1
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Warren MA, Shakouri A, Pacheco-Peña V, Hallam T. Development of a Novel Design of Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Improved Sensitivity and Cell Identification. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18882-18890. [PMID: 37273599 PMCID: PMC10233676 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing issue for microfluidic impedance cytometry devices is the accuracy in determining the size of cells during counting and measurements. In this paper, we introduce a novel design that produces a homogeneous electric field in the sensing region and demonstrates higher accuracy than traditional designs in cell counting and sizing, reducing the reliance on cell focusing and signal postprocessing. The concept is validated, and the increased accuracy of the device over traditional designs is demonstrated through the use of finite element simulations to generate suitable data sets for particle trajectories and model expected signal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Warren
- School
of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Shakouri
- School
of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Víctor Pacheco-Peña
- School
of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Hallam
- School
of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhu J, Feng Y, Chai H, Liang F, Cheng Z, Wang W. Performance-enhanced clogging-free viscous sheath constriction impedance flow cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2531-2539. [PMID: 37082895 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a label-free and high-throughput single cell analysis platform, impedance flow cytometry (IFC) suffers from clogging caused by a narrow microchannel as mechanical constriction (MC). Current sheath constriction (SC) solutions lack systematic evaluation of the performance and proper guidelines for the sheath fluid. Herein, we hypothesize that the viscosity of the non-conductive liquid is the key to the performance of SC, and propose to employ non-conductive viscous sheath flow in SC to unlock the tradeoff between sensitivity and throughput, while ensuring measurement accuracy. By placing MC and SC in series in the same microfluidic chip, we established an evaluation platform to prove the hypothesis. Through modeling analysis and experiments, we confirmed the accuracy (error < 1.60% ± 4.71%) of SC w.r.t. MC, and demonstrated that viscous non-conductive PEG solution achieved an improved sensitivity (7.92×) and signal-to-noise ratio (1.42×) in impedance measurement, with the accuracy maintained and free of clogging. Viscous SC IFC also shows satisfactory ability to distinguish different types of cancer cells and different subtypes of human breast cancer cells. It is envisioned that viscous SC IFC paves the way for IFC to be really usable in practice with clogging-free, accurate, and sensitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Yongxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Huichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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3
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Nguyen TH, Nguyen HA, Tran Thi YV, Hoang Tran D, Cao H, Chu Duc T, Bui TT, Do Quang L. Concepts, electrode configuration, characterization, and data analytics of electric and electrochemical microfluidic platforms: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:1912-1929. [PMID: 36928639 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cytometry (MC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are two important techniques in biomedical engineering. Microfluidic cytometry has been utilized in various fields such as stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis studies, and provides a simple, label-free, real-time method for characterizing and monitoring cellular fates. The impedance microdevice, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is integrated into MC systems. IFC measures the impedance of individual cells as they flow through a microfluidic device, while EIS measures impedance changes during binding events on electrode regions. There have been significant efforts to improve and optimize these devices for both basic research and clinical applications, based on the concepts, electrode configurations, and cell fates. This review outlines the theoretical concepts, electrode engineering, and data analytics of these devices, and highlights future directions for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Nguyen
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Y-Van Tran Thi
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Hung Cao
- University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Trinh Chu Duc
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Tung Thanh Bui
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Loc Do Quang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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4
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Eades J, Audiffred JF, Fincher M, Choi JW, Soper SA, Monroe WT. A Simple Micromilled Microfluidic Impedance Cytometer with Vertical Parallel Electrodes for Cell Viability Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:283. [PMID: 36837983 PMCID: PMC9959585 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry has been demonstrated as an effective platform for single cell analysis, taking advantage of microfabricated features and dielectric cell sensing methods. In this study, we present a simple microfluidic device to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput of single suspension cell viability analysis using vertical sidewall electrodes fabricated by a widely accessible negative manufacturing method. A microchannel milled through a 75 µm platinum wire, which was embedded into poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), created a pair of parallel vertical sidewall platinum electrodes. Jurkat cells were interrogated in a custom low-conductivity buffer (1.2 ± 0.04 mS/cm) to reduce current leakage and increase device sensitivity. Confirmed by live/dead staining and electron microscopy, a single optimum excitation frequency of 2 MHz was identified at which live and dead cells were discriminated based on the disruption in the cell membrane associated with cell death. At this frequency, live cells were found to exhibit changes in the impedance phase with no appreciable change in magnitude, while dead cells displayed the opposite behavior. Correlated with video microscopy, a computational algorithm was created that could identify cell detection events and determine cell viability status by application of a mathematical correlation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Eades
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Julianne F. Audiffred
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Micah Fincher
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
- Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
| | - William Todd Monroe
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Chen YS, Huang CH, Pai PC, Seo J, Lei KF. A Review on Microfluidics-Based Impedance Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010083. [PMID: 36671918 PMCID: PMC9855525 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impedance biosensors are powerful and continuously being developed for various biological sensing applications. In this line, the sensitivity of impedance biosensors embedded with microfluidic technologies, such as sheath flow focusing, dielectrophoretic focusing, and interdigitated electrode arrays, can still be greatly improved. In particular, reagent consumption reduction and analysis time-shortening features can highly increase the analytical capabilities of such biosensors. Moreover, the reliability and efficiency of analyses are benefited by microfluidics-enabled automation. Through the use of mature microfluidic technology, complicated biological processes can be shrunk and integrated into a single microfluidic system (e.g., lab-on-a-chip or micro-total analysis systems). By incorporating electrical impedance biosensors, hand-held and bench-top microfluidic systems can be easily developed and operated by personnel without professional training. Furthermore, the impedance spectrum provides broad information regarding cell size, membrane capacitance, cytoplasmic conductivity, and cytoplasmic permittivity without the need for fluorescent labeling, magnetic modifications, or other cellular treatments. In this review article, a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is presented. The structure of this article is based on the different substrate material categorizations. Moreover, the development trend of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is discussed, along with difficulties and challenges that may be encountered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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6
