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Alaoui Mansouri M, Kharbach M, Bouklouze A. Current Applications of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Review. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:856-865. [PMID: 38072117 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The present review encompasses various applications of multivariate curve resolution- alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) as a promising data handling, which is issued by analytical techniques in pharmaceutics. It involves different sections starting from a concise theory of MCR-ALS and four detailed applications in drugs analysis. Dissolution, stability, polymorphism, and quantification are the main four detailed applications. The data generated by analytical techniques associated with MCR-ALS deals accurately with different challenges compared to other chemometric tools. For each reviewed purpose, it was explained how MCR-ALS was applied and detailed information was given. Different approaches were introduced to overcome challenges that limit the use of MCR-ALS efficiently in pharmaceutical mixture were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé HUB, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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2
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Müller C, Schwab A, Randell NM, Kupfer S, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. A Combined Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study on a Ruthenium Complex Featuring a π-Extended dppz Ligand for Light-Driven Accumulation of Multiple Reducing Equivalents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103882. [PMID: 35261087 PMCID: PMC9311760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design of photoactive systems capable of storing and relaying multiple electrons is highly demanded in the field of artificial photosynthesis, where transformations of interest rely on multielectronic redox processes. The photophysical properties of the ruthenium photosensitizer [(bpy)2 Ru(oxim-dppqp)]2+ (Ru), storing two electrons coupled to two protons on the π-extended oxim-dppqp ligand under light-driven conditions, are investigated by means of excitation wavelength-dependent resonance Raman and transient absorption spectroscopies, in combination with time-dependent density functional theory; the results are discussed in comparison to the parent [(bpy)2 Ru(dppz)]2+ and [(bpy)2 Ru(oxo-dppqp)]2+ complexes. In addition, this study provides in-depth insights on the impact of protonation or of accumulation of multiple reducing equivalents on the reactive excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwab
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Randell
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Marín-García M, De Luca M, Ragno G, Tauler R. Coupling of spectrometric, chromatographic, and chemometric analysis in the investigation of the photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole. Talanta 2021; 239:122953. [PMID: 34954462 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A workflow is proposed for the study of the photodegradation process of the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) based on the combination of different experimental techniques, including liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and the treatment of all the analytical data with advanced chemometric methods. SMX, which is one of the most widely used antibiotics worldwide and has been found at remarkable concentrations in various rivers and effluents over all Europe, was degraded in the laboratory under a controlled source of UV radiation, which simulates the environmental solar radiation (Suntest). Kinetic monitoring of the photodegradation process was performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric measurements and by further Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector and Mass Spectrometry analysis (LC-DAD-MS). Additionally, the acid-base properties were also investigated to see how the pH can affect the speciation of this substance during the photodegradation process. Based on the Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) application, the proposed chemometric method coped with the large amounts of data generated by the different analytical techniques used to monitor the evolution of the photodegradation process. Their simultaneous analysis involved applying a data fusion strategy and an advanced MCR-ALS constrained analysis, which allowed and improved the description of the complete degradation process, detecting the different species of the reaction, and identifying the possible transformation products formed. A total number of six species were resolved in the degradation process of SMX. In addition to the initial SMX, a second species corresponded to a conformational isomer, and the other four species represented different photoproducts, which have also been identified. Furthermore, three different acid-base species of SMX were obtained, and their pKa values were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Marín-García
