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Maoz R, Nelson P, Gogoi B, Burshtain D, Talukder S, Zou S, Sarkar A, Berson J, Sagiv J. Interfacial Electron Beam Lithography Converts an Insulating Organic Monolayer to a Patterned Single-Layer Conductor with Puzzling Charge Transport Performance. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18948-18962. [PMID: 38979949 PMCID: PMC11271180 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The direct generation of conducting paths within an insulating surface represents a conceptually unexplored approach to single-layer electrical conduction that opens vistas for exciting research and applications fundamentally different from those based on specific layered materials. Herein we report surface channels with single-layer -COOH functionality patterned on insulating n-octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers on silicon that exhibit unusual ionic-electronic conduction when equipped with ion-releasing silver electrodes. The strong dependence of charge transport in such channels on their lateral dimensions (nanosize, macro-size), the type (p, n) and resistivity (doping level) of the underlying silicon substrate, the nature of the insulating spacer layer between the conducting channel and the silicon surface, and the postpatterning chemical manipulation of channel's -COOH functionality allows designing channels with variable resistivities, ranging from that of a practical insulator to some unexpectedly low values. The unusually low resistivities displayed by channels with nanometric widths and micrometer-millimeter lengths are attributed primarily to enhanced electronic transport within ultrathin nanowire-like silver metal films formed along their conductive paths. Function-structure correlations derived from a comprehensive analysis of electrical, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectral data suggest an unconventional mode of conduction in these channels, which has yet to be elucidated, apparently involving coupled ionic-electronic transport mediated and enhanced by interfacial electrical interactions with charge carriers located outside the conducting channel and separated from those carrying the measured current. These intriguing findings hint at effects akin to Coulomb pairing in the proposed mechanisms of excitonic superconductivity in interfacial nanosystems structurally related to the present metalized surface channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and
Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of plasmonic sensors is well-known in the optics and photonics community. These sensors exploit simultaneously the enhancement and the localization of electromagnetic fields close to the interface between a metal and a dielectric. This enables, for example, the design of integrated biochemical sensors at scales far below the diffraction limit. Despite their practical realization and successful commercialization, the sensitivity and associated precision of plasmonic sensors are starting to reach their fundamental classical limit given by quantum fluctuations of light-known as the shot-noise limit. To improve the sensing performance of these sensors beyond the classical limit, quantum resources are increasingly being employed. This area of research has become known as "quantum plasmonic sensing", and it has experienced substantial activity in recent years for applications in chemical and biological sensing. This review aims to cover both plasmonic and quantum techniques for sensing, and it shows how they have been merged to enhance the performance of plasmonic sensors beyond traditional methods. We discuss the general framework developed for quantum plasmonic sensing in recent years, covering the basic theory behind the advancements made, and describe the important works that made these advancements. We also describe several key works in detail, highlighting their motivation, the working principles behind them, and their future impact. The intention of the review is to set a foundation for a burgeoning field of research that is currently being explored out of intellectual curiosity and for a wide range of practical applications in biochemistry, medicine, and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyoup Lee
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Quantum Universe Center, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Lawrie
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raphael Pooser
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kwang-Geol Lee
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany.,Max Planck School of Photonics, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Tame
- Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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3
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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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4
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Modulating Tumor Cell Functions by Tunable Nanopatterned Ligand Presentation. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020212. [PMID: 31991896 PMCID: PMC7074906 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer comprises a large group of complex diseases which arise from the misrouted interplay of mutated cells with other cells and the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is a highly dynamic structure providing biochemical and biophysical cues that regulate tumor cell behavior. While the relevance of biochemical signals has been appreciated, the complex input of biophysical properties like the variation of ligand density and distribution is a relatively new field in cancer research. Nanotechnology has become a very promising tool to mimic the physiological dimension of biophysical signals and their positive (i.e., growth-promoting) and negative (i.e., anti-tumoral or cytotoxic) effects on cellular functions. Here, we review tumor-associated cellular functions such as proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and phenotype switch that are regulated by biophysical parameters such as ligand density or substrate elasticity. We also address the question of how such factors exert inhibitory or even toxic effects upon tumor cells. We describe three principles of nanostructured model systems based on block copolymer nanolithography, electron beam lithography, and DNA origami that have contributed to our understanding of how biophysical signals direct cancer cell fate.