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Priyadarshi N, Abbasi U, Kumaran V, Chowdhury P. A new approach for accurate determination of particle sizes in microfluidic impedance cytometry. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidic impedance cytometry, the change in impedance is recorded as an individual cell passes through a channel between electrodes deposited on its walls, and the particle size is inferred from the amplitude of the impedance signal using calibration. However, because the current density is nonuniform between electrodes of finite width, there could be an error in the particle size measurement because of uncertainty about the location of the particle in the channel cross section. Here, a correlation is developed relating the particle size to the signal amplitude and the velocity of the particle through the channel. The latter is inferred from the time interval between the two extrema in the impedance curve as the particle passes through a channel with cross-sectional dimensions of 50 μm (width) × 30 μm (height) with two pairs of parallel facing electrodes. The change in impedance is predicted using 3D COMSOL finite-element simulations, and a theoretical correlation that is independent of particle size is formulated to correct the particle diameter for variations in the cross-sectional location. With this correlation, the standard deviation in the experimental data is reduced by a factor of two to close to the standard deviation reported in the manufacturer specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Priyadarshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - U. Abbasi
- Pratimesh Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - V. Kumaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - P. Chowdhury
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Surface Engineering Division, CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560017, India
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7
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Bounik R, Cardes F, Ulusan H, Modena MM, Hierlemann A. Impedance Imaging of Cells and Tissues: Design and Applications. BME FRONTIERS 2022; 2022:1-21. [PMID: 35761901 PMCID: PMC7612906 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9857485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their label-free and noninvasive nature, impedance measurements have attracted increasing interest in biological research. Advances in microfabrication and integrated-circuit technology have opened a route to using large-scale microelectrode arrays for real-time, high-spatiotemporal-resolution impedance measurements of biological samples. In this review, we discuss different methods and applications of measuring impedance for cell and tissue analysis with a focus on impedance imaging with microelectrode arrays in in vitro applications. We first introduce how electrode configurations and the frequency range of the impedance analysis determine the information that can be extracted. We then delve into relevant circuit topologies that can be used to implement impedance measurements and their characteristic features, such as resolution and data-acquisition time. Afterwards, we detail design considerations for the implementation of new impedance-imaging devices. We conclude by discussing future fields of application of impedance imaging in biomedical research, in particular applications where optical imaging is not possible, such as monitoring of ex vivo tissue slices or microelectrode-based brain implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Bounik
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cardes
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Ulusan
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Blood cell quantification on dry blood samples: toward patient-centric complete blood counts. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:693-701. [PMID: 35593738 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Performing complete blood counts from patients' homes could have a transformative impact on e-based healthcare. Blood microsampling and sample drying are enabling elements for patient-centric healthcare. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of dry blood samples for image-based cell quantification of red and white blood cells. Methods: A manual sample preparation method was developed and tested for image-based red and white blood cell counting. Results & conclusion: Dry blood samples enable image-based cell counting of red and white blood cells with a good correlation to gold standard hematology analyzer data (average coefficient of variation <6.5%; R2 >0.8) and resolve the basic morphology of white blood cell nuclei. The presented proof-of-principle study is a first step toward patient-centric complete blood counts.
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9
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Tang D, Jiang L, Tang W, Xiang N, Ni Z. Cost-effective portable microfluidic impedance cytometer for broadband impedance cell analysis based on viscoelastic focusing. Talanta 2022; 242:123274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Chen T, Huang C, Wang Y, Wu J. Microfluidic methods for cell separation and subsequent analysis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Xu Y, Yu G, Nie R, Wu Z. Microfluidic systems toward blood hemostasis monitoring and thrombosis diagnosis: From design principles to micro/nano fabrication technologies. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Soft Intelligence Lab State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Guang Yu
- Experimental Medicine Center Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ruqiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Soft Intelligence Lab State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology School of Mechanical Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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12
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Zhu C, Maldonado J, Sengupta K. CMOS-Based Electrokinetic Microfluidics With Multi-Modal Cellular and Bio-Molecular Sensing for End-to-End Point-of-Care System. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1250-1267. [PMID: 34914597 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3136165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of point-of-care (POC) bio-molecular diagnostics capable of rapid analysis has become abundantly evident after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. While sensing interfaces for both protein and nucleic-acid based assays have been demonstrated with chip-scale systems, sample preparation in compact form factor has often been a major bottleneck in enabling end-to-end POC diagnostics. Miniaturization of an end-to-end system requires addressing the front-end sample processing, without which, the goal for low-cost POC diagnostics remain elusive. In this paper, we address bulk fluid processing with AC-osmotic based electrokinetic fluid flows that can be fully controlled, processed and automated by CMOS ICs, fabricated in TSMC 65 nm LP process. Here, we combine bulk fluid flow control with bio-molecular sensing, cell manipulation, cytometry, and separation-all of which are controlled with silicon chips for an all-in-one bio-sensing device. We show CMOS controlled pneumatic-free bulk fluid flow with fluid velocities reaching up to 160 μm/s within a microfluidic channel of 100 × 50 μm 2 of cross-sectional area. We incorporate electrode arrays to allow precise control and focused cell flows ( ±2 μm precision) for robust cytometry, and for subsequent separation. We also incorporate a 16-element impedance spectroscopy receiver array for cell and label-free protein sensing. The massive scalability of CMOS-driven microfluidics, manipulation, and sensing can lead to a new design space and a new class of miniaturized sensing technologies.
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13
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Zhang Z, Huang X, Liu K, Lan T, Wang Z, Zhu Z. Recent Advances in Electrical Impedance Sensing Technology for Single-Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:470. [PMID: 34821686 PMCID: PMC8615761 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is of significance in cell-based assays for life science, biomedicine and clinical diagnostics. Electrical impedance sensing technology has become a powerful tool, allowing for rapid, non-invasive, and label-free acquisition of electrical parameters of single cells. These electrical parameters, i.e., equivalent cell resistance, membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity, are closely related to cellular biophysical properties and dynamic activities, such as size, morphology, membrane intactness, growth state, and proliferation. This review summarizes basic principles, analytical models and design concepts of single-cell impedance sensing devices, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) to detect flow-through single cells and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor immobilized single cells. Then, recent advances of both electrical impedance sensing systems applied in cell recognition, cell counting, viability detection, phenotypic assay, cell screening, and other cell detection are presented. Finally, prospects of impedance sensing technology in single-cell analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Tiancong Lan
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Zixin Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road 135, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210018, China; (Z.Z.); (K.L.); (T.L.)
