1
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Au and Au-Based nanomaterials: Synthesis and recent progress in electrochemical sensor applications. Talanta 2020; 206:120210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Daneshvar F, Salehi F, Karimi M, Vais RD, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Sattarahmady N. Combined X-ray radiotherapy and laser photothermal therapy of melanoma cancer cells using dual-sensitization of platinum nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111737. [PMID: 31862636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures are promising agents sensitizing by laser light and X-ray in photothermal therapy (PTT) and radiotherapy (RT) of cancer that improve treatment strategies of cancer. Nanoscale platinum materials are favorable in nanomedicine applications. In this study, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized and applied for cancer therapy upon 808-nm laser light and X-ray radiation, or their combination. Two power densities of laser (1.0 and 1.5 W cm-2) and three X-ray doses (2, 4 and 6 Gy) were selected for irradiation of B16/F10 cell line at 24 and 72 h-post treatment. The synthesized PtNPs had a spherical shape with a diameter of 12.2 ± 0.7 nm, and were cytocompatible up to 250 μg mL-1. A photothermal conversion activity in a concentration-dependent manner at 72 h-post treatment was observed. Also, PtNPs represented cytotoxicity upon X-ray radiation doses of 2, 4, and 6 Gy after 24 h, while, 72-h time passing led to deeper outcomes. Dual radiation of laser light and X-ray into PtNPs considerably improved the treatment via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PtNPs can act as a novel dual absorber of laser light and X-ray, a common sensitizer, for treatment of cancer. The results of this study can be considered after further clinical investigations for treatment of tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Daneshvar
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Salehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Karimi
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Dehdari Vais
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M A Mosleh-Shirazi
- Radiotherapy Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Sattarahmady
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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3
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Warkad SD, Nimse SB, Song KS, Kim T. HCV Detection, Discrimination, and Genotyping Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3423. [PMID: 30322029 PMCID: PMC6210034 DOI: 10.3390/s18103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71 million people were living with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide in 2015. Each year, about 399,000 HCV-infected people succumb to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Therefore, screening of HCV infection with simple, rapid, but highly sensitive and specific methods can help to curb the global burden on HCV healthcare. Apart from the determination of viral load/viral clearance, the identification of specific HCV genotype is also critical for successful treatment of hepatitis C. This critical review focuses on the technologies used for the detection, discrimination, and genotyping of HCV in clinical samples. This article also focuses on advantages and disadvantages of the reported methods used for HCV detection, quantification, and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Dashrath Warkad
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Keum-Soo Song
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Taisun Kim
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
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4
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Nucleic acid-based electrochemical nanobiosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:479-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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A universal and label-free impedimetric biosensing platform for discrimination of single nucleotide substitutions in long nucleic acid strands. Biosens Bioelectron 2018. [PMID: 29524915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a label-free universal biosensing platform for highly selective detection of long nucleic acid strands. The sensor consists of an electrode-immobilized universal stem-loop (USL) probe and two adaptor strands that form a 4J structure in the presence of a specific DNA/RNA analyte. The sensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6] redox couple in solution. An increase in charge transfer resistance (RCT) was observed upon 4J structure formation, the value of which depends on the analyte length. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to further characterize the sensor and monitor the electrochemical reaction in conjunction with thickness measurements of the mixed DNA monolayer obtained using spectroscopic ellipsometry. In addition, the electron transfer was calculated at the electrode/electrolyte interface using a rotating disk electrode. Limits of detection in the femtomolar range were achieved for nucleic acid targets of different lengths (22 nt, 60 nt, 200 nt). The sensor produced only a background signal in the presence of single base mismatched analytes, even in hundred times excess in concentration. This label-free and highly selective biosensing platform is versatile and can be used for universal detection of nucleic acids of varied lengths which could revolutionize point of care diagnostics for applications such as bacterial or cancer screening.
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6
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Draz MS, Shafiee H. Applications of gold nanoparticles in virus detection. Theranostics 2018; 8:1985-2017. [PMID: 29556369 PMCID: PMC5858513 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the smallest known microbes, yet they cause the most significant losses in human health. Most of the time, the best-known cure for viruses is the innate immunological defense system of the host; otherwise, the initial prevention of viral infection is the only alternative. Therefore, diagnosis is the primary strategy toward the overarching goal of virus control and elimination. The introduction of a new class of nanoscale materials with multiple unique properties and functions has sparked a series of breakthrough applications. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely reported to guide an impressive resurgence in biomedical and diagnostic applications. Here, we review the applications of AuNPs in virus testing and detection. The developed AuNP-based detection techniques are reported for various groups of clinically relevant viruses with a special focus on the applied types of bio-AuNP hybrid structures, virus detection targets, and assay modalities and formats. We pay particular attention to highlighting the functional role and activity of each core Au nanostructure and the resultant detection improvements in terms of sensitivity, detection range, and time. In addition, we provide a general summary of the contributions of AuNPs to the mainstream methods of virus detection, technical measures, and recommendations required in guidance toward commercial in-field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shehata Draz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Mills DM, Calvo-Marzal P, Pinzon JM, Armas S, Kolpashchikov DM, Chumbimuni-Torres KY. A Single Electrochemical Probe Used for Analysis of Multiple Nucleic Acid Sequences. ELECTROANAL 2017; 29:873-879. [PMID: 29371782 PMCID: PMC5777621 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hybridization sensors have been explored extensively for analysis of specific nucleic acids. However, commercialization of the platform is hindered by the need for attachment of separate oligonucleotide probes complementary to a RNA or DNA target to an electrode's surface. Here we demonstrate that a single probe can be used to analyze several nucleic acid targets with high selectivity and low cost. The universal electrochemical four-way junction (4J)-forming (UE4J) sensor consists of a universal DNA stem-loop (USL) probe attached to the electrode's surface and two adaptor strands (m and f) which hybridize to the USL probe and the analyte to form a 4J associate. The m adaptor strand was conjugated with a methylene blue redox marker for signal ON sensing and monitored using square wave voltammetry. We demonstrated that a single sensor can be used for detection of several different DNA/RNA sequences and can be regenerated in 30 seconds by a simple water rinse. The UE4J sensor enables a high selectivity by recognition of a single base substitution, even at room temperature. The UE4J sensor opens a venue for a re-useable universal platform that can be adopted at low cost for the analysis of DNA or RNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Percy Calvo-Marzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Jeffer M. Pinzon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Stephanie Armas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Dmitry M. Kolpashchikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
- National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Karin Y. Chumbimuni-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, United States
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8
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Tello A, Cao R, Marchant MJ, Gomez H. Conformational Changes of Enzymes and Aptamers Immobilized on Electrodes. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2581-2591. [PMID: 27748603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conformation constitutes a vital property of biomolecules, especially in the cases of enzymes and aptamers, and is essential in defining their molecular recognition ability. When biomolecules are immobilized on electrode surfaces, it is very important to have a control on all the possible conformational changes that may occur, either upon the recognition of their targets or by undesired alterations. Both enzymes and aptamers immobilized on electrodes are susceptible to conformational changes as a response to the nature of the charge of the surface and of the surrounding environment (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.). The main goal of this review is to analyze how the conformational changes of enzymes and aptamers immobilized on electrode surfaces have been treated in reports on biosensors and biofuel cells. This topic was selected due to insufficient information found on the actual conformational changes involved in the function of these bioelectrochemical devices despite its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tello
- Universidad Andres Bello , Bionanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, República 239, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Cao
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María José Marchant
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Humberto Gomez
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
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9
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Wu L, Yao Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Chen J. A new amplified impedimetric aptasensor based on the electron transfer ability of Au nanoparticles and their affinity with aptamer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Aliofkhazraei M, Pedrosa P, Carlos FF, Veigas B, Baptista PV. Gold Nanoparticles for DNA/RNA-Based Diagnostics. HANDBOOK OF NANOPARTICLES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123017 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15338-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable physicochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have prompted development in exploring biomolecular interactions with AuNPs-containing systems, pursuing biomedical applications in diagnostics. Among these applications, AuNPs have been remarkably useful for the development of DNA/RNA detection and characterization systems for diagnostics, including systems suitable for point of need. Here, emphasis will be on available molecular detection schemes of relevant pathogens and their molecular characterization, genomic sequences associated with medical conditions (including cancer), mutation and polymorphism identification, and the quantification of gene expression.