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Ioele G, Muzzalupo R, Gündüz MG, De Luca M, Mazzotta E, Grande F, Occhiuzzi MA, Garofalo A, Ragno G. Use of Pluronic Surfactants in Gel Formulations of Photosensitive 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: A Potential Approach in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040527. [PMID: 33920090 PMCID: PMC8070562 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1,4-Dihydropyridines (DHPs) are the most important class of L-type calcium channel blockers that are employed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension. Various modifications on this scaffold lead to the discovery of new DHPs blocking different types of calcium channels. Among them, the T-type calcium channel has recently attracted great interest due to its role in chronic pain conditions. In this study, we selected three newly synthesized DHPs (HM8, HM10 and MD20) with different selectivity profiles to the T-type calcium channel and formulated them in micellar solutions and micellar-in-gel matrices to be tested for potential topical use in the treatment of neuropathic pain. To prevent the well-known sensitivity to light of the DHPs, the studied compounds were entrapped in colloidal aggregates obtained by using edible Pluronic® surfactants and adding α-tocopherol as an antioxidant. All the prepared formulations were exposed to stressing light, according to international rules. Along with the degradation experiments, the concentrations of the parent compounds and by-products were calculated by multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) applied to the spectral data. The defined formulations proved suitable as light-stable matrices for the DHP compounds, showing an increase in stability for HM8 and MD20 and an almost complete photoprotection for HM10, compared to ethanol solutions and standard gel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493268
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Miyase Gözde Gündüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Grande F, Platikanov S, Tauler R, Ragno G. Photostability study of multicomponent drug formulations via MCR-ALS: The case of the hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride mixture. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113332. [PMID: 32387749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and photodegradation mechanism of the pharmaceutical mixture of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and amiloride (AML) has been studied in depth using a chemometric approach. Water solutions of HCT and AML, separately or in binary mixtures, were irradiated with forced light at different pH values (3, 7, 9 and 12). Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) modelling has been applied to the experimental data recorded by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC-UV/MS. 78 data sets were collected and their chemometric processing has allowed the simultaneous determination of the behaviour of the two drugs in the mixture when exposed to light and the dependence of their photodegradation kinetics on pH. MCR-ALS has been applied using three different implementations. Soft-MCR-ALS and hybrid Hard/Soft-MCR-ALS have been used to resolve the experimental data and to get the equilibrium and kinetic parameters of the investigated chemical processes. A third implementation of the MCR-ALS method has been used in the analysis of the incomplete data sets obtained when UV spectrophotometric and HPLC-UV/MS data were simultaneously analysed, using a row- and column-wise incomplete augmented data matrix arrangement. In these matrices, information from HPLC-UV detector was used as a bridge between the data recorded by UV spectrophotometry (acid-base and kinetic reactions monitoring) and the data obtained by HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Stefan Platikanov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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Yellepeddi V, Sayre C, Burrows A, Watt K, Davies S, Strauss J, Battaglia M. Stability of extemporaneously compounded amiloride nasal spray. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232435. [PMID: 32649677 PMCID: PMC7351165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (AD) are the most common mental conditions affecting an estimated 40 million adults in the United States. Amiloride, a diuretic agent, has shown efficacy in reducing anxious responses in preclinical models by inhibiting the acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC). By delivering amiloride via nasal route, rapid onset of action can be achieved due to direct "nose-to-brain" access. Therefore, this study reports the formulation, physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of an extemporaneously prepared amiloride 2 mg/mL nasal spray. The amiloride nasal spray was prepared by adding 100 mg of amiloride hydrochloride to 50 mL of sterile water for injection in a sterile reagent bottle. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated. Forced-degradation studies were performed to confirm the ability of the HPLC method to identify the degradation products from amiloride distinctively. The physical stability of the amiloride nasal spray was assessed by pH, clarity, and viscosity assessments. For chemical stability studies, samples of nasal sprays stored at room temperature were collected at time-points 0, 3 hr., 24 hr., and 7 days and were assayed in triplicate using the stability-indicating HPLC method. Microbiological stability of the nasal spray solution was evaluated for up to 7 days based on the sterility test outlined in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) chapter 71. The stability-indicating HPLC method identified the degradation products of amiloride without interference from amiloride. All tested solutions retained over 90% of the initial amiloride concentration for the 7-day study period. There were no changes in color, pH, and viscosity in any sample. The nasal spray solutions were sterile for up to 7 days in all samples tested. An extemporaneously prepared nasal spray solution of amiloride hydrochloride (2 mg/mL) was physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable for 7 days when stored at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Casey Sayre
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Anna Burrows
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kevin Watt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Simon Davies
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Strauss
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Battaglia
