1
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James AM, McIntosh N, Devaux F, Brocorens P, Cornil J, Greco A, Maini L, Pandey P, Pandolfi L, Kunert B, Venuti E, Geerts YH, Resel R. Polymorph screening at surfaces of a benzothienobenzothiophene derivative: discovering new solvate forms. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4415-4422. [PMID: 37476933 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00764b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new polymorphs opens up unique applications for molecular materials since their physical properties are predominantly influenced by the crystal structure type. The deposition of molecules at surfaces offers great potential in the variation of the crystallization conditions, thereby allowing access to unknown polymorphs. With our surface crystallization approach, four new phases are found for an oligoethylene glycol-benzothienobenzothiophene molecule, and none of these phases could be identified via classical polymorph screening. The corresponding crystal lattices of three of the new phases were obtained via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the volumetric considerations together with X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy data, the phases are identified as solvates containing one, two or three solvent molecules per molecule. The strong interaction of dichloromethane with the oligoethylene glycol side chains of the molecules may be responsible for the formation of the solvates. Temperature-dependent XRD reveals the low thermal stability of the new phases, contrary to the thermodynamically stable bulk form. Nevertheless, the four solvates are stable under ambient conditions for at least two years. This work illustrates that defined crystallization at surfaces enables access to multiple solvates of a given material through precise and controlled variations in the crystallization kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Maria James
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrick Brocorens
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Lucia Maini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", University Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Priya Pandey
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", University Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kaltenegger M, Hofer S, Resel R, Werzer O, Riegler H, Simbrunner J, Winkler C, Geerts Y, Liu J. Engineering of a kinetically driven phase of phenoxazine by surface crystallisation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface crystallisation yields an unknown polymorph of the phenoxazine molecule. Tuning the crystallisation conditions causes a defined crystal growth of either the thermodynamically stable phase or the kinetic phase observed exclusively within thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Hans Riegler
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Christian Winkler
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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3
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Hofer S, Hofer A, Simbrunner J, Ramsey M, Sterrer M, Sanzone A, Beverina L, Geerts Y, Resel R. Phase Transition toward a Thermodynamically Less Stable Phase: Cross-Nucleation due to Thin Film Growth of a Benzothieno-benzothiophene Derivative. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:28039-28047. [PMID: 35003483 PMCID: PMC8724801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecule 2-decyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene is an organic semiconductor, with outstanding properties in terms of molecular packing and its use in organic electronