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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Gluharev T, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Struijs J, Tang J, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Aldridge S. Synthesis, Isolation, and Reactivity Studies of 'Naked' Acyclic Gallyl and Indyl Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407427. [PMID: 38775385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
By exploiting the electronic capabilities of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy (NHBO) ligand, we have synthesized "naked" acyclic gallyl [Ga{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- and indyl [In{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- anions (as their [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+ salts) through K+ abstraction from [KGa{OB(NDippCH)2}2] and [KIn{OB(NDippCH)2}2] using 2.2.2-crypt. These systems represent the first O-ligated gallyl/indyl systems, are ultimately accessed from cyclopentadienyl GaI/InI precursors by substitution chemistry, and display nucleophilic reactivity which is strongly influenced by the presence (or otherwise) of the K+ counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tihomir Gluharev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jianqin Tang
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Abstract
Three-membered-ring scaffolds of carbocycles, namely, cyclopropanes and cyclopropenes, are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. These molecules exhibit a peculiar reactivity, and their applications as synthetic intermediates and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis have been extensively studied over the past century. The incorporation of heteroatoms into three-membered cyclic structures has attracted significant attention, reflecting fundamental differences in their electronic/geometric structures and reactivities compared to their carbon congeners and their associated potential for exploitation in applications. Recently, the chemistry of low-valent aluminum species, alumylenes, dialumenes, and aluminyl anions, has dramatically developed, which has allowed access to hitherto unprecedented aluminacycles. This Perspective focuses upon advances in the chemistry of three-membered aluminacycles, including their synthetic protocols, spectroscopic and structural properties, and reactivity toward various substrates and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenting Yan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Piskunov AV, Arsenyeva KV, Klimashevskaya AV, Cherkasov AV. Heterometallic Germanium(IV) Complexes Based on the N-Phenyl-Substituted o-Amidophenolate Ligand. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Schwamm RJ, Hill MS, Liu HY, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Rajabi NA. Seven-Membered Cyclic Potassium Diamidoalumanyls. Chemistry 2021; 27:14971-14980. [PMID: 34403562 PMCID: PMC8596455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The seven-membered cyclic potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNMes }AlK]2 [{SiNMes }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Mes)}2 ; Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ], which adopts a dimeric structure supported by flanking K-aryl interactions, has been isolated either by direct reduction of the iodide precursor, [{SiNMes }AlI], or in a stepwise manner via the intermediate dialumane, [{SiNMes }Al]2 . Although the intermediate dialumane has not been observed by reduction of a Dipp-substituted analogue (Dipp=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ), partial oxidation of the potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , where {SiNDipp }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Dipp)}2 , provided the extremely encumbered dialumane [{SiNDipp }Al]2 . [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 reacts with toluene by reductive activation of a methyl C(sp3 )-H bond to provide the benzyl hydridoaluminate, [{SiNDipp }AlH(CH2 Ph)]K, and as a nucleophile with BPh3 and RN=C=NR (R=i-Pr, Cy) to yield the respective Al-B- and Al-C-bonded potassium aluminaborate and alumina-amidinate products. The dimeric structure of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 can be disrupted by partial or complete sequestration of potassium. Equimolar reactions with 18-crown-6 result in the corresponding monomeric potassium alumanyl, [{SiNDipp }Al-K(18-cr-6)], which provides a rare example of a direct Al-K contact. In contrast, complete encapsulation of the potassium cation of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , either by an excess of 18-cr-6 or 2,2,2-cryptand, allows the respective isolation of bright orange charge-separated species comprising the 'free' [{SiNDipp }Al]- alumanyl anion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on this moiety indicate HOMO-LUMO energy gaps in the of order 200-250 kJ mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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6
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Li H, He Y, Liu C, Tan G. A bis(imino)carbazolate pincer ligand stabilized mononuclear gallium(I) compound: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12674-12680. [PMID: 34545878 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The first bis(imino)carbazolate pincer ligand supported mononuclear Ga(I) compound LGa: (3) was synthesized and fully characterized. Oxidation of 3 with elemental selenium afforded the dinuclear Ga(III) compound [LGa(μ-Se)]2 (4) bearing two bridging Se atoms. Ligand substitution of Cr(CO)6 with 3 under UV light irradiation afforded the gallylene-chromium complex LGa: → Cr(CO)5 (5). In addition, the attempted synthesis of the aluminium analogue LAl: through reduction of LAlI2 (7) only led to isolation of the dinuclear Al(III) compound (LAlI)2 (8), most probably formed through the C-C coupling of two imino radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yuhao He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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7