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Grande F, Ragno G, Muzzalupo R, Occhiuzzi MA, Mazzotta E, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ioele G. Gel Formulation of Nabumetone and a Newly Synthesized Analog: Microemulsion as a Photoprotective Topical Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050423. [PMID: 32380748 PMCID: PMC7284650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostability studies were performed on topical formulations containing the anti-inflammatory drug Nabumetone and an analog newly synthesized in order to achieve better photostability and pharmacokinetic profile. Stability tests, according to the International Conference on Harmonization rules, were applied on ethanol solutions and topical gel formulations of both compounds. The photodegradation profiles were monitored by Multivariate curve resolution applied to the UV spectral data. The inclusion of the compounds in microemulsion was investigated to improve light stability and, at the same time, to ensure a sustained release system for skin delivery. All the formulations in solution, gel, microemulsion, and microemulsion-in-gel were exposed to a forced irradiation of 350 W/m2, corresponding to a 21 kJ/m2 min, for up to 300 min. Photostability increased significantly for both drugs in the liquid microemulsion and microemulsion-in-gel, compared to the ethanol solution and plain gel, reaching a residual drug of 97% and 98% for Nabumetone and analog in microemulsion-in-gel, respectively. Permeation experiments on the microemulsion-in-gel showed a better performance of the analog formulated at 0.2%, compared to the same formulation of Nabumetone at 0.7%. These results highlight the potential of the designed matrices as delayed drug delivery systems along with the use of lower drug doses leading to reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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Vignaduzzo SE, Maggio RM, Olivieri AC. Why should the pharmaceutical industry claim for the implementation of second-order chemometric models-A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:112965. [PMID: 31753531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Today, pharmaceutical products are submitted to a large number of analytical tests, planned to either ensure or construct their quality. The official methods of analysis used to perform these determinations are very different in nature, but almost all demand the intensive use of reagents and manpower as major drawbacks. Thus, analytical development is continuously evolving to find fast and smart approaches. First-order chemometric models are well-known in the pharmaceutical industry, and are extensively used in many fields. Such is the impact of chemometric models that regulatory agencies include them in guidelines and compendia. However, the mention or practical application of higher-order models in the pharmaceutical industry is rather scarce. Herein, we try to bring a brief introduction to chemometric models and useful literature references, focusing on higher-order chemometric models (HOCM) applied to reduce manpower, reagent consumption, and time of analysis, without sacrificing accuracy or precision, while gaining selectivity and sensitivity. The advantages and drawbacks of HOCM are also discussed, and the comparison to first-order chemometric models is also analyzed. Along the work, HOCM are evidenced as a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry; moreover, its implementation is shown during several steps of production, such as identification, purity test and assay, and other applications as homogeneity of API distribution, Process Analytical Technology (PAT), Quality by Design (QbD) or natural product fingerprinting. Among these topics, qualitative and quantitative applications were covered. Experimental approaches of chemometrics coupled to several analytical techniques such as UV-vis, fluorescence and vibrational spectroscopies (NIR, MIR and Raman), and other techniques as hyphenated-chromatography and electrochemical techniques applied to production and analysis are discussed throughout this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Rubén M Maggio
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro C Olivieri
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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Roberto de Alvarenga Junior B, Lajarim Carneiro R. Chemometrics Approaches in Forced Degradation Studies of Pharmaceutical Drugs. Molecules 2019; 24:E3804. [PMID: 31652589 PMCID: PMC6833076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemometrics is the chemistry field responsible for planning and extracting the maximum of information of experiments from chemical data using mathematical tools (linear algebra, statistics, and so on). Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can form impurities when exposed to excipients or environmental variables such as light, high temperatures, acidic or basic conditions, humidity, and oxidative environment. By considering that these impurities can affect the safety and efficacy of the drug product, it is necessary to know how these impurities are yielded and to establish the pathway of their formation. In this context, forced degradation studies of pharmaceutical drugs have been used for the characterization of physicochemical stability of APIs. These studies are also essential in the validation of analytical methodologies, in order to prove the selectivity of methods for the API and its impurities and to create strategies to avoid the formation of degradation products. This review aims to demonstrate how forced degradation studies have been actually performed and the applications of chemometric tools in related studies. Some papers are going to be discussed to exemplify the chemometric applications in forced degradation studies.