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5
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Leggett GJ. Tools for Low-Dimensional Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7589-7602. [PMID: 30365897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many biological mechanisms can be considered to be low-dimensional systems: their function is determined by molecular objects of reduced dimensionality. Bacterial photosynthesis is a very good example: the photosynthetic pathway is contained within nano-objects (vesicles) whose function is determined by the numbers and nanoscale organization of membrane proteins and by the ratios of the different types of protein that they contain. Systems biology has provided computational models for studying these processes, but there is a need for experimental platforms with which to test their predictions. This Invited Feature Article reviews recent work on the development of tools for the reconstruction of membrane processes on solid surfaces. Photochemical methods provide a powerful, versatile means for the organization of molecules and membranes across length scales from the molecular to the macroscopic. Polymer brushes are highly effective supports for model membranes and versatile functional and structural components in low-dimensional systems. The incorporation of plasmonic elements facilitates enhanced measurement of spectroscopic properties and provides an additional design strategy via the exploitation of quantum optical phenomena. A low-dimensional system that incorporates functional transmembrane proteins and a mechanism for the in situ measurement of proton transport is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
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6
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Servalli M, Celebi K, Payamyar P, Zheng L, Položij M, Lowe B, Kuc A, Schwarz T, Thorwarth K, Borgschulte A, Heine T, Zenobi R, Schlüter AD. Photochemical Creation of Covalent Organic 2D Monolayer Objects in Defined Shapes via a Lithographic 2D Polymerization. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11294-11306. [PMID: 30354049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work we prepare Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers with a trifunctional amphiphilic anthraphane monomer. Upon spreading at the air/water interface, the monomers self-assemble into 1 nm-thin monolayer islands, which are highly fluorescent and can be visualized by the naked eye upon excitation. In situ fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that in the monolayers, all the anthracene units of the monomers are stacked face-to-face forming excimer pairs, whereas at the edges of the monolayers, free anthracenes are present acting as edge groups. Irradiation of the monolayer triggers [4 + 4]-cycloadditions among the excimer pairs, effectively resulting in a two-dimensional (2D) polymerization. The polymerization reaction also completely quenches the fluorescence, allowing to draw patterns on the monomer monolayers. More interestingly, after transferring the monomer monolayer on a solid substrate, by employing masks or the laser of a confocal scanning microscope, it is possible to arbitrarily select the parts of the monolayer that one wants to polymerize. The unpolymerized regions can then be washed away from the substrate, leaving 2D macromolecular monolayer objects of the desired shape. This photolithographic process employs 2D polymerizations and affords 1 nm-thin coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Servalli
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kemal Celebi
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Payam Payamyar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , 9 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Liqing Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Theoretische Chemie , Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66b , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Benjamin Lowe
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kuc
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Abteilung Ressourcenökölogie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Permosenstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- ScopeM, Institute of Biochemistry , ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 3 , Zurich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Thorwarth
- Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Heine
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Leipzig , Linnéstrasse 2 , 04103 Leipzig , Germany
- Theoretische Chemie , Technische Universität Dresden , Bergstraße 66b , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Abteilung Ressourcenökölogie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig , Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf , Permosenstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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7