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Kretsch J, Kreyenschmidt A, Schillmöller T, Sindlinger C, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Group 13 Heavier Carbene Analogues Stabilized by the Bulky Bis(4-benzhydryl-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7389-7398. [PMID: 33900067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the bulky bis(4-benzhydryl-benzoxazyl-2-yl)methane ligand (4-BzhH2Box2CH2), neutral monovalent group 13 complexes [M13(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] [M13 = Tl (1), In (2), or Ga (3)] have been synthesized by salt metathesis reaction of the corresponding potassium or sodium precursor and TlOTf, InOTf, or "GaI". The diiodido gallium species [GaI2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (3a) was realized as a byproduct once the synthesis of 3 was carried out at higher temperatures. The synthesis of [AlI2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (6) as a potential precursor for an aluminum(I) congener was accomplished by two alternative synthetic routes. During one of those procedures, [AlMe2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (4) was synthesized in good yields by deprotonation with an AlMe3 solution (method A). Subsequently, 4 was converted to the monoiodinated species [AlMeI(4-BzhH2Box2CH2)] (5) using 1 equiv of I2 or to 6 by iodination with 2 equiv of I2 at 70 °C for 4 days. As an alternative, complex 6 could be prepared by iodination of 1 equiv of I2 and [AlH2(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] (7), which was previously obtained by facile reaction of 4-BzhH2Box2CH2 and AlH3NMe2Et. All main products 1-7 were completely characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. Alane 7 was additionally analyzed by solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations on [M13(4-BzhH2Box2CH)] [M13 = Tl (1), In (2), Ga (3), or Al] revealed that the complexes consist of monovalent group 13 cations coordinated by an anionic (4-BzhH2Box2CH) ligand similar to metallacycles incorporating a NacNac ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kretsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kreyenschmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Schillmöller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Zheng X, Heilmann A, McManus C, Aldridge S. A Xanthene-Based Mono-Anionic PON Ligand: Exploiting a Bulky, Electronically Unsymmetrical Donor in Main Group Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:3159-3165. [PMID: 33200850 PMCID: PMC7898390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel mono-anionic phosphino-amide ligand based on a xanthene backbone is reported, togetherr with the corresponding GaI complex, (PON)Ga (PON = 4-(di(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphino)-5-(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene). The solid-state structure of (PON)Ga (obtained from X-ray crystallography) reveals very weak O⋅⋅⋅Ga and P⋅⋅⋅Ga interactions, consistent with a R2 NGa fragment which closely resembles those found in one-coordinate amidogallium systems. Strong N-to-Ga π donation from the amido substituent is reflected in a very short N-Ga distance (1.961(2) Å), while the P⋅⋅⋅Ga contact (3.076(1) Å) is well outside the sum of the respective covalent radii. While the donor properties of the PON ligand towards GaI are highly unsymmetrical, oxidation to GaIII leads to much stronger coordination of the pendant phosphine as shown by P-Ga distances which are up to 20 % shorter. From a steric perspective, the PON ligand is shown to be significantly bulkier than related β-diketiminate systems, a finding consistent with reactions of (PON)Ga towards O-atom sources that proceed without oligomerization. Despite this, the enhanced P-donor properties brought about by oxidation at gallium are not sufficient to quench the reactivity of the highly polar Ga-O unit. Instead, intramolecular benzylic C-H activation is observed across the Ga-O bond of a transient gallanone intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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9
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Mechanistic insights into the insertion and addition reactions of group 13 analogues of the six-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: interplay of electrophilicity, basicity, and aromaticity governing the reactivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20070-20080. [PMID: 35479910 PMCID: PMC9033959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three fundamental concepts (aromaticity/basicity/electrophilicity), being heavily used in modern chemistry, have been applied in this work to study the chemical reactivity of six-membered-ring group 13 N-heterocyclic carbenes (G13-6-Rea; G13 = group 13 elements) using density functional theory (BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP). G13-6-Rea is isolobal to benzene. Two model reactions have been used in the present study: the insertion reaction of G13-6-Rea with methane and the [1 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of G13-6-Rea with ethene. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the chemical reactivity of B-6-Rea, Al-6-Rea, and Ga-6-Rea is governed by their HOMO (the sp2-σ lone pair orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered nucleophiles. Conversely, the chemical behavior of In-6-Rea and Tl-6-Rea is determined by their LUMO (the vacant p-π orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered electrophiles. On the basis of the VBSCD (valence bond state correlation diagram) model and ASM (activation strain model), this theoretical evidence demonstrates that the origin of activation barriers for the above model reactions is due to the atomic radius of the pivotal group 13 element in the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea. Accordingly, our theoretical conclusions suggest that the lower the atomic number and the smaller the atomic radius of the G13 atom, the higher the aromaticity of the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea and the smaller the singlet–triplet energy splitting ΔEst of this N-heterocyclic carbene analogue, which will facilitate its chemical reactions. The theoretical findings originating from this study allow many predictions in experiments to be made. On the basis of sophisticated theoretical models, the theoretical study demonstrated that the atomic radius of a group 13 element in a six-membered-ring NHC analogue plays an important role in determining its chemical reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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10
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Mears KL, Stennett CR, Taskinen EK, Knapp CE, Carmalt CJ, Tuononen HM, Power PP. Molecular Complexes Featuring Unsupported Dispersion-Enhanced Aluminum-Copper and Gallium-Copper Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19874-19878. [PMID: 33170691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the copper(I) β-diketiminate copper complex {(Cu(BDIMes))2(μ-C6H6)} (BDIMes = N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pentane-2,4-diiminate) with the low-valent group 13 metal β-diketiminates M(BDIDip) (M = Al or Ga; BDIDip = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pentane-2,4-diiminate) in toluene afforded the complexes {(BDIMes)CuAl(BDIDip)} and {(BDIMes)CuGa(BDIDip)}. These feature unsupported copper-aluminum or copper-gallium bonds with short metal-metal distances, Cu-Al = 2.3010(6) Å and Cu-Ga = 2.2916(5) Å. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that approximately half of the calculated association enthalpies can be attributed to London dispersion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cary R Stennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elina K Taskinen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Heikki M Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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11
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Singh SK, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L. Correlating Electronic Structure and Magnetic Anisotropy in Actinide Complexes [An(COT) 2], An III/IV = U, Np, and Pu. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6815-6825. [PMID: 32368906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and magnetic anisotropies for compounds [An(COT)2] (An = UIII/UIV, NpIII/NpIV and PuIII/PuIV, COT = cyclooctatetraene) are characterized using scalar relativistic density functional theory calculations and second-order perturbation theory based on a complete active space self-consistent field reference including spin-orbit coupling. The degree of participation of 5f orbitals in actinide-ligand bonding and the associated metal-ligand covalency is found to trend as U > Np ≥ Pu for both the tetra-positive and tripositive An complexes. A spin-Hamiltonian analysis indicates only weak single-molecule magnet (SMM) characteristics for [U(COT)2]- and [Np(COT)2] complexes and no significant SMM behavior for the other complexes. The weak SMM behavior in [U(COT)2]- and [Np(COT)2] is attributed to a subtle interplay between local symmetry and ligand-field splitting. Such a result suggests that magnetic anisotropy in 5f3 ions can be modulated in general by electrostatic ligand field design. In particular, σ-donor ligands oriented 180 degrees relative to one another will have a maximal influence on the 5f-orbital ligand field splitting, while π donors like cyclopentadiene and COT generate ligand field influences that have more acute angles associated with corresponding atoms on the individual ligands. These observations rationalize the differences in SMM characteristics for [U(BcMe)3] (BcMe- = dihydrobis(methylimidazolyl)borate) and [U(BpMe)3] (BpMe- = dihydrobis(methylpyrazolyl)borate) and indicate strategies to design new actinide-based SMMs with high magnetic relaxation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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12
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Klein W. Crystal structure of (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane-κ 6
O
6) sodium bromide hydrate, [Na(18-crown-6)]Br ⋅ H 2O, C 12H 26BrNaO 7. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C12H26BrNaO7, monoclinic, Pc (no. 7), a = 7.9362(6) Å, b = 14.1331(7) Å, c = 7.7734(6) Å, β = 96.701(6)°, V = 865.93(10) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0257, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0598, T = 173(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Klein
- Technische Universität München, Department of Chemistry , Lichtenbergstr. 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
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13
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Zhong M, Sinhababu S, Roesky HW. The unique β-diketiminate ligand in aluminum(i) and gallium(i) chemistry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1351-1364. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present an overview of the last 10 years for aluminum(i) and gallium(i) stabilized by β-diketiminate ligands that undergo a series of oxidative addition reactions with molecules containing single and multiple bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdong Zhong
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Universität Göttingen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Göttingen
