1
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Gridneva T, Karimata A, Bansal R, Fayzullin RR, Vasylevskyi S, Bruhacs A, Khusnutdinova JR. Deep-red photoluminescent mechanoresponsive polymers with dynamic Cu I-arylamide mechanophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:212-215. [PMID: 38050702 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of copper arylamide complexes as efficient photoluminescent mechanophores to design deep-red/near-IR emissive polymers showing reversible changes in photoluminescence intensity in the red/near-IR region in response to mechanical stretching. The mechanoresponse was repeatable over 30 cycles, showing a measurable increase of photoluminescence intensity even at a small applied stress of ca. 0.01 MPa. We demonstrate the potential of using conformationally dynamic copper amide complexes as sensitive and reversible mechanophores for near-IR imaging; systematic control over the emission range was achieved using amide modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gridneva
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Ayumu Karimata
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Richa Bansal
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Andrew Bruhacs
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0412, Japan.
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2
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Bryant MJ, Fuertes S, Hatcher LE, Thomas LH, Raithby PR. Structural modifications to platinum(II) pincer complexes resulting in changes in their vapochromic and solvatochromic properties. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:411-433. [PMID: 37186115 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop rapidly responsive chemical sensors for the detection of low concentrations of volatile organic solvents (VOCs). Platinum pincer complexes have shown promise as sensors because of their colours and vapochromic and solvatochromic properties, that may be related to the non-covalent interactions between the pincer complexes and the guest VOCs. Here we report an investigation into a series of Pt(II) complexes based on the 1,3-di(pyridine)benzene tridentate (N⁁C⁁N) skeleton with the formula [Pt(N⁁C(R)⁁N)(CN)] (R = C(O)Me 2, C(O)OEt 3, C(O)OPh 4) with the fourth coordination site occupied by a cyanide ligand. Solid-state samples of the complexes have been tested with a range of volatiles including methanol, ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane and water, and while 2 displays thermochromism, 3 and 4 display rapidly reversible vapochromism and solvatochromism. These results are correlated with X-ray powder and single crystal X-ray structural data including an assessment of the crystal packing and the void space in the crystalline space. The cyanide ligand and the R substituents are involved in hydrogen bonding that creates the voids within the structures and interact with the solvent molecules that influence the Pt⋯Pt separation in the crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Bryant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Sara Fuertes
- Departamento de Quimica Inorgánica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Lauren E Hatcher
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Lynne H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Paul R Raithby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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3
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Poggi B, Lopez E, Métivier R, Bodelot L, Allain C. Mechanofluorochromic Difluoroboron β-diketonates based Polymer Composites: Towards Multi-Stimuli Responsive Mechanical Stress Probes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200134. [PMID: 35510422 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Developing mechano-responsive fluorescent polymers that exhibit distinct responses to distinct mechanical stresses requires a careful design of the fluorophore in order to tune its interactions with the polymer. A series of mechanofluorochromic (MFC) polymer composites has been prepared by dispersing difluoroboron diketonates complexes with various alkyl side chain lengths (DFB-alkyl) in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Observation of the resulting polymer composites under microscope reveals different aggregate sizes of the three DFB-alkyl, thus confirming the functionalization by alkyl side chains as a powerful approach to control the aggregation process in a polymer. Besides, the three polymer composite samples are shown to be sensitive to both stretching and scratching, thereby consisting in the first reported example of MFC polymer responding to these two distinct mechanical stimuli. To establish a structure-property relationship, our strategy consisted in applying controlled tensile or friction forces while simultaneously monitoring fluorescence changes. Interestingly, the intensity of the MFC response to both stretching and scratching depends on the alkyl chain length and thus on the aggregation properties of the fluorophore. According to a time-resolved fluorescence study, emission was found to originate from different species following the type of applied stress (tensile or friction force). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Poggi
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Elliot Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Laurence Bodelot
- LMS, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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4
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Tunsrichon S, Youngme S, Boonmak J. Coexistence of Naked-Eye Mechanochromism, Vapochromism, and Thermochromism in a Soft Crystalline Layered Nickel(II) Coordination Polymer. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18242-18250. [PMID: 34788050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromic materials have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, including memory devices and sensors. Despite fact that stimuli-responsive chromic materials have been widely reported to date, fabricating chromic materials that can be responsive to multiple external stimuli remains a challenge. Herein, a new multistimuli responsive chromic coordination polymer of {[Ni(pzt)2(H2O)2](H2O)(DMF)}n (1); Hpzt = 5-(3-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, was successfully synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1 exhibits a soft crystalline 3-dimenional (3D) supramolecular framework generated by weakly interlayered stacking interactions between 2D coordination polymers. Compound 1 revealed unprecedented naked-eye mechanochromism, vapochromism, and thermochromism in response to multiple external stimuli including manual grinding, amine and alcohol vapors, and heat, respectively. The chromism related to the structural feature was clarified by SC-XRD, PXRD, TGA, elemental analysis, and spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitra Tunsrichon
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Youngme
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jaursup Boonmak
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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5
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Zhang HH, Yang QY, Qi XW, Sun SS, Li BS, Zhang DS, Zhang XP, Shi ZF. Improved mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence in fluoro-substituted N^N^C-coordinating cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Yang QY, Zhang HH, Qi XW, Sun SS, Zhang DS, Han LZ, Zhang XP, Shi ZF. Mechanochromic luminescence properties of fluoro-substituted pinene-containing cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes with multiple triplet excited states. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8938-8946. [PMID: 34109961 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00848j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure-mechanochromism relationship is explored with respect to packing patterns and corresponding intermolecular interactions that are affected by the number and location of -F. The distinct and reversible mechanochormic luminescence (Δλem up to ca. 90 nm) of yellow solids (-)-1-Yg, (-)-2-Yg, and (-)-3-Yg was displayed with a simultaneous crystal-to-amorphous transformation. The change of multiple triplet excited states accounted for the mechanochormic luminescence, and a switch from the 3π,π* monomer to the excimer/3MMLCT occurred in the grinding process. The mechanical force led to perturbation in the molecular packing, and aggregates with effective PtPt and π-π interactions were formed in the amorphous phase, leading to the variation of excited states. The mechanochromic luminescence could be reverted by dropping in CH2Cl2 and could be cycled multiple times without perceivable performance degradation. This work gives a reference for designing mechanochromic luminescent materials toward multicolor and multicomponent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Hua-Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Shi-Shu Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Da-Shuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Li-Zhi Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
| | - Zai-Feng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P.R. China.
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7
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Norton AE, Sharma M, Cashen C, Dourges MA, Toupance T, Krause JA, Motkuri RK, Connick WB, Chatterjee S. pH-Mediated Colorimetric and Luminescent Sensing of Aqueous Nitrate Anions by a Platinum(II) Luminophore@Mesoporous Silica Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16197-16209. [PMID: 33787201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of nitrate (NO3-) in the environment can be detrimental to human health. Herein, we report a robust, cost-effective, and scalable, hybrid material-based colorimetric/luminescent sensor technology for rapid, selective, sensitive, and interference-free in situ NO3- detection. These hybrid materials are based on a square-planar platinum(II) salt [Pt(tpy)Cl]PF6 (tpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine) supported on mesoporous silica. The platinum salt undergoes a vivid change in color and luminescence upon exposure to aqueous NO3- anions at pH ≤ 0 caused by substitution of the PF6- anions by aqueous NO3-. This change in photophysics of the platinum salt is induced by a rearrangement of its crystal lattice that leads to an extended Pt···Pt···Pt interaction, along with a concomitant change in its electronic structure. Furthermore, incorporating the material into mesoporous silica enhances the surface area and increases the detection sensitivity. A NO3- detection limit of 0.05 mM (3.1 ppm) is achieved, which is sufficiently lower than the ambient water quality limit of 0.16 mM (10 ppm) set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The colorimetric/luminescence of the hybrid material is highly selective to aqueous NO3- anions in the presence of other interfering anions, suggesting that this material is a promising candidate for the rapid NO3- detection and quantification in practical samples without separation, concentration, or other pretreatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie E Norton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Malvika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Christina Cashen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Marie-Anne Dourges
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 5255 CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cédex, France
| | - Thierry Toupance
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Chemistry, UMR 5255 CNRS, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cédex, France
