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Feng Y, Kochovski Z, Arenz C, Lu Y, Kneipp J. Structure and Interaction of Ceramide-Containing Liposomes with Gold Nanoparticles as Characterized by SERS and Cryo-EM. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:13237-13246. [PMID: 35983312 PMCID: PMC9377338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the great potential of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as local vibrational probe of lipid-nanostructure interaction in lipid bilayers, it is important to characterize these interactions in detail. The interpretation of SERS data of lipids in living cells requires an understanding of how the molecules interact with gold nanostructures and how intermolecular interactions influence the proximity and contact between lipids and nanoparticles. Ceramide, a sphingolipid that acts as important structural component and regulator of biological function, therefore of interest to probing, lacks a phosphocholine head group that is common to many lipids used in liposome models. SERS spectra of liposomes of a mixture of ceramide, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylcholine, as well as of pure ceramide and of the phospholipid mixture are reported. Distinct groups of SERS spectra represent varied contributions of the choline, sphingosine, and phosphate head groups and the structures of the acyl chains. Spectral bands related to the state of order of the membrane and moreover to the amide function of the sphingosine head groups indicate that the gold nanoparticles interact with molecules involved in different intermolecular relations. While cryogenic electron microscopy shows the formation of bilayer liposomes in all preparations, pure ceramide was found to also form supramolecular, concentric stacked and densely packed lamellar, nonliposomal structures. That the formation of such supramolecular assemblies supports the intermolecular interactions of ceramide is indicated by the SERS data. The unique spectral features that are assigned to the ceramide-containing lipid model systems here enable an identification of these molecules in biological systems and allow us to obtain information on their structure and interaction by SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Einstein
Center of Catalysis (EC2/BIG-NSE), Technische
Universität Berlin, Marchstraße 6-8, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department
of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Department
of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Tian Q, Quan P, Fang L, Xu H, Liu C. A molecular mechanism investigation of the transdermal/topical absorption classification system on the basis of drug skin permeation and skin retention. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121082. [PMID: 34506925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A transdermal/topical absorption classification system for the characterization of the systemic or local delivery of drugs is the theoretical basis for the design and evaluation of transdermal/topical formulations. A classification system was established on the basis of the in vitro and in vivo skin permeation/retention behaviors of 12 model drugs. Drug skin penetration/retention exhibited a significant correlation with physicochemical parameters (log KO/W, molecular weight, polar surface area, and polarizability). Four representative model drugs were selected to clarify the molecular mechanisms of drug skin permeation/retention behaviors. The excellent lipid-disrupting effect and enhanced partitioning exhibited by propranolol (high permeation-high retention) and zolmitriptan (high permeation-low retention) via the formation of moderate H-bonds with skin lipids were proven by ATR-FTIR (ΔνasCH2 > 2 cm-1), Raman spectra (ΔLPP, SPP > 0.2 nm), and X-ray scattering (lipid crystallization) and were supported by 13C NMR results. The low lipid miscibility of zolmitriptan (ΔHzolmitriptan-lipid = 126.92 J/g) caused the low skin retention of this drug. High polarizabiltiy (α = 38.5 × 10-24 cm3) and low H-bond forming capability (EH-bond = 0 kcal/mol) restricted terbinafine (low permeation-high retention) in terms of partitioning (kD-SC = 0.09). Diclofenac (low permeation-low retention) stabilized skin lipids through the formation of strong H-bonds and exhibited excessive drug-lipid miscibility (ΔHdiclofenac-skin = -128.73 J/g), thus restricting its skin absorption. This classification system reflects the most essential drug skin absorption characteristics and provides a theoretical basis for the design of transdermal/topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 26 Huatuo Road, High & New Technology Development Zone, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Peng Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 26 Huatuo Road, High & New Technology Development Zone, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Liang Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 26 Huatuo Road, High & New Technology Development Zone, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 26 Huatuo Road, High & New Technology Development Zone, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 26 Huatuo Road, High & New Technology Development Zone, Benxi 117004, China.