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14
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Ashley BK, Hassan U. Time-domain signal averaging to improve microparticles detection and enumeration accuracy in a microfluidic impedance cytometer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4428-4440. [PMID: 34370302 PMCID: PMC8589102 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is a powerful system to measure micro and nano-sized particles and is routinely used in point-of-care disease diagnostics and other biomedical applications. However, small objects near a sensor's detection limit are plagued with relatively significant background noise and are difficult to identify for every case. While many data processing techniques can be utilized to reduce noise and improve signal quality, frequently they are still inadequate to push sensor detection limits. Here, we report the first demonstration of a novel signal averaging algorithm effective in noise reduction of microfluidic impedance cytometry data, improving enumeration accuracy, and reducing detection limits. Our device uses a 22 µm tall × 100 µm wide (with 30 µm wide focused aperture) microchannel and gold coplanar microelectrodes that generate an electric field, recording bipolar pulses from polystyrene microparticles flowing through the channel. In addition to outlining a modified moving signal averaging technique theoretically and with a model data set, we also performed a compendium of characterization experiments including variations in flow rate, input voltage, and particle size. Multivariate metrics from each experiment are compared including signal amplitude, pulse width, background noise, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Incorporating our technique resulted in improved SNR and counting accuracy across all experiments conducted, and the limit of detection improved from 5 to 1 µm particles without modifying microchannel dimensions. Succeeding this, we envision implementing our modified moving average technique to develop next-generation microfluidic impedance cytometry devices with an expanded dynamic range and improved enumeration accuracy. This can be exceedingly useful for many biomedical applications, such as infectious disease diagnostics where devices may enumerate larger-scale immune cells alongside sub-micron bacterium in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Ashley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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15
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Zhu S, Zhang X, Chen M, Tang D, Han Y, Xiang N, Ni Z. An easy-fabricated and disposable polymer-film microfluidic impedance cytometer for cell sensing. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1175:338759. [PMID: 34330437 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report here an easy-fabricated and disposable polymer-film microfluidic impedance cytometer (PMIC) integrated with inertial focusing and parallel facing electrodes for cell sensing. The cells are first focused in an asymmetric serpentine channel, and then their impedance signals are measured when passing through the electrode region. The proposed PMIC device is the first impedance cytometer that is fabricated into a flexible sheet (with a thickness of 0.45 mm) by using the materials of commonly-available ITO-coated polymer films and double-sided adhesive tapes, the whole fabrication process is shortened from traditional 3-4 days to less than 5 min by using UV laser cutting. To verify the feasibility of our device for cell sensing, we explore the focusing behaviors of three differently sized particles and two types of tumor cells, and analyze their impedance signals. The results show that our device is capable of obtaining impedance information on numbers, diameters, and longitudinal positions of cells. We envision that our PMIC device is promising in label-free cell sensing owning to the advantages of low cost, small footprint, and simple fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Mu Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dezhi Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, And Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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16
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Honrado C, Bisegna P, Swami NS, Caselli F. Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: from raw signals to cell phenotypes using data analytics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:22-54. [PMID: 33331376 PMCID: PMC7909465 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical analysis of single-cells by microfluidic impedance cytometry is emerging as a label-free and high-throughput means to stratify the heterogeneity of cellular systems based on their electrophysiology. Emerging applications range from fundamental life-science and drug assessment research to point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine. Recently, novel chip designs and data analytic strategies are laying the foundation for multiparametric cell characterization and subpopulation distinction, which are essential to understand biological function, follow disease progression and monitor cell behaviour in microsystems. In this tutorial review, we present a comparative survey of the approaches to elucidate cellular and subcellular features from impedance cytometry data, covering the related subjects of device design, data analytics (i.e., signal processing, dielectric modelling, population clustering), and phenotyping applications. We give special emphasis to the exciting recent developments of the technique (timeframe 2017-2020) and provide our perspective on future challenges and directions. Its synergistic application with microfluidic separation, sensor science and machine learning can form an essential toolkit for label-free quantification and isolation of subpopulations to stratify heterogeneous biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Honrado
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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17
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Daguerre H, Solsona M, Cottet J, Gauthier M, Renaud P, Bolopion A. Positional dependence of particles and cells in microfluidic electrical impedance flow cytometry: origin, challenges and opportunities. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3665-3689. [PMID: 32914827 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00616e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic electrical impedance flow cytometry is now a well-known and established method for single-cell analysis. Given the richness of the information provided by impedance measurements, this non-invasive and label-free approach can be used in a wide field of applications ranging from simple cell counting to disease diagnostics. One of its major limitations is the variation of the impedance signal with the position of the cell in the sensing area. Indeed, identical particles traveling along different trajectories do not result in the same data. The positional dependence can be considered as a challenge for the accuracy of microfluidic impedance cytometers. On the other hand, it has recently been regarded by several groups as an opportunity to estimate the position of particles in the microchannel and thus take a further step in the logic of integrating sensors in so-called "Lab-on-a-chip" devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical grounds of the positional dependence of impedance measurements. Then, both the developed strategies to reduce position influence in impedance-based assays and the recent reported technologies exploiting that dependence for the integration of position detection in microfluidic devices are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Daguerre
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AS2M Department, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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18
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Farooq A, Butt NZ, Hassan U. Exceedingly Sensitive Restructured Electrodes Design for Pathogen Morphology Detection using Impedance Flow Cytometry. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2500-2503. [PMID: 33018514 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellular morphology is a vital biological characteristic for determining explicit information about its physiological state. Monitoring real-time cell shape is of great importance in infectious pathogen detection. Here, we designed a highly sensitive coplanar electrode sensing system and merged it with planar electrodes for simultaneous impedance signals in two dimensions. We simulated the proposed design in this study for the detection of different single cell pathogens based on their morphology. The optimized design has a great potential to monitor and characterize different bacteria based on their sizes and shapes. In this report, spherical and rod shaped particles were used to illustrate the device performance. This simple and extremely sensitive modified electrode design is very promising for bacterial detection and will serve as a future guiding tool for discriminating different morphologies of singular cells.