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William B Connick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Soto MA, Kandel R, MacLachlan MJ. Chromic Platinum Complexes Containing Multidentate Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Soto
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Raksha Kandel
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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9
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Traeger H, Kiebala DJ, Weder C, Schrettl S. From Molecules to Polymers-Harnessing Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions to Create Mechanochromic Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000573. [PMID: 33191595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanophores as building blocks that serve as predefined weak linkages has enabled the creation of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic polymer materials, which are interesting for a range of applications including the study of biological specimens or advanced security features. In typical mechanophores, covalent bonds are broken when polymers that contain these chemical motifs are exposed to mechanical forces, and changes of the optical properties upon bond scission can be harnessed as a signal that enables the detection of applied mechanical stresses and strains. Similar chromic effects upon mechanical deformation of polymers can also be achieved without relying on the scission of covalent bonds. The dissociation of motifs that feature directional noncovalent interactions, the disruption of aggregated molecules, and conformational changes in molecules or polymers constitute an attractive element for the design of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic materials. In this article, it is reviewed how such alterations of molecules and polymers can be exploited for the development of mechanochromic materials that signal deformation without breaking covalent bonds. Recent illustrative examples are highlighted that showcase how the use of such mechanoresponsive motifs enables the visual mapping of stresses and damage in a reversible and highly sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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10
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Lee C, Hsu L, Lien C, Huang P, Yang J. Mechanochromic and vapochromic fluorescence of a bulky
π‐system
: Alkyl
chain‐length
effects, triplex emission, and differential sensing of aniline vapors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin‐Han Lee
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li‐Yun Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yu Lien
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Yu Huang
- Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jye‐Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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11
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Shingade VM, Grove LJ, Connick WB. Luminescent Pt(2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)X +: a comparison with the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of Pt(tpy)X + (X = Cl, CCPh, Ph, or CH 3). Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9651-9661. [PMID: 32627792 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of platinum(ii) pincer complexes of the formula Pt(mbzimpy)X+, 1(a-d), (mbzimpy = 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; X = Cl; (a), CCPh; (b), Ph; (c), or CH3; (d), CCPh = phenylacetylide, and Ph = Phenyl) have been synthesized and characterized. Electronic absorption and emission, as well as electrochemical properties of these compounds, have been investigated. Pt(tpy)X+ analogs (tpy = 2,2';6'2''-terpyridine), 2(a-d), have also been investigated and compared. Electrochemistry shows that 1 and 2 analogs undergo two chemically reversible one-electron reduction processes that are shifted cathodically along the a < b < c < d series. Notably, these reductions occur at slightly higher negative potentials in the case of 1. The absorption spectra of 1 and 2 in acetonitrile exhibit ligand-centered (1LC) transitions (ε ≈ 104 M-1 cm-1) in the UV region and metal-to-ligand-charge transfer (1MLCT) transitions (ε ≈ 103 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region. The corresponding visible bands of 1b and 2b have been assigned to 1(LLCT/MLCT) mixed state (LLCT: ligand-to-ligand-charge transfer). The preceding 1LC and 1MLCT transitions of 1 occur at lower energies than that of 2. These 1LC transitions have distinctly been blue-shifted along a < c < d in 2, but occur at nearly identical energies in 1. Conversely, 1MLCT transitions are red-shifted along a < c < d in both the analogs. The 77 K glassy solutions of 1 and 2 exhibit an intense vibronically-structured emission band at λmax(0-0) in the 470-560 nm range. This band is red-shifted along b < a ≤ c < d in 1 and along a ≤ d ≈ c ≪ b in 2. The main character of these emissions is assigned to 3LLCT emissive state in 1b and 2b, whereas to 3LC in the rest of the compounds. Relative stabilization of these spin-forbidden emissive states is discussed by invoking configuration mixing with the higher-lying 3MLCT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas M Shingade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Levi J Grove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - William B Connick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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12
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Shingade VM, Connick WB. Solution aggregation of platinum( ii) triimine methyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10729-10733. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly processes are investigated in two model compounds, Pt(L)(CH3)+ (where, L = 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine OR 2,2′;6′2′′-terpyridine), employing NMR. Structural conformations of formed assemblies are confirmed by 2D NOESY.
