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Salih AK, Khozeimeh Sarbisheh E, Raheem SJ, Dominguez-Garcia M, Mehlhorn HH, Price EW. Synthesis and evaluation of bifunctional DFO2K: a modular chelator with ideal properties for zirconium-89 chelation. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39041240 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of the newest generation of our DFO2 chelator family-DFO2K-is described. DFO2K was designed with a simple synthetic route to access different bifunctional derivatives, with each derivative having similar metal ion coordination spheres and high denticity (up to 12 coordinate) to ensure stable coordination of zirconium-89. The high denticity could potentially enhance stability with other large oxophilic radiometals. Zirconium-89 is the most popular radionuclide to pair with large macromolecules such as antibodies (immunoPET) for positron emission tomography applications. Although clinically successful, the stability of the "gold standard" chelator desferrioxamine B (DFO) can be improved as significant bone uptake is observed in animal models, despite no obvious stability issues in humans. Following the synthesis of DFO2K we assessed its radiolabeling efficiency with zirconium-89 and compared with DFO, which revealed rapid and nearly identical radiolabeling kinetics to DFO. The resultant [89Zr]Zr-DFO2K complex showed improved stability over [89Zr]Zr-DFO in different in vitro stability assays such as hydroxyapatite and 1000-fold molar excess EDTA challenges. Furthermore, biodistribution studies of the non-bifunctional chelators in healthy mice showed that [89Zr]Zr-DFO2K had a similar distribution profile and clearance to [89Zr]Zr-DFO. The bifunctional derivative p-SCN-Ph-DFO2K was conjugated to a non-specific human IgG antibody and evaluated after 2 weeks circulating in healthy female CD1 mice. Mice administered [89Zr]Zr-DFO2K-IgG showed substantially lower bone uptake in PET-CT images than [89Zr]Zr-DFO-IgG, with PET ROI data and ex vivo biodistribution revealing a statistically significantly lower bone uptake for DFO2K. Overall, owing to its high denticity, ease of synthesis, improved solubility over DFO2 and DFO2p, and stable chelation of zirconium-89, DFO2K appears to be an improved alternative chelator to DFO for zirconium-89 chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akam K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Canada.
| | | | - Shvan J Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Canada.
| | - Moralba Dominguez-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Canada.
| | - Hillary H Mehlhorn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Canada.
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Canada.
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Albanese V, Roccatello C, Pacifico S, Guerrini R, Preti D, Gentili S, Tegoni M, Remelli M, Bellotti D, Amico J, Gorgoni G, Cazzola E. Bifunctional octadentate pseudopeptides as Zirconium-89 chelators for immuno-PET applications. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:38. [PMID: 38705946 PMCID: PMC11070408 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive method that provides fine resolution images, useful in the field of clinical diagnostics. In this context, Zirconium-89 (89Zr)-based imaging agents have represented a great challenge in molecular imaging with immuno-PET, which employs antibodies (mAbs) as biological vectors. Indeed, immuno-PET requires radionuclides that can be attached to the mAb to provide stable in vivo conjugates, and for this purpose, the radioactive element should have a decay half-life compatible with the time needed for the biodistribution of the immunoglobulin. In this regard, 89Zr is an ideal radioisotope for immuno-PET because its half-life perfectly matches the in vivo pharmacokinetics of mAbs. RESULTS The main objective of this work was the design and synthesis of a series of bifunctional octadentate pseudopeptides able to generate stable 89Zr complexes. To achieve this, here we investigated hydroxamate, N-methylhydroxamate and catecholate chelating moieties in complexing radioactive zirconium. N-methylhydroxamate proved to be the most effective 89Zr-chelating group. Furthermore, the increased flexibility and hydrophilicity obtained by using polyoxyethylene groups spacing the hydroxamate units led to chelators capable of rapidly forming (15 min) stable and water-soluble complexes with 89Zr under mild reaction conditions (aqueous environment, room temperature, and physiological pH) that are mandatory for complexation reactions involving biomolecules. Additionally, we report challenge experiments with the competitor ligand EDTA and metal ions such as Fe3+, Zn2+ and Cu2+. In all examined conditions, the chelators demonstrated stability against transmetallation. Finally, a maleimide moiety was introduced to apply one of the most promising ligands in bioconjugation reactions through Thiol-Michael chemistry. CONCLUSION Combining solid phase and solution synthesis techniques, we identified novel 89Zr-chelating molecules with a peptide scaffold. The adopted chemical design allowed modulation of molecular flexibility, hydrophilicity, as well as the decoration with different zirconium chelating groups. Best results in terms of 89Zr-chelating properties were achieved with the N-methyl hydroxamate moiety. The Zirconium complexes obtained with the most effective compounds were water-soluble, stable to transmetallation, and resistant to peptidases for at least 6 days. Further studies are needed to assess the potential of this novel class of molecules as Zirconium-chelating agents for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Palazzo Turchi di Bagno, C.So Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Roccatello
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Remelli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Denise Bellotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jonathan Amico
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Gorgoni
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cazzola
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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3
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Suzuki H, Kannaka K, Uehara T. Approaches to Reducing Normal Tissue Radiation from Radiolabeled Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:508. [PMID: 38675468 PMCID: PMC11053530 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled antibodies are powerful tools for both imaging and therapy in the field of nuclear medicine. Radiolabeling methods that do not release radionuclides from parent antibodies are essential for radiolabeling antibodies, and practical radiolabeling protocols that provide high in vivo stability have been established for many radionuclides, with a few exceptions. However, several limitations remain, including undesirable side effects on the biodistribution profiles of antibodies. This review summarizes the numerous efforts made to tackle this problem and the recent advances, mainly in preclinical studies. These include pretargeting approaches, engineered antibody fragments and constructs, the secondary injection of clearing agents, and the insertion of metabolizable linkages. Finally, we discuss the potential of these approaches and their prospects for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; (K.K.); (T.U.)
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4
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Su L, Souaibou Y, Hôtel L, Paris C, Weissman KJ, Aigle B. Biosynthesis of novel desferrioxamine derivatives requires unprecedented crosstalk between separate NRPS-independent siderophore pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0211523. [PMID: 38323847 PMCID: PMC10952394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential to many biological processes but its poor solubility in aerobic environments restricts its bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies, including the production and secretion of iron-chelating siderophores. Here, we describe the discovery of four series of siderophores from Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877, three of which are unprecedented. MS/MS-based molecular networking revealed that one of these series corresponds to acylated desferrioxamines (acyl-DFOs) recently identified from S. coelicolor. The remaining sets include tetra- and penta-hydroxamate acyl-DFO derivatives, all of which incorporate a previously undescribed building block. Stable isotope labeling and gene deletion experiments provide evidence that biosynthesis of the acyl-DFO congeners requires unprecedented crosstalk between two separate non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-independent siderophore (NIS) pathways in the producing organism. Although the biological role(s) of these new derivatives remain to be elucidated, they may confer advantages in terms of metal chelation in the competitive soil environment due to the additional bidentate hydroxamic functional groups. The metabolites may also find application in various fields including biotechnology, bioremediation, and immuno-PET imaging.IMPORTANCEIron-chelating siderophores play important roles for their bacterial producers in the environment, but they have also found application in human medicine both in iron chelation therapy to prevent iron overload and in diagnostic imaging, as well as in biotechnology, including as agents for biocontrol of pathogens and bioremediation. In this study, we report the discovery of three novel series of related siderophores, whose biosynthesis depends on the interplay between two NRPS-independent (NIS) pathways in the producing organism S. ambofaciens-the first example to our knowledge of such functional cross-talk. We further reveal that two of these series correspond to acyl-desferrioxamines which incorporate four or five hydroxamate units. Although the biological importance of these novel derivatives is unknown, the increased chelating capacity of these metabolites may find utility in diagnostic imaging (for instance, 89Zr-based immuno-PET imaging) and other applications of metal chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Su
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Yaouba Souaibou
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
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5
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Whetter JN, Śmiłowicz D, Boros E. Exploring Aqueous Coordination Chemistry of Highly Lewis Acidic Metals with Emerging Isotopes for Nuclear Medicine. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:933-944. [PMID: 38501206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine harnesses radioisotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. While the isotopes 99mTc and 111In have enabled the clinical diagnosis of millions of patients over the past 3 decades, more recent clinical translation of numerous 68Ga/177Lu-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and therapy underscores the clinical utility of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals in mainstream cancer treatment. In addition to such established radionuclides, advancements in radioisotope production have enabled the production of radionuclides with a broad range of half-lives and emission properties of interest for nuclear medicine. Chemical means to form kinetically inert, in vivo-compatible species that can be modified with disease-targeting vectors is imperative. This presents a challenge for radiosiotopes of elements where the aqueous chemistry is still underdeveloped and poorly understood. Here, we discuss our efforts to date in exploring the aqueous, radioactive coordination chemistry of highly Lewis acidic metal ions and how our discoveries apply to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in preclinical models of disease. The scope of this Account includes approaches to aqueous coordination of to-date understudied highly Lewis acidic metal ions with radioisotopes of emerging interest and the modulation of well-understood coordination environments of radio-coordination complexes to induce metal-catalyzed reactivity for separation and pro-drug applications.First, we discuss the development of seven-coordinate, small-cavity macrocyclic chelator platform mpatcn/picaga as an exemplary case study, which forms robust complexes with 44Sc/47Sc isotopes. Due to the high chemical hardness and pronounced Lewis acidity of the Sc3+ ion, the displacement of ternary ligand H2O by 18/natF- can be achieved to form an inert Sc-18/natF bond. Corresponding coordination complex natSc-18F is in vivo compatible and forms a theranostic tetrad with corresponding 44Sc/47Sc, 177Lu complexes all exhibiting homologous biodistribution profiles. Another exceptionally hard, highly Lewis acidic ion with underdeveloped aqueous chemistry and emerging interest in nuclear medicine is 45Ti4+. To develop de novo approaches to the mononuclear chelation of this ion under aqueous conditions, we employed a fragment-based bidentate ligand screening approach which identified two leads. The screen successfully predicted the formation of [45Ti][Ti(TREN-CAM)], a Ti-triscatechol complex that exhibits remarkable in vivo stability. Furthermore, the fragment-based screen also identified approaches that enabled solid-phase separation of Ti4+ and Sc3+ of interest in streamlining the isotope production of 45Ti and accessing new ways to separate 44Ti/44Sc for the development of a long-lived generator system. In addition to establishing the inert chelation of Ti4+ and Sc3+, we introduce controlled, metal-induced reactivity of corresponding coordination complexes on macroscopic and radiotracer scales. Metal-mediated autolytic amide bond cleavage (MMAAC) enables the temperature-dependent release of high-molar-activity, ready-to-inject radiopharmaceuticals; cleavage is selectively triggered by coordinated trivalent Lewis acid nat/68Ga3+ or Sc3+. Following the scope of reactivity and mechanistic studies, we validated MMAAC for the synthesis of high-molar-activity radiopharmaceuticals to image molecular targets with low expression and metal-mediated prodrug hydrolysis in vivo.This Account summarizes how developing the aqueous coordination chemistry and tuning the chemical reactivity of metal ions with high Lewis acidity at the macroscopic and tracer scales directly apply to the radiopharmaceutical synthesis with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Whetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Salih AK, Dominguez Garcia M, Raheem SJ, Ahiahonu WK, Price EW. DFO-Km: A Modular Chelator as a New Chemical Tool for the Construction of Zirconium-89-Based Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20806-20819. [PMID: 37751491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-89-labeled monoclonal antibodies and other large macromolecules such as nanoparticles hold great promise as positron emission tomography imaging agents. In general, zirconium-89 is an ideal radionuclide for long-circulating vectors such as antibodies or nanoparticles. It is also a promising radionuclide for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals due to its suitable match in half-life with actinium-225, thorium-227, lutetium-177, and others. As such, demand for new and optimized bifunctional chelators for zirconium-89 continues to grow. Herein, we present the modular chelator DFO-Km, which is octadentate and features lysine as a modular amino acid linker. The modular amino acid linker can be changed to other natural or unnatural amino acids to access different bioconjugation chemistries, while the chelating portion is unchanged thus retaining identical metal ion coordination properties to DFO-Km. The epsilon-amine in the DFO-Km linker (lysine) was used to complete synthesis of a bifunctional derivative bearing a p-SCN-Ph moiety. The chelator DFO-Km includes a redesigned hydroxamic acid, which provides more flexibility for metal ion coordination relative to the monomer used in the previously published DFO-Em. Moreover, a set of comprehensive DFT calculations were performed to model and evaluate 16 geometric isomers of Zr-(DFO-Km), which suggested the complex would form the optimum cic-cis-trans-trans octadentate Zr(IV) coordination geometry with no aqua or hydroxide ligands present. The bifunctional derivative p-SCN-Ph-DFO-Km was compared directly with the commercially available p-SCN-Ph-DFO, and both underwent efficient conjugation to a nonspecific human serum antibody (IgG) to yield two model immunoconjugates. The behavior of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Km-IgG was studied in healthy mice for 2 weeks and compared to an equivalent cohort injected with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-IgG as a clinical "gold standard" control. PET-CT and biodistribution results revealed higher stability of [89Zr]Zr-(DFO-Km)-IgG in vivo over [89Zr]Zr-DFO-IgG, as demonstrated by the significant reduction of zirconium-89 in the whole skeleton as visualized and quantified by PET-CT at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-injection. Using CT-gated regions of interest over these PET-CT images, the whole skeleton was selected and uptake values were measured at 14 days post-injection of 3.6 ± 0.9 (DFO) vs 1.9 ± 0.1 (DFO-Km) %ID/g (n = 4, * p = 0.02), which represents a ∼48% reduction in bone uptake with DFO-Km relative to DFO. Biodistribution experiments performed on these same mice following the 14 day imaging time point revealed bone (both tibia) uptake values of 3.7 ± 1.3 (DFO) vs 2.0 ± 0.6 (DFO-Km) %ID/g (n = 6, * p < 0.05), with the tibia uptake values in close agreement with whole-skeleton ROI PET-CT data. These results indicate that DFO-Km is an improved chelator for [89Zr]Zr4+ applications relative to DFO. The bifunctional chelator p-SCN-Ph-DFO-Km shows potential as a new chemical tool for creating bioconjugates using targeting vectors such as antibodies, peptides, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akam K Salih
- Radiopharmacology, Mariana Oncology, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Moralba Dominguez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N-5C9, Canada
| | - Shvan J Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N-5C9, Canada
| | - William K Ahiahonu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N-5C9, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N-5C9, Canada
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7
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Lee YS, O'Connor RD, Vasalatiy O. Investigation of Two Zr-p-NO 2Bn-DOTA Isomers via NMR and Quantum Chemical Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023; 26:e202300439. [PMID: 38560747 PMCID: PMC10977960 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202300439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A combination of NMR studies and quantum chemical calculations were employed to investigate the structure and energetics of Zr4+ chelates of pNO2Bn-DOTA. We have demonstrated that two discrete regioisomeric chelates are generated during the complex formation. The nitrobenzyl substituent can adopt either an equatorial corner or side position on the macrocyclic ring. These regioisomers are incapable of interconversion and were isolated by HPLC. The corner isomer is more stable than the side, and the SAP conformer of both regioisomers is energetically more favorable than the corresponding TSAP conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sok Lee
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert D O'Connor
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olga Vasalatiy
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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8
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Romano GM, Zizi V, Salvatore G, Bani R, Mangoni M, Nistri S, Anichini G, Simonini Steiner YT, Bani D, Bianchi A, Bencini A, Savastano M. Evaluation of coumarin-tagged deferoxamine as a Zr(IV)-based PET/fluorescence dual imaging probe. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112259. [PMID: 37229819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Desferoxamine (DFO) is currently the golden standard chelator for 89Zr4+, a promising nuclide for positron emission tomography imaging (PET). The natural siderophore DFO had previously been conjugated with fluorophores to obtain Fe(III) sensing molecules. In this study, a fluorescent coumarin derivative of DFO (DFOC) has been prepared and characterized (potentiometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy) for what concerns its protonation and metal coordination properties towards PET-relevant ions (Cu(II), Zr(IV)), evidencing strong similarity with pristine DFO. Retention of DFOC fluorescence emission upon metal binding has been checked (fluorescence spectrophotometry), as it would - and does - allow for optical (fluorescent) imaging, thus unlocking bimodal (PET/fluorescence) imaging for 89Zr(IV) tracers. Crystal violet and MTT assays on NIH-3 T3 fibroblasts and MDA-MB 231 mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated, respectively, no cytotoxicity nor metabolic impairment at usual radiodiagnostic concentrations of ZrDFOC. Clonogenic colony-forming assay performed on X-irradiated MDA-MB 231 cells showed no interference of ZrDFOC with radiosensitivity. Morphological biodistribution (confocal fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy) assays on the same cells suggested internalization of the complex through endocytosis. Overall, these results support fluorophore-tagged DFO as a suitable option to achieve dual imaging (PET/fluorescence) probes based on 89Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Maria Romano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Virginia Zizi
- Imaging Platform, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Salvatore
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bani
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Mangoni
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Imaging Platform, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Anichini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Yschtar Tecla Simonini Steiner
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Imaging Platform, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale G.Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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9
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Melendez-Alafort L, Ferro-Flores G, De Nardo L, Ocampo-García B, Bolzati C. Zirconium immune-complexes for PET molecular imaging: Current status and prospects. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Khozeimeh Sarbisheh E, Summers KL, Salih AK, Cotelesage JJH, Zimmerling A, Pickering IJ, George GN, Price EW. Radiochemical, Computational, and Spectroscopic Evaluation of High-Denticity Desferrioxamine Derivatives DFO2 and DFO2p toward an Ideal Zirconium-89 Chelate Platform. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2637-2651. [PMID: 36716427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine (DFO) has long been considered the gold standard chelator for incorporating [89Zr]Zr4+ in radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. To improve the stability of DFO with zirconium-89 and to expand its coordination sphere to enable binding of large therapeutic radiometals, we have synthesized the highest denticity DFO derivatives to date: dodecadentate DFO2 and DFO2p. In this study, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel DFO-based chelator, DFO2p, which is comprised of two DFO strands connected by an p-NO2-phenyl linker and therefore contains double the chelating moieties of DFO (potential coordination number up to 12 vs 6). The chelator DFO2p offers an optimized synthesis comprised of only a single reaction step and improves water solubility relative to DFO2, but the shorter linker reduces molecular flexibility. Both DFO2 and DFO2p, each with 6 potential hydroxamate ligands, are able to reach a more energetically favorable 8-coordinate environment for Zr(IV) than DFO. The zirconium(IV) coordination environment of these complexes were evaluated by a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and synchrotron spectroscopy (extended X-ray absorption fine structure), which suggest the inner-coordination sphere of zirconium(IV) to be comprised of the outermost four hydroxamate ligands. These results also confirm a single Zr(IV) in each chelator, and the hydroxide ligands which complete the coordination sphere of Zr(IV)-DFO are absent from Zr(IV)-DFO2 and Zr(IV)-DFO2p. Radiochemical stability studies with zirconium-89 revealed the order of real-world stability to be DFO2 > DFO2p ≫ DFO. The zirconium-89 complexes of these new high-denticity chelators were found to be far more stable than DFO, and the decreased molecular flexibility of DFO2p, relative to DFO2, could explain its decreased stability, relative to DFO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Khozeimeh Sarbisheh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Kelly L Summers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Akam K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Amanda Zimmerling
