1
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Willans M, Hollings A, Boseley RE, Munyard T, Ellison GC, Hackett MJ. The application of X-ray fluorescence microscopy and micro-XANES spectroscopy to study neuro-metallomics. J Inorg Biochem 2024:112744. [PMID: 39341704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
This early career research highlight provides a review of my own research program over the last decade, a time frame that encompasses my transition from postdoctoral fellowships to independent researcher. As an analytical chemist and applied spectroscopist, the central theme of my research program over this time has been protocol development at synchrotron facilities, with the main objective to investigate brain metal homeostasis during both brain health and brain disease. I will begin my review with an overview of brain metal homeostasis, before introducing analytical challenges associated with its study. I will then provide a brief summary of the two main X-ray techniques I have used to study brain metal homeostasis, X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). The review then finishes with a summary of my main research contributions using these two techniques, put in the context of the results from others in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Willans
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rhiannon E Boseley
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas Munyard
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Gaewyn C Ellison
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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2
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Schwehr BJ, Hartnell D, Ellison G, Hindes MT, Milford B, Dallerba E, Hickey SM, Pfeffer FM, Brooks DA, Massi M, Hackett MJ. Fluorescent probes for neuroscience: imaging ex vivo brain tissue sections. Analyst 2024; 149:4536-4552. [PMID: 39171617 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Neurobiological research relies heavily on imaging techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy, to understand neurological function and disease processes. However, the number and variety of fluorescent probes available for ex vivo tissue section imaging limits the advance of research in the field. In this review, we outline the current range of fluorescent probes that are available to researchers for ex vivo brain section imaging, including their physical and chemical characteristics, staining targets, and examples of discoveries for which they have been used. This review is organised into sections based on the biological target of the probe, including subcellular organelles, chemical species (e.g., labile metal ions), and pathological phenomenon (e.g., degenerating cells, aggregated proteins). We hope to inspire further development in this field, given the considerable benefits to be gained by the greater availability of suitably sensitive probes that have specificity for important brain tissue targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Schwehr
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
| | - David Hartnell
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
- Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia 6102
| | - Gaewyn Ellison
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
- Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia 6102
| | - Madison T Hindes
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
| | - Breah Milford
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
| | - Shane M Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
| | - Frederick M Pfeffer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia 6845.
- Curtin University, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia 6102
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3
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Graziotto ME, Kidman CJ, Adair LD, James SA, Harris HH, New EJ. Towards multimodal cellular imaging: optical and X-ray fluorescence. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8295-8318. [PMID: 37910139 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques permit the study of the molecular interactions that underlie health and disease. Each imaging technique collects unique chemical information about the cellular environment. Multimodal imaging, using a single probe that can be detected by multiple imaging modalities, can maximise the information extracted from a single cellular sample by combining the results of different imaging techniques. Of particular interest in biological imaging is the combination of the specificity and sensitivity of optical fluorescence microscopy (OFM) with the quantitative and element-specific nature of X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). Together, these techniques give a greater understanding of how native elements or therapeutics affect the cellular environment. This review focuses on recent studies where both techniques were used in conjunction to study cellular systems, demonstrating the breadth of biological models to which this combination of techniques can be applied and the potential for these techniques to unlock untapped knowledge of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Graziotto
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Clinton J Kidman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Liam D Adair
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Simon A James
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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4
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Investigations of cellular copper metabolism in ovarian cancer cells using a ratiometric fluorescent copper dye. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:43-55. [PMID: 36469143 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in metal homeostasis have been implicated in the progression and drug response of cancer cells. Understanding these changes will enable identification of new treatment regimes and precision medicine approaches to cancer treatment. In particular, there has been considerable interest in the interplay between copper homeostasis and response to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we have studied differences in the Cu uptake and distributions in the ovarian cancer cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin resistant form, A2780.CisR, by measuring total Cu content and the bioavailable Cu pool. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed a lower total Cu uptake in A2780.CisR compared to A2780 cells. Conversely, live-cell confocal microscopy studies with the ratiometric Cu(I)-sensitive fluorescent dye, InCCu1, revealed higher relative cellular content of labile Cu in A2780.CisR cells compared with A2780 cells. These results demonstrate that Cu trafficking, homeostasis and speciation are different in the Pt-sensitive and resistant cells and may be associated with the predominance of different phenotypes for A2780 (epithelial) and A2780.CisR (mesenchymal) cells.
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5
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Lokesh KN, Raichur AM. Bioactive nutraceutical ligands and their efficiency to chelate elemental iron of varying dynamic oxidation states to mitigate associated clinical conditions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:517-543. [PMID: 35943179 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The natural bioactive or nutraceuticals exhibit several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, metal chelation, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity. The inherent limitation of nutraceuticals or bioactive ligand(s) in terms of poor pharmacokinetic and other physicochemical properties affects their overall therapeutic efficiency. The excess of iron in the physiological compartments and its varying dynamic oxidation state [Fe(II) and Fe(III)] precipitates various clinical conditions such as non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), labile iron pool (LIP), ferroptosis, cancer, etc. Though several natural bioactive ligands are proposed to chelate iron, the efficiency of bioactive ligands is limited due to poor bioavailability, denticity, and other related physicochemical properties. The present review provides insight into the relevance of studying the dynamic oxidation state of iron(II) and iron(III) in the physiological compartments and its clinical significance for selecting diagnostics and therapeutic regimes. We suggested a three-pronged approach, i.e., diagnosis, selection of therapeutic regime (natural bioactive), and integration of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) or nanotechnology-based principles. This systematic approach improves the overall therapeutic efficiency of natural iron chelators to manage iron overload-related clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lokesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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6
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Zhu J, Yeo JH, Bowyer AA, Proschogo N, New EJ. Studies of the labile lead pool using a rhodamine-based fluorescent probe. Metallomics 2021; 12:644-648. [PMID: 32342963 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a heavy metal which has long been known to have toxic effects on the body. However, much remains to be learnt about the labile lead pool and cellular uptake of lead. We report here RPb1 that undergoes a 100-fold increase in fluorescence emission in the presence of Pb2+, and which can be applied to study the labile lead pool within cells. We demonstrate the capacity of RPb1 for investigating labile lead pool in DLD-1 cells and changes in labile lead during differentiation of K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhu
- University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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7
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Komoto K, Nomoto T, El Muttaqien S, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Miura Y, Nishiyama N. Iron chelation cancer therapy using hydrophilic block copolymers conjugated with deferoxamine. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:410-421. [PMID: 32770631 PMCID: PMC7780030 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have high iron requirements due to their rapid growth and proliferation. Iron depletion using iron chelators has a potential in cancer treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated that deferoxamine (DFO) specifically chelates Fe(III) and exhibited antitumor activity in clinical studies. However, its poor pharmacokinetics has limited the therapeutic potential and practical application. Although polymeric iron chelators have been developed to increase the blood retention, none of previous studies has demonstrated their potential in iron chelation cancer therapy. Here, we developed polymeric DFO by the covalent conjugation of DFO to poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(aspartic acid) (PEG‐PAsp) block copolymers. The polymeric DFO exhibited iron‐chelating ability comparable with free DFO, thereby arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis and antiproliferative activity. After intravenous administration, the polymeric DFO showed marked increase in blood retention and tumor accumulation in subcutaneous tumor models. Consequently, polymeric DFO showed significant suppression of the tumor growth compared with free DFO. This study reveals the first success of the design of polymeric DFO for enhancing iron chelation cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Komoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Center for Pharmaceutical and Medical Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), LAPTIAB I, PUSPIPTEK, Serpong, Indonesia
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Japan
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8
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Fulton LA, Seitz WR, Planalp RP. Aggregation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) homopolymer by Cu2+ and Zn2+: Significance for ratiometric metal ion indicators. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Hackett MJ, Hollings A, Caine S, Bewer BE, Alaverdashvili M, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, Jones MWM, de Jonge MD, Paterson PG, Pickering IJ, George GN. Elemental characterisation of the pyramidal neuron layer within the rat and mouse hippocampus. Metallomics 2020; 11:151-165. [PMID: 30398510 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A unique combination of sensitivity, resolution, and penetration make X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) ideally suited to investigate trace elemental distributions in the biological context. XFI has gained widespread use as an analytical technique in the biological sciences, and in particular enables exciting new avenues of research in the field of neuroscience. In this study, elemental mapping by XFI was applied to characterise the elemental content within neuronal cell layers of hippocampal sub-regions of mice and rats. Although classical histochemical methods for metal detection exist, such approaches are typically limited to qualitative analysis. Specifically, histochemical methods are not uniformly sensitive to all chemical forms of a metal, often displaying variable sensitivity to specific "pools" or chemical forms of a metal. In addition, histochemical methods require fixation and extensive chemical treatment of samples, creating the strong likelihood for metal redistribution, leaching, or contamination. Direct quantitative elemental mapping of total elemental pools, in situ within ex vivo tissue sections, without the need for chemical fixation or addition of staining reagents is not possible with traditional histochemical methods; however, such a capability, which is provided by XFI, can offer an enormous analytical advantage. The results we report herein demonstrate the analytical advantage of XFI elemental mapping for direct, label-free metal quantification, in situ within ex vivo brain tissue sections. Specifically, we definitively characterise for the first time, the abundance of Fe within the pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus. Localisation of Fe to this cell layer is not reproducibly achieved with classical Perls histochemical Fe stains. The ability of XFI to directly quantify neuronal elemental (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) distributions, revealed unique profiles of Fe and Zn within anatomical sub-regions of the hippocampus i.e., cornu ammonis 1, 2 or 3 (CA1, CA2 or CA3) sub-regions. Interestingly, our study reveals a unique Fe gradient across neuron populations within the non-degenerating and pathology free rat hippocampus, which curiously mirrors the pattern of region-specific vulnerability of the hippocampus that has previously been established to occur in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPOBox U1987, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia.
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10
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Trist BG, Hare DJ, Double KL. Oxidative stress in the aging substantia nigra and the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13031. [PMID: 31432604 PMCID: PMC6826160 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease prevalence is rapidly increasing in an aging global population. With this increase comes exponentially rising social and economic costs, emphasizing the immediate need for effective disease‐modifying treatments. Motor dysfunction results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway. While a specific biochemical mechanism remains elusive, oxidative stress plays an undeniable role in a complex and progressive neurodegenerative cascade. This review will explore the molecular factors that contribute to the high steady‐state of oxidative stress in the healthy substantia nigra during aging, and how this chemical environment renders neurons susceptible to oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease. Contributing factors to oxidative stress during aging and as a pathogenic mechanism for Parkinson's disease will be discussed within the context of how and why therapeutic approaches targeting cellular redox activity in this disorder have, to date, yielded little therapeutic benefit. We present a contemporary perspective on the central biochemical contribution of redox imbalance to Parkinson's disease etiology and argue that improving our ability to accurately measure oxidative stress, dopaminergic neurotransmission and cell death pathways in vivo is crucial for both the development of new therapies and the identification of novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Trist
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- Elemental Bio‐imaging Facility University of Technology Sydney Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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11
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Iovan DA, Jia S, Chang CJ. Inorganic Chemistry Approaches to Activity-Based Sensing: From Metal Sensors to Bioorthogonal Metal Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13546-13560. [PMID: 31185541 PMCID: PMC8544879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex network of chemical processes that sustain life motivates the development of new synthetic tools to decipher biological mechanisms of action at a molecular level. In this context, fluorescent and related optical probes have emerged as useful chemical reagents for monitoring small-molecule and metal signals in biological systems, enabling visualization of dynamic cellular events with spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, metals occupy a central role in this field as analytes in their own right, while also being leveraged for their unique biocompatible reactivity with small-molecule substrates. This Viewpoint highlights the use of inorganic chemistry principles to develop activity-based sensing platforms mediated by metal reactivity, spanning indicators for metal detection to metal-based reagents for bioorthogonal tracking, and manipulation of small and large biomolecules, illustrating the privileged roles of metals at the interface of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Carney IJ, Kolanowski JL, Lim Z, Chekroun B, Torrisi AG, Hambley TW, New EJ. A ratiometric iron probe enables investigation of iron distribution within tumour spheroids. Metallomics 2019; 10:553-556. [PMID: 29658547 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron dysregulation is implicated in numerous diseases, and iron homeostasis is profoundly influenced by the labile iron pool (LIP). Tools to easily observe changes in the LIP are limited, with calcein AM-based assays most widely used. We describe here FlCFe1, a ratiometric analogue of calcein AM, which also provides the capacity for imaging iron in 3D cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Carney
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | - Zelong Lim