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13
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Norton AE, Abdolmaleki MK, Liang J, Sharma M, Golsby R, Zoller A, Krause JA, Connick WB, Chatterjee S. Phase transformation induced mechanochromism in a platinum salt: a tale of two polymorphs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10175-10178. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03436c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Red crystals of [Pt(tpy)Cl]NO3·HNO3 turn yellow when subjected to a mechanical stimulus. Here we report the structural details of mechanochromic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie E. Norton
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | | | - Jiamin Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Malvika Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Robert Golsby
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Ann Zoller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | | | | | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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14
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Seike M, Nagata K, Ikeda H, Ito A, Sakuda E, Kitamura N, Shinohara A, Yoshimura T. Synthesis and Photoluminescence of Tetracyanidonitridorhenium(V) Complexes with Five-Membered N-Heteroaromatic Ligands and Photoluminescence-Intensity Change. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21251-21259. [PMID: 31867519 PMCID: PMC6921682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel tetracyanidonitridorhenium(V) complexes with five-membered N-heteroaromatic ligands, (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4L] [L = imidazole (Him) (2), 1-methylimidazole (Mim) (3), and pyrazole (pyz) (4)] and (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4L]·L [L = Him (5) and Mim (6)], were synthesized by the reactions of (PPh4)2[ReN(CN)4] (1) with Him, Mim, and pyz, and their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The complexes 2, 3, 4, and 6 showed intense photoluminescence, with the emission quantum yields (Φem) being 0.65-0.75 in the solid state at 296 K. In contrast, the Φem and τem values of 5 are significantly smaller and shorter, respectively, than the relevant values of 2. The interconversion reactions among 1, 2, and 5 accompanied by large photoluminescence-intensity changes were accomplished by solvent-free reactions and exposure of water. The mechanochemical reaction of 2 with 1 mol equiv of Him in the solid state gave 5. Complex 5 was also obtained by the mechanochemical reaction of 1 with 2 mol equivalents of Him in the solid state. By placing solid of 5 in water, the solid showed intense photoluminescence to give 2. Complex 1 was produced under vacuum at 185 °C from 2 or 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Seike
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagata
- Radioisotope
Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikeda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akitaka Ito
- Major
of Molecular Design, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Eri Sakuda
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Graduate School of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- Project Research
Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope
Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Project Research
Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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15
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Rowan SJ, Weder C. Combining Chemistry, Materials Science, Inspiration from Nature, and Serendipity to Develop Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Materials. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave. Chicago, IL 60637 United States
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637 United States
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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16
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Lee JP, Hwang H, Chae S, Kim JM. A reversibly mechanochromic conjugated polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9395-9398. [PMID: 31313771 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A reversibly mechanochromic conjugated polymer has been developed. The polymer, polydiacetylene (PDA), obtained by thermal polymerization of a diphenyldisulfide-containing bisdiacetylene undergoes a blue-to-green color change upon grinding. The original blue color of the PDA is regenerated via a metastable red-color state by utilizing a thermochromic (heating-cooling) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pil Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Hyemin Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Songa Chae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea. and Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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17
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Shigeta Y, Kobayashi A, Yoshida M, Kato M. Stability Tuning of Vapor-Adsorbed State of Vapochromic Pt(II) Complex by Introduction of Chiral Moiety. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7385-7392. [PMID: 31117626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shigeta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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18
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Zhai L, Shu Y, Sun J, Sun M, Song Y, Lu R. Spirofluorene-Cored Difluoroboron β-Diketonate Complexes with Terminal Carbazole: Synthesis, Self-Assembling, and Fluorescent Sensory Properties. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yingying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; 130012 Changchun P. R. China
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19
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Iasilli G, Scatto M, Pucci A. Vapochromic polyketone films based on aggregation‐induced enhanced emission. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iasilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversità di Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Marco Scatto
- Nadir S.r.l., c/o Campus Scientifico Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Via Torino 155b Mestre Venice 30172 Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversità di Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 Pisa 56124 Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per i Processi Chimico‐Fisici (IPCF) UOS Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
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20
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Shigeta Y, Kobayashi A, Yoshida M, Kato M. Effect of the Chirality of Counter Anions on the Vapochromic Behavior of Luminescent Pt
II
Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shigeta