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5C9, Canada
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11
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Salih AK, Raheem SJ, Garcia MD, Ahiahonu WK, Price EW. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of DFO-Em: A Modular Chelator with Octadentate Chelation for Optimal Zirconium-89 Radiochemistry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20964-20976. [PMID: 36516446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zirconium-89 has quickly become a favorite radionuclide among academics and clinicians for nuclear imaging. This radiometal has a relatively long half-life, which matches the biological half-life of most antibodies, suitable decay properties for positron emission tomography (PET), and efficient and affordable cyclotron production and purification. The "gold standard" chelator for [89Zr]Zr4+ is desferrioxamine B (DFO), and although it has been used both preclinically and clinically for immunoPET with great success, it has revealed its suboptimal stability in vivo. DFO can only bind to [89Zr]Zr4+ through its six available coordination sites made up by three hydroxamic acid (HA) moieties, which is not sufficient to saturate the coordination sphere (CN 7-8). In this study, we have designed, synthesized, and characterized a new octadentate chelator we have called DFO-Em, which is an improved derivative of our previously published dodecadentate chelator DFO2. This octadentate DFO-Em chelator is smaller than DFO2 but still satisfies the coordination sphere of zirconium-89 and forms a highly stable radiometal-chelator complex. DFO-Em was synthesized by tethering a hydroxamic acid monomer to commercially available DFO using glutamic acid as a linker, providing an octadentate chelator built on a modular amino acid-based synthesis platform. Radiolabeling performance and radiochemical stability of DFO-Em were assessed in vitro by serum stability, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and hydroxyapatite challenges. Furthermore, [89Zr]Zr-(DFO-Em) and [89Zr]Zr-DFO were injected in healthy mice and measured in vivo by PET/CT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution. Additionally, the coordination of DFO-Em with Zr(IV) and its isomers was studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The radiolabeling studies revealed that DFO-Em has a comparable radiolabeling profile to the gold standard chelator DFO. The in vitro stability evaluation showed that [89Zr]Zr-(DFO-Em) was significantly more stable than [89Zr]Zr-DFO, and in vivo both had similar clearance in healthy mice with a small decrease in tissue retention for [89Zr]Zr-(DFO-Em) at 24 h post injection. The DFT calculations also confirmed that Zr-(DFO-Em) can adopt highly stable 8-coordinate geometries, which along with NMR characterization suggest no fluxional behavior and the presence of a single isomer. The modular design of DFO-Em means that any natural or unnatural amino acid can be utilized as a linker to gain access to different chemistries (e.g., thiol, amine, carboxylic acid, azide) while retaining an identical coordination sphere to DFO-Em.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akam K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Shvan J Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Moralba Dominguez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - William K Ahiahonu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9Saskatoon, SKCanada
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12
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Rahman ML, Sarjadi MS, Sarkar SM, Walsh DJ, Hannan JJ. Poly(hydroxamic acid) resins and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Lai Q, Chu ZQ, Xiao X, Dai D, Song T, Luo TY, Tang W, Feng X, Zhang Z, Li T, Xiao H, Su J, Liu C. Two-Dimensional Zr/Hf-Hydroxamate Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3601-3604. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00213b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel two-dimensional kagome metal-organic frameworks with mononuclear Zr4+/Hf4+ nodes chelated by benzene-1,4-dihydroxamate linkers were synthesized. The MOFs, namely SUM-1, are chemically robust and kinetically favorable, as confirmed by theoretical and...
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14
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Guillou A, Ouadi A, Holland JP. Heptadentate chelates for 89Zr-radiolabelling of monoclonal antibodies. Inorg Chem Front 2022; 9:3071-3081. [PMID: 35770072 PMCID: PMC9196204 DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zirconium complexation chemistry is an important area of research in the context of developing radiolabelled proteins for applications in diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Herein, we report the synthesis...
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Guillou
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland +41.44.63.53.990 https://www.hollandlab.org
| | - Ali Ouadi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178 F-67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jason P Holland
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland +41.44.63.53.990 https://www.hollandlab.org
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15
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Savastano M, Boscaro F, Bianchi A. Metal Coordination Properties of a Chromophoric Desferrioxamine (DFO) Derivative: Insight on the Coordination Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Stability of Zr 4+ Complexes. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010184. [PMID: 35011419 PMCID: PMC8746621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Desferrioxamine (DFO) is the current "gold standard" chelator for 89Zr4+, which is used to label monoclonal antibodies for applications in immunopositron emission tomography. Recently, controversial data have been reported regarding the speciation and the stability of the complexes formed by DFO with Zr4+ in solution. To shed some light on this point, we studied the coordination properties in solution ofa chromophoric DFO derivative bearing a substituted pyrimidine residue (DFO-Pm) toward several metal ions (Zr4+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+). Potentiometric titrations showed that DFO-Pm and pristine DFO form complexes with very similar stoichiometry and stability. DFO-Pm, which can consequently be taken as a model system for DFO, provides a photochemical response to metal coordination that can be used to further define the complexes formed. In the critical case of Zr4+, spectrophotometric measurements allowed the verification of the formation of 1:1 and 2:3 complexes that, together with 2:2 complexes form the coordination model that was obtained through the use of our potentiometric measurements. Additionally, mass spectrometry measurements verified the formation of 1:1 and 2:3 complexes and showed that 1:2 species can be easily generated through the fragmentation of the 2:3 species. In conclusion, the results obtained with DFO-Pm validate the complexation model of Zr4+/DFO composed of 1:1, 2:2, and 2:3 metal-to-ligand complexes. Convergences and conflicts with other works are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Spettrometria di Massa (CISM), University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
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16
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Southcott L, Li L, Patrick BO, Stephan H, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Orvig C. [ nat/89Zr][Zr(pypa)]: Thermodynamically Stable and Kinetically Inert Binary Nonadentate Complex for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18082-18093. [PMID: 34788042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H4pypa is a nonadentate nonmacrocyclic chelator, which previously demonstrated high affinity for scandium-44, lutetium-177, and indium-111. Herein, we report the highly stable binary [Zr(pypa)] complex; the nonradioactive complex was synthesized and characterized in detail using high-resolution electrospray-ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) and various nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (NMR), which revealed C2v symmetry of the complex. The geometry of [Zr(pypa)] was further detailed via X-ray crystallography and compared with the structure of [Fe(Hpypa)]. Despite a slow complexation rate with an association half-life of 31.4 h at pH 2 and room temperature, the [Zr(pypa)] complex is thermodynamically stable (log KML = 38.92, pZr = 39.4). Radiochemical studies demonstrated quantitative radiolabeling achieved at 10 μM chelator concentration within 2 h at 40 °C and pH = 7, antibody-compatible conditions. Of the utmost importance, [89Zr][Zr(pypa)] is highly kinetically inert upon challenge with excess EDTA and DFO ligands, superior to [89Zr][Zr(DFO)]+, and maintains inertness toward human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Southcott
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden─Rossendorf, P.O. Box 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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17
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Klasen B, Lemcke D, Mindt TL, Gasser G, Rösch F. Development and in vitro evaluation of new bifunctional 89Zr-chelators based on the 6-amino-1,4-diazepane scaffold for immuno-PET applications. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 102-103:12-23. [PMID: 34242949 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination of hydroxamate bearing side chains with the 6-amino-1,4-diazepane scaffold provides a promising strategy for fast and stable 89Zr-labeling of antibodies. Following this approach, we hereby present the development, labeling kinetics and in vitro complex stability of three resulting bifunctional chelator derivatives both stand-alone and coupled to a model protein in comparison to different linear deferoxamine (DFO) derivatives. METHODS The novel 89Zr-chelator Hy3ADA5 was prepared via amide-coupling of separately synthesized 6-amino-1,4-diazepane-6-pentanoic acid and hydroxamate-containing side chains. Two further bifunctional derivatives were synthesized by extending the resulting system with either a squaramide- or p-isothiocyanatophenyl moiety for simplified binding to proteins. After coupling to a model antibody and purification, the resulting immunoconjugates as well as the unbound chelator derivatives were 89Zr-labeled at room temperature (RT) and neutral pH. For comparison, different DFO derivatives were analogously coupled, purified and radiolabeled. In vitro complex stability of the resulting radioconjugates was investigated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human serum at 37 °C over a period of 7 days. RESULTS 89Zr-labeling of the novel unbound Hy3ADA5 derivatives indicated rapid complexation kinetics resulting in high radiochemical conversions (RCC) of 84-94% after 90 min. Similar or even faster radiolabeling with slightly increased maximum yields was obtained using the DFO-analogues. Initially, [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-p-Ph-NCS showed a delayed formation, nevertheless reaching almost quantitative complexation. Radiolabeling of the corresponding immunoconjugates Hy3ADA5-SA-mAb and Hy3ADA5-p-Ph-NCS-mAb resulted in 82.0 ± 1.1 and 89.2 ± 0.7% RCC, respectively after 90 min representing high but slightly lower labeling efficiency compared to the DFO- and DFO*-functionalized analogues. All examined radioimmunoconjugates showed very high in vitro complex stability both in human serum and PBS, providing no significant release of the radiometal. In the case of unbound chelators, however, the p-Ph-NCS-functionalized derivatives indicated considerable instability in human serum already after 1 h. CONCLUSION The novel chelator derivatives based on hydroxamate-functionalized 6-amino-1,4-diazepane revealed fast and high yielding 89Zr-labeling kinetics as well as high in vitro complex stability both stand-alone and coupled to an antibody. Therefore, Hy3ADA5 represents a promising tool for radiolabeling of biomolecules such as antibodies at mild conditions for immuno-PET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Klasen