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | - Angela G Torrisi
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Trevor W Hambley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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13
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Kumar A, Ananthakrishnan R, Jana G, Chattaraj PK, Nayak S, Ghosh SK. An Intramolecular Charge Transfer Induced Fluorescent Chemosensor for Selective Detection of Mercury (II) and its Self‐Turn‐On Inside Live Cells at Physiological pH. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Department of chemistry, Environmental Materials and Analytical Chemistry LaboratoryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Rajakumar Ananthakrishnan
- Department of chemistry, Environmental Materials and Analytical Chemistry LaboratoryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Gourhari Jana
- Department of chemistryCenter for Theoretical StudiesIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 India
| | - Pratim K. Chattaraj
- Department of chemistryCenter for Theoretical StudiesIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 India
| | - Santoshi Nayak
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 India
| | - Sudip K. Ghosh
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 India
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14
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Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Hackett MJ. Direct label-free imaging of brain tissue using synchrotron light: a review of new spectroscopic tools for the modern neuroscientist. Analyst 2019; 143:3761-3774. [PMID: 29961790 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of brain disease and brain disorders is increasing on a global scale. Unfortunately, development of new therapeutic strategies has not increased at the same rate, and brain diseases and brain disorders now inflict substantial health and economic impacts. A greater understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry that underlies healthy brain function, and the chemical pathways that manifest in brain damage or malfunction, are required to enable and accelerate therapeutic development. A previous limitation to the study of brain function and malfunction has been the limited number of techniques that provide both a wealth of biochemical information, and spatially resolved information (i.e., there was a previous lack of techniques that provided direct biochemical or elemental imaging at the cellular level). In recent times, a suite of direct spectroscopic imaging techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) have been adapted, optimized and integrated into the field of neuroscience, to fill the above mentioned capability-gap. Advancements at synchrotron light sources, such as improved light intensity/flux, increased detector sensitivities and new capabilities of imaging/optics, has pushed the above suite of techniques beyond "proof-of-concept" studies, to routine application to study complex research problems in the field of neuroscience (and other scientific disciplines). This review examines several of the major advancements that have occurred over the last several years, with respect to FTIR, XFM and XAS capabilities at synchrotron facilities, and how the increases in technical capabilities have being integrated and used in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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15
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Kolanowski JL, Liu F, New EJ. Fluorescent probes for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in biology. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:195-208. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies and discusses fluorescent sensors that are capable of simultaneously reporting on the presence of two analytes for biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek L. Kolanowski
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology
- Guangdong
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Levina A, Crans DC, Lay PA. Speciation of metal drugs, supplements and toxins in media and bodily fluids controls in vitro activities. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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17
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New EJ, Wimmer VC, Hare DJ. Promises and Pitfalls of Metal Imaging in Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 25:7-18. [PMID: 29153850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A picture may speak a thousand words, but if those words fail to form a coherent sentence there is little to be learned. As cutting-edge imaging technology now provides us the tools to decipher the multitude of roles played by metals and metalloids in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology, as well as health and disease, it is time to reflect on the advances made in imaging, the limitations discovered, and the future of a burgeoning field. In this Perspective, the current state of the art is discussed from a self-imposed contrarian position, as we not only highlight the major advances made over the years but use them as teachable moments to zoom in on challenges that remain to be overcome. We also describe the steps being taken toward being able to paint a completely undisturbed picture of cellular metal metabolism, which is, metaphorically speaking, the Holy Grail of the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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18
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Grubman A, Guennel P, Vessey KA, Jones MWM, James SA, de Jonge MD, White AR, Fletcher EL. X-ray fluorescence microscopic measurement of elemental distribution in the mouse retina with age. Metallomics 2017; 8:1110-1121. [PMID: 27481440 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biologically important metals such as zinc, copper and iron play key roles in retinal function, yet no study has mapped the spatio-temporal distribution of retinal biometals in healthy or diseased retina. We investigated a natural mouse model of retinal degeneration, the Cln6nclf mouse. As dysfunctional metabolism of biometals is observed in the brains of these animals and deregulated metal homeostasis has been linked to retinal degeneration, we focused on mapping the elemental distribution in the healthy and Cln6nclf mouse retina with age. Retinal and RPE elemental homeostasis was mapped in Cln6nclf and C57BL6/J mice from 1 to 8 months of age using X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy at the Australian Synchrotron. In the healthy retina, we detected a progressive loss of phosphorus in the outer nuclear layer and significant reduction in iron in the inner segments of the photoreceptors. Further investigation revealed a unique elemental signature for each retinal layer, with high areal concentrations of iron and sulfur in the photoreceptor segments and calcium, phosphorus, zinc and potassium enrichment predominantly in the nuclear layers. The analysis of retinae from Cln6nclf mice did not show significant temporal changes in elemental distributions compared to age matched controls, despite significant photoreceptor cell loss. Our data therefore demonstrates that retinal layers have unique elemental composition. Elemental distribution is, with few exceptions, stably maintained over time in healthy and Cln6nclf mouse retina, suggesting conservation of elemental distribution is critical for basic retinal function with age and is not modulated by processes underlying retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philipp Guennel
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael W M Jones
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon A James
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin D de Jonge
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Genoud S, Roberts BR, Gunn AP, Halliday GM, Lewis SJG, Ball HJ, Hare DJ, Double KL. Subcellular compartmentalisation of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in the Parkinson's disease brain. Metallomics 2017; 9:1447-1455. [PMID: 28944802 PMCID: PMC5647261 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated iron and decreased copper levels are cardinal features of the degenerating substantia nigra pars compacta in the Parkinson's disease brain. Both of these redox-active metals, and fellow transition metals manganese and zinc, are found at high concentrations within the midbrain and participate in a range of unique biological reactions. We examined the total metal content and cellular compartmentalisation of manganese, iron, copper and zinc in the degenerating substantia nigra, disease-affected but non-degenerating fusiform gyrus, and unaffected occipital cortex in the post mortem Parkinson's disease brain compared with age-matched controls. An expected increase in iron and a decrease in copper concentration was isolated to the soluble cellular fraction, encompassing both interstitial and cytosolic metals and metal-binding proteins, rather than the membrane-associated or insoluble fractions. Manganese and zinc levels did not differ between experimental groups. Altered Fe and Cu levels were unrelated to Braak pathological staging in our cases of late-stage (Braak stage V and VI) disease. The data supports our hypothesis that regional alterations in Fe and Cu, and in proteins that utilise these metals, contribute to the regional selectively of neuronal vulnerability in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Genoud
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Adam P Gunn
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia. and Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia. and Healthy Brain Ageing Program, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Helen J Ball
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. and Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia and Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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20
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Hare DJ, Kysenius K, Paul B, Knauer B, Hutchinson RW, O'Connor C, Fryer F, Hennessey TP, Bush AI, Crouch PJ, Doble PA. Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190025 PMCID: PMC5352277 DOI: 10.3791/55042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a specific anatomical region. Within the brain, metals have a highly compartmentalized distribution, depending on the primary function they play within the central nervous system. Imaging the spatial distribution of metals has provided unique insight into the biochemical architecture of the brain, allowing direct correlation between neuroanatomical regions and their known function with regard to metal-dependent processes. In addition, several age-related neurological disorders feature disrupted metal homeostasis, which is often confined to small regions of the brain that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Here, we describe a comprehensive method for quantitatively imaging metals in the mouse brain, using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and specially designed image processing software. Focusing on iron, copper and zinc, which are three of the most abundant and disease-relevant metals within the brain, we describe the essential steps in sample preparation, analysis, quantitative measurements and image processing to produce maps of metal distribution within the low micrometer resolution range. This technique, applicable to any cut tissue section, is capable of demonstrating the highly variable distribution of metals within an organ or system, and can be used to identify changes in metal homeostasis and absolute levels within fine anatomical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne;
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | - Beate Knauer
- Research School, Ruhr University; Department of Physiology, Monash University
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Philip A Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney
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21
