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Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi N, Hafizah Mukhtar N, Ravindar L, Suhaily Saaidin A, Huda Abd Karim N, Hamizah Ali A, Kartini Agustar H, Ismail N, Yee Ling L, Ebihara M, Izzaty Hassan N. Exploring antimalarial potential: Conjugating organometallic moieties with organic fragments for enhanced efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107510. [PMID: 38833991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel ligands with efficacy against various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases, molecular hybridization of organometallic units into biologically active scaffolds has been hailed as an appealing strategy in medicinal chemistry. The conjugation to organometallic fragments can be achieved by an appropriate linker or by directly coordinating the existing drugs to a metal. The success of Ferroquine (FQ, SR97193), an effective chloroquine-ferrocene conjugate currently undergoing the patient-exploratory phase as a combination therapy with the novel triaminopyrimidine ZY-19489 for malaria, has sparked intense interest in organometallic compound drug discovery. We present the evolution of organometallic antimalarial agents over the last decade, focusing on the parent moiety's class and the type of organometallics involved. Four main organometallic antimalarial compounds have been chosen based on conjugated organic moieties: existing antimalarial drugs, other clinical drugs, hybrid drugs, and promising scaffolds of thiosemicarbazones, benzimidazoles, and chalcones, in particular. The presented insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on organometallic compound drug development for malaria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hafizah Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Karim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicinal Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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Abid M, Singh S, Egan TJ, Joshi MC. Structural activity relationship of metallo-aminoquines as a next generation antimalarials. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:436-472. [PMID: 34986771 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexian parasite of the genus Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most devastating, furious and common infectious disease throughout the world. According to the latest World malaria report, there were 229 million cases of malaria in 2019 majorly consisting of children under 5 years of age. Some of known analogues viz. quinine, quinoline-containing compounds have been used for last century in the clinical treatment of malaria. Past few decades have witnessed the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains of Plasmodium species to existing antimalarials pressing the need for new drug candidates. For the past few decades bioorganometallic approach to malaria therapy has been introduced which led to the discovery of noval metalcontaining aminoquinolines analogues viz. ferroquine (FQ or 1), Ruthenoquine (RQ or 2) and other related potent metal-analogues. It observed that some metal containing analogues (Fe-, Rh-, Ru-, Re-, Au-, Zn-, Cr-, Pd-, Sn-, Cd-, Ir-, Co-, Cu-, and Mn-aminoquines) were more potent; however, some were equally potent as Chloroquine (CQ) and 1. This is probably due to the intertion of metals in the CQ via various approaches, which might be a very attractive strategy to develop a SAR of novel metal containing antimalarials. Thus, this review aims to summarize the SAR of metal containing aminoquines towards the discovery of potent antimalarial hybrids to provide an insight for rational designs of more effective and less toxic metal containing amoniquines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehroli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town-7700, South Africa
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Dept. of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez marg, South Campus, New Delhi-110021. India
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4
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Feng LS, Xu Z, Chang L, Li C, Yan XF, Gao C, Ding C, Zhao F, Shi F, Wu X. Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:931-971. [PMID: 31692025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant (including multidrug-resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug-resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
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Xiao J, Sun Z, Kong F, Gao F. Current scenario of ferrocene-containing hybrids for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111791. [PMID: 31669852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules have the potential to enhance the efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant organisms, and Ferroquine, a ferrocene hybrid, has demonstrated great potency in clinical trials against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria. Accordingly, hybridization of ferrocene with other antimalarial pharmacophores represents a promising strategy to develop novel antimalarial candidates. This work attempts to systematically review the recent study of ferrocene hybrids in the design and development of antimalarial agents, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed to provide an insight for rational design of more effective antibacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China.
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6
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Peter S, Aderibigbe BA. Ferrocene-Based Compounds with Antimalaria/Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193604. [PMID: 31591298 PMCID: PMC6804011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and cancer are chronic diseases. The challenge with drugs available for the treatment of these diseases is drug toxicity and resistance. Ferrocene is a potent organometallic which have been hybridized with other compounds resulting in compounds with enhanced biological activity such as antimalarial and anticancer. Drugs such as ferroquine were developed from ferrocene and chloroquine. It was tested in the 1990s as an antimalarial and is still an effective antimalarial. Many researchers have reported ferrocene compounds as potent compounds useful as anticancer and antimalarial agents when hybridized with other pharmaceutical scaffolds. This review will be focused on compounds with ferrocene moieties that exhibit either an anticancer or antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
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7
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Zubair S, Asghar F, Badshah A, Lal B, Hussain RA, Tabassum S, Tahir MN. New bioactive ferrocene-substituted heteroleptic copper(I) complex: Synthesis, structural elucidation, DNA interaction, and DFT study. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Thakur RK, Joshi P, Upadhyaya K, Singh K, Sharma G, Shukla SK, Tripathi R, Tripathi RP. Synthesis of isatin based N1-alkylated 3-β-C-glycoconjugated-oxopropylidene oxindoles as potent antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:448-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Nqoro X, Tobeka N, Aderibigbe BA. Quinoline-Based Hybrid Compounds with Antimalarial Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122268. [PMID: 29257067 PMCID: PMC6149725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of quinoline-based compounds for the treatment of malaria infections is hampered by drug resistance. Drug resistance has led to the combination of quinolines with other classes of antimalarials resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes. However, the combination of antimalarials is limited by drug-drug interactions. In order to overcome the aforementioned factors, several researchers have reported hybrid compounds prepared by reacting quinoline-based compounds with other compounds via selected functionalities. This review will focus on the currently reported quinoline-based hybrid compounds and their preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhamla Nqoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Naki Tobeka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Blessing A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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10
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Rahimpour K, Teimuri‐Mofrad R, Vaez A. Isophorone‐based organometallic chromophores: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of electro‐optical properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshvar Rahimpour
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Tabriz 51664 Tabriz Iran
| | - Reza Teimuri‐Mofrad
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Tabriz 51664 Tabriz Iran
| | - Alireza Vaez
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Tabriz 51664 Tabriz Iran
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11
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Shaveta, Mishra S, Singh P. Hybrid molecules: The privileged scaffolds for various pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:500-536. [PMID: 27598238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The practice of polypharmacology is not a new concept but the approaches which are being adopted for administering the two or more drugs together are varied from time to time. Taking two or more drugs simultaneously, co-formulation of two or more active agents in a single tablet and development of hybrid molecular entities capable to modulate multiple targets are the three popular approaches for multidrug therapy. The simultaneous use of more than one drug for the chemotherapy of a single disease demands a lot of patient compliance. Hence the present form of polypharmacology is gaining popularity in the form of hybrid molecules (multiple ligand approach). From the last 1-2 decades, the synthesis of hybrid molecules by the combination of different biologically relevant moieties has been under constant escalation along with their evaluation as diverse range of pharmacological agents and as potent drugs. This review is focused on the biological potential of hybrid molecules with particular mention of those exhibiting anti-fungal, anti-tuberculosis, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. A comparison of the drug potency of the hybrid molecules with their individual counterparts is discussed for quantifying the significance of the concept of molecular hybridisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaveta
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sahil Mishra
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Wani WA, Jameel E, Baig U, Mumtazuddin S, Hun LT. Ferroquine and its derivatives: new generation of antimalarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:534-51. [PMID: 26188909 PMCID: PMC7115395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has been teasing human populations from a long time. Presently, several classes of antimalarial drugs are available in market, but the issues of toxicity, lower efficacy and the resistance by malarial parasites have decreased their overall therapeutic indices. Thus, the search for new promising antimalarials continues, however, the battle against malaria is far from over. Ferroquine is a derivative of chloroquine with antimalarial properties. It is the most successful of the chloroquine derivatives. Not only ferroquine, but also its derivatives have shown promising potential as antimalarials of clinical interest. Presently, much research is dedicated to the development of ferroquine derivatives as safe alternatives to antimalarial chemotherapy. The present article describes the structural, chemical and biological features of ferroquine. Several classes of ferroquine derivatives including hydroxyferroquines, trioxaferroquines, chloroquine-bridged ferrocenophanes, thiosemicarbazone derivatives, ferrocene dual conjugates, 4-N-substituted derivatives, and others have been discussed. Besides, the mechanism of action of ferroquine has been discussed. A careful observation has been made into pharmacologically significant ferroquine derivatives with better or equal therapeutic effects to that of chloroquine and ferroquine. A brief discussion of the toxicities of ferroquine derivatives has been made. Finally, efforts have been made to discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development. Structural, chemical and biological features of ferroquine have been discussed. Several classes of ferroquine derivatives have been reviewed. Mechanism of action of ferroquine has been described. Challenges in ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development have been highlighted. Perspectives in ferroquine-based antimalarial drug development have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem A Wani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Ehtesham Jameel
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, 842001, Bihar, India
| | - Umair Baig
- Center of Excellence for Scientific Research Collaboration with MIT, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mumtazuddin
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, 842001, Bihar, India
| | - Lee Ting Hun
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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Srivastava V, Lee H. Chloroquine-based hybrid molecules as promising novel chemotherapeutic agents. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:472-86. [PMID: 25959387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including anticancer and anti-inflammatory, in addition to its well-known antimalarial activity. This very useful property of CQ may be rendered through a variety of different molecular and cellular mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, necrosis and lysosomal dysfunction. CQ alone may not be as effective as many well-known anticancer drugs; however, it often shows synergisticts when combined with other anticancer agents, without causing substantial ill-effects. To increase its pharmacological activity, scientists synthesized many different chloroquine derivatives by a repositioning approach, some of which show higher activities than the parental CQ. To further improve anticancer activity, medicinal chemists have recently been focusing on generating CQ hybrid molecules by joining, directly or through a linker, 4-aminoquinoline and other pharmacologically active phamarcophore(s). Indeed, some CQ hybrid molecules substantially improved anticancer activity while maintaining desirable CQ property, providing an excellent opportunity of developing effective and safe novel anticancer agents. Since the approach of developing CQ hybrid molecules has advanced much more in the antimalarial drug research, it can provide an excellent template for anticancer drug development. This review provides an overview of CQ-based hybrid molecules by focusing on: (1) the potential advantage of the hybrid approach in developing effective and safe anticancer agents; (2) what we can learn from the CQ hybrid approach used in the development of effective antimalarial agents; and (3) CQ hybrid molecules as potential anticancer agents in different categories classified based on their chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Srivastava
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6
| | - Hoyun Lee
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6.