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University North‐10, West‐8, Kita‐ku 060‐0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University North‐10, West‐8, Kita‐ku 060‐0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University North‐10, West‐8, Kita‐ku 060‐0810 Sapporo Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University North‐10, West‐8, Kita‐ku 060‐0810 Sapporo Japan
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21
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New Pt(II) complex with extra pure green emission for OLED application: synthesis, crystal structure and spectral properties. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Panda MK, Ravi N, Asha P, Prakasham AP. High contrast mechanochromic and thermochromic luminescence switching by a deep red emitting organic crystal. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a deep red emissive organic crystal that displays high contrast fluorescence switching under mechanical and thermal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K. Panda
- Photosciences & Photonics Section
- Chemical Science & Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Nayana Ravi
- Photosciences & Photonics Section
- Chemical Science & Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - P. Asha
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute for Science and Educational Research
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - A. P. Prakasham
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
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23
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Herbert KM, Schrettl S, Rowan SJ, Weder C. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Solid-State Multistimuli, Multiresponsive Polymeric Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass
Ave., Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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24
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Liu N, Wang Y, Wang C, He Q, Bu W. Syntheses and Controllable Self-Assembly of Luminescence Platinum(II) Plane–Coil Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yongyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qun He
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
| | - Weifeng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China
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25
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Wu Z, Sun J, Zhang Z, Yang H, Xue P, Lu R. Nontraditional π Gelators Based on β-Iminoenolate and Their Difluoroboron Complexes: Effect of Halogens on Gelation and Their Fluorescent Sensory Properties Towards Acids. Chemistry 2017; 23:1901-1909. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Pengchong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
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26
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Calvino C, Neumann L, Weder C, Schrettl S. Approaches to polymeric mechanochromic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Laura Neumann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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27
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Cuerva C, Campo JA, Cano M, Lodeiro C. Platinum(II) Metallomesogens: New External-Stimuli-Responsive Photoluminescence Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:10168-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - José A. Campo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Mercedes Cano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group; UCIBIO@REQUIMTE; Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University NOVA of Lisbon; Caparica Campus 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society; Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Minei
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici; UOS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
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29
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Minei P, Ahmad M, Barone V, Brancato G, Passaglia E, Bottari G, Pucci A. Vapochromic Behaviour of Polycarbonate Films Doped with a Luminescent Molecular Rotor. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016; 27:429-435. [PMID: 28904520 PMCID: PMC5593119 DOI: 10.1002/pat.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on vapochromic films suitable for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), based on polycarbonate (PC) doped with 4-(triphenylamino)phthalonitrile (TPAP), a fluorescent molecular rotor sensitive to solvent polarity and viscosity. PC films of variable thickness (from 20 up to 80 µm) and containing small amounts of TPAP (0.05 wt.%) were prepared and exposed to a saturated atmosphere of different VOCs. TPAP/PC films showed a gradual decrease and red-shift of the emission during the exposure to solvents with high polarity index and favourable interaction with the polymer matrix such as THF, CHCl3, and acetonitrile. In the case of the most interacting solvents (THF and CHCl3), TPAP/PC films also showed a fluorescence increase at longer exposure times, as a consequence of an irreversible, solvent-induced crystallization process of the polymeric matrix. The vapochromism of TPAP/PC films is rationalized on the basis of alterations of the rotor intramolecular motion upon solvent uptake by PC and polarity effects of the microenvironment. Interestingly, the fluorescence response of the TPAP/PC films shows a non-trivial, tuneable dependence on film thickness during the second solvent-exposure stage. The latter effect is attributed to a variable extent of the crystallization process occurring in the PC films. This observation promptly suggests, in turn, an effective procedure to modulate the spectroscopic response in such functionalized polymeric materials through the precise control of the film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Minei
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Muzaffer Ahmad
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa Italy
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30
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Geng H, Luo K, Zou G, Wang H, Ni H, Yu W, Li Q, Wang Y. New phosphorescent platinum(ii) complexes: lamellar mesophase and mechanochromism. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02585d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several new square planar platinum(ii) complexes based on modified 2-phenylpyridine derivatives as the main ligand and picolinic acid as the auxiliary ligand were synthesized and their photophysical properties, and mechanochromic and liquid crystalline behavior were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Kaijun Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Guo Zou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Hailiang Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- China
| | - Yinghan Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- China
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31