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Wong JK, Ast S, Yu M, Flehr R, Counsell AJ, Turner P, Crisologo P, Todd MH, Rutledge PJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,8-Disubstituted-Cyclam/Naphthalimide Conjugates as Probes for Metal Ions. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:375-85. [PMID: 27547648 PMCID: PMC4981059 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes for metal ions have a raft of potential applications in chemistry and biomedicine. We report the synthesis and photophysical characterisation of 1,8‐disubstituted‐cyclam/naphthalimide conjugates and their zinc complexes. An efficient synthesis of 1,8‐bis‐(2‐azidoethyl)cyclam has been developed and used to prepare 1,8‐disubstituted triazolyl‐cyclam systems, in which the pendant group is connected to triazole C4. UV/Vis and fluorescence emission spectra, zinc binding experiments, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurements and pH titrations of the resultant bis‐naphthalimide ligand elucidate a complex pattern of photophysical behaviour. Important differences arise from the inclusion of two fluorophores in the one probe and from the variation of triazole substitution pattern (dye at C4 vs. N1). Introducing a second fluorophore greatly extends fluorescence lifetimes, whereas the altered substitution pattern at the cyclam amines exerts a major influence on fluorescence output and metal binding. Crystal structures of two key zinc complexes evidence variations in triazole coordination that mirror the solution‐phase behaviour of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Ast
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Roman Flehr
- Institute for ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht St. 24—2514476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Peter Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- Crystal Structure Analysis FacilityThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | | | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. New
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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23
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24
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Synthetic fluorescent probes to map metallostasis and intracellular fate of zinc and copper. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Smith DG, Sajid N, Rehn S, Chandramohan R, Carney IJ, Khan MA, New EJ. A library-screening approach for developing a fluorescence sensing array for the detection of metal ions. Analyst 2016; 141:4608-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A four-membered array based on fluorescent thiophenes is capable of distinguishing transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Smith
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Naveed Sajid
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Simone Rehn
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | | | - Isaac J. Carney
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- NSW 2006
- Australia
| | - Misbahul A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
- Bahawalpur
- Pakistan
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26
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Hare DJ, New EJ. On the outside looking in: redefining the role of analytical chemistry in the biosciences. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8918-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry has much to offer to an improved understanding of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology Sydney
- Broadway
- Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
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27
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McCormick SP, Moore MJ, Lindahl PA. Detection of Labile Low-Molecular-Mass Transition Metal Complexes in Mitochondria. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3442-53. [PMID: 26018429 DOI: 10.1021/bi5015437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography was used with an online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to detect low-molecular-mass (LMM) transition metal complexes in mitochondria isolated from fermenting yeast cells, human Jurkat cells, and mouse brain and liver. These complexes constituted 20-40% of total mitochondrial Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu ions. The major LMM Mn complex in yeast mitochondria, called Mn1100, had a mass of ∼1100 Da and a concentration of ∼2 μM. Mammalian mitochondria contained a second Mn species with a mass of ∼2000 Da at a comparable concentration. The major Fe complex in mitochondria isolated from exponentially growing yeast cells had a mass of ∼580 Da; the concentration of Fe580 in mitochondria was ∼100 μM. When mitochondria were isolated from fermenting cells in postexponential phase, the mass of the dominant LMM Fe complex was ∼1100 Da. Upon incubation, the intensity of Fe1100 declined and that of Fe580 increased, suggesting that the two are interrelated. Mammalian mitochondria contained Fe580 and two other Fe species (Fe2000 and Fe1100) at concentrations of ∼50 μM each. The dominant LMM Zn species in mitochondria had a mass of ∼1200 Da and a concentration of ∼110 μM. Mammalian mitochondria contained a second major LMM Zn species at 1500 Da. The dominant LMM Cu species in yeast mitochondria had a mass of ∼5000 Da and a concentration in yeast mitochondria of ∼16 μM; Cu5000 was not observed in mammalian mitochondria. The dominant Co species in mitochondria, Co1200, had a concentration of 20 nM and was probably a cobalamin. Mammalian but not yeast mitochondria contained a LMM Mo species, Mo730, at a concentration of ∼1 μM. Increasing Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations 10-fold in the medium increased the concentration of the same element in the corresponding isolated mitochondria. Treatment with metal chelators confirmed that these LMM species were labile. The dominant S species at 1100 Da was not free glutathione or glutathione disulfide.