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Lemcke
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna, Austria; Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, France
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Sarcan ET, Silindir-Gunay M, Ozer AY, Hartman N. 89Zr as a promising radionuclide and it’s applications for effective cancer imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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A Semi Rigid Novel Hydroxamate AMPED-Based Ligand for 89Zr PET Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195819. [PMID: 34641362 PMCID: PMC8512011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we designed, developed, characterized, and investigated a new chelator and its bifunctional derivative for 89Zr labeling and PET-imaging. In a preliminary study, we synthesized two hexadentate chelators named AAZTHAS and AAZTHAG, based on the seven-membered heterocycle AMPED (6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepine) with the aim to increase the rigidity of the 89Zr complex by using N-methyl-N-(hydroxy)succinamide or N-methyl-N-(hydroxy)glutaramide pendant arms attached to the cyclic structure. N-methylhydroxamate groups are the donor groups chosen to efficiently coordinate 89Zr. After in vitro stability tests, we selected the chelator with longer arms, AAZTHAG, as the best complexing agent for 89Zr presenting a stability of 86.4 ± 5.5% in human serum (HS) for at least 72 h. Small animal PET/CT static scans acquired at different time points (up to 24 h) and ex vivo organ distribution studies were then carried out in healthy nude mice (n = 3) to investigate the stability and biodistribution in vivo of this new 89Zr-based complex. High stability in vivo, with low accumulation of free 89Zr in bones and kidneys, was measured. Furthermore, an activated ester functionalized version of AAZTHAG was synthesized to allow the conjugation with biomolecules such as antibodies. The bifunctional chelator was then conjugated to the human anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Tz) as a proof of principle test of conjugation to biologically active molecules. The final 89Zr labeled compound was characterized via radio-HPLC and SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography, and its stability in different solutions was assessed for at least 4 days.
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20
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The Race for Hydroxamate-Based Zirconium-89 Chelators. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174466. [PMID: 34503276 PMCID: PMC8431476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chelators are small molecules that can form a complex with a metal ion by coordinating electron rich atoms from the chelator to the electron-poor cation. Bifunctionalization of the chelator allows for the coupling of the chelator to a vector, such as a biomolecule. Using this approach, radiolabeling of biomolecules with metallic radionuclides can be performed, enabling nuclear imaging studies for diagnosis and radiotherapy of diseases. In the case of positron emission tomography (PET) of radiolabeled antibodies, this approach is called immunoPET. In this review we focus on chelators using hydroxamate groups to coordinate the radionuclide zirconium-89 ([89Zr]Zr4+, denoted as 89Zr in the following). The most common chelator used in this context is desferrioxamine (DFO). However, preclinical studies indicate that the 89Zr-DFO complex is not stable enough in vivo, in particular when combined with biomolecules with slow pharmacokinetics (e.g., antibodies). Subsequently, new chelators with improved properties have been developed, of which some show promising potential. The progress is summarized in this review. Abstract Metallic radionuclides conjugated to biological vectors via an appropriate chelator are employed in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis (imaging) and radiotherapy of diseases. For the application of radiolabeled antibodies using positron emission tomography (immunoPET), zirconium-89 has gained increasing interest over the last decades as its physical properties (t1/2 = 78.4 h, 22.6% β+ decay) match well with the slow pharmacokinetics of antibodies (tbiol. = days to weeks) allowing for late time point imaging. The most commonly used chelator for 89Zr in this context is desferrioxamine (DFO). However, it has been shown in preclinical studies that the hexadentate DFO ligand does not provide 89Zr-complexes of sufficient stability in vivo and unspecific uptake of the osteophilic radiometal in bones is observed. For clinical applications, this might be of concern not only because of an unnecessary dose to the patient but also an increased background signal. As a consequence, next generation chelators based on hydroxamate scaffolds for more stable coordination of 89Zr have been developed by different research groups. In this review, we describe the progress in this research field until end of 2020, including promising examples of new candidates of chelators currently in advanced stages for clinical translation that outrun the performance of the current gold standard DFO.
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21
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Wang C, Leach BI, Lister D, Adams SR, Xu H, Hoh C, McConville P, Zhang J, Messer K, Ahrens ET. Metallofluorocarbon Nanoemulsion for Inflammatory Macrophage Detection via PET and MRI. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1146-1153. [PMID: 33277399 PMCID: PMC8833871 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.255273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with a range of serious human conditions, including autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The ability to image active inflammatory processes greatly enhances our ability to diagnose and treat these diseases at an early stage. We describe molecular compositions enabling sensitive and precise imaging of inflammatory hotspots in vivo. Methods: A functionalized nanoemulsion with a fluorocarbon-encapsulated radiometal chelate (FERM) was developed to serve as a platform for multimodal imaging probe development. The 19F-containing FERM nanoemulsion encapsulates 89Zr in the fluorous oil via a fluorinated hydroxamic acid chelate. Simple mixing of the radiometal with the preformed aqueous nanoemulsion before use yields FERM, a stable in vivo cell tracer, enabling whole-body 89Zr PET and 19F MRI after a single intravenous injection. Results: The FERM nanoemulsion was intrinsically taken up by phagocytic immune cells, particularly macrophages, with high specificity. FERM stability was demonstrated by a high correlation between the 19F and 89Zr content in the blood (correlation coefficient > 0.99). Image sensitivity at a low dose (37 kBq) was observed in a rodent model of acute infection. The versatility of FERM was further demonstrated in models of inflammatory bowel disease and 4T1 tumor. Conclusion: Multimodal detection using FERM yields robust whole-body lesion detection and leverages the strengths of combined PET and 19F MRI. The FERM nanoemulsion has scalable production and is potentially useful for precise diagnosis, stratification, and treatment monitoring of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Deanne Lister
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carl Hoh
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Patrick McConville
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Invicro, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jing Zhang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen Messer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
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22
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Bubenshchikov VB, Larenkov AA, Kodina GE. Preparation of 89Zr Solutions for Radiopharmaceuticals Synthesis. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362221030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Grus T, Lahnif H, Klasen B, Moon ES, Greifenstein L, Roesch F. Squaric Acid-Based Radiopharmaceuticals for Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1223-1231. [PMID: 34170116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting vectors bound to a chelator represent a significant fraction of radiopharmaceuticals used nowadays for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine. The use of squaramides as coupling units for chelator and targeting vector helps to circumvent the disadvantages of several common coupling methods. This review gives an overview of the use of squaric acid diesters (SADE) as linking agents. It focuses on the conjugation of cyclic chelators, e.g., DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), as well as hybrid chelators like AAZTA5 (6-pentanoic acid-6-amino-1,4-diazepine tetracetic acid) or DATA5m (6-pentanoic acid-6-amino-1,4-diazapine-triacetate) to different targeting vectors, e.g., prostate-specific membrane antigen inhibitors (KuE; PSMAi), fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPi), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). An overview of the synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo behavior of the described structures is given. The unique properties of SADE enable a fast and simple conjugation of chelators to biomolecules, peptides, and small molecules under mild conditions. Furthermore, SA-containing conjugates could not only display similar in vitro characteristics in terms of binding affinity when compared to reference compounds, but may even induce beneficial effects on the pharmacokinetic properties of these radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Grus
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanane Lahnif
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Klasen
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Euy-Sung Moon
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Greifenstein
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Roesch
- Department of Chemistry - TRIGA site, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Chomet M, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. State of the Art in Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Common and Uncommon Radiometals for Preclinical and Clinical Immuno-PET. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1315-1330. [PMID: 33974403 PMCID: PMC8299458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inert
and stable radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies (mAb),
antibody fragments, or antibody mimetics with radiometals is a prerequisite
for immuno-PET. While radiolabeling is preferably fast, mild, efficient,
and reproducible, especially when applied for human use in a current
Good Manufacturing Practice compliant way, it is crucial that the
obtained radioimmunoconjugate is stable and shows preserved immunoreactivity
and in vivo behavior. Radiometals and chelators have
extensively been evaluated to come to the most ideal radiometal–chelator
pair for each type of antibody derivative. Although PET imaging of
antibodies is a relatively recent tool, applications with 89Zr, 64Cu, and 68Ga have greatly increased in
recent years, especially in the clinical setting, while other less
common radionuclides such as 52Mn, 86Y, 66Ga, and 44Sc, but also 18F as in [18F]AlF are emerging promising candidates for the radiolabeling
of antibodies. This review presents a state of the art overview of
the practical aspects of radiolabeling of antibodies, ranging from
fast kinetic affibodies and nanobodies to slow kinetic intact mAbs.