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Pasha SS, Alam P, Sarmah A, Roy RK, Laskar IR. Encapsulation of multi-stimuli AIE active platinum(ii) complex: a facile and dry approach for luminescent mesoporous silica. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the dissociation of a yellow emitting excimeric and AIE active Pt(ii) complex into the green emitting monomeric form after crushing with mesoporous silica (MS) followed by its encapsulation within the pores of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Saleem Pasha
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani
- India
| | - Parvej Alam
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani
- India
| | - Amrit Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani
- India
| | - Ram Kinkar Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani
- India
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani
- India
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32
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Ohno K, Yamaguchi S, Nagasawa A, Fujihara T. Mechanochromism in the luminescence of novel cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes with α-aminocarboxylates. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5492-503. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes with α-aminocarboxylato ligands [PtII(ppy)L] (ppy = 2-phenylpyridinato, L− = Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Phe, Sar) in the solid state exhibited reversible luminescent mechanochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Ohno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570
- Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570
- Japan
| | - Akira Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570
- Japan
| | - Takashi Fujihara
- Comprehensive Analysis Center for Science
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570
- Japan
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33
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Wu Z, Sun J, Zhang Z, Gong P, Xue P, Lu R. Organogelation of cyanovinylcarbazole with terminal benzimidazole: AIE and response for gaseous acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intense emission of carbazole-modified benzimidazole in xerogel-based film can be quenched rapidly by gaseous acid due to protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Pengcong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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34
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Zhan Y, Gong P, Yang P, Jin Z, Bao Y, Li Y, Xu Y. Aggregation-induced emission and reversible mechanochromic luminescence of carbazole-based triphenylacrylonitrile derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated organic molecules exhibiting AIE are characterized by the strongly twisted conjugated skeleton, which could provide loose intermolecular stacking and weak π–π interactions in the solid state to generate stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yongnan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
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35
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Chan K, Chung CY, Yam VW. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐Bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:16434-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
| | - Clive Yik‐Sham Chung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
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36
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Aliprandi A, Genovese D, Mauro M, De Cola L. Recent Advances in Phosphorescent Pt(II) Complexes Featuring Metallophilic Interactions: Properties and Applications. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Aliprandi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires, ISIS and icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Nanotechnologie
| | - Matteo Mauro
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires, ISIS and icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS)
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires, ISIS and icFRC, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Institut für Nanotechnologie
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37
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Michal BT, McKenzie BM, Felder SE, Rowan SJ. Metallo-, Thermo-, and Photoresponsive Shape Memory and Actuating Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Michal
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert
Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Blayne M. McKenzie
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert
Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Simcha E. Felder
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert
Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert
Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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38
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Haehnel AP, Sagara Y, Simon YC, Weder C. Mechanochemistry in Polymers with Supramolecular Mechanophores. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:345-75. [PMID: 26054388 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field of materials science. Inspired by nature, many scientists have looked at different ways to introduce weak bonds into polymeric materials to impart them with function and in particular mechano-responsiveness. In the following sections, the incorporation of some of the weakest bonds, i.e. non-covalent bonds, into polymeric solids is being surveyed. This review covers sequentially π-π interactions, H-bonding and metal-ligand coordination bonds and tries to highlight some of the advantages and limitations of such systems, while providing some key perspective of what may come next in this tantalizing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Haehnel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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39
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Solomatina AI, Krupenya DV, Gurzhiy VV, Zlatkin I, Pushkarev AP, Bochkarev MN, Besley NA, Bichoutskaia E, Tunik SP. Cyclometallated platinum(ii) complexes containing NHC ligands: synthesis, characterization, photophysics and their application as emitters in OLEDs. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:7152-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel luminescent NHC Pt(ii) complexes has been synthesized, characterized and used to prepare green OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. I. Solomatina
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - D. V. Krupenya
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Gurzhiy
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Institute of Earth Sciences
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - I. Zlatkin