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28
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Hare DJ, New EJ, de Jonge MD, McColl G. Imaging metals in biology: balancing sensitivity, selectivity and spatial resolution. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5941-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00055f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A Tutorial Review to aid in designing the most comprehensive metal imaging experiments for biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology Sydney
- Broadway
- Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
| | | | | | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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29
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Shen C, New EJ. What has fluorescent sensing told us about copper and brain malfunction? Metallomics 2015; 7:56-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the development and application of fluorescent sensors for studying copper in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Shen
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- , Australia
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30
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Grubman A, White AR, Liddell JR. Mitochondrial metals as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2159-73. [PMID: 24206195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are critical for enzyme function and protein folding, but in excess can mediate neurotoxic oxidative processes. As mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to radicals generated during ATP production, mitochondrial biometal homeostasis must therefore be tightly controlled to safely harness the redox potential of metal enzyme cofactors. Dysregulation of metal functions is evident in numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedrich's ataxia. This review describes the mitochondrial metal defects in these disorders and highlights novel metal-based therapeutic approaches that target mitochondrial metal homeostasis in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grubman
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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31
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Grubman A, James SA, James J, Duncan C, Volitakis I, Hickey JL, Crouch PJ, Donnelly PS, Kanninen KM, Liddell JR, Cotman SL, de Jonge, White AR. X-ray fluorescence imaging reveals subcellular biometal disturbances in a childhood neurodegenerative disorder. Chem Sci 2014; 5:2503-2516. [PMID: 24976945 PMCID: PMC4070600 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biometals such as zinc, iron, copper and calcium play key roles in diverse physiological processes in the brain, but can be toxic in excess. A hallmark of neurodegeneration is a failure of homeostatic mechanisms controlling the concentration and distribution of these elements, resulting in overload, deficiency or mislocalization. A major roadblock to understanding the impact of altered biometal homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease is the lack of rapid, specific and sensitive techniques capable of providing quantitative subcellular information on biometal homeostasis in situ. Recent advances in X-ray fluorescence detectors have provided an opportunity to rapidly measure biometal content at subcellular resolution in cell populations using X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy (XFM). We applied this approach to investigate subcellular biometal homeostasis in a cerebellar cell line isolated from a natural mouse model of a childhood neurodegenerative disorder, the CLN6 form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, commonly known as Batten disease. Despite no global changes to whole cell concentrations of zinc or calcium, XFM revealed significant subcellular mislocalization of these important biological second messengers in cerebellar Cln6nclf (CbCln6nclf ) cells. XFM revealed that nuclear-to-cytoplasmic trafficking of zinc was severely perturbed in diseased cells and the subcellular distribution of calcium was drastically altered in CbCln6nclf cells. Subtle differences in the zinc K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectra of control and CbCln6nclf cells suggested that impaired zinc homeostasis may be associated with an altered ligand set in CbCln6nclf cells. Importantly, a zinc-complex, ZnII(atsm), restored the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic zinc ratios in CbCln6nclf cells via nuclear zinc delivery, and restored the relationship between subcellular zinc and calcium levels to that observed in healthy control cells. ZnII(atsm) treatment also resulted in a reduction in the number of calcium-rich puncta observed in CbCln6nclf cells. This study highlights the complementarities of bulk and single cell analysis of metal content for understanding disease states. We demonstrate the utility and broad applicability of XFM for subcellular analysis of perturbed biometal metabolism and mechanism of action studies for novel therapeutics to target neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grubman
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - S A James
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton 3168, Australia ; Materials Science and Engineering and the Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - J James
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - C Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - I Volitakis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - J L Hickey
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - P J Crouch
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - P S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - K M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - J R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - S L Cotman
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - de Jonge
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - A R White
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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32
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Abstract
Copper is an essential element in many biological processes. The critical functions associated with copper have resulted from evolutionary harnessing of its potent redox activity. This same property also places copper in a unique role as a key modulator of cell signal transduction pathways. These pathways are the complex sequence of molecular interactions that drive all cellular mechanisms and are often associated with the interplay of key enzymes including kinases and phosphatases but also including intracellular changes in pools of smaller molecules. A growing body of evidence is beginning to delineate the how, when and where of copper-mediated control over cell signal transduction. This has been driven by research demonstrating critical changes to copper homeostasis in many disorders including cancer and neurodegeneration and therapeutic potential through control of disease-associated cell signalling changes by modulation of copper-protein interactions. This timely review brings together for the first time the diverse actions of copper as a key regulator of cell signalling pathways and discusses the potential strategies for controlling disease-associated signalling processes using copper modulators. It is hoped that this review will provide a valuable insight into copper as a key signal regulator and stimulate further research to promote our understanding of copper in disease and therapy.