Herein, we focus on the most common approach which consists of first
modification of the antibody with a chelator, and after eventual storage
of the premodified molecule, radiolabeling as a second step. Other
approaches are possible but have been excluded from this review. The
review includes recent and representative examples from the literature
highlighting which radiometal–chelator–antibody combinations
are the most successful for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chomet
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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25
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Golovanov IS, Malykhin RS, Lesnikov VK, Nelyubina YV, Novikov VV, Frolov KV, Stadnichenko AI, Tretyakov EV, Ioffe SL, Sukhorukov AY. Revealing the Structure of Transition Metal Complexes of Formaldoxime. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5523-5537. [PMID: 33826845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic reactions of iron(III), nickel(II), and manganese(II) chlorides with formaldoxime cyclotrimer (tfoH3) and 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) produce indefinitely stable complexes of general formula [M(tacn)(tfo)]Cl. Although the formation of formaldoxime complexes has been known since the end of 19th century and applied in spectrophotometric determination of d-metals (formaldoxime method), the structure of these coordination compounds remained elusive until now. According to the X-ray analysis, [M(tacn)(tfo)]+ cation has a distorted adamantane-like structure with the metal ion being coordinated by three oxygen atoms of deprotonated tfoH3 ligand. The metal has a formal +4 oxidation state, which is atypical for organic complexes of iron and nickel. Electronic structure of [M(tacn)(tfo)]+ cations was studied by XPS, NMR, cyclic (CV) and differential pulse (DPV) voltammetries, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Unusual stabilization of high-valent metal ion by tfo3- ligand was explained by the donation of electron density from the nitrogen atom to the antibonding orbital of the metal-oxygen bond via hyperconjugation as confirmed by the NBO analysis. All complexes [M(tacn)(tfo)]Cl exhibited high catalytic activity in the aerobic dehydrogenative dimerization of p-thiocresol under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Golovanov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Roman S Malykhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Vladislav K Lesnikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Valentin V Novikov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Kirill V Frolov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics," Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Andrey I Stadnichenko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Ac. Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Evgeny V Tretyakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Sema L Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Alexey Yu Sukhorukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia, 119991.,Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36, Moscow, Russia, 117997
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26
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Brown CJM, Codd R. Directing macrocyclic architecture using iron(III)-, gallium(III)-, or zirconium(IV)-assisted ring closure of linear dimeric endo-hydroxamic acid ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 216:111337. [PMID: 33360106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric hydroxamic acid macrocycles are a subclass of bacterial siderophores produced for iron acquisition. Limited yields from natural sources provides the impetus to develop synthetic routes to improve access to these compounds, which have potential utility in metal ion binding applications in the environment and medicine. This work has examined the role of metal ions in forming pre-complexes with linear endo-hydroxamic acid (endo-HXA) ligands bearing terminal amine and carboxylic acid groups optimally configured for in situ ring closure reactions. The 1:1 reaction between Fe(III) and the dimeric endo-HXA ligand 5-((5-(5-((5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanamido)pentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (PPH-PPH) (1) formed the pre-complex (PC) [Fe(PP-PP)-PC]+ with in situ amide coupling generating the macrocycle (MC) [Fe(PP)2-MC]+ and, following Fe(III) removal, the apo-macrocycle 1,13-dihydroxy-1,7,13,19-tetraazacyclotetracosane-2,6,14,18-tetraone (PPH)2-MC (2). The 1:2 reaction system between Fe(III) and the monomeric endo-HXA ligand 5-((5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (PPH) gave significantly less [Fe(PP)2-MC]+ than the former system, due to the requirement to form two rather than one amide bond(s). The 1:1 Ga(III):1 system yielded [Ga(PP-PP)-PC]+ and [Ga(PP)2-MC]+. Neither [Zr(PP-PP)-PC]2+ nor [Zr(PP)2-MC]2+ was detected in the 1:1 Zr(IV):1 system. Instead, the Zr(IV) system showed the formation of a 1:2 Zr(IV):1 pre-complex [Zr(PP-PP)2-PC], which following in situ amide bond forming chemistry, generated two Zr(IV) macrocyclic complexes with distinct architectures: a dimer-of-dimers complex [Zr((PP)2)2-MC] and an end-to-end macrocycle [Zr(PP)4-MC]. The formation of [Fe(PP)2-MC]+, [Ga(PP)2-MC]+ or [Zr((PP)2)2-MC] was confirmed from reconstitution experiments with 2. The work has shown that the choice of metal ion in metal-assisted ring closure reactions directs the assembly of macrocyclic complexes with distinct architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J M Brown
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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27
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Summers KL, Sarbisheh EK, Zimmerling A, Cotelesage JJH, Pickering IJ, George GN, Price EW. Structural Characterization of the Solution Chemistry of Zirconium(IV) Desferrioxamine: A Coordination Sphere Completed by Hydroxides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17443-17452. [PMID: 33183002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabeled, monoclonal antibodies has become an effective, noninvasive method for tumor detection and is a critical component of targeted radionuclide therapy. Metal ion chelator and bacterial siderophore desferrioxamine (DFO) is the gold standard compound for incorporation of zirconium-89 in radiotracers for PET imaging because it is thought to form a stable chelate with [89Zr]Zr4+. However, DFO may not bind zirconium-89 tightly in vivo, with free zirconium-89 reportedly liberated into the bones of experimental mouse models. Although high bone uptake has not been observed to date in humans, this potential instability has been proposed to be related to the unsaturated coordination sphere of [89Zr]Zr-DFO, which is thought to consist of the 3 hydroxamate groups of DFO and 1 or 2 water molecules. In this study, we have used a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimization calculations to further probe the coordination chemistry of this complex in solution. We find the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) curve fitting of an aqueous solution of Zr(IV)-DFO to be consistent with an 8-coordinate Zr with oxygen ligands. DFT calculations suggest that the most energetically favorable Zr(IV) coordination environment in DFO likely consists of the 3 hydroxamate ligands from DFO, each with bidentate coordination, and 2 hydroxide ligands. Further EXAFS curve fitting provides additional support for this model. Therefore, we propose that the coordination sphere of Zr(IV)-DFO is most likely completed by 2 hydroxide ligands rather than 2 water molecules, forming Zr(DFO)(OH)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Summers
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Elaheh Khozeimeh Sarbisheh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Amanda Zimmerling
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Graham N George
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9.,Molecular and Environmental Science Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
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28
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Guérard F, Lee YS, Tripier R, Szajek LP, Deschamps JR, Brechbiel MW. Reply to the 'Comment on "Investigation of Zr(iv) and 89Zr(iv) complexation with hydroxamates: progress towards designing a better chelator than desferrioxamine B for immuno-PET imaging"' by A. Bianchi and M. Savastano, Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, D0CC01189D. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12667-12668. [PMID: 32944719 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03594g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The alternative analysis of A. Bianchi and M. Savastano is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the complex systems at stake in the complexation chemistry of Zr4+ by considering polynuclear species. Placed in the context of nuclear medicine where such aggregates are unlikely and considering recent literature data, this however points out that no clear agreement exists to describe such complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guérard
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29200, Brest, France.
