1
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Määttä A, Nixon R, Robinson N, Ambler CA, Goncalves K, Maltman V, Przyborski S. Regulation of epidermal proliferation and hair follicle cycling by synthetic photostable retinoid EC23. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1658-1669. [PMID: 36718827 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoid signaling is an important regulator of the epidermis and skin appendages. Therefore, synthetic retinoids have been developed for therapeutic use for skin disorders such as psoriasis and acne. AIMS In previous studies, we showed how the photostable retinoid EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in stem cell-like cell populations, and here, we aim to investigate its ability to influence epidermal and hair follicle growth. METHODS EC23 influence on skin biology was investigated initially in cultures of monolayer keratinocytes and three-dimentional in vitro models of skin, and finally in in vivo studies of mice back skin. RESULTS EC23 induces keratinocyte hyperproliferation in vitro and in vivo, and when applied to mouse skin increases the number of involucrin-positive suprabasal cell layers. These phenotypic changes are similar in skin treated with the natural retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA); however, EC23 is more potent; a tenfold lower dose of EC23 is sufficient to induce epidermal thickening, and resulting hyperproliferation is sustained for a longer time period after first dose. EC23 treatment resulted in a disorganized stratum corneum, reduced cell surface lipids and compromised barrier, similar to ATRA treatment. However, EC23 induces a rapid telogen to anagen transition and hair re-growth in 6-week-old mice with synchronously resting back skin follicles. The impact of EC23 on the hair cycle was surprising as similar results have not been seen with ATRA. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that synthetic retinoid EC23 is a useful tool in exploring the turnover and differentiation of cells and has a potent effect on skin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Määttä
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Rebecca Nixon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Neil Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Yang SN, Liu CH, He LB, Zheng H, Kuai CS, Wan B, Ji DW, Chen QA. Ligand-controlled regiodivergence in cobalt-catalyzed hydrosilylation of isoprene. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical, regiodivergent hydrosilylation reaction of isoprene was developed using an Earth-abundant cobalt catalyst through variation of ligands.
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3
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Abdelaal MR, Soror SH, Elnagar MR, Haffez H. Revealing the Potential Application of EC-Synthetic Retinoid Analogues in Anticancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020506. [PMID: 33477997 PMCID: PMC7835894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Aim: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces differentiation and inhibits growth of many cancer cells. However, resistance develops rapidly prompting the urgent need for new synthetic and potent derivatives. EC19 and EC23 are two synthetic retinoids with potent stem cell neuro-differentiation activity. Here, these compounds were screened for their in vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity using an array of different cancer cell lines. (2) Methods: MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, AV/PI (annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI)), cell cycle analysis, immunocytochemistry, gene expression analysis, Western blotting, measurement of glutamate and total antioxidant concentrations were recruited. (3) Results: HepG2, Caco-2, and MCF-7 were the most sensitive cell lines; HepG2 (ATRA; 36.2, EC19; 42.2 and EC23; 0.74 µM), Caco-2 (ATRA; 58.0, EC19; 10.8 and EC23; 14.7 µM) and MCF-7 (ATRA; 99.0, EC19; 9.4 and EC23; 5.56 µM). Caco-2 cells were selected for further biochemical investigations. Isobologram analysis revealed the combined synergistic effects with 5-fluorouracil with substantial reduction in IC50. All retinoids induced apoptosis but EC19 had higher potency, with significant cell cycle arrest at subG0-G1, -S and G2/M phases, than ATRA and EC23. Moreover, EC19 reduced cellular metastasis in a transwell invasion assay due to overexpression of E-cadherin, retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) and Werner (WRN) genes. (4) Conclusion: The present study suggests that EC-synthetic retinoids, particularly EC19, can be effective, alone or in combinations, for potential anticancer activity to colorectal cancer. Further in vivo studies are recommended to pave the way for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Abdelaal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (M.R.A.); (S.H.S.)