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Maoz R, Berson J, Burshtain D, Nelson P, Zinger A, Bitton O, Sagiv J. Interfacial Electron Beam Lithography: Chemical Monolayer Nanopatterning via Electron-Beam-Induced Interfacial Solid-Phase Oxidation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9680-9692. [PMID: 30215511 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical nanopatterning-the deliberate nanoscale modification of the chemical nature of a solid surface-is conveniently realized using organic monolayer coatings to impart well-defined chemical functionalities to selected surface regions of the coated solid. Most monolayer patterning methods, however, exploit destructive processes that introduce topographic as well as other undesired structural and chemical transformations along with the desired surface chemical modification. In particular in electron beam lithography (EBL), organic monolayers have been used mainly as ultrathin resists capable of improving the resolution of patterning via local deposition or removal of material. On the basis of the recent discovery of a class of radiation-induced interfacial chemical transformations confined to the contact surface between two solids, we have advanced a direct, nondestructive EBL approach to chemical nanopatterning-interfacial electron beam lithography (IEBL)-demonstrated here by the e-beam-induced local oxidation of the -CH3 surface moieties of a highly ordered self-assembled n-alkylsilane monolayer to -COOH while fully preserving the monolayer structural integrity and molecular organization. In this conceptually different EBL process, the traditional resist is replaced by a thin film coating that acts as a site-activated reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the coated surface, here the top surface of the to-be-patterned monolayer. Structural and chemical transformations induced in the thin film coating and the underlying monolayer upon exposure to the electron beam were elucidated using a semiquantitative surface characterization methodology that combines multimode AFM imaging with postpatterning surface chemical modifications and quantitative micro-FTIR measurements. IEBL offers attractive opportunities in chemical nanopatterning, for example, by enabling the application of the advanced EBL technology to the straightforward nanoscale functionalization of the simplest commonly used organosilane monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Maoz
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Jonathan Berson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Doron Burshtain
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Peter Nelson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ariel Zinger
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Ora Bitton
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Jacob Sagiv
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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8
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Rühe J. And There Was Light: Prospects for the Creation of Micro- and Nanostructures through Maskless Photolithography. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8537-8541. [PMID: 28910077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In photolithographic processes, the light inducing the photochemical reactions is confined to a small volume, which enables direct writing of micro- and nanoscale features onto solid surfaces without the need of a predefined photomask. The direct writing process can be used to generate topographic patterns through photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking or can be employed to use light to generate chemical patterns on the surface with high spatial control, which would make such processes attractive for bioapplications. The prospects of maskless photolithography technologies with a focus on two-photon lithography and scanning-probe-based photochemical processes based on scanning near-field optical microscopy or beam pen lithography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Xie Z, Gordiichuk P, Lin QY, Meckes B, Chen PC, Sun L, Du JS, Zhu J, Liu Y, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA. Solution-Phase Photochemical Nanopatterning Enabled by High-Refractive-Index Beam Pen Arrays. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8231-8241. [PMID: 28617585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput, solution-based, scanning-probe photochemical nanopatterning approach, which does not require the use of probes with subwavelength apertures, is reported. Specifically, pyramid arrays made from high-refractive-index polymeric materials were constructed and studied as patterning tools in a conventional liquid-phase beam pen lithography experiment. Two versions of the arrays were explored with either metal-coated or metal-free tips. Importantly, light can be channeled through both types of tips and the appropriate solution phase (e.g., H2O or CH3OH) and focused on subwavelength regions of a substrate to effect a photoreaction in solution that results in localized patterning of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated Au thin film substrate. Arrays with as many as 4500 pyramid-shaped probes were used to simultaneously initiate thousands of localized free-radical photoreactions (decomposition of a lithium acylphosphinate photoinitiator in an aqueous solution) that result in oxidative removal of the SAM. The technique is attractive since it allows one to rapidly generate features less than 200 nm in diameter, and the metal-free tips afford more than 10-fold higher intensity than the tips with nanoapertures over a micrometer propagation length. In principle, this mask-free method can be utilized as a versatile tool for performing a wide variety of photochemistries across multiple scales that may be important in high-throughput combinatorial screening applications related to chemistry, biology, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qing-Yuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jingshan S Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Zhao C, He B, Wang G, Ma Y, Yang W. Hierarchical PEG-Based 3D Patterns Grafting from Polymer Substrate by Surface Initiated Visible Light Photolithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1611-1617. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; Ministry of Education; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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11