| | - Lawrence P Szajek
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Martin W Brechbiel
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Bianchi A, Savastano M. Comment on "Investigation of Zr(iv) and 89Zr(iv) complexation with hydroxamates: progress towards designing a better chelator than desferrioxamine B for immuno-PET imaging" by F. Guérard, Y.-S. Lee, R. Tripier, L. P. Szajek, J. R. Deschamps and M. W. Brechbiel, Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 1002. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12664-12666. [PMID: 32944720 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An alternative analysis of the complexes formed by Zr(iv) with acetohydroxamate shows that, in comparison with the results reported in the title article, a more complicated complexation model is found, the stability constants of the common complexes are considerably different and complexation of Zr(iv) does not show any unusual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
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30
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Chomet M, Schreurs M, Bolijn MJ, Verlaan M, Beaino W, Brown K, Poot AJ, Windhorst AD, Gill H, Marik J, Williams S, Cowell J, Gasser G, Mindt TL, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. Head-to-head comparison of DFO* and DFO chelators: selection of the best candidate for clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:694-707. [PMID: 32889615 PMCID: PMC8036225 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Almost all radiolabellings of antibodies with 89Zr currently employ the hexadentate chelator desferrioxamine (DFO). However, DFO can lead to unwanted uptake of 89Zr in bones due to instability of the resulting metal complex. DFO*-NCS and the squaramide ester of DFO, DFOSq, are novel analogues that gave more stable 89Zr complexes than DFO in pilot experiments. Here, we directly compare these linker-chelator systems to identify optimal immuno-PET reagents. Methods Cetuximab, trastuzumab and B12 (non-binding control antibody) were labelled with 89Zr via DFO*-NCS, DFOSq, DFO-NCS or DFO*Sq. Stability in vitro was compared at 37 °C in serum (7 days), in formulation solution (24 h ± chelator challenges) and in vivo with N87 and A431 tumour-bearing mice. Finally, to demonstrate the practical benefit of more stable complexation for the accurate detection of bone metastases, [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-NCS-labelled trastuzumab and B12 were evaluated in a bone metastasis mouse model where BT-474 breast cancer cells were injected intratibially. Results [89Zr]Zr-DFO*-NCS-trastuzumab and [89Zr]Zr-DFO*Sq-trastuzumab showed excellent stability in vitro, superior to their [89Zr]Zr-DFO counterparts under all conditions. While tumour uptake was similar for all conjugates, bone uptake was lower for DFO* conjugates. Lower bone uptake for DFO* conjugates was confirmed using a second xenograft model: A431 combined with cetuximab. Finally, in the intratibial BT-474 bone metastasis model, the DFO* conjugates provided superior detection of tumour-specific signal over the DFO conjugates. Conclusion DFO*-mAb conjugates provide lower bone uptake than their DFO analogues; thus, DFO* is a superior candidate for preclinical and clinical 89Zr-immuno-PET. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-020-05002-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chomet
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Schreurs
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Bolijn
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Brown
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Gill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Simon Williams
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Joseph Cowell
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thomas L. Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna (AKH), Vienna, Austria
| | - Guus A. M. S van Dongen
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Sarbisheh EK, Salih AK, Raheem SJ, Lewis JS, Price EW. A High-Denticity Chelator Based on Desferrioxamine for Enhanced Coordination of Zirconium-89. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11715-11727. [PMID: 32799484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a new high-denticity chelator based on the iron siderophore desferrioxamine (DFO). Our new chelator-DFO2-is acyclic and was designed and synthesized with the purpose of improving the coordination chemistry and radiolabeling performance with radioactive zirconium-89. The radionuclide zirconium-89 ([89Zr]Zr4+) has found wide use for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging when it is coupled with proteins, antibodies, and nanoparticles. DFO2 has a potential coordination number of 12, which uniquely positions this chelator for binding large, high-valent, and oxophilic metal ions. Following synthesis of the DFO2 chelator and the [natZr]Zr-(DFO2) complex we performed density functional theory calculations to study its coordination sphere, followed by zirconium-89 radiolabeling experiments for comparisons with the "gold standard" chelator DFO. DFO (CN 6) can coordinate with zirconium in a hexadentate fashion, leaving two open coordination sites where water is thought to coordinate (total CN 8). DFO2 (potential CN 12, dodecadentate) can saturate the coordination sphere of zirconium with four hydroxamate groups (CN 8), with no room left for water to directly coordinate, and only binds a single atom of zirconium per chelate. Following quantitative radiolabeling with zirconium-89, the preformed [89Zr]Zr-(DFO) and [89Zr]Zr-(DFO2) radiometal-chelate complexes were subjected to a battery of in vitro stability challenges, including human blood serum, apo-transferrin, serum albumin, iron, hydroxyapatite, and EDTA. One objective of these stability challenges was to determine if the increased denticity of DFO2 over that of DFO imparted improved complex stability, and another was to determine which of these assays is most relevant to perform with future chelators. In all of the assays DFO2 showed superior stability with zirconium-89, except for the iron challenge, where both DFO2 and DFO were identical. Substantial differences in stability were observed for human blood serum using a precipitation method of analysis, apo-transferrin, hydroxyapatite, and EDTA challenges. These results suggest that DFO2 is a promising next-generation scaffold for zirconium-89 chelators and holds promise for radiochemistry with even larger radionuclides, which we anticipate will expand the utility of DFO2 into theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Khozeimeh Sarbisheh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Akam K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Shvan J Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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32
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Alnahwi A, Ait-Mohand S, Dumulon-Perreault V, Dory YL, Guérin B. Promising Performance of 4HMS, a New Zirconium-89 Octadendate Chelator. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10731-10739. [PMID: 32455192 PMCID: PMC7240819 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the interest in zirconium-89 (89Zr) as a positron-emitting radionuclide increased considerably because of its standardized production and its physical half-life (78.41 h), which matches the biological half-life of antibodies and its successful use in preclinical and clinical applications. So far, desferrioxamine (DFO), a commercially available chelator, has been mainly used as a bifunctional chelating system. However, there are some concerns regarding the in vivo stability of the [89Zr]Zr-DFO complex. In this study, we report the synthesis of an acyclic N-hydroxy-N-methyl succinamide-based chelator (4HMS) with 8 coordination sites and our first investigations into the use of this new chelator for 89Zr complexation. In vitro and in vivo comparative studies with [89Zr]Zr-4HMS and [89Zr]Zr-DFO are presented. The 4HMS chelator was synthesized in four steps starting with an excellent overall yield. Both chelators were quantitatively labeled with 89Zr within 5-10 min at pH 7 and room temperature; the molar activity of [89Zr]Zr-4HMS exceeded (>3 times) that of [89Zr]Zr-DFO. [89Zr]Zr-4HMS remained stable against transmetalation and transchelation and cleared from most tissues within 24 h. The kidney, liver, bone, and spleen uptakes were significantly low for this 89Zr-complex. Positron emission tomography images were in accordance with the results of the biodistribution in healthy mice. Based on DFT calculations, a rationale is provided for the high stability of 89Zr-4HMS. This makes 4HMS a promising chelator for future development of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman
H. Alnahwi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Sherbrooke
Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), CRCHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yves L. Dory
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse Supramoléculaire. Department of Chemistry,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université
de Sherbooke, 3001, 12e
Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke
Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), CRCHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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33
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Abstract
The thermodynamic stability of a metal-ligand complex, as measured by the formation constant (log β), is one of the most important parameters that determines metal ion selectivity and potential applications in, for example, radiopharmaceutical science. The stable coordination chemistry of radioactive 89Zr4+ in an aqueous environment is of paramount importance when developing positron-emitting radiotracers based on proteins (usually antibodies) for use with positron emission tomography. Desferrioxamine B (DFO) remains the chelate of choice for clinical applications of 89Zr-labeled proteins, but the coordination of DFO to Zr4+ ions is suboptimal. Many alternative ligands have been reported, but the challenges in measuring very high log β values with metal ions such as Zr4+ that tend to hydrolyze mean that accurate thermodynamic data are scarce. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to predict the reaction energetics for metal ion complexation. Computed values of pseudoformation constants (log β') are correlated with experimental data and showed an excellent linear relationship (R2 = 0.97). The model was then used to estimate the absolute and relative formation constants of 23 different Zr4+ complexes using a total of 17 different ligands, including many of the alternative bifunctional chelates that have been reported recently for use in 89Zr4+ radiochemistry. In addition, detailed computational studies were performed on the geometric isomerism and hydration state of Zr-desferrioxamine. Collectively, the results offer new insights into Zr4+ coordination chemistry that will help guide the synthesis of future ligands. The computational model developed here is straightforward and reproducible and can be readily applied in the design of other metal coordination compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- University of Zurich , Department of Chemistry , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
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35