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19
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Ambrico M, Lasalvia M, Ligonzo T, Ambrico PF, Perna G, Capozzi V. Recognition of healthy and cancerous breast cells: Sensing the differences by dielectric spectroscopy. Med Phys 2020; 47:5373-5382. [PMID: 32750750 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The response of human cells to applied electrical signals depends on the cellular health status, because it is influenced by the composition and structure of the main cellular components. Therefore, electrical impedance-based techniques can be considered as sensitive tools to investigate healthy or disease state at cellular level. The goal of this study is to show that different types of in vitro cellular lines, related to different health status, can be differentiated using impedance spectra analysis. METHODS Three different types of human breast cell line, corresponding to healthy, cancerous, and metastatic adenocarcinoma cells, were measured by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy. By modeling the investigated cells with proper resistive and capacitive circuital elements, the magnitude of the cell electrical components and spectra of real and imaginary part of dielectric permittivity were obtained. The latter were subsequently examined with a commonly adopted mathematical model, in order to estimate the values of specific dielectric parameters for the three different cellular lines. RESULTS The relative variation of cellular capacitance with respect to that of the culture medium, estimated at 100 Hz, has a larger value for the two types of cancerous cells with respect to the noncancerous type. Furthermore, the ratio between the real and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity function has larger values for metastatic cells with respect to the normal and nonmetastatic ones. Therefore, the mentioned relative capacitance allows to discriminate between normal and cancerous cells, whereas the results obtained for the dielectric function can discriminate between metastatic and nonmetastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS This study can be considered as an exploratory investigation of evaluating in vitro the health status of humans cells using selected electrical impedance parameters as potential markers. The obtained results highlight that a standard cultureware system, provided with interdigitated electrodes and appropriate impedance parameters, that is, cellular capacitance and the ratio between the imaginary and real part of cellular dielectric function, can be used to discriminate between healthy and cancerous breast cell lines, as well as different malignancy degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ambrico
- CNR-ISTP Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - M Lasalvia
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - T Ligonzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin" Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - P F Ambrico
- CNR-ISTP Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - G Perna
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - V Capozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
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20
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Honrado C, McGrath JS, Reale R, Bisegna P, Swami NS, Caselli F. A neural network approach for real-time particle/cell characterization in microfluidic impedance cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3835-3845. [PMID: 32189012 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic applications such as active particle sorting or selective enrichment require particle classification techniques that are capable of working in real time. In this paper, we explore the use of neural networks for fast label-free particle characterization during microfluidic impedance cytometry. A recurrent neural network is designed to process data from a novel impedance chip layout for enabling real-time multiparametric analysis of the measured impedance data streams. As demonstrated with both synthetic and experimental datasets, the trained network is able to characterize with good accuracy size, velocity, and cross-sectional position of beads, red blood cells, and yeasts, with a unitary prediction time of 0.4 ms. The proposed approach can be extended to other device designs and cell types for electrical parameter extraction. This combination of microfluidic impedance cytometry and machine learning can serve as a stepping stone to real-time single-cell analysis and sorting. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Honrado
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - John S McGrath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Riccardo Reale
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bisegna
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan S Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | - Frederica Caselli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Abbasi U, Chowdhury P, Subramaniam S, Jain P, Muthe N, Sheikh F, Banerjee S, Kumaran V. A cartridge based Point-of-Care device for complete blood count. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18583. [PMID: 31819075 PMCID: PMC6901560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a proprietary lab-on-chip/μ TAS technology platform for a regulatory grade portable instrument for complete blood count (CBC) hematology tests including 3 part differential WBCs, RBCs, platelet and hemoglobin for rapid diagnostics at the point of care in resource-poor settings. Presently, diagnostics based on blood tests are confined to centralized laboratory settings, dependent on large footprint and expensive cytometers or on a microscope, requiring trained laboratory technicians. Consequently, such facilities are not present in rural and semi-urban settings, where there are opportunities and challenges in delivering efficient healthcare infrastructure at an affordable cost in resource-challenged environments. Our proposed design leverages advances in microfluidics and lab-on-chip fabrication techniques to miniaturize the conventional cytometer and bring down the cost significantly. The device can be operated autonomously, without skilled manpower, by primary healthcare professionals in the field and by patients (like glucose self-test devices). The instrument consists of a single-use chip, the size of a credit card, pre-loaded with reagents, in which the sample is loaded, and which is fluidically insulated from the environment. The controller, the size of a toaster, performs the necessary fluid handling and the impedance measurements to deliver the results in minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Abbasi
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Prasanta Chowdhury
- CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratory, HAL Airport Road, Bangalore, 560017, India
| | - Sasikala Subramaniam
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Prakhar Jain
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Nitin Muthe
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Faisal Sheikh
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Subham Banerjee
- MicroX Labs, Society of Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - V Kumaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India.
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22
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On-chip label-free determination of cell survival rate. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 148:111820. [PMID: 31706174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell survival rate (CSR) is a very important parameter in biological and medical fields. Today, the routine method to determine this parameter is time-consuming; it also makes the labeled cells no longer useable for subsequent experiments. Here, we developed an on-chip label-free method for determining the CSR. For the method, a hypertonic stimulus was designed to create volume differences between living and dead cells, and then, the differences were characterized with measurements of impedance as the cells flowed through two electrodes. Based on the method, a microfluidic hypertonic stimulus-based impedance flow cytometry chip (HSIFC) was designed, and the localized function of the HSIFC was verified. Finally, the performance of the HSIFC was confirmed by measuring the different CSRs for the different types of cells. The results show that the HSIFC can accurately determine the CSR, and the accuracy is comparable to that of flow cytometry. This work paves the way for the label-free evaluation of CSR after various cell manipulations and treatments on the chip and promotes the versatility of lab-on-a-chip devices.
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23
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24
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Hedayatipour A, Aslanzadeh S, McFarlane N. CMOS based whole cell impedance sensing: Challenges and future outlook. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111600. [PMID: 31479988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for multi-analyte point-of-care diagnosis devices, cell impedance measurement is a promising technique for integration with other sensing modalities. In this comprehensive review, the theory underlying cell impedance sensing, including the history, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based implementations, and applications are critically assessed. Whole cell impedance sensing, also known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) or electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is an approach for studying and diagnosing living cells in in-vitro and in-vivo environments. The technique is popular since it is label-free, non-invasive, and low cost when compared to standard biochemical assays. CMOS cell impedance measurement systems have been focused on expanding their applications to numerous aspects of biological, environmental, and food safety applications. This paper presents and evaluates circuit topologies for whole cell impedance measurement. The presented review compares several existing CMOS designs, including the classification, measurement speed, and sensitivity of varying topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hedayatipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Aslanzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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25
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Choi G, Murphy E, Guan W. Microfluidic Time-Division Multiplexing Accessing Resistive Pulse Sensor for Particle Analysis. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1957-1963. [PMID: 31264411 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to its simplicity and robustness, pore-based resistive pulse sensors have been widely used to detect, measure, and analyze particles at length scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers. While multiple pore-based resistive pulse sensors are preferred to increase the analysis throughput and to overcome the clogging issues, the scalability is often limited. In response, by combining the time-division multiple access technique in the telecommunication field with the microfluidics, we reported a microfluidic time-division multiplexing accessing (TDMA) single-end resistive pulse sensor, in which particles can be analyzed through a scalable number of microfluidic channels. With an eight-channel microfluidic device and polystyrene particles as proof-of-principle, we successfully demonstrated this multiplexed technology is effective in measuring the particle size and concentration, in analyzing the particle arriving dynamics, and in discriminating mixed populations. Importantly, the availability of multiple sensing pores provides a robust mechanism to overcome the clogging issue, allowing the analysis to continue even when some of the pores are clogged. We anticipate this TDMA approach could find wide applications and facilitate future development of multiplexed resistive pulse sensing from the microscale to nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihoon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Erica Murphy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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26
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Ahuja K, Rather GM, Lin Z, Sui J, Xie P, Le T, Bertino JR, Javanmard M. Toward point-of-care assessment of patient response: a portable tool for rapidly assessing cancer drug efficacy using multifrequency impedance cytometry and supervised machine learning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:34. [PMID: 31645995 PMCID: PMC6799891 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method to rapidly assess drug efficacy in targeted cancer therapy, where antineoplastic agents are conjugated to antibodies targeting surface markers on tumor cells. We have fabricated and characterized a device capable of rapidly assessing tumor cell sensitivity to drugs using multifrequency impedance spectroscopy in combination with supervised machine learning for enhanced classification accuracy. Currently commercially available devices for the automated analysis of cell viability are based on staining, which fundamentally limits the subsequent characterization of these cells as well as downstream molecular analysis. Our approach requires as little as 20 μL of volume and avoids staining allowing for further downstream molecular analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript presents the first comprehensive attempt to using high-dimensional data and supervised machine learning, particularly phase change spectra obtained from multi-frequency impedance cytometry as features for the support vector machine classifier, to assess viability of cells without staining or labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Ahuja
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Gulam M. Rather
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Zhongtian Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Jianye Sui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Tuan Le
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Joseph R. Bertino
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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27
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Vembadi A, Menachery A, Qasaimeh MA. Cell Cytometry: Review and Perspective on Biotechnological Advances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31275933 PMCID: PMC6591278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell identification and enumeration are essential procedures within clinical and research laboratories. For over 150 years, quantitative investigation of body fluids such as counts of various blood cells has been an important tool for diagnostic analysis. With the current evolution of point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine, cheap and precise cell counting technologies are in demand. This article reviews the timeline and recent notable advancements in cell counting that have occurred as a result of improvements in sensing including optical and electrical technology, enhancements in image processing capabilities, and contributions of micro and nanotechnologies. Cell enumeration methods have evolved from the use of manual counting using a hemocytometer to automated cell counters capable of providing reliable counts with high precision and throughput. These developments have been enabled by the use of precision engineering, micro and nanotechnology approaches, automation and multivariate data analysis. Commercially available automated cell counters can be broadly classified into three categories based on the principle of detection namely, electrical impedance, optical analysis and image analysis. These technologies have many common scientific uses, such as hematological analysis, urine analysis and bacterial enumeration. In addition to commercially available technologies, future technological trends using lab-on-a-chip devices have been discussed in detail. Lab-on-a-chip platforms utilize the existing three detection technologies with innovative design changes utilizing advanced nano/microfabrication to produce customized devices suited to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vembadi
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anoop Menachery
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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28
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Yanase Y, Yoshizaki K, Kimura K, Kawaguchi T, Hide M, Uno S. Development of SPR Imaging-Impedance Sensor for Multi-Parametric Living Cell Analysis. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19092067. [PMID: 31058824 PMCID: PMC6539035 DOI: 10.3390/s19092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Label-free evaluation and monitoring of living cell conditions or functions by means of chemical and/or physical sensors in a real-time manner are increasingly desired in the field of basic research of cells and clinical diagnosis. In order to perform multi-parametric analysis of living cells on a chip, we here developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging (SPRI)-impedance sensor that can detect both refractive index (RI) and impedance changes on a sensor chip with comb-shaped electrodes. We then investigated the potential of the sensor for label-free and real-time analysis of living cell reactions in response to stimuli. We cultured rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells on the sensor chip, which was a glass slide coated with comb-shaped electrodes, and detected activation of RBL-2H3 cells, such as degranulation and morphological changes, in response to a dinitro-phenol-conjugated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) antigen. Moreover, impedance analysis revealed that the changes of impedance derived from RBL-2H3 cell activation appeared in the range of 1 kHz–1 MHz. Furthermore, we monitored living cell-derived RI and impedance changes simultaneously on a sensor chip using the SPRI-impedance sensor. Thus, we developed a new technique to monitor both impedance and RI derived from living cells by using a comb-shaped electrode sensor chip. This technique may enable us to clarify complex living cell functions which affect the RI and impedance and apply this to medical applications, such as accurate clinical diagnosis of type I allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Yanase
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Yoshizaki
- Department of Electrical and Electronic, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kaiken Kimura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Hide
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Shigeyasu Uno
- Department of Electrical and Electronic, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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A novel microfluidic resistive pulse sensor with multiple voltage input channels and a side sensing gate for particle and cell detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Bacteria Detection and Differentiation Using Impedance Flow Cytometry. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103496. [PMID: 30336557 PMCID: PMC6210208 DOI: 10.3390/s18103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of bacteria concentrations is of great importance in drinking water management. Continuous real-time monitoring enables better microbiological control of the water and helps prevent contaminated water from reaching the households. We have developed a microfluidic sensor with the potential to accurately assess bacteria levels in drinking water in real-time. Multi frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy is used to monitor a liquid sample, while it is continuously passed through the sensor. We investigate three aspects of this sensor: First we show that the sensor is able to differentiate Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria from solid particles (polystyrene beads) based on an electrical response in the high frequency phase and individually enumerate the two samples. Next, we demonstrate the sensor’s ability to measure the bacteria concentration by comparing the results to those obtained by the traditional CFU counting method. Last, we show the sensor’s potential to distinguish between different bacteria types by detecting different signatures for S. aureus and E. coli mixed in the same sample. Our investigations show that the sensor has the potential to be extremely effective at detecting sudden bacterial contaminations found in drinking water, and eventually also identify them.