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3
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Sidat Z, Marimuthu T, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE, Pillay V. Ionic Liquids as Potential and Synergistic Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E96. [PMID: 30813375 PMCID: PMC6409523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) show clear advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Nonetheless, there are limitations to current TDDS which warrant further research to improve current TDD platforms. Spurred by the synthesis of novel biodegradable ionic liquids (ILs) and favorable cytotoxicity studies, ILs were shown to be a possible solution to overcome these challenges. Their favorable application in overcoming challenges ranging from synthesis, manufacture, and even therapeutic benefits were documented. In this review, said ILs are highlighted and their role in TDDS is reviewed in terms of (a) ILs as permeation enhancers (single agents or combined), (b) ILs in drug modification, and (c) ILs as active pharmaceutical ingredients. Furthermore, future combination of ILs with other chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Sidat
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Thashree Marimuthu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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4
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Ramamurthy B, Cohen S, Canales M, Coffman FD. Three-Dimensional Cellular Raman Analysis: Evidence of Highly Ordered Lipids Within Cell Nuclei. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:889-902. [PMID: 30138043 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418794125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Striking levels of spatial organization exist among and within interphase cell chromosomes, raising the possibility that other nuclear molecular components may also be organized in ways that facilitate nuclear function. To further examine molecular distributions and organization within cell nuclei, we utilized Raman spectroscopy to map distributions of molecular components, with a focus on cellular lipids. Although the vast majority of cellular lipids are associated with membranes, mapping the 2870/2850 cm-1 lipid peak ratios revealed that the most highly ordered lipids within interphase cells are found within cell nuclei. This finding was seen in cells from multiple tissue types, noncancerous cells, and in cancer cell lines of different metastatic potential. These highly ordered lipids colocalize with nuclear chromatin, are present throughout the nuclear volume, and remain colocalized with chromatin through mitosis, when the nuclear envelope has dissociated. Phosphatidylinositol is a major component of the highly ordered lipids. The presence of phosphatidylinositol and other lipids in the nuclear interior is well established, but their highly ordered packing has not been reported and represents a unique finding. The molecular interactions involved in the formation and maintenance of these highly ordered lipids, and their potential effects on nuclear activities, remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagavathi Ramamurthy
- Center for Biophysical Pathology, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Biology, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
| | - Stanley Cohen
- Center for Biophysical Pathology, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Frederick D Coffman
- Center for Biophysical Pathology, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Health Informatics and Department of Primary Care, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
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6
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Stratum corneum modulation by chemical enhancers and lipid nanostructures: implications for transdermal drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2017; 8:701-718. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the outermost and largest protective covering of the body. The uppermost layer of the skin, stratum corneum also called the horny layer is composed of keratin-filled cells covered by a lipid matrix which shields the skin from physical and chemical entrants. The lipid lamellar structure comprises of ceramides, cholesterol, fatty acids and proteins. Chemical enhancers that mimic the lamellar chemistry, reversibly fluidize the latter can be utilized for enhancing transport of cargo across the epidermis into the dermis. This review deals with the stratum corneum chemistry, mechanisms to modulate its packing with the aid of chemical enhancers, biophysical techniques for characterization and applications in the design of nature-inspired biocompatible lipid nanostructures for transdermal delivery of drugs and bioactive agents.
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7
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Franzen L, Windbergs M. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in skin research--From skin physiology and diagnosis up to risk assessment and dermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 89:91-104. [PMID: 25868454 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the field of skin research, confocal Raman microscopy is an upcoming analytical technique. Substantial technical progress in design and performance of the individual setup components like detectors and lasers as well as the combination with confocal microscopy enables chemically selective and non-destructive sample analysis with high spatial resolution in three dimensions. Due to these advantages, the technique bears tremendous potential for diverse skin applications ranging from the analysis of physiological component distribution in skin tissue and the diagnosis of pathological states up to biopharmaceutical investigations such as drug penetration kinetics within the different tissue layers. This review provides a comprehensive introduction about the basic principles of Raman microscopy highlighting the advantages and considering the limitations of the technique for skin applications. Subsequently, an overview about skin research studies applying Raman spectroscopy is given comprising various in vitro as well as in vivo implementations. Furthermore, the future perspective and potential of Raman microscopy in the field of skin research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Franzen
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Saarland University, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbruecken, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery, Saarbruecken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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8
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Thind R, O'Neill DW, Del Regno A, Notman R. Ethanol induces the formation of water-permeable defects in model bilayers of skin lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5406-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observe that ethanol can induce the formation of water-permeable defects in model bilayers of skin lipids and propose this as a new mechanism of action of ethanol as a membrane modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thind
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - D. W. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - A. Del Regno
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - R. Notman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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9
