostics.
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Abstract
Background current noise is often a significant limitation when using constant-potential amperometry for biosensor application such as amperometric recordings of transmitter release from single cells through exocytosis. In this paper, we fabricated thin-film electrodes of gold and conductive polymers and measured the current noise in physiological buffer solution for a wide range of different electrode areas. The noise measurements could be modeled by an analytical expression, representing the electrochemical cell as a resistor and capacitor in series. The studies revealed three domains; for electrodes with low capacitance, the amplifier noise dominated, for electrodes with large capacitances, the noise from the resistance of the electrochemical cell was dominant, while in the intermediate region, the current noise scaled with electrode capacitance. The experimental results and the model presented here can be used for choosing an electrode material and dimensions and when designing chip-based devices for low-noise current measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Larsen ST, Taboryski R. All polymer chip for amperometric studies of transmitter release from large groups of neuronal cells. Analyst 2012; 137:5057-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35953g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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