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Kinetic analysis of azo dye decolorization during their acid–base equilibria: photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine and sunset yellow. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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A comparative application of two-way and three-way analysis to three-dimensional voltammetric dataset for the pKa determination of vanillin. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Kinetics and Characterization of Degradation Products of Dihydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Binary Mixture by HPLC-UV, LC-DAD and LC-MS Methods. Chromatographia 2018; 81:1147-1162. [PMID: 30220731 PMCID: PMC6132553 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide were stored at high temperature and humidity, under UV/Vis light and different pH, as individual drugs and the mixture. Then, a sensitive and selective HPLC-UV method was developed for simultaneous determination of dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide in presence of their degradation products. Finally, the degradation products were characterized through LC-DAD and LC–MS methods. Dihydralazine was sensitive to high temperature and humidity, UV/Vis light and pH ≥ 7. At the same time, it was resistant to acidic conditions. Hydrochlorothiazide was sensitive to high temperature and humidity, UV/Vis light and changes in pH. Its highest level of degradation was observed in 1 M HCl. Degradation of the drugs was higher when they were stressed in the mixture. In the case of dihydralazine, the percentage degradation was 5–15 times higher. What is more, dihydralazine became sensitive to acidic conditions. Hydrochlorothiazide was shown to be more sensitive to UV/Vis light and pH > 4. Degradation of dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide followed first-order kinetics. The quickest degradation of dihydralazine was found to be in 1 M NaOH while of hydrochlorothiazide was in 1 M HCl (individual hydrochlorothiazide) or at pH 7–10 (hydrochlorothiazide in the mixture). A number of new degradation products were detected and some of them were identified by our LC-DAD and LC–MS methods. In the stressed individual samples, (phenylmethyl)hydrazine and 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide were observed for the first time. Interactions between dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide in the mixture were confirmed by additional degradation products, e.g., 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1,4-trioxide.
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Spatari C, Ragno G. A single MCR-ALS model for drug analysis in different formulations: Application on diazepam commercial preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:346-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Spatari C, Ragno G. Photostabilization studies of antihypertensive 1,4-dihydropyridines using polymeric containers. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:376-82. [PMID: 27085645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,4-dihydropyridine antihypertensives (DHPs) are almost all dispensed in solid pharmaceutical formulations for their easy lability when exposed to light. This paper reports a study on the photoprotective effect of containers in different glassy or polymeric matrices with regard to four known DHPs when in solutions. The samples were subjected to forced degradation by means of a Xenon lamp, in accordance with the international rules on drug stability evaluation. The simultaneous determination of the drugs and their photoproducts was carried out by applying the multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methodology to the spectral data recorded along the irradiation test. This technique was able to determine the kinetic parameters and resolve the spectra of the photoproducts. The time required to reduce by 10% the concentration of the drug (t0.1) was adopted as a criterion to compare the protective ability of the containers. A significant photoprotection for all drugs tested was obtained by the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. The best result was achieved for the felodipine solution in blue PET transparent bottle of 0.6mm thickness, reaching an almost complete stabilization up to six hours under stressing irradiation. In contrast, the glass containers, whether or not coloured, did not provide a satisfactory photoprotection of the drugs, showing in any case t0.1 values under 24min. These results can be a good opportunity to design new photoprotective pharmaceutical packaging for DHPs in liquid dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Claudia Spatari
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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15
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Photodegradation studies of 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds by MCR analysis on UV spectral data. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:107-15. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1,4-Dihydropyridines (DHPs) are well-known light-sensitive compounds. Photostability studies are necessary to ensure safety in therapy. Materials & Methods: Photodegradation experiments on 15 condensed DHP derivatives were made according to the International Conference on Harmonization rules. Degradation profiles were monitored by spectrophotometry and the data were processed by multivariate curve resolution analysis. Results: The analysis of the spectral data showed the formation of a single photoproduct from two DHPs, due to the aromatization of the pyridine ring. Traces of a second photoproduct were revealed in 12 DHPs and a third photoproduct was verified only in one case. Conclusion: DHPs showed high stability when fluorine was in the position R1 of the phenyl ring or simultaneously present in R1 and R2 positions. In contrast, the presence of chlorine in R1 or R2 strongly increased the degradation.
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16
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Ianni F, Schoubben A, Montesano D, Wauthoz N, Cossignani L, Sardella R, Natalini B. Quantitative assay of capreomycin oleate levels in a drug formulation for inhalation with a fully validated HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:413-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Yu S, Yuan X, Yang J, Yuan J, Shi J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Gao S. A chemometric-assisted method for the simultaneous determination of malachite green and crystal violet in water based on absorbance-pH data generated by a homemade pH gradient apparatus. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:403-408. [PMID: 26057094 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An attractive method of generating second-order data was developed by a dropping technique to generate pH gradient simultaneously coupled with diode-array spectrophotometer scanning. A homemade apparatus designed for the pH gradient. The method and the homemade apparatus were used to simultaneously determine malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) in water samples. The absorbance-pH second-order data of MG or CV were obtained from the spectra of MG or CV in a series of pH values of HCl-KCl solution. The second-order data of mixtures containing MG and CV that coexisted with interferents were analyzed using multidimensional partial least-squares with residual bilinearization. The method and homemade apparatus were used to simultaneously determine MG and CV in fish farming water samples and in river ones with satisfactory results. The presented method and the homemade apparatus could serve as an alternative tool to handle some analysis problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China.
| | - Xuejie Yuan
- Shangqiu Medical College, Shangqiu, Henan Province 476100, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Bureau of Commodity Quality Supervision and Inspection, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Jintao Yuan
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Jiahua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Shufang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
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18
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Emami F, Maeder M, Abdollahi H. Model-based analysis of coupled equilibrium-kinetic processes: indirect kinetic studies of thermodynamic parameters using the dynamic data. Analyst 2015; 140:3121-35. [PMID: 25723920 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic studies of equilibrium chemical reactions linked with kinetic procedures are mostly impossible by traditional approaches. In this work, the new concept of generalized kinetic study of thermodynamic parameters is introduced for dynamic data. The examples of equilibria intertwined with kinetic chemical mechanisms include molecular charge transfer complex formation reactions, pH-dependent degradation of chemical compounds and tautomerization kinetics in micellar solutions. Model-based global analysis with the possibility of calculating and embedding the equilibrium and kinetic parameters into the fitting algorithm has allowed the complete analysis of the complex reaction mechanisms. After the fitting process, the optimal equilibrium and kinetic parameters together with an estimate of their standard deviations have been obtained. This work opens up a promising new avenue for obtaining equilibrium constants through the kinetic data analysis for the kinetic reactions that involve equilibrium processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Emami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran.
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Intercalation binding of food antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole to calf thymus DNA. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:253-61. [PMID: 25463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding properties of food antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) associated with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) were investigated. Experimental results based on fluorescence, UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), viscosity measurements and autodocking techniques confirmed the intercalation binding between BHA and ctDNA. The changes in Fourier transform infrared spectra of ctDNA induced by BHA suggested that BHA was more prone to bind to G-C rich region of ctDNA, which was further ascertained with the molecular docking studies. Analysis of the CD spectra indicated that this binding interaction led to a transformation from B-like DNA structure toward A-like conformation. The complexation of BHA with ctDNA was driven mainly by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. The binding constants of the BHA-ctDNA complex were calculated to be 2.03 × 10(4), 1.92 × 10(4) and 1.59 × 10(4)L mol(-1) at 298, 304 and 310 K, respectively. Gel electrophoresis results suggested that intercalated BHA molecules did not significantly affect plasmid DNA. Moreover, the concentration profiles and the spectra for the three reaction components (BHA, ctDNA, and BHA-ctDNA complex) of the system by resolving the augmented UV-vis spectral data matrix with the use of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares approach provided quantitative data to estimate the progress of BHA-ctDNA interaction. This study is expected to provide new insights into the mechanism of interaction between BHA and ctDNA.
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20
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Luca MD, Ragno G, Ioele G, Tauler R. Multivariate curve resolution of incomplete fused multiset data from chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses for drug photostability studies. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 837:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Lin CJ, Hsu CS, Wang PY, Lin YL, Lo YS, Wu CH. Photochemical Redox Reactions of Copper(II)–Alanine Complexes in Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4934-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Liang Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiu Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hou Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental
Sciences, College of Nuclear Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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22
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Alves GMS, Magalhães JMCS, Tauler R, Soares HMVM. Simultaneous Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Pb and Cd, Using a Vibrating Gold Microwire Electrode, Assisted by Chemometric Techniques. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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