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Vuiblet V, Nguyen TT, Wynckel A, Fere M, Van-Gulick L, Untereiner V, Birembaut P, Rieu P, Piot O. Contribution of Raman spectroscopy in nephrology: a candidate technique to detect hydroxyethyl starch of third generation in osmotic renal lesions. Analyst 2015; 140:7382-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy, a candidate tool for detection of HES, a volume expander administrated after hemodynamic instability, in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vuiblet
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
- Nephrology Division
| | - T. T. Nguyen
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
| | - A. Wynckel
- Nephrology Division
- Maison Blanche University Hospital
- Reims
- France
| | - M. Fere
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
| | - L. Van-Gulick
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
| | - V. Untereiner
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
| | - P. Birembaut
- Histology Laboratory Pol Bouin
- Maison Blanche University Hospital
- Reims
- France
| | - P. Rieu
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
- Nephrology Division
| | - O. Piot
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne
- Reims
- France
- PICT (Cellular and Tissular Imaging Platform)
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10
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Tfaili S, Josse G, Angiboust JF, Manfait M, Piot O. Monitoring caffeine and resveratrol cutaneous permeation by confocal Raman microspectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:676-681. [PMID: 23832930 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic follow-up of exogenous molecules permeation through the skin is one among many competing applications for confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Previous studies showed the feasibility of tracking actives through the skin; the next step should be recording in vivo kinetics. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the possibility of detecting low concentrations of caffeine and resveratrol solutions through the skin using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. After topical application of each active on the skin surface, Raman profiles were recorded over nine hours. The challenge was to pursuit these actives respecting the concentration used in some dermatological formulations. Molecules were successfully detected and kinetic profiles were registered over time. The heterogeneity of skin structure and the complexity of molecules diffusion were reflected through the kinetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tfaili
- MéDIAN Biophotonics and Technologies for Health, CNRS FRE 3481 MEDyC Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, SFR Cap-Santé, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France
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11
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Tfayli A, Jamal D, Vyumvuhore R, Manfait M, Baillet-Guffroy A. Hydration effects on the barrier function of stratum corneum lipids: Raman analysis of ceramides 2, III and 5. Analyst 2014; 138:6582-8. [PMID: 23951566 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin; its barrier function is highly dependent on the composition and the structure as well as the organization of lipids in its extracellular matrix. Ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol represent the major lipid classes present in this matrix. They play an important role in maintaining the normal hydration levels required for the normal physiological function. Despite the advancement in the understanding of the structure, composition and the function of the stratum corneum (SC), the concern of "dry skin" remains important in dermatology and care research. Most studies focus on the quantification of water in the skin using different techniques including Raman spectroscopy, while the studies that investigate the effect of hydration on the quality of the barrier function of the skin are limited. Raman spectroscopy provides structural, conformational and organizational information that could help elucidate the effect of hydration on the barrier function of the skin. In order to assess the effect of relative humidity on the lipid barrier function; we used Raman spectroscopy to follow-up the evolution of the conformation and the organization of three synthetic ceramides (CER) differing from each other by the nature of their polar heads (sphingosine, phytosphingosine and α hydroxyl sphingosine), CER 2, III and 5 respectively. CER III and 5 showed a more compact and ordered organization with stronger polar interactions at intermediate relative humidity values, while CER 2 showed opposite tendencies to those observed with CER III and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tfayli
- Group of Analytical Chemistry of Paris-Sud (GCAPS-EA4041), Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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12
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The influence of surface charge and photo-reactivity on skin-permeation enhancer property of nano-TiO2 in ex vivo pig skin model under indoor light. Int J Pharm 2014; 467:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Tfayli A, Bonnier F, Farhane Z, Libong D, Byrne HJ, Baillet-Guffroy A. Comparison of structure and organization of cutaneous lipids in a reconstructed skin model and human skin: spectroscopic imaging and chromatographic profiling. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:441-3. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tfayli
- Group of Analytical Chemistry of Paris-Sud (GCAPS); Faculty of Pharmacy; University Paris-Sud; Chatenay-Malabry France
| | - Franck Bonnier
- Focas Research Institute; Dublin Institute of Technology; Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Zeineb Farhane
- Group of Analytical Chemistry of Paris-Sud (GCAPS); Faculty of Pharmacy; University Paris-Sud; Chatenay-Malabry France
| | - Danielle Libong
- Group of Analytical Chemistry of Paris-Sud (GCAPS); Faculty of Pharmacy; University Paris-Sud; Chatenay-Malabry France
| | - Hugh J. Byrne
- Focas Research Institute; Dublin Institute of Technology; Dublin 8 Ireland
| | - Arlette Baillet-Guffroy
- Group of Analytical Chemistry of Paris-Sud (GCAPS); Faculty of Pharmacy; University Paris-Sud; Chatenay-Malabry France
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14
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Tucker SC, Honn KV. Emerging targets in lipid-based therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:673-688. [PMID: 23261527 PMCID: PMC4106802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of prostaglandins and NSAIDS in the clinic has proven that lipid mediators and their associated pathways make attractive therapeutic targets. When contemplating therapies involving lipid pathways, several basic agents come to mind. There are the enzymes and accessory proteins that lead to the metabolism of lipid substrates, provided through diet or through actions of lipases, the subsequent lipid products, and finally the lipid sensors or receptors. There is abundant evidence that molecules along this lipid continuum can serve as prognostic and diagnostic indicators and are in fact viable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, lipids themselves can be used as therapeutics. Despite this, the vernacular dialog pertaining to "biomarkers" does not routinely include mention of lipids, though this is rapidly changing. Collectively these agents are becoming more appreciated for their respective roles in diverse disease processes from cancer to preterm labor and are receiving their due appreciation after decades of ground work in the lipid field. By relating examples of disease processes that result from dysfunction along the lipid continuum, as well as examples of lipid therapies and emerging technologies, this review is meant to inspire further reading and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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