- Germany
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14
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Anker MD, Altaf Y, Lein M, Coles MP. Reactions of In-Zn bonds with organic azides: products that result from hetero- and homo-bimetallic behaviour. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16588-16594. [PMID: 31657415 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indyl anion, K[In(NONDipp)] (NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) reacts with group 12 compounds M(BDIR)Cl (M = Zn, Cd; BDI = [HC{C(Me)NR}2]-, R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), Dipp) to afford the heterobimetallic compounds (NONDipp)In-M(BDIR) that contain the first In-Zn and In-Cd bonds. The reactivity of the In-Zn bonds towards organic azides, R'N3 (R' = Mes, Dipp, Ph) was investigated. (NONDipp)In-Zn(BDIMes) reduces MesN3via an isolable triazenide intermediate to generate the bridging imido compound, (NONDipp)In-(μ-NMes)-Zn(BDIMes). Similar reactivity is noted from early-late heterobimetallic complexes. Under the same conditions, PhN3 reacts to afford a product that contains a bridging tetraazenide ligand, which is formed from the formal (2 + 3)-cycloaddition of second azide to an indium-imido bond. However, increasing the bulk of the BDI-ligand in (NONDipp)In-Zn(BDIDipp) leads to reductive coupling of PhN3 to give the hexazene complex. This mode of reactivity is reminiscent of the reductive behaviour of homobimetallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Yasir Altaf
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Matthias Lein
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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15
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Dodonov VA, Chen W, Zhao Y, Skatova AA, Roesky PW, Wu B, Yang XJ, Fedushkin IL. Gallium "Shears" for C=N and C=O Bonds of Isocyanates. Chemistry 2019; 25:8259-8267. [PMID: 30892746 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Digallane [L1 Ga-GaL1 ] (1, L1 =dpp-bian=1,2-[(2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 )NC]2 C12 H6 ) reacts with RN=C=O (R=Ph or Tos) by [2+4] cycloaddition of the isocyanate C=N bonds across both of its C=C-N-Ga fragments to afford [L1 (O=C-NR)Ga-Ga(RN-C=O)L1 ] (R=Ph, 3; R=Tos, 4). The reactions with both isocyanates result in new C-C and N-Ga single bonds. In the case of allyl isocyanate, the [2+4] cycloaddition across one C=C-N-Ga fragment of 1 is accompanied by insertion of a second allyl isocyanate molecule into the Ga-N bond of the same fragment to afford compound [L1 Ga-Ga(AllN- C=O)2 L1 ] (5) (All=allyl). In the presence of Na metal, the related digallane [L2 Ga-GaL2 ] (2; L2 =dpp-dad=[(2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 )NC(CH3 )]2 ) is converted into the gallium(I) carbene analogue [L2 Ga:]- (2 A), which undergoes a variety of reactions with isocyanate substrates. These include the cycloaddition of ethyl isocyanate to 2 A affording [Na2 (THF)5 ]{L2 Ga[EtN-C(O)]2 GaL2 } (6), cleavage of the N=C bond with release of 1 equiv. of CO to give [Na(THF)2 ]2 [L2 Ga(p-MeC6 H4 )(N-C(O))2 -N(p-MeC6 H4 )]2 (7), cleavage of the C=O bond to yield the di-O-bridged digallium compound [Na(THF)3 ]2 [L2 Ga-(μ-O)2 -GaL2 ] (8), and generation of the further addition product [Na2 (THF)5 ][L2 Ga(CyNCO2 )]2 (9). Complexes 3-9 have been characterized by NMR (1 H, 13 C), IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Their electronic structures have been examined by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Dodonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina str. 49, Nizhny Novgorod, 603137, Russia.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Weixing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Alexandra A Skatova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina str. 49, Nizhny Novgorod, 603137, Russia
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina str. 49, Nizhny Novgorod, 603137, Russia.,Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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16
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Bresien J, Goicoechea JM, Hinz A, Scharnhölz MT, Schulz A, Suhrbier T, Villinger A. Increasing steric demand through flexible bulk - primary phosphanes with 2,6-bis(benzhydryl)phenyl backbones. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3786-3794. [PMID: 30815640 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sterically demanding primary phosphanes of the type RBhp-PH2 (Bhp = 2,6-bis(benzhydryl)-4-R-phenyl; R = Me, tBu) could be prepared in high yields by modification of synthetic protocols of established bulky phosphanes. The Bhp substituents simultaneously exhibit extensive steric expansiveness and high degrees of flexibility compared to other 2,6-substituted phenyl backbones, enabling a range of different-sized atoms and functionalities to be located between the flanking benzhydryl moieties. Therefore, it was also possible to isolate and fully characterize several halogenated precursors, a diazonium intermediate, as well as a dihalostibane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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17
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Ganesamoorthy C, Krüger J, Glöckler E, Helling C, John L, Frank W, Wölper C, Schulz S. Comprehensive Study on Reactions of Group 13 Diyls with Tetraorganodipentelanes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9495-9503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelladurai Ganesamoorthy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Krüger
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Helling
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas John
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Walter Frank