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14
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Mwande Maguene G, Lekana-Douki JB, Mouray E, Bousquet T, Grellier P, Pellegrini S, Toure Ndouo FS, Lebibi J, Pélinski L. Synthesis and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of ferrocenyl aminoquinoline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Ferrocenyl pseudo-dipeptides derived from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose: Synthesis, electrochemistry and cytotoxicity evaluation. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Reemergence of chloroquine (CQ) analogs as multi-targeting antimalarial agents: a review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:280-95. [PMID: 25461328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amongst several communicable diseases (CDs), malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic disease all over the world, particularly in African and Asian countries. To curb this menace, numbers of antimalarial agents are being sold as over the counter (OTC) drugs. Chloroquine (CQ) is one of them and is one of the oldest, cheapest, and easily available synthetic agents used to curb malaria. Unfortunately, after the reports of CQ-resistance against different strains of malarial parasite strains worldwide, scientist are continuously modifying the core structure of CQ to get an efficient drug. Interestingly, several new drugs have been emerged in due course having unique and enhanced properties (like dual stage inhibitors, resistance reversing ability etc.) and are ready to enter into the clinical trial. In this course, some new agents have also been discovered which are; though inactive against CQS strain, highly active against CQR strains. The present article describes the role of modification of the core structure of CQ and its effects on the biological activities. Moreover, the attempt has also been made to predict the future prospects of such drugs to reemerge as antimalarial agents.
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Hodík T, Lamač M, Červenková Št’astná L, Karban J, Koubková L, Hrstka R, Císařová I, Pinkas J. Titanocene Dihalides and Ferrocenes Bearing a Pendant α-d-Xylofuranos-5-yl or α-d-Ribofuranos-5-yl Moiety. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Activity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hodík
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Št’astná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Koubková
- Regional Centre
for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre
for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182
23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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19
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Carbohydrate-based Cu(I) stabilizing ligands and their use in the synthesis of carbohydrate–ferrocene conjugates. Carbohydr Res 2014; 387:42-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Deepthi SB, Trivedi R, Giribabu L, Sujitha P, Ganesh Kumar C, Sridhar B. (4-Ferrocenylphenyl)propargyl ether derived carbohydrate triazoles: influence of a hydrophobic linker on the electrochemical and cytotoxic properties. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Singh K, Kaur H, Smith P, de Kock C, Chibale K, Balzarini J. Quinoline–Pyrimidine Hybrids: Synthesis, Antiplasmodial Activity, SAR, and Mode of Action Studies. J Med Chem 2013; 57:435-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, UGC Centre of Advance Study-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry, UGC Centre of Advance Study-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Peter Smith
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division
of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 701, South Africa
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schaarschmidt
- Inorganic
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Inorganic
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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23
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Balaji B, Somyajit K, Banik B, Nagaraju G, Chakravarty AR. Photoactivated DNA cleavage and anticancer activity of oxovanadium(IV) complexes of curcumin. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced
Applied Physics Solutions, TRIUMF, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
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25
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Salas PF, Herrmann C, Cawthray JF, Nimphius C, Kenkel A, Chen J, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Patrick BO, Adam MJ, Orvig C. Structural Characteristics of Chloroquine-Bridged Ferrocenophane Analogues of Ferroquine May Obviate Malaria Drug-Resistance Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1596-613. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301422h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Jacqueline F. Cawthray
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Corinna Nimphius
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander Kenkel
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jessie Chen
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory
7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory
7925, South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael J. Adam
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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26
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Dávalos JZ, González J, Guerrero A, Valderrama-Negrón AC, Aguirre Méndez LD, Claramunt RM, Santa María D, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A silver complex of chloroquine: synthesis, characterization and structural properties. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj40921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Deepthi SB, Trivedi R, Giribabu L, Sujitha P, Kumar CG. Effect of amide-triazole linkers on the electrochemical and biological properties of ferrocene-carbohydrate conjugates. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1180-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of ferrocenyl-aminoquinoline-carboxamide conjugates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Herrmann C, Salas PF, Patrick BO, Kock CD, Smith PJ, Adam MJ, Orvig C. Modular Synthesis of 1,2- and 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenyl Carbohydrate Chloroquine and Mefloquine Conjugates as Potential Antimalarial Agents. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300392q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925,
South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925,
South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Adam
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036
Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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30
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Herrmann C, Salas PF, Cawthray JF, de Kock C, Patrick BO, Smith PJ, Adam MJ, Orvig C. 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenyl Carbohydrate Chloroquine Conjugates as Potential Antimalarials. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300354x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced Applied Physics Solutions, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jacqueline F. Cawthray
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- TRIUMF,
4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Adam
- TRIUMF,
4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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