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Leiske MN, Walker JA, Zia A, Fletcher NL, Thurecht KJ, Davis TP, Kempe K. Synthesis of biscarboxylic acid functionalised EDTA mimicking polymers and their ability to form Zr(iv) chelation mediated nanostructures. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a new biscarboxylic acid acrylate, which is used for the synthesis of double hydrophilic EDTA-mimicking block copolymers capable of self-assembly upon zirconium complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike N. Leiske
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- and Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Julia A. Walker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- and Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Aadarash Zia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- and Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- and Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- and Drug Delivery
- Disposition and Dynamics
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
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Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Younes A, Cao M, Ali J, Cicek HT, Tully KM, Ponnala S, Babich JW, Deri MA, Lewis JS, Francesconi LC, Drain CM. Improved synthesis of the bifunctional chelator p-SCN-Bn-HOPO. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6866-6871. [PMID: 31268109 PMCID: PMC6640124 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctional ligand p-SCN-Bn-HOPO, which has four 1,2-hydroxypyridinone groups on a spermine backbone with an isothiocyanate linker, has been shown to be an efficient and stable chelator for Zr(iv) and, more importantly, the radioisotope 89Zr for use in radiolabeling antibodies for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Previous studies of 89Zr-HOPO-trastuzumab in mice showed low background, good tumor to organ contrast, and very low bone uptake which show p-SCN-Bn-HOPO to be an important next-generation bifunctional chelator for radioimmunoPET imaging with 89Zr. However, the reported synthesis of p-SCN-Bn-HOPO involves nine steps and multiple HPLC purifications with an overall yield of about 1.4%. Herein we report an improved and efficient synthesis of p-SCN-Bn-HOPO in four steps with 14.3% overall yield which will improve its availability for further biological studies and wider application in PET imaging. The new synthetic route also allows variation in linker length and chemistries which may be helpful in modifying in vivo clearance behaviors of future agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Younes
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Minhua Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Jafar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Huseyin T Cicek
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Tully
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA and Department of Radiology, the Program in Pharmacology, and the Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Shashikanth Ponnala
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John W Babich
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa A Deri
- Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx, New York 10468, USA and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA and Department of Radiology, the Program in Pharmacology, and the Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lynn C Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA. and Chemistry Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
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37
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Toporivska Y, Gumienna-Kontecka E. The solution thermodynamic stability of desferrioxamine B (DFO) with Zr(IV). J Inorg Biochem 2019; 198:110753. [PMID: 31229836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B (DFO, [H4L]+, ligand) is currently the preferred chelator for 89Zr(IV), however the biological studies suggest that it releases the metal ion in vivo. Herein, we present the solution thermodynamics of complexes formed between Zr(IV) and this hexadentate chelating agent, the data surprisingly not yet available in the literature. Several techniques including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), potentiometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were used to determine the stoichiometry and thermodynamic stability of complexes formed in solution over pH range 1-11, overcoming all the difficulties with the characterisation of the aqueous solution chemistry of Zr(IV) complexes, like strong hydrolysis and lack of spectral information. A model containing only mononuclear complexes, i.e. [ZrHL]2+ [ZrL]+, [ZrLH-1] throughout the entire measured pH range is proposed. The stability constants and pM (Zr(IV)) value determined for Zr(IV)-DFO system, place DFO among good Zr(IV) chelators, however the formation of 6-coordinate unsaturated complexes (i.e. with coordination sphere of 8-coordinate Zr(IV) completed by water molecules), together with the susceptibility of coordinated water molecule to deprotonation, are suggested to be the reason of in vivo instability of 89Zr(IV)-DFO complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Toporivska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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38
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Savastano M, Bazzicalupi C, Ferraro G, Fratini E, Gratteri P, Bianchi A. Tales of the Unexpected: The Case of Zirconium(IV) Complexes with Desferrioxamine. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112098. [PMID: 31159506 PMCID: PMC6600682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zr4+ complexes with desferrioxamine (H3DFO) and its derivatives are the only 89Zr-based imaging agents for proton emission tomography (PET) that have been used so far in clinical trials. Nevertheless, a complete speciation of the Zr4+/H3DFO system in solution has never been performed and the stability constants of the relevant complexes are still unknown. Here we report, for the first time, the speciation of this system in water, performed by potentiometric titrations, and the determination of the stability constants of all complexes formed in the pH range 2.5–11.5. Surprisingly, although desferrioxamine gives rise to very stable 1:1 complexes with Zr4+ (logK = 36.14 for Zr4+ + DFO3− = [ZrDFO]+), 2:2 and 2:3 ones are also formed in solution. Depending on the conditions, these binuclear complexes can be main species in solution. These results were corroborated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and MALDI mass spectrometry analyses of complex solutions. Information on complex structures was obtained by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical section, and Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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39
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Zhai C, He S, Ye Y, Rangger C, Kaeopookum P, Summer D, Haas H, Kremser L, Lindner H, Foster J, Sosabowski J, Decristoforo C. Rational Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Novel Fusarinine C-Based Chelators for Radiolabeling with Zirconium-89. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030091. [PMID: 30845658 PMCID: PMC6468543 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarinine C (FSC) has recently been shown to be a promising and novel chelator for 89Zr. Here, FSC has been further derivatized to optimize the complexation properties of FSC-based chelators for 89Zr-labeling by introducing additional carboxylic groups. These were expected to improve the stability of 89Zr-complexes by saturating the 8-coordination sphere of [89Zr] Zr4+, and also to introduce functionalities suitable for conjugation to targeting vectors such as monoclonal antibodies. For proof of concept, succinic acid derivatization at the amine groups of FSC was carried out, resulting in FSC(succ)2 and FSC(succ)3. FSC(succ)2 was further derivatized to FSC(succ)2 AA by reacting with acetic anhydride (AA). The Zr4+ complexation properties of these chelators were studied by reacting with ZrCl4. Partition coefficient, protein binding, serum stability, acid dissociation, and transchelation studies of 89Zr-complexes were carried out in vitro and the results were compared with those for 89Zr-desferrioxamine B ([89Zr]Zr-DFO) and 89Zr-triacetylfusarinine C ([89Zr]Zr-TAFC). The in vivo properties of [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 were further compared with [89Zr]Zr-TAFC in BALB/c mice using micro-positron emission tomography/computer tomography (microPET/CT) imaging. Fusarinine C (succ)2AA and FSC(succ)3 were synthesized with satisfactory yields. Complexation with ZrCl4 was achieved using a simple strategy resulting in high-purity Zr-FSC(succ)2AA and Zr-FSC(succ)3 with 1:1 stoichiometry. Distribution coefficients of 89Zr-complexes revealed increased hydrophilic character compared to [89Zr]Zr-TAFC. All radioligands showed high stability in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human serum and low protein-bound activity over a period of seven days. Acid dissociation and transchelation studies exhibited a range of in vitro stabilities following the order: [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 > [89Zr]Zr-TAFC > [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)2AA >> [89Zr]Zr-DFO. Biodistribution studies of [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 revealed a slower excretion pattern compared to [89Zr]Zr-TAFC. In conclusion, [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)3 showed the best stability and inertness. The promising results obtained with [89Zr]Zr-FSC(succ)2AA highlight the potential of FSC(succ)2 as a monovalent chelator for conjugation to targeted biomolecules, in particular, monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangyan Zhai
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Shanzhen He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yunjie Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Piriya Kaeopookum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Summer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julie Foster
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK.
| | - Jane Sosabowski
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK.
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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40
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Analogues of desferrioxamine B (DFOB) with new properties and new functions generated using precursor-directed biosynthesis. Biometals 2019; 32:395-408. [PMID: 30701380 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. Although DFOB has a long clinical history for the treatment of chronic iron overload, limitations encourage the development of new analogues. This review describes a recent body of work that has used precursor-directed biosynthesis (PDB) to access new DFOB analogues. PDB exploits the native biosynthetic machinery of a producing organism in culture medium augmented with non-native substrates that compete against native substrates during metabolite assembly. The method allows access to analogues of natural products using benign methods, compared to multistep organic synthesis. The disadvantages of PDB are the production of metabolites in low yield and the need to purify complex mixtures. Streptomyces pilosus medium was supplemented with different types of non-native diamine substrates to compete against native 1,5-diaminopentane to generate DFOB analogues containing alkene bonds, fluorine atoms, ether or thioether functional groups, or a disulfide bond. All analogues retained function as Fe(III) chelators and have properties that could broaden the utility of DFOB. These PDB studies have also added knowledge to the understanding of DFOB biosynthesis.