- Center of Scientific Excellence “Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)”, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Sameh H. Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (M.R.A.); (S.H.S.)
- Center of Scientific Excellence “Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)”, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Elnagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11823, Egypt;
| | - Hesham Haffez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt; (M.R.A.); (S.H.S.)
- Center of Scientific Excellence “Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)”, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1094970173
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4
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Rana S, Biswas JP, Paul S, Paik A, Maiti D. Organic synthesis with the most abundant transition metal–iron: from rust to multitasking catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:243-472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promising aspects of iron in synthetic chemistry are being explored for three-four decades as a green and eco-friendly alternative to late transition metals. This present review unveils these rich iron-chemistry towards different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Sabarni Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Aniruddha Paik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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5
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Lacharity JJ, Mailyan AK, Chen KY, Zakarian A. Concise Synthesis of (+)-[ 13 C 4 ]-Anatoxin-a by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of a Cyclic Iminium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11364-11368. [PMID: 32304178 PMCID: PMC7409530 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric total synthesis of [13 C4 ]-anatoxin-a ([13 C4 ]-1) has been developed from commercially available ethyl [13 C4 ]-acetoacetate ([13 C4 ]-15). The unique requirements associated with isotope incorporation inspired a new, robust, and highly scalable route, providing access to 0.110 g of this internal standard for use in the detection and precise quantification of anatoxin-a in freshwater. A highlight of the synthesis is a method that leverages a cyclic iminium ion racemization to achieve dynamic kinetic resolution in an enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Lacharity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
| | - Artur K Mailyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
| | - Karen Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
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6
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Lacharity JJ, Mailyan AK, Chen KY, Zakarian A. Concise Synthesis of (+)‐[
13
C
4
]‐Anatoxin‐a by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of a Cyclic Iminium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Lacharity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9510 USA
| | - Artur K. Mailyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9510 USA
| | - Karen Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9510 USA
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9510 USA
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7
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Khatib T, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Platt B, McCaffery P. Decay in Retinoic Acid Signaling in Varied Models of Alzheimer's Disease and In-Vitro Test of Novel Retinoic Acid Receptor Ligands (RAR-Ms) to Regulate Protective Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:935-954. [PMID: 31884477 PMCID: PMC7081102 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid has been previously proposed in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, five transgenic mouse models expressing AD and frontotemporal dementia risk genes (i.e., PLB2APP, PLB2TAU, PLB1Double, PLB1Triple, and PLB4) were used to investigate if consistent alterations exist in multiple elements of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in these models. Many steps of the retinoic acid signaling pathway including binding proteins and metabolic enzymes decline, while the previously reported increase in RBP4 was only consistent at late (6 months) but not early (3 month) ages. The retinoic acid receptors were exceptional in their consistent decline in mRNA and protein with transcript decline of retinoic acid receptors β and γ by 3 months, before significant pathology, suggesting involvement in early stages of disease. Decline in RBP1 transcript may also be an early but not late marker of disease. The decline in the retinoic acid signaling system may therefore be a therapeutic target for AD and frontotemporal dementia. Thus, novel stable retinoic acid receptor modulators (RAR-Ms) activating multiple genomic and non-genomic pathways were probed for therapeutic control of gene expression in rat primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. RAR-Ms promoted the non-amyloidogenic pathway, repressed lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory genes and induced genes with neurotrophic action. RAR-Ms had diverse effects on gene expression allowing particular RAR-Ms to be selected for maximal therapeutic effect. Overall the results demonstrated the early decline of retinoic acid signaling in AD and frontotemporal dementia models and the activity of stable and potent alternatives to retinoic acid as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabat Khatib
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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8
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Genomic and non-genomic pathways are both crucial for peak induction of neurite outgrowth by retinoids. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 31046795 PMCID: PMC6498645 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A and essential for many physiological processes, particularly the induction of cell differentiation. In addition to regulating genomic transcriptional activity via RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), non-genomic mechanisms of RA have been described, including the regulation of ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation, but are poorly characterised. In this study, we test the hypothesis that genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of RA are regulated independently with respect to the involvement of ligand-dependent RA receptors. A panel of 28 retinoids (compounds with vitamin A-like activity) showed a marked disparity in genomic (gene expression) versus non-genomic (ERK1/2 phosphorylation) assays. These results demonstrate that the capacity of a compound to activate gene transcription does not necessarily correlate with its ability to regulate a non-genomic activity such as ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, a neurite outgrowth assay indicated that retinoids that could only induce either genomic, or non-genomic activities, were not strong promoters of neurite outgrowth, and that activities with respect to both transcriptional regulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation produced maximum neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the development of effective retinoids for clinical use will depend on the selection of compounds which have maximal activity in non-genomic as well as genomic assays.