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11
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Wu L, Xiong E, Yao Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chen J. A new electrochemical aptasensor based on electrocatalytic property of graphene toward ascorbic acid oxidation. Talanta 2014; 134:699-704. [PMID: 25618724 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the superior electrocatalytic property of graphene (GN) toward ascorbic acid (AA) oxidation, a new electrochemical aptasensor has been developed. Here, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as the model to demonstrate the performance of the developed aptasensor. Briefly, GN is attached to the thiolated ATP binding aptamer (ABA) modified gold electrode through π-π stacking interaction, resulting in a significant oxidation signal of AA. In the presence of ATP, the formation of ATP-ABA complex leads to the release of GN from sensing interface, resulting in a sharp decrease of the oxidation peak current of AA and an obviously positive shift of the related peak potential. Taking both the change values of the peak current and peak potential of AA oxidation as the response signals, ATP can be detected sensitively. This is the first time to demonstrate the application of GN as the nanocatalyst in an amplified aptasensor. It can be expected that GN, as nanocatalyst, should become the very promising amplifying-elements in DNA-based electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Erhu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China.
| | - Jinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China.
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12
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Lereau M, Fournier-Wirth C, Mayen J, Farre C, Meyer A, Dugas V, Cantaloube JF, Chaix C, Vasseur JJ, Morvan F. Development of Innovative and Versatile Polythiol Probes for Use on ELOSA or Electrochemical Biosensors: Application in Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9204-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401941x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lereau
- Laboratoire
TransDiag—Sécurité Transfusionnelle et Innovation
Diagnostique, Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Montpellier, 34184, France
- Département
des Analogues et Constituants des Acides Nucléiques, Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Chantal Fournier-Wirth
- Laboratoire
TransDiag—Sécurité Transfusionnelle et Innovation
Diagnostique, Etablissement Français du Sang Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Montpellier, 34184, France
| | - Julie Mayen
- Département
des Analogues et Constituants des Acides Nucléiques, Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Carole Farre
- Département
Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Albert Meyer
- Département
des Analogues et Constituants des Acides Nucléiques, Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Département
Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Jean-François Cantaloube
- Laboratoire
Emergence et Co-évolution Virale, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Carole Chaix
- Département
Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Département
des Analogues et Constituants des Acides Nucléiques, Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - François Morvan
- Département
des Analogues et Constituants des Acides Nucléiques, Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, 34095, France
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13
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Tu Y, Wu P, Zhang H, Cai C. Fluorescence quenching of gold nanoparticles integrating with a conformation-switched hairpin oligonucleotide probe for microRNA detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:10718-20. [PMID: 22945460 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35564g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a new strategy for microRNA analysis based on the fluorescence quenching of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) integrating with a conformation-switched hairpin-structured oligonucleotide probe for improving selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiu Tu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, PR China
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14
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Cheng MS, Toh CS. Novel biosensing methodologies for ultrasensitive detection of viruses. Analyst 2013; 138:6219-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01394d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Wu P, Du P, Zhang H, Cai C. Microscopic effects of the bonding configuration of nitrogen-doped graphene on its reactivity toward hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6920-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Abi A, Ferapontova EE. Electroanalysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism by hairpin DNA architectures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:3693-703. [PMID: 23263518 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of infectious and genetic diseases and cancer diagnostics require the development of efficient tools for fast and reliable analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in targeted DNA and RNA sequences often responsible for signalling disease onset. Here, we highlight the main trends in the development of electrochemical genosensors for sensitive and selective detection of SNP that are based on hairpin DNA architectures exhibiting better SNP recognition properties compared with linear DNA probes. SNP detection by electrochemical hairpin DNA beacons is discussed, and comparative analysis of the existing SNP sensing strategies based on enzymatic and nanoparticle signal amplification schemes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Abi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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