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He S, Xie Z, Park DJ, Liao X, Brown KA, Chen PC, Zhou Y, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Liquid-Phase Beam Pen Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:988-993. [PMID: 26743998 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Beam pen lithography (BPL) in the liquid phase is evaluated. The effect of tip-substrate gap and aperture size on patterning performance is systematically investigated. As a proof-of-concept experiment, nanoarrays of nucleotides are synthesized using BPL in an organic medium, pointing toward the potential of using liquid phase BPL to perform localized photochemical reactions that require a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu He
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xing Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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12
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Wu J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Feng S, Zou B, Mao H, Yu CH, Tian D, Huang W, Huo F. Centimeter-scale subwavelength photolithography using metal-coated elastomeric photomasks with modulated light intensity at the oblique sidewalls. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5005-5013. [PMID: 25866865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
By coating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) relief structures with a layer of opaque metal such as gold, the incident light is strictly allowed to pass through the nanoscopic apertures at the sidewalls of PDMS reliefs to expose underlying photoresist at nanoscale regions, thus producing subwavelength nanopatterns covering centimeter-scale areas. It was found that the sidewalls were a little oblique, which was the key to form the nanoscale apertures. Two-sided and one-sided subwavelength apertures can be constructed by employing vertical and oblique metal evaporation directions, respectively. Consequently, two-line and one-line subwavelength nanopatterns with programmable feature shapes, sizes, and periodicities could be produced using the obtained photomasks. The smallest aperture size and line width of 80 nm were achieved. In contrast to the generation of raised positive photoresist nanopatterns in phase shifting photolithography, the recessed positive photoresist nanopatterns produced in this study provide a convenient route to transfer the resist nanopatterns to metal nanopatterns. This nanolithography methodology possesses the distinctive advantages of simplicity, low cost, high throughput, and nanoscale feature size and shape controllability, making it a potent nanofabrication technique to enable functional nanostructures for various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yayuan Liu
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuanglong Feng
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Binghua Zou
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Mao
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cheng-han Yu
- §Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Danbi Tian
- ∥College of Science, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Fengwei Huo
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798, Singapore
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13
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Hartung A, Kobelke J, Schwuchow A, Wondraczek K, Bierlich J, Popp J, Frosch T, Schmidt MA. Double antiresonant hollow core fiber--guidance in the deep ultraviolet by modified tunneling leaky modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:19131-19140. [PMID: 25320999 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.019131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guiding light inside the hollow cores of microstructured optical fibers is a major research field within fiber optics. However, most of current fibers reveal limited spectral operation ranges between the mid-visible and the infrared and rely on complicated microstructures. Here we report on a new type of hollow-core fiber, showing for the first time distinct transmission windows between the deep ultraviolet and the near infrared. The fiber, guiding in a single mode, operates by the central core mode being anti-resonant to adjacent modes, leading to a novel modified tunneling leaky mode. The fiber design is straightforward to implement and reveals beneficial features such as preselecting the lowest loss mode (Gaussian-like or donut-shaped mode). Fibers with such a unique combination of attributes allow accessing the extremely important deep-UV range with Gaussian-like mode quality and may pave the way for new discoveries in biophotonics, multispectral spectroscopy, photo-initiated chemistry or ultrashort pulse delivery.
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Desktop nanofabrication with massively multiplexed beam pen lithography. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2103. [PMID: 23868336 PMCID: PMC3807695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a lithographic method that can rapidly define nanoscale features across centimeter-scale surfaces has been a long standing goal of the nanotechnology community. If such a ‘desktop nanofab’ could be implemented in a low-cost format, it would bring the possibility of point-of-use nanofabrication for rapidly prototyping diverse functional structures. Here we report the development of a new tool that is capable of writing arbitrary patterns composed of diffraction-unlimited features over square centimeter areas that are in registry with existing patterns and nanostructures. Importantly, this instrument is based on components that are inexpensive compared to the combination of state-of-the-art nanofabrication tools that approach its capabilities. This tool can be used to prototype functional electronic devices in a mask-free fashion in addition to providing a unique platform for performing high throughput nano- to macroscale photochemistry with relevance to biology and medicine.