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Label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling for diabetes testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:195-203. [PMID: 30077872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating leukocytes comprise of approximately 1% of all blood cells and efficient enrichment of these cells from whole blood is critical for understanding cellular heterogeneity and biological significance in health and diseases. In this work, we report a novel microfluidic strategy for rapid (< 1 h) label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling to determine cell activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using whole blood. Leukocytes were first size-fractionated into different subtypes (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) using an inertial spiral sorter prior to single-cell impedance measurement in a microfluidic device with coplanar electrode design. Significant changes in membrane dielectric properties (size and opacity) were detected between healthy and activated leukocytes (TNF-α/LPS stimulated), during monocyte differentiation and among different monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, non-classical). As proof-of-concept for diabetes testing, neutrophil/monocyte dielectric properties in T2DM subjects (n = 8) were quantified which were associated with cardiovascular risk factors including lipid levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) and vascular functions (LnRHI) (P < 0.05) were observed. Overall, these results clearly showed that T2DM subjects have pro-inflammatory leukocyte phenotypes and suggest leukocyte impedance signature as a novel surrogate biomarker for inflammation.
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32
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Winkler TE, Stevenson FO, Kim E, Kang M, Payne GF, Kelly DL, Ghodssi R. The Role of Microsystems Integration Towards Point-of-Care Clozapine Treatment Monitoring in Schizophrenia. IEEE SENSORS LETTERS 2018; 2:5500304. [PMID: 29308452 PMCID: PMC5754032 DOI: 10.1109/lsens.2017.2782883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a perspective on microsystems integration aspects for concurrent cellular and molecular sensing in a lab-on-a-chip device. While of interest for a range of applications, very few - narrowly focused - examples of such devices can be found in the literature. Here, we approach the challenge from a systems level, considering sensor integration both in parallel and in series. Our study is specifically geared toward schizophrenia treatment, where concurrent blood monitoring of the antipsychotic clozapine and white blood cells could lead to improved treatment outcomes. We evaluate the critical system components for either design, namely plasma skimming (parallel) and in-blood clozapine detection (series). We find that plasma skimming is infeasible, but for the first time demonstrate direct detection of clozapine in whole blood. With a corresponding series-integrated microsystem, we finally demonstrate downstream white blood cell analysis on the same samples using impedance cytometry. We thus present the first lab-on-a-chip device capable of label- and reagent-free concurrent sensing of cellular and molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Winkler
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Florence O Stevenson
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mijeong Kang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Park JS, Aziz MK, Li S, Chi T, Grijalva SI, Sung JH, Cho HC, Wang H. 1024-Pixel CMOS Multimodality Joint Cellular Sensor/Stimulator Array for Real-Time Holistic Cellular Characterization and Cell-Based Drug Screening. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:80-94. [PMID: 29377798 PMCID: PMC8552991 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a fully integrated CMOS multimodality joint sensor/stimulator array with 1024 pixels for real-time holistic cellular characterization and drug screening. The proposed system consists of four pixel groups and four parallel signal-conditioning blocks. Every pixel group contains 16 × 16 pixels, and each pixel includes one gold-plated electrode, four photodiodes, and in-pixel circuits, within a pixel footprint. Each pixel supports real-time extracellular potential recording, optical detection, charge-balanced biphasic current stimulation, and cellular impedance measurement for the same cellular sample. The proposed system is fabricated in a standard 130-nm CMOS process. Rat cardiomyocytes are successfully cultured on-chip. Measured high-resolution optical opacity images, extracellular potential recordings, biphasic current stimulations, and cellular impedance images demonstrate the unique advantages of the system for holistic cell characterization and drug screening. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the use of optical detection on the on-chip cultured cardiomyocytes to real-time track their cyclic beating pattern and beating rate.
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Carminati M, Ferrari G, Vahey MD, Voldman J, Sampietro M. Miniaturized Impedance Flow Cytometer: Design Rules and Integrated Readout. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1438-1449. [PMID: 28952947 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2748158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A dual-channel credit-card-sized impedance cell counter featuring a throughput of 2000 cell/s and detection of single yeast cells (5 μm) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB is presented. Its compactness is achieved by a CMOS ASIC combining a lock-in impedance demodulator with an oversampling 20-bit ΣΔ ADC and real-time peak detection embedded in field-programmable gate array. The module is coupled to a dielectrophoretic cell-sorting microfluidic device, offering compact and label-free electrical readout that replaces the need for a fluorescence microscope and, thus, is suitable for point-of-care diagnostics. The independent role of each dimension of the planar sensing microelectrodes is demonstrated, with simulations and experiments, along with its relevant effect on the spectrum of thin channels, deriving useful design guidelines.
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Dimasi A, Rasponi M, Consolo F, Fiore GB, Bluestein D, Slepian MJ, Redaelli A. Microfludic platforms for the evaluation of anti-platelet agent efficacy under hyper-shear conditions associated with ventricular assist devices. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:31-38. [PMID: 28869117 PMCID: PMC5610105 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombus formation is a major adverse event affecting patients implanted with ventricular assist devices (VADs). Despite anti-thrombotic drug administration, thrombotic events remain frequent within the first year post-implantation. Platelet activation (PA) is an essential process underling thrombotic adverse events in VAD systems. Indeed, abnormal shear forces, correlating with specific flow trajectories of VADs, are strong agonists mediating PA. To date, the ability to determine efficacy of anti-platelet (AP) agents under shear stress conditions is limited. Here, we present a novel microfluidic platform designed to replicate shear stress patterns of a clinical VAD, and use it to compare the efficacy of two AP agents in vitro. Gel-filtered platelets were incubated with i) acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ii) ticagrelor, at two different concentrations (ASA: 125 and 250 µM; ticagrelor: 250 and 500 nM) and were circulated in the VAD-emulating microfluidic platform using a peristaltic pump. GFP was collected after 4 and 52 repetitions of exposure to the VAD shear pattern and tested for shear-mediated PA. ASA significantly inhibited PA only at 2-fold higher concentration (250 µM) than therapeutic dose (125 µM). The effect of ticagrelor was not dependent on drug concentration, and did not show significant inhibition with respect to untreated control. This study demonstrates the potential use of microfluidic platforms as means of testing platelet responsiveness and AP drug efficacy under complex and realistic VAD-like shear stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Dimasi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi 39, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi 39, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Consolo
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi 39, 20133, Milano, Italy; Anesthesia and Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit. Università Vita Salute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco B Fiore
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi 39, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, StonyBrook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Marvin J Slepian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, StonyBrook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, 85724, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Golgi 39, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Little CAE, Orloff ND, Hanemann IE, Long CJ, Bright VM, Booth JC. Modeling electrical double-layer effects for microfluidic impedance spectroscopy from 100 kHz to 110 GHz. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2674-2681. [PMID: 28702651 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadband microfluidic-based impedance spectroscopy can be used to characterize complex fluids, with applications in medical diagnostics and in chemical and pharmacological manufacturing. Many relevant fluids are ionic; during impedance measurements ions migrate to the electrodes, forming an electrical double-layer. Effects from the electrical double-layer dominate over, and reduce sensitivity to, the intrinsic impedance of the fluid below a characteristic frequency. Here we use calibrated measurements of saline solution in microfluidic coplanar waveguide devices at frequencies between 100 kHz and 110 GHz to directly measure the double-layer admittance for solutions of varying ionic conductivity. We successfully model the double-layer admittance using a combination of a Cole-Cole response with a constant phase element contribution. Our analysis yields a double-layer relaxation time that decreases linearly with solution conductivity, and allows for double-layer effects to be separated from the intrinsic fluid response and quantified for a wide range of conducting fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A E Little
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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De Ninno A, Errico V, Bertani FR, Businaro L, Bisegna P, Caselli F. Coplanar electrode microfluidic chip enabling accurate sheathless impedance cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1158-1166. [PMID: 28225104 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry offers a simple non-invasive method for single-cell analysis. Coplanar electrode chips are especially attractive due to ease of fabrication, yielding miniaturized, reproducible, and ultimately low-cost devices. However, their accuracy is challenged by the dependence of the measured signal on particle trajectory within the interrogation volume, that manifests itself as an error in the estimated particle size, unless any kind of focusing system is used. In this paper, we present an original five-electrode coplanar chip enabling accurate particle sizing without the need for focusing. The chip layout is designed to provide a peculiar signal shape from which a new metric correlating with particle trajectory can be extracted. This metric is exploited to correct the estimated size of polystyrene beads of 5.2, 6 and 7 μm nominal diameter, reaching coefficient of variations lower than the manufacturers' quoted values. The potential impact of the proposed device in the field of life sciences is demonstrated with an application to Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele De Ninno
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vito Errico
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Bertani
- Italian National Research Council - Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR - IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Businaro
- Italian National Research Council - Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR - IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bisegna
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Caselli
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Rollo E, Tenaglia E, Genolet R, Bianchi E, Harari A, Coukos G, Guiducci C. Label-free identification of activated T lymphocytes through tridimensional microsensors on chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:193-199. [PMID: 28284079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Label-free approaches to assess cell properties ideally suit the requirements of cell-based therapeutics, since they permit to characterize cells with minimal perturbation and manipulation, at the benefit of sample recovery and re-employment for treatment. For this reason, label-free techniques would find sensible application in adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy. In this work, we describe the label-free and single-cell detection of in vitro activated T lymphocytes in flow through an electrical impedance-based setup. We describe a novel platform featuring 3D free-standing microelectrodes presenting passive upstream and downstream extensions and integrated into microfluidic channels. We employ such device to measure the impedance change associated with T cell activation at electrical frequencies maximizing the difference between non-activated and activated T cells. Finally, we harness the impedance signature of unstimulated T cells to set a boundary separating activated and non-activated clones, so to characterize the selectivity and specificity of the system. In conclusion, the strategy here proposed highlights the possible employment of impedance to assess T cell activation in label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Rollo
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tenaglia
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Genolet
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Elena Bianchi
- CMIC "Giulio Natta", LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics - Politecnico di Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Guiducci
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Prieto JL, Su HW, Hou HW, Vera MP, Levy BD, Baron RM, Han J, Voldman J. Monitoring sepsis using electrical cell profiling. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4333-4340. [PMID: 27722555 PMCID: PMC5535304 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a potentially lethal condition that may be ameliorated through early monitoring of circulating activated leukocytes for faster stratification of severity of illness and improved administration of targeted treatment. Characterization of the intrinsic electrical properties of leukocytes is label-free and can provide a quick way to quantify the number of activated cells as sepsis progresses. Iso-dielectric separation (IDS) uses dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize the electrical signatures of cells. Here, we use IDS to show that activated and non-activated leukocytes have different electrical properties. We then present a double-sided version of the IDS platform to increase throughput to characterize thousands of cells. This new platform is less prone to cell fouling and allows faster characterization. Using peripheral blood samples from a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis in mice, we estimate the number of activated leukocytes by looking into differences in the electrical properties of cells. We show for the first time using animal models that electrical cell profiling correlates with flow cytometry (FC) results and that IDS is therefore a good candidate for providing rapid monitoring of sepsis by quantifying the number of circulating activated leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao-Wei Su
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
| | | | | | - Bruce D Levy