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33
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Braymer JJ, Giedroc DP. Recent developments in copper and zinc homeostasis in bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:59-66. [PMID: 24463765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Copper and zinc homeostasis systems in pathogenic bacteria are required to resist host efforts to manipulate the availability and toxicity of these metal ions. Central to this microbial adaptive response is the involvement of metal-trafficking and metal-sensing proteins that ultimately exercise control of metal speciation in the cell. Cu-specific and Zn-specific metalloregulatory proteins regulate the transcription of metal-responsive genes while metallochaperones and related proteins ensure that these metals are appropriately buffered by the intracellular milieu and delivered to correct intracellular targets. In this review, we summarize recent findings on how bacterial pathogens mount a metal-specific response to derail host efforts to win the 'fight over metals.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Braymer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.
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34
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Hanauske-Abel HM, Saxena D, Palumbo PE, Hanauske AR, Luchessi AD, Cambiaghi TD, Hoque M, Spino M, Gandolfi DD, Heller DS, Singh S, Park MH, Cracchiolo BM, Tricta F, Connelly J, Popowicz AM, Cone RA, Holland B, Pe’ery T, Mathews MB. Drug-induced reactivation of apoptosis abrogates HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74414. [PMID: 24086341 PMCID: PMC3781084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 blocks apoptosis, programmed cell death, an innate defense of cells against viral invasion. However, apoptosis can be selectively reactivated in HIV-infected cells by chemical agents that interfere with HIV-1 gene expression. We studied two globally used medicines, the topical antifungal ciclopirox and the iron chelator deferiprone, for their effect on apoptosis in HIV-infected H9 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with clinical HIV-1 isolates. Both medicines activated apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected cells, suggesting that the drugs mediate escape from the viral suppression of defensive apoptosis. In infected H9 cells, ciclopirox and deferiprone enhanced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, initiating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis to execution, as evidenced by caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis, DNA degradation, and apoptotic cell morphology. In isolate-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ciclopirox collapsed HIV-1 production to the limit of viral protein and RNA detection. Despite prolonged monotherapy, ciclopirox did not elicit breakthrough. No viral re-emergence was observed even 12 weeks after drug cessation, suggesting elimination of the proviral reservoir. Tests in mice predictive for cytotoxicity to human epithelia did not detect tissue damage or activation of apoptosis at a ciclopirox concentration that exceeded by orders of magnitude the concentration causing death of infected cells. We infer that ciclopirox and deferiprone act via therapeutic reclamation of apoptotic proficiency (TRAP) in HIV-infected cells and trigger their preferential elimination. Perturbations in viral protein expression suggest that the antiretroviral activity of both drugs stems from their ability to inhibit hydroxylation of cellular proteins essential for apoptosis and for viral infection, exemplified by eIF5A. Our findings identify ciclopirox and deferiprone as prototypes of selectively cytocidal antivirals that eliminate viral infection by destroying infected cells. A drug-based drug discovery program, based on these compounds, is warranted to determine the potential of such agents in clinical trials of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Clinic St. George, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Augusto D. Luchessi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tavane D. Cambiaghi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Debra S. Heller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony M. Popowicz
- Department of Information Technology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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