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - A. P. Pushkarev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russian Federation
| | - M. N. Bochkarev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russian Federation
| | - N. A. Besley
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - E. Bichoutskaia
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - S. P. Tunik
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russian Federation
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40
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Ku HY, Tong B, Chi Y, Kao HC, Yeh CC, Chang CH, Lee GH. Luminescent Pt(ii) complexes bearing dual isoquinolinyl pyrazolates: fundamentals and applications. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8552-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pt(ii) complex [Pt(Lx)2], LxH = 6-t-butyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) isoquinoline, with three colored morphologies can be interconverted by grinding and/or wetting with solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Ku
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Bihai Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
- College of Metallurgy and Resources
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Hao-Che Kao
- Department of Photonics Engineering
- Yuan Ze University
- Chungli 32003
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Yeh
- Department of Photonics Engineering
- Yuan Ze University
- Chungli 32003
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Photonics Engineering
- Yuan Ze University
- Chungli 32003
- Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Instrumentation Center
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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41
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Allampally NK, Bredol M, Strassert CA, De Cola L. Highly Phosphorescent Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Platinum Emitters. Chemistry 2014; 20:16863-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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42
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Sun YG, Guo Y, Sun D, Zhu MC, Ding F, Liu YN, Gao EJ, Wang SJ, Xiong G, Dragutan I, Dragutan V. Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Interaction with DNA, DFT Calculation, and Cytotoxicity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Kobayashi A, Kato M. Vapochromic Platinum(II) Complexes: Crystal Engineering toward Intelligent Sensing Devices. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Ni J, Wang YG, Wang HH, Xu L, Zhao YQ, Pan YZ, Zhang JJ. Thermo- and mechanical-grinding-triggered color and luminescence switches of the diimine-platinum(II) complex with 4-bromo-2,2'-bipyridine. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:352-60. [PMID: 24108349 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51936h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The square-planar diimine-platinum(II) complex, Pt(4-Brbpy)(C≡CC6H5)2 (1) (4-Brbpy = 4-bromo-2,2'-bipyridine), was prepared and characterized. Solid-state 1 exhibits reversible thermo- and mechanical-grinding-triggered color and luminescence changes. When crystalline 1·2(CH2Cl2) or 1·2(CHCl3) are heated or ground, the original bright yellow-green emission centered at 525 (549, sh) nm changed to 637 and 690 nm, corresponding to thermo- and mechanochromic response shifts of approximately 88-112 nm and 141-165 nm, respectively. Meanwhile the crystalline state changes into an amorphous phase in both processes. Once the amorphous sample absorbs organic vapors, it can be reverted to the original crystalline state, along with red luminescence turning back to yellow-green emission. The reversibility of thermo- and mechanical-grinding-triggered chromic luminescence properties has been dynamically monitored by emission spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns. The dramatic thermo- and mechanical-grinding-triggered emission red shifts are most likely due to the conversion of the (3)MLCT/(3)LLCT emission state into the (3)MMLCT triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- Chemistry College, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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45
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Wen T, Zhou XP, Zhang DX, Li D. Luminescent Mechanochromic Porous Coordination Polymers. Chemistry 2014; 20:644-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Ni J, Wang YG, Wang HH, Pan YZ, Xu L, Zhao YQ, Liu XY, Zhang JJ. Reversible Dual-Stimulus-Responsive Luminescence and Color Switch of a Platinum Complex with 4-[(2-Trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]-2,2′-bipyridine. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Kozhevnikov VN, Donnio B, Heinrich B, Bruce DW. Morphology-driven absorption and emission colour changes in liquid-crystalline, cyclometallated platinum(ii) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14191-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06958g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(ii) complexes of 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene containing two alkyl chains are unexpectedly mesomorphic and capable of changing absorption and emission colour depending on the phase obtained after thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)
- UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg)
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory (COMPASS)
- UMI 3254 (CNRS-Solvay-University of Pennsylvania)
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)
- UMR 7504 (CNRS-Université de Strasbourg)
- 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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48
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Ciardelli F, Ruggeri G, Pucci A. Dye-containing polymers: methods for preparation of mechanochromic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Funasako Y, Mochida T. Thermochromic and solvatochromic Nafion films incorporating cationic metal–chelate complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4688-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Lee SW, Kumpfer JR, Lin PA, Li G, Gao XPA, Rowan SJ, Sankaran RM. In Situ Formation of Metal Nanoparticle Composites via “Soft” Plasma Electrochemical Reduction of Metallosupramolecular Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301640d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Whan Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Justin R. Kumpfer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Pin Ann Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Guodong Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xuan P. A. Gao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - R. Mohan Sankaran
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, and §Department of
Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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