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9
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A Bioluminescence Reporter Assay for Retinoic Acid Control of Translation of the GluR1 Subunit of the AMPA Glutamate Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7074-7084. [PMID: 30972628 PMCID: PMC6728294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) regulates numerous aspects of central nervous system function through modulation of gene transcription via retinoic acid receptors (RARs). However, RA has important roles independent of gene transcription (non-genomic actions) and in the brain a crucial regulator of homeostatic plasticity is RAR control of glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) translation. An assay to quantify RAR regulation of GluR1 translation would be beneficial both to study the molecular components regulating this system and screen drugs that influence this critical mechanism for learning and memory in the brain. A bioluminescence reporter assay was developed that expresses firefly luciferase under the control of the GluR1 5' untranslated region bound by RAR. This assay was introduced into SH-SY5Y cells and used to demonstrate the role of RARα in RA regulation of GluR1 translation. A screen of synthetic RAR and RXR ligands indicated that only a subset of these ligands activated GluR1 translation. The results demonstrate the practicality of this assay to explore the contribution of RARα to this pathway and that the capacity of RAR ligands to activate translation is a quality restricted to a limited number of compounds, with implications for their RAR selectivity and potentially their specificity in drug use.
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10
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Chisholm DR, Tomlinson CWE, Zhou GL, Holden C, Affleck V, Lamb R, Newling K, Ashton P, Valentine R, Redfern C, Erostyák J, Makkai G, Ambler CA, Whiting A, Pohl E. Fluorescent Retinoic Acid Analogues as Probes for Biochemical and Intracellular Characterization of Retinoid Signaling Pathways. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:369-377. [PMID: 30707838 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids, such as all- trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), are endogenous signaling molecules derived from vitamin A that influence a variety of cellular processes through mediation of transcription events in the cell nucleus. Because of these wide-ranging and powerful biological activities, retinoids have emerged as therapeutic candidates of enormous potential. However, their use has been limited, to date, due to a lack of understanding of the complex and intricate signaling pathways that they control. We have designed and synthesized a family of synthetic retinoids that exhibit strong, intrinsic, solvatochromatic fluorescence as multifunctional tools to interrogate these important biological activities. We utilized the unique photophysical characteristics of these fluorescent retinoids to develop a novel in vitro fluorometric binding assay to characterize and quantify their binding to their cellular targets, including cellular retinoid binding protein II (CRABPII). The dihydroquinoline retinoid, DC360, exhibited particularly strong binding ( Kd = 34.0 ± 2.5 nM), and we further used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the DC360-CRABPII complex to 1.8 Å, which showed that DC360 occupies the known hydrophobic retinoid binding pocket. Finally, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to image the cellular behavior of the compounds in cultured human epithelial cells, highlighting a fascinating nuclear localization, and used RNA sequencing to confirm that the compounds regulate cellular processes similar to those of ATRA. We anticipate that the unique properties of these fluorescent retinoids can now be used to cast new light on the vital and highly complex retinoid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Charles W. E. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Garr-Layy Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Claire Holden
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Valerie Affleck
- LightOx Limited, Wynyard Park House, Wynyard Avenue, Wynyard, Billingham TS22 5TB, U.K
| | - Rebecca Lamb
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Katherine Newling
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter Ashton
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, U.K
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - János Erostyák
- University of Pecs, Szentagothai Research Centre, Spectroscopy Research Group, Ifjusag u. 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjusag u. 6, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Geza Makkai
- University of Pecs, Szentagothai Research Centre, Spectroscopy Research Group, Ifjusag u. 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Faculty of Sciences, Ifjusag u. 6, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Carrie A. Ambler
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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11
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He T, Liu LC, Guo L, Li B, Zhang QW, He W. Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular trans
-Disilylation of Alkynones with Unactivated Disilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Li-Chuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Le Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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12
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He T, Liu LC, Guo L, Li B, Zhang QW, He W. Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular trans
-Disilylation of Alkynones with Unactivated Disilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10868-10872. [PMID: 29956433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Li-Chuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Le Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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13
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de Hoog E, Lukewich MK, Spencer GE. Retinoic acid inhibits neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels. Cell Calcium 2018; 72:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Haffez H, Chisholm DR, Tatum NJ, Valentine R, Redfern C, Pohl E, Whiting A, Przyborski S. Probing biological activity through structural modelling of ligand-receptor interactions of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole retinoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1560-1572. [PMID: 29439915 PMCID: PMC5933457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), regulate cellular differentiation and signalling pathways in chordates by binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα/β/γ). Polar interactions between receptor and ligand are important for binding and facilitating the non-polar interactions and conformational changes necessary for RAR-mediated transcriptional regulation. The constraints on activity and RAR-type specificity with respect to the structural link between the polar and non-polar functions of synthetic retinoids are poorly understood. To address this, predictions from in silico ligand-RAR docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations for a small library of stable, synthetic retinoids (designated GZ series) containing a central thiazole linker structure and different hydrophobic region substituents, were tested using a ligand binding assay and a range of cellular biological assays. The docking analysis showed that these thiazole-containing retinoids were well suited to the binding pocket of RARα, particularly via a favorable hydrogen bonding interaction between the thiazole and Ser232 of RARα. A bulky hydrophobic region (i.e., present in compounds GZ23 and GZ25) was important for interaction with the RAR binding pockets. Ligand binding assays generally reflected the findings from in silico docking, and showed that GZ25 was a particularly strongly binding ligand for RARα/β. GZ25 also exhibited higher activity as an inducer of neuronal differentiation than ATRA and other GZ derivatives. These data demonstrate that GZ25 is a stable synthetic retinoid with improved activity which efficiently regulates neuronal differentiation and help to define the key structural requirements for retinoid activity enabling the design and development of the next generation of more active, selective synthetic retinoids as potential therapeutic regulators of neurogenesis.
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Key Words
- atra, all-trans retinoic acid
- af, activation function
- esi, electronic supplementary information
- gz, compound series code
- h12, helix 12
- lbd, ligand binding domain
- rar, retinoic acid receptor
- rare, retinoic acid response element
- rxr, retinoid x receptor
- ttn, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrophobic region
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Haffez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy College, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Natalie J Tatum
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, UK
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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15
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Perry GJP, Quibell JM, Panigrahi A, Larrosa I. Transition-Metal-Free Decarboxylative Iodination: New Routes for Decarboxylative Oxidative Cross-Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11527-11536. [PMID: 28735532 PMCID: PMC5662929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
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Constructing products of high synthetic
value from inexpensive and abundant starting materials is of great
importance. Aryl iodides are essential building blocks for the synthesis
of functional molecules, and efficient methods for their synthesis
from chemical feedstocks are highly sought after. Here we report a
low-cost decarboxylative iodination that occurs simply
from readily available benzoic acids and I2. The reaction
is scalable and the scope and robustness of the reaction is thoroughly
examined. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction does not
proceed via a radical mechanism, which is in contrast to classical
Hunsdiecker-type decarboxylative halogenations. In addition,
DFT studies allow comparisons to be made between our procedure and
current transition-metal-catalyzed decarboxylations. The utility
of this procedure is demonstrated in its application to oxidative
cross-couplings of aromatics via decarboxylative/C–H
or double decarboxylative activations that use I2 as the terminal oxidant. This strategy allows the preparation of
biaryls previously inaccessible via decarboxylative methods
and holds other advantages over existing decarboxylative oxidative
couplings, as stoichiometric transition metals are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J P Perry
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob M Quibell
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Application of silyl functionalities is one of the most promising strategies among various ‘elements chemistry’ approaches for the development of novel and distinctive drug candidates. Replacement of one or more carbon atoms of various biologically active compounds with silicon (so-called sila-substitution) has been intensively studied for decades, and is often effective for alteration of activity profile and improvement of metabolic profile. In addition to simple C/Si exchange, several novel approaches for utilizing silicon in medicinal chemistry have been suggested in recent years, focusing on the intrinsic differences between silicon and carbon. Sila-substitution offers great potential for enlarging the chemical space of medicinal chemistry, and provides many options for structural development of drug candidates.