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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18
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Řičica T, Dostál L, Růžičková Z, Jambor R. Synthesis of N→Ga Coordinated Gallium(II)–Gallium(II) Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řičica
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
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19
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Biancalana L, Fulignati S, Antonetti C, Zacchini S, Provinciali G, Pampaloni G, Raspolli Galletti AM, Marchetti F. Ruthenium p-cymene complexes with α-diimine ligands as catalytic precursors for the transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic Ru(ii) arene complexes with α-diimine ligands were investigated as catalytic precursors in the transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone from isopropanol under MW irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Sara Fulignati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Claudia Antonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CIRCC
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
| | - Giacomo Provinciali
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | | | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
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20
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Li Z, Thiery G, Lichtenthaler MR, Guillot R, Krossing I, Gandon V, Bour C. Catalytic Use of Low-Valent Cationic Gallium(I) Complexes as π-Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; USA
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
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21
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Sokolov VG, Koptseva TS, Moskalev MV, Bazyakina NL, Piskunov AV, Cherkasov AV, Fedushkin IL. Gallium Hydrides with a Radical-Anionic Ligand. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13401-13410. [PMID: 29023115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Cl2GaH with a sodium salt of the dpp-Bian radical-anion (dpp-Bian•-)Na (dpp-Bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) affords paramagnetic gallane (dpp-Bian•-)Ga(Cl)H (1). Oxidation of (dpp-Bian2-)Ga-Ga(dpp-Bian2-) (2) with N2O results in the dimeric oxide (dpp-Bian•-)Ga(μ2-O)2Ga(dpp-Bian•-) (3). A treatment of the oxide 3 with phenylsilane affords paramagnetic gallium hydrides (dpp-Bian•-)GaH2 (4) and (dpp-Bian•-)Ga{OSi(Ph)H2}H (5) depending on the reagent's stoichiometry. The reaction of digallane 2 with benzaldehyde produces pinacolate (dpp-Bian•-)Ga(O2C2H2Ph2) (6). In the presence of PhSiH3, the reaction between digallane 2 and benzaldehyde (2: PhSiH3: PhC(H)O = 1:4:4) affords compound 4. The newly prepared complexes 1, 3-6 consist of a spin-labeled diimine ligand-dpp-Bian radical-anion. The presence of the ligand-localized unpaired electron allows the use of the ESR spectroscopy for characterization of the gallium hydrides reported. The molecular structures of compounds 1, 3-6 have been determined by the single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Sokolov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Koptseva
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Moskalev
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia L Bazyakina
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Piskunov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Anton V Cherkasov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
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22
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Laubenstein R, Ahrens M, Braun T. Synthesis and Structures of Gallium-β-Diketiminate Complexes: Isolation of a Dinuclear Gallium(II) Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reik Laubenstein
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; 12489 Berlin Germany
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23
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Sindlinger CP, Lawrence SR, Acharya S, Ohlin CA, Stasch A. PNacPNacE: (E = Ga, In, Tl) – monomeric group 13 metal(i) heterocycles stabilized by a sterically demanding bis(iminophosphoranyl)methanide. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16872-16877. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monomeric group 13 metal(i) complexes of gallium, indium and thallium stabilised by a sterically demanding bis(iminophosphoranyl)methanide ligand have been prepared and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
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24
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Dange D, Sindlinger CP, Aldridge S, Jones C. Boryl substituted group 13 metallylenes: complexes with an iron carbonyl fragment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:149-152. [PMID: 27824166 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of boryl substituted aluminylene and gallylene complexes, [(DAB)B(THF)Al{Fe(CO)3(μ-CO)}]2 and [(DAB)BGa{μ-Fe(CO)4}]2 (DAB = {(C6H3Pri2-2,6)NCH}2) have been prepared by reduction of MX2(THF){B(DAB)} (M = Al or Ga, X = Cl or Br) with K2[Fe(CO)4]. Spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses of the compounds show them to be structurally distinct dimers, the latter of which possesses a close GaGa separation that computational analyses reveal has negligible bonding character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dange
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Cameron Jones
- Monash Centre for Catalysis, School of Chemistry, PO Box 23, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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25
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Hawley AL, Ohlin CA, Fohlmeister L, Stasch A. Heavier Group 13 Metal(I) Heterocycles Stabilized by Sterically Demanding Diiminophosphinates: A Structurally Characterized Monomer-Dimer Pair For Gallium. Chemistry 2016; 23:447-455. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hawley
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; 17 Rainforest Walk Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - C. André Ohlin
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; 17 Rainforest Walk Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
- Department of Chemistry; Umeå University; Linnaeus väg 10 Umeå 907 36 Sweden
| | - Lea Fohlmeister
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; 17 Rainforest Walk Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; 17 Rainforest Walk Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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26
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Qin B, Schneider U. Catalytic Use of Elemental Gallium for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13119-13122. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- The University of Edinburgh, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Uwe Schneider
- The University of Edinburgh, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
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27
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Bourque JL, Biesinger MC, Baines KM. Chemical state determination of molecular gallium compounds using XPS. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:7678-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00771f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical state of novel gallium complexes are readily determined using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy providing unprecedented insight into reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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28
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Ojeda-Amador AI, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT. Synthetic and Structural Studies of Mixed Sodium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide/Sodium Halide Aggregates in the Presence of η(2)-N,N-, η(3)-N,N,N/N,O,N-, and η(4)-N,N,N,N-Donor Ligands. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9833-44. [PMID: 26417943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When n-hexane solutions of an excess of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS) are combined with cesium halide (halide = Cl, Br, or I) in the presence of the tetradentate donor molecule [tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine] (Me6TREN), the isolation and characterization of a series of sodium amide/sodium halide mixed aggregates was forthcoming. Cesium halide was employed because it efficiently reacted with NaHMDS to produce a molecular, soluble source of sodium halide salt (which was subsequently captured by an excess of NaHMDS) via a methathetical reaction. These mixed sodium amide/sodium halide complexes are formally sodium sodiates, are deficient in halide with respect to the amide, and have the general formula [{Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-X)}{Na(Me6TREN)}] [where X = Cl (1), Br (2), or I (3)]. The influence of the donor ligand was studied for the NaI/NaHMDS system, and when n-hexane solutions of this composition were treated with tridentate donors such as N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminoethyl ether (TMDAE), solvent-separated ion-pair cocomplexes [Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-I)](-)[Na3(μ-HMDS)2(PMDETA)2](+) (4) and [Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-I)](-)[Na(TMDAE)2](+) (5) were isolated. However, upon reaction with bidentate proligands such as the chiral diamine (R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine [(R,R)-TMCDA] or N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), neutral complexes [Na4(μ-HMDS)3(μ4-I)(donor)2] [donor = (R,R)-TMCDA (6) and TMEDA (7)] were produced. To illustrate the generality of the latter reaction with other halides, [Na4(μ-HMDS)3(μ4-Br)(TMEDA)2] (8) was also prepared by employing NaBr in the synthesis instead of NaI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ojeda-Amador
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Martínez
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles T O'Hara
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Lichtenthaler MR, Stahl F, Kratzert D, Heidinger L, Schleicher E, Hamann J, Himmel D, Weber S, Krossing I. Cationic cluster formation versus disproportionation of low-valent indium and gallium complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8288. [PMID: 26478464 PMCID: PMC4633986 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 13 MI compounds often disproportionate into M0 and MIII. Here, however, we show that the reaction of the MI salt of the weakly coordinating alkoxyaluminate [GaI(C6H5F)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− (RF=C(CF3)3) with 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) yields the paramagnetic and distorted octahedral [Ga(bipy)3]2+•{[Al(ORF)4]−}2 complex salt. While the latter appears to be a GaII compound, both, EPR and DFT investigations assign a ligand-centred [GaIII{(bipy)3}•]2+ radical dication. Surprisingly, the application of the heavier homologue [InI(C6H5F)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− leads to aggregation and formation of the homonuclear cationic triangular and rhombic [In3(bipy)6]3+, [In3(bipy)5]3+ and [In4(bipy)6]4+ metal atom clusters. Typically, such clusters are formed under strongly reductive conditions. Analysing the unexpected redox-neutral cationic cluster formation, DFT studies suggest a stepwise formation of the clusters, possibly via their triplet state and further investigations attribute the overall driving force of the reactions to the strong In−In bonds and the high lattice enthalpies of the resultant ligand stabilized [M3]3+{[Al(ORF)4]−}3 and [M4]4+{[Al(ORF)4]−}4 salts. Group 13 metals such as gallium and indium with oxidation states of +I tend to disproportionate into more stable 0 and +III states. Here, the authors report that with a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand Ga(+I) forms a paramagnetic mononuclear Ga(+III) complex, whereas the indium analogue aggregates forming cationic clusters retaining the +I state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Stahl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Heidinger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hamann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Herappe-Mejía E, Trujillo-Hernández K, Carlos Garduño-Jiménez J, Cortés-Guzmán F, Martínez-Otero D, Jancik V. Synthesis of substituted β-diketiminate gallium hydrides via oxidative addition of H–O bonds. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:16894-902. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substituted β-diketiminate gallium hydrides of the general formulaLGa(H)X have been obtained from the oxidative addition reactions of compounds with OH groups intoLGa (L= HC[CMeNAr]2−, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Herappe-Mejía
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
| | - Karla Trujillo-Hernández
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
| | - Juan Carlos Garduño-Jiménez
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM
- Unidad San Cayetano
- Personal del Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Toluca 50200
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple andansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014; 21:157-65. [PMID: 25382015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple and ansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 25376094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Using [Ga(C6 H5 F)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (1) (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) as starting material, we isolated bis- and tris-η6 -coordinated gallium(I) arene complex salts of p-xylene (1,4-Me2 C6 H4 ), hexamethylbenzene (C6 Me6 ), diphenylethane (PhC2 H4 Ph), and m-terphenyl (1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 ): [Ga(1,4-Me2 C6 H4 )2.5 ]+ (2+ ), [Ga(C6 Me6 )2 ]+ (3+ ), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ (4+ ) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ (52+ ). 4+ is the first structurally characterized ansa-like bent sandwich chelate of univalent gallium and 52+ the first binuclear gallium(I) complex without a GaGa bond. Beyond confirming the structural findings by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic investigations and density functional calculations (RI-BP86/SV(P) level), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (4) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ {[Al(ORF )4 ] - }2 (5), featuring ansa-arene ligands, were tested as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB). In comparison to the recently published 1 and the [Ga(1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 )2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- salt (6) (1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 =mesitylene), 4 and 5 gave slightly reduced reactivities. This allowed for favorably increased polymerization temperatures of up to +15 °C, while yielding HR-PIB with high contents of terminal olefinic double bonds (α-contents=84-93 %), low molecular weights (Mn =1000-3000 g mol-1 ) and good monomer conversions (up to 83 % in two hours). While the chelate complexes delivered more favorable results than 1 and 6, the reaction kinetics resembled and thus concurred with the recently proposed coordinative polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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Lichtenthaler MR, Stahl F, Kratzert D, Benkmil B, Wegner HA, Krossing I. σ‐ or π‐Coordination? Complexes of Univalent Gallium Salts with Aromatic Nitrogen Bases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Florian Stahl
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Boumahdi Benkmil
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Justus‐Liebig‐Universität Giessen, Institut Organische Chemie, Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
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Muraoka T, Motohashi H, Tomura H, Ueno K. Photoinduced Formal Gallylene Transfer from Gallium-Bridged Dimetallic Complexes to 16-Electron Metal Fragments. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301148y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hideaki Motohashi
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tomura
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueno
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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Dange D, Li J, Schenk C, Schnöckel H, Jones C. Monomeric Group 13 Metal(I) Amides: Enforcing One-Coordination Through Extreme Ligand Steric Bulk. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:13050-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3022613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dange
- School of
Chemistry, Monash
University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jiaye Li
- School of
Chemistry, Monash
University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Schenk
- School of
Chemistry, Monash
University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Im Neuenheimerfeld 270, Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hansgeorg Schnöckel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry,
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 15, Bldg. 30.45,
76128, Germany
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of
Chemistry, Monash
University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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