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El Zubir O, Barlow I, Leggett GJ, Williams NH. Fabrication of molecular nanopatterns at aluminium oxide surfaces by nanoshaving of self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11125-11131. [PMID: 24068243 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoshaving, by tracing an atomic force microscope probe across a surface at elevated load, has been used to fabricate nanostructures in self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates adsorbed at aluminium oxide surfaces. The simple process is implemented under ambient conditions. Because of the strong bond between the alkylphosphonates and the oxide surface, loads in excess of 400 nN are required to pattern the monolayer. Following patterning of octadecylphosphonate SAMs, adsorption of aminobutyl phosphonate yielded features as small as 39 nm. Shaving of monolayers of aryl azide-terminated alkylphosphonates, followed by attachment of polyethylene glycol to unmodified regions in a photochemical coupling reaction, yielded 102 nm trenches into which NeutrAvidin coated, dye-labelled, polymer nanospheres could be deposited, yielding bright fluorescence with little evidence of non-specific adsorption to other regions of the surface. Structures formed in alkylphosphonate films by nanoshaving were used to etch structures into the underlying metal. Because of the isotropic nature of the etch process, and the large grain size, some broadening was observed, but features 25-35 nm deep and 180 nm wide were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Zubir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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Richter B, Pauloehrl T, Kaschke J, Fichtner D, Fischer J, Greiner AM, Wedlich D, Wegener M, Delaittre G, Barner-Kowollik C, Bastmeyer M. Three-dimensional microscaffolds exhibiting spatially resolved surface chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6117-22. [PMID: 24038437 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial control over the surface chemistry of 3D organic-inorganic hybrid microscaffolds is achieved by a two-photon-triggered cycloaddition. Following a coating step with photoactivatable dienes via silanization, surface irradiation with a femtosecond-pulsed laser in the presence of functional dienophiles enables a site-selective alteration of the surface chemistry. Bioconjugation with fluorescent protein tags is employed to reveal the 3D molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Richter
- Cell- and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Ul-Haq E, Patole S, Moxey M, Amstad E, Vasilev C, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ, Spencer ND, Williams NH. Photocatalytic nanolithography of self-assembled monolayers and proteins. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7610-8. [PMID: 23971891 PMCID: PMC4327559 DOI: 10.1021/nn402063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiolates on gold and alkylsilanes on silicon dioxide have been patterned photocatalytically on sub-100 nm length-scales using both apertured near-field and apertureless methods. Apertured lithography was carried out by means of an argon ion laser (364 nm) coupled to cantilever-type near-field probes with a thin film of titania deposited over the aperture. Apertureless lithography was carried out with a helium-cadmium laser (325 nm) to excite titanium-coated, contact-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) probes. This latter approach is readily implementable on any commercial AFM system. Photodegradation occurred in both cases through the localized photocatalytic degradation of the monolayer. For alkanethiols, degradation of one thiol exposed the bare substrate, enabling refunctionalization of the bare gold by a second, contrasting thiol. For alkylsilanes, degradation of the adsorbate molecule provided a facile means for protein patterning. Lines were written in a protein-resistant film formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass, leading to the formation of sub-100 nm adhesive, aldehyde-functionalized regions. These were derivatized with aminobutylnitrilotriacetic acid, and complexed with Ni(2+), enabling the binding of histidine-labeled green fluorescent protein, which yielded bright fluorescence from 70-nm-wide lines that could be imaged clearly in a confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtsham Ul-Haq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Samson Patole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Moxey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Amstad
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cvetelin Vasilev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas H. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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El Zubir O, Barlow I, Ul-Haq E, Tajuddin HA, Williams NH, Leggett GJ. Generic methods for micrometer- and nanometer-scale surface derivatization based on photochemical coupling of primary amines to monolayers of aryl azides on gold and aluminum oxide surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1083-1092. [PMID: 23244178 DOI: 10.1021/la303746e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of aryl azide terminated thiols and phosphonic acids has been synthesized, and used to prepare self-assembled monolayers on (respectively) gold and aluminum oxide surfaces. The rates of photoactivation were determined using contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The behavior of a diazirine functionalized aryl thiol was also studied. The rates of activation were found to be similar for all five adsorbates. However, the extent of photochemical coupling of a primary amine was significantly greater for the aryl azides than for the diazirine. A range of primary amines was successfully coupled to all of the azides with high yield. Little difference in reactivity was observed following perfluorination of the aromatic ring. Micrometer-scale patterns were fabricated by carrying out exposures of the aryl azide terminated SAMs through a mask submerged under a film of primary amine. Contrasting amines could be introduced to unreacted regions in a subsequent maskless step. A scanning near-field optical microscope was used to fabricate nanopatterns. Exposure of the azides to irradiation at 325 nm in air enabled selective deactivation of azides. The surrounding surface was functionalized with a primary amine in a maskless process; when a protein-resistant oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized amine was used it was possible to produce protein nanopatterns, by adsorbing protein to features defined using near-field exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Zubir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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Kramer MA, Ivanisevic A. Parallel dip-pen nanolithography using spore- and colloid-terminated cantilevers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3791-3794. [PMID: 22899634 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Kramer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NCSU/UNC-CH, 911 Partner's Way, Raleigh 27695, USA
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