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41
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La MT, Tran VH, Kim HK. Progress of Coordination and Utilization of Zirconium-89 for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Studies. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 53:115-124. [PMID: 31057683 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-019-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiometals have been commonly used in medical applications, and utilization of such metals continues to be an attractive research area. In particular, a variety of radiometals have been developed and implemented for molecular imaging. For such applications, 89Zr has been one of the most interesting radiometals currently used for tumor targeting. Several chemical ligands were developed as 89Zr chelators, and new coordinating methods have also been developed more recently. In addition, immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) studies using 89Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies have been performed by several scientists. In this review, recent advances to the coordination of 89Zr and the utilization of 89Zr in PET studies are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thanh La
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hieu Tran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54907 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54907 Republic of Korea
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42
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Bhatt NB, Pandya DN, Rideout-Danner S, Gage HD, Marini FC, Wadas TJ. A comprehensively revised strategy that improves the specific activity and long-term stability of clinically relevant 89Zr-immuno-PET agents. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13214-13221. [PMID: 30178793 PMCID: PMC6192516 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zirconium-89 is currently being used in numerous clinical trials involving monoclonal antibodies and positron emission tomography. This report describes a revised strategy that reduces preparation time while increasing the specific activity of clinically relevant immuno-PET agents. Additionally, it demonstrates that n-acetyl-l-cysteine acts as a superior radioprotective agent that improves long-term stability without compromising antigen affinity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj B Bhatt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | - Howard D Gage
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Frank C Marini
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. and Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Codd R, Soe CZ, Pakchung AAH, Sresutharsan A, Brown CJM, Tieu W. The chemical biology and coordination chemistry of putrebactin, avaroferrin, bisucaberin, and alcaligin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:969-982. [PMID: 29946977 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxamic acid macrocyclic siderophores comprise four members: putrebactin (putH2), avaroferrin (avaH2), bisucaberin (bisH2), and alcaligin (alcH2). This mini-review collates studies of the chemical biology and coordination chemistry of these macrocycles, with an emphasis on putH2. These Fe(III)-binding macrocycles are produced by selected bacteria to acquire insoluble Fe(III) from the local environment. The macrocycles are optimally pre-configured for Fe(III) binding, as established from the X-ray crystal structure of dinuclear [Fe2(alc)3] at neutral pH. The dimeric macrocycles are biosynthetic products of two endo-hydroxamic acid ligands flanked by one amine group and one carboxylic acid group, which are assembled from 1,4-diaminobutane and/or 1,5-diaminopentane as initial substrates. The biosynthesis of alcH2 includes an additional diamine C-hydroxylation step. Knowledge of putH2 biosynthesis supported the use of precursor-directed biosynthesis to generate unsaturated putH2 analogues by culturing Shewanella putrefaciens in medium supplemented with unsaturated diamine substrates. The X-ray crystal structures of putH2, avaH2 and alcH2 show differences in the relative orientations of the amide and hydroxamic acid functional groups that could prescribe differences in solvation and other biological properties. Functional differences have been borne out in biological studies. Although evolved for Fe(III) acquisition, solution coordination complexes have been characterised between putH2 and oxido-V(IV/V), Mo(VI), or Cr(V). Retrosynthetic analysis of 1:1 complexes of [Fe(put)]+, [Fe(ava)]+, and [Fe(bis)]+ that dominate at pH < 5 led to a forward metal-templated synthesis approach to generate the Fe(III)-loaded macrocycles, with apo-macrocycles furnished upon incubation with EDTA. This mini-review aims to capture the rich chemistry and chemical biology of these seemingly simple compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Cho Zin Soe
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Amalie A H Pakchung
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Athavan Sresutharsan
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher J M Brown
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - William Tieu
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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44
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Graves SA, Kutyreff C, Barrett KE, Hernandez R, Ellison PA, Happel S, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Nickles RJ, Engle JW. Evaluation of a chloride-based 89Zr isolation strategy using a tributyl phosphate (TBP)-functionalized extraction resin. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 64-65:1-7. [PMID: 30015090 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The remarkable stability of the 89Zr-DOTA complex has been shown in recent literature. The formation of this complex appears to require 89Zr-chloride as the complexation precursor rather than the more conventional 89Zr-oxalate. In this work we present a method for the direct isolation of 89Zr-chloride from irradiated natY foils. METHODS 89Zr, 88Zr, and 88Y were prepared by 16 MeV proton irradiation of natY foils and used for batch-extraction based equilibrium coefficient measurements for TBP and UTEVA resin. Radionuclidically pure 89Zr was prepared by 14 MeV proton-irradiation of natY foils. These foils were dissolved in concentrated HCl, trapped on columns of TBP or UTEVA resin, and 89Zr-chloride was eluted in <1 mL of 0.1 M HCl. For purposes of comparison, conventionally-isolated 89Zr-oxalate was converted to 89Zr-chloride by trapping, rinsing, and elution from a QMA cartridge into 1 M HCl. Trace metal analysis was performed on the resulting 89Zr products. RESULTS Equilibrium coefficients for Y and Zr were similar between UTEVA and TBP resins across all HCl concentrations. Kd values of <10-1 mL/g were observed for Y across all HCl concentrations. Kd values of >103 mL/g were observed at HCl concentrations >9 M for Zr, falling to Kd values of <100 mL/g at low HCl concentrations. 89Zr-chloride was recovered from small columns of TBP in <1 mL of 0.1 M HCl with an overall recovery efficiency of 89 ± 3% (n = 3). An average Y/Zr separation factor of 1.5 × 105 (n = 3) was obtained. Trace metal impurities, notably Fe, were higher in TBP-isolated 89Zr-chloride compared with 89Zr-chloride prepared using the conventional two-step procedure. CONCLUSION TBP-functionalized resin appears promising for the direct isolation of 89Zr-chloride from irradiated natY targets. Excellent 89Zr recovery efficiencies were obtained, and chemical purity was sufficient for proof-of-concept chelation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christopher Kutyreff
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kendall E Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Steffen Happel
- TrisKem International, 3 rue des champs Geons, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Abstract
This Tutorial Review aims to provide an overview of the use of zirconium-89 complexes in biomedical imaging. Over the past decade there have been many new papers in this field, ranging from chemistry through to preclinical and clinical applications. Here we attempt to summarise the main developments that have occurred in this period. The primary focus is on coordination chemistry but other aspects such as isotope production, isotope properties, handling and radiochemical techniques and characterisation of cold and labelled complexes are included. Selected results from animal and human clinical studies are presented in the context of the stabilities and properties of the labelled bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Dilworth
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Abstract
The interest in zirconium-89 (89Zr) as a positron-emitting radionuclide has grown considerably over the last decade due to its standardized production, long half-life of 78.2 h, favorable decay characteristics for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and its successful use in a variety of clinical and preclinical applications. However, to be utilized effectively in PET applications it must be stably bound to a targeting ligand, and the most successfully used 89Zr chelator is desferrioxamine B (DFO), which is commercially available as the iron chelator Desferal®. Despite the prevalence of DFO in 89Zr-immuno-PET applications, the development of new ligands for this radiometal is an active area of research. This review focuses on recent advances in zirconium-89 chelation chemistry and will highlight the rapidly expanding ligand classes that are under investigation as DFO alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj B Bhatt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Darpan N Pandya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Thaddeus J Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Codd R, Richardson-Sanchez T, Telfer TJ, Gotsbacher MP. Advances in the Chemical Biology of Desferrioxamine B. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:11-25. [PMID: 29182270 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) was discovered in the late 1950s as a hydroxamic acid metabolite of the soil bacterium Streptomyces pilosus. The exquisite affinity of DFOB for Fe(III) identified its potential for removing excess iron from patients with transfusion-dependent hemoglobin disorders. Many studies have used semisynthetic chemistry to produce DFOB adducts with new properties and broad-ranging functions. More recent approaches in chemical biology have revealed some nuances of DFOB biosynthesis and discovered new DFOB-derived drugs and radiometal imaging agents. The current and potential applications of DFOB continue to inspire a rich body of chemical biology research focused on this bacterial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences
(Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tomas Richardson-Sanchez
- School of Medical Sciences
(Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Telfer
- School of Medical Sciences
(Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael P. Gotsbacher
- School of Medical Sciences
(Pharmacology), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Price TW, Greenman J, Stasiuk GJ. Current advances in ligand design for inorganic positron emission tomography tracers 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15702-15724. [PMID: 26865360 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key part of the development of metal based Positron Emission Tomography probes is the chelation of the radiometal. In this review the recent developments in the chelation of four positron emitting radiometals, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc, are explored. The factors that effect the chelation of each radio metal and the ideal ligand system will be discussed with regards to high in vivo stability, complexation conditions, conjugation to targeting motifs and complexation kinetics. A series of cyclic, cross-bridged and acyclic ligands will be discussed, such as CP256 which forms stable complexes with 68Ga under mild conditions and PCB-TE2A which has been shown to form a highly stable complex with 64Cu. 89Zr and 44Sc have seen significant development in recent years with a number of chelates being applied to each metal - eight coordinate di-macrocyclic terephthalamide ligands were found to rapidly produce more stable complexes with 89Zr than the widely used DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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McInnes LE, Rudd SE, Donnelly PS. Copper, gallium and zirconium positron emission tomography imaging agents: The importance of metal ion speciation. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Petrik M, Zhai C, Novy Z, Urbanek L, Haas H, Decristoforo C. In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison of Selected Ga-68 and Zr-89 Labelled Siderophores. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:344-52. [PMID: 26424719 PMCID: PMC4870302 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Some [68Ga]siderophores show promise in specific and sensitive imaging of infection. Here, we compare the in vitro and in vivo behaviour of selected Ga-68 and Zr-89 labelled siderophores. Procedures Radiolabelling was performed in HEPES or sodium acetate buffer systems. Radiochemical purity of labelled siderophores was determined using chromatography. Partition coefficients, in vitro stability and protein binding affinities were determined. Ex vivo biodistribution and animal imaging was studied in mice. Results Certain differences among studied siderophores were observed in labelling efficiency. Protein binding and stability tests showed highest stabilities and lowest protein binding affinities for Ga-68 and [89Zr]triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC). All studied Ga-68 and [89Zr]siderophores exhibited a similar biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in mice with the exception of [89Zr]ferrioxamine E (FOXE). Conclusions Zr-89 and [68Ga]siderophores showed analogous in vitro and in vivo behaviour. Tested [89Zr]siderophores could be applied for longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) studies of fungal infections and especially TAFC for the development of novel bioconjugates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11307-015-0897-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Petrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Chuangyan Zhai
- Clinical Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zbynek Novy
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 5, CZ-77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubor Urbanek
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Clinical Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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