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Spencer D, Caselli F, Bisegna P, Morgan H. High accuracy particle analysis using sheathless microfluidic impedance cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2467-73. [PMID: 27241585 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00339g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new design of microfluidic impedance cytometer enabling accurate characterization of particles without the need for focusing. The approach uses multiple pairs of electrodes to measure the transit time of particles through the device in two simultaneous different current measurements, a transverse (top to bottom) current and an oblique current. This gives a new metric that can be used to estimate the vertical position of the particle trajectory through the microchannel. This parameter effectively compensates for the non-uniform electric field in the channel that is an unavoidable consequence of the use of planar parallel facing electrodes. The new technique is explained and validated using numerical modelling. Impedance data for 5, 6 and 7 μm particles are collected and compared with simulations. The method gives excellent coefficient of variation in (electrical) radius of particles of 1% for a sheathless configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spencer
- School of Electronics and Computing Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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44
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Simon P, Frankowski M, Bock N, Neukammer J. Label-free whole blood cell differentiation based on multiple frequency AC impedance and light scattering analysis in a micro flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2326-38. [PMID: 27229300 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic sensor for label-free flow cytometric cell differentiation by combined multiple AC electrical impedance and light scattering analysis. The measured signals are correlated to cell volume, membrane capacity and optical properties of single cells. For an improved signal to noise ratio, the microfluidic sensor incorporates two electrode pairs for differential impedance detection. One-dimensional sheath flow focusing was implemented, which allows single particle analysis at kHz count rates. Various monodisperse particles and differentiation of leukocytes in haemolysed samples served to benchmark the microdevice applying combined AC impedance and side scatter analyses. In what follows, we demonstrate that AC impedance measurements at selected frequencies allow label-free discrimination of platelets, erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes in whole blood samples involving dilution only. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to validate the results of the label-free cell analysis. Reliable differentiation and enumeration of cells in whole blood by AC impedance detection have the potential to support medical diagnosis for patients with haemolysis resistant erythrocytes or abnormally sensitive leucocytes, i.e. for patients suffering from anaemia or leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Xu Y, Xie X, Duan Y, Wang L, Cheng Z, Cheng J. A review of impedance measurements of whole cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:824-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Caselli F, Bisegna P. A Simple and Robust Event-Detection Algorithm for Single-Cell Impedance Cytometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:415-22. [PMID: 26241968 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2462292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is emerging as a powerful label-free technique for the characterization of single biological cells. In order to increase the sensitivity and the specificity of the technique, suited digital signal processing methods are required to extract meaningful information from measured impedance data. In this study, a simple and robust event-detection algorithm for impedance cytometry is presented. Since a differential measuring scheme is generally adopted, the signal recorded when a cell passes through the sensing region of the device exhibits a typical odd-symmetric pattern. This feature is exploited twice by the proposed algorithm: first, a preliminary segmentation, based on the correlation of the data stream with the simplest odd-symmetric template, is performed; then, the quality of detected events is established by evaluating their E2O index, that is, a measure of the ratio between their even and odd parts. A thorough performance analysis is reported, showing the robustness of the algorithm with respect to parameter choice and noise level. In terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value, an overall performance of 94.9% and 98.5%, respectively, was achieved on two datasets relevant to microfluidic chips with very different characteristics, considering three noise levels. The present algorithm can foster the role of impedance cytometry in single-cell analysis, which is the new frontier in "Omics."
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47
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Wang H, Liu J, Zheng X, Rong X, Zheng X, Peng H, Silber-Li Z, Li M, Liu L. Three-dimensional virtual surgery models for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimization strategies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10945. [PMID: 26042609 PMCID: PMC4455241 DOI: 10.1038/srep10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially coronary stent implantation, has been shown to be an effective treatment for coronary artery disease. However, in-stent restenosis is one of the longstanding unsolvable problems following PCI. Although stents implanted inside narrowed vessels recover normal flux of blood flows, they instantaneously change the wall shear stress (WSS) distribution on the vessel surface. Improper stent implantation positions bring high possibilities of restenosis as it enlarges the low WSS regions and subsequently stimulates more epithelial cell outgrowth on vessel walls. To optimize the stent position for lowering the risk of restenosis, we successfully established a digital three-dimensional (3-D) model based on a real clinical coronary artery and analysed the optimal stenting strategies by computational simulation. Via microfabrication and 3-D printing technology, the digital model was also converted into in vitro microfluidic models with 3-D micro channels. Simultaneously, physicians placed real stents inside them; i.e., they performed “virtual surgeries”. The hydrodynamic experimental results showed that the microfluidic models highly inosculated the simulations. Therefore, our study not only demonstrated that the half-cross stenting strategy could maximally reduce restenosis risks but also indicated that 3-D printing combined with clinical image reconstruction is a promising method for future angiocardiopathy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohui Rong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuwei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongyu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhanghua Silber-Li
- State key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mujun Li
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Single Cell Electrical Characterization Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12686-712. [PMID: 26053399 PMCID: PMC4490468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical properties of living cells have been proven to play significant roles in understanding of various biological activities including disease progression both at the cellular and molecular levels. Since two decades ago, many researchers have developed tools to analyze the cell’s electrical states especially in single cell analysis (SCA). In depth analysis and more fully described activities of cell differentiation and cancer can only be accomplished with single cell analysis. This growing interest was supported by the emergence of various microfluidic techniques to fulfill high precisions screening, reduced equipment cost and low analysis time for characterization of the single cell’s electrical properties, as compared to classical bulky technique. This paper presents a historical review of single cell electrical properties analysis development from classical techniques to recent advances in microfluidic techniques. Technical details of the different microfluidic techniques are highlighted, and the advantages and limitations of various microfluidic devices are discussed.
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Frankowski M, Simon P, Bock N, El-Hasni A, Schnakenberg U, Neukammer J. Simultaneous optical and impedance analysis of single cells: A comparison of two microfluidic sensors with sheath flow focusing. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
| | - Nicole Bock
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
| | - Akram El-Hasni
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Jörg Neukammer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
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Guo J, Chen L, Ai Y, Cheng Y, Li CM, Kang Y, Wang Z. Numerical and experimental characterization of solid-state micropore-based cytometer for detection and enumeration of biological cells. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:737-43. [PMID: 25488493 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Portable diagnostic devices have emerged as important tools in various biomedical applications since they can provide an effective solution for low-cost and rapid clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we present a micropore-based resistive cytometer for the detection and enumeration of biological cells. The proposed device was fabricated on a silicon wafer by a standard microelectromechanical system processing technology, which enables a mass production of the proposed chip. The working principle of this cytometer is based upon a bias potential modulated pulse, originating from the biological particle's physical blockage of the micropore. Polystyrene particles of different sizes (7, 10, and 16 μm) were used to test and calibrate the proposed device. A finite element simulation was developed to predict the bias potential modulated pulse (peak amplitude vs. pulse bandwidth), which can provide critical insight into the design of this microfluidic flow cytometer. Furthermore, HeLa cells (a type of tumor cell lines) spiked in a suspension of blood cells, including red blood cells and white blood cells, were used to assess the performance for detecting and counting tumor cells. The proposed microfluidic flow cytometer is able to provide a promising platform to address the current unmet need for point-of-care clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China; Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
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