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17
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Ahmad M, Gaumont AC, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Direct Syn
Addition of Two Silicon Atoms to a C≡C Triple Bond by Si−Si Bond Activation: Access to Reactive Disilylated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2464-2468. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ahmad
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; UNICAEN; ENSICAEN, CNRS, LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
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18
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Ahmad M, Gaumont AC, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Direct Syn
Addition of Two Silicon Atoms to a C≡C Triple Bond by Si−Si Bond Activation: Access to Reactive Disilylated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ahmad
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; UNICAEN; ENSICAEN, CNRS, LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
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19
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Yoshioka S, Fujii Y, Tsujino H, Uno T, Fujioka H, Arisawa M. One-pot enyne metathesis/Diels–Alder/oxidation to six-membered silacycles with a multi-ring core: discovery of novel fluorophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5970-5973. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-pot enyne metathesis/Diels–Alder/oxidation methodology was developed to give fluorescent six-membered silacycle with multi-ring core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Tadayuki Uno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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20
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Mistico L, Querolle O, Meerpoel L, Angibaud P, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Access to Silylated Pyrazole Derivatives by Palladium-Catalyzed C−H Activation of a TMS group. Chemistry 2016; 22:9687-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mistico
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
| | - Olivier Querolle
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Patrick Angibaud
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
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21
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Geyer M, Baus JA, Fjellström O, Wellner E, Gustafsson L, Tacke R. Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Silicon-Containing GPR81 and GPR109A Agonists. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:2063-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Geyer
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Johannes A. Baus
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ola Fjellström
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Eric Wellner
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Linda Gustafsson
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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22
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23
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Geyer M, Wellner E, Jurva U, Saloman S, Armstrong D, Tacke R. Can Silicon Make an Excellent Drug Even Better? An in vitro and in vivo Head-to-Head Comparison between Loperamide and Its Silicon Analogue Sila-Loperamide. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:911-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Luger P, Dittrich B, Tacke R. Invariom based electron density studies on the C/Si analogues haloperidol/sila-haloperidol and venlafaxine/sila-venlafaxine. Org Biomol Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hirshfeld surfaces of haloperidol hydropicrate (left) and sila-haloperidol hydrochloride (right) show comparable sites of ED concentrations due to comparable intermolecular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Hamburg
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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25
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Dörrich S, Gelis L, Wolf S, Sunderkötter A, Mahler C, Guschina E, Tacke R, Hatt H, Kraft P. Comparative Analysis of the Olfactory Properties of Silicon/Germanium/Tin Analogues of the Lily-of-the-Valley Odorants Lilial and Bourgeonal. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Zhou GL, Tams DM, Marder TB, Valentine R, Whiting A, Przyborski SA. Synthesis and applications of 2,4-disubstituted thiazole derivatives as small molecule modulators of cellular development. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2323-34. [PMID: 23429427 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob00005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the structure of molecules relates to their function and biological activity is essential in the development of new analogues with targeted activity. This is especially relevant in mediating developmental processes in mammalian cells and the regulation of stem cell differentiation. In this study, thiazole-containing small molecules were synthesised and investigated for their ability to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Analyses of cell morphology, cell viability, expression of cell surface markers and ability to induce cell differentiation and regulate neurite formation identified the analogue with the longest and most bulky hydrophobic side chain as possessing comparable or enhanced activity to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Interestingly, a shorter, less bulky, known thiazole compound reported to be isoform selective for the retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) agonist did not mediate differentiation under the conditions tested; however, activity could be restored by adjusting the structure to a longer, more bulky molecule. These data provide further insight into the complexity of compound design in terms of developing small molecules with specific biological activities to control the development and differentiation of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garr-Layy Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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27
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Dörrich S, Bauer JB, Lorenzen S, Mahler C, Schweeberg S, Burschka C, Baus JA, Tacke R, Kraft P. Disila-galaxolide and derivatives: synthesis and olfactory characterization of silicon-containing derivatives of the musk odorant galaxolide. Chemistry 2013; 19:11396-408. [PMID: 23843352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of silicon-containing derivatives of the polycyclic musk odorant galaxolide (4 a) was synthesized, that is, disila-galaxolide ((4RS,7SR)-4 b/(4RS,7RS)-4 b), its methylene derivative rac-9, and its nor analogue rac-10. The tricyclic title compounds with their 7,8-dihydro-6,8-disila-6 H-cyclopenta[g]isochromane skeleton were prepared in multistep syntheses by using a cobalt-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of the mono- yne H2C=CHCH2 OCH2 C≡CB(pin) (B(pin)=4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-di- oxaborolan-2-yl) with the diynes H2C=C[Si(CH3 )2 C≡CH]2 or H2C- [Si(CH3)2 C≡CH]2 as the key step. Employing [Cr(CO)3 (MeCN)3 ] as an auxiliary, the disila-galaxolide diastereomers (4RS,7SR)-4 b and (4RS,7RS)-4 b could be chromatographically separated through their tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes, followed by oxidative decomplexation. The identity of the title compounds and their precursors was established by elemental analyses and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies and in some cases additionally by crystal structure analyses. Compounds (4RS,7SR)-4 b, (4RS,7RS)-4 b, rac-9, and rac-10 were characterized for their olfactory properties, including GC-olfactory studies of the racemic compounds on a chiral stationary phase. As for the parent galaxolide stereoisomers 4 a, only one enantiomer of the silicon compounds (4RS,7SR)-4 b, (4RS,7RS)-4 b, rac-9, and rac-10, smelt upon enantioselective GC-olfactometry, which according to the elution sequence is assumed to be also (4S)-configured as in the case of the galaxolide stereoisomers. The disila-analogues (4S,7R)-4 b and (4S,7S)-4 b were, however, about one order of magnitude less intense in terms of their odor threshold than their parent carbon compounds (4S,7R)-4 a and (4S,7S)-4 a. The introduction of a 7-methylene group in disila-galaxolide (4 b→rac-9) improved the odor threshold by a factor of two. With the novel silicon-containing galaxolide derivatives, the presumed hydrophobic bulk binding pocket of the corresponding musk receptor(s) could be characterized in more detail, which could be useful for the design of novel musk odorants with an improved environmental profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dörrich
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Luger P, Weber M, Hübschle C, Tacke R. Electron densities of bexarotene and disila-bexarotene from invariom application: a comparative study. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2348-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Ishiyama T, Saiki T, Kishida E, Sasaki I, Ito H, Miyaura N. Aromatic C–H silylation of arenes with 1-hydrosilatrane catalyzed by an iridium(i)/2,9-dimethylphenanthroline (dmphen) complex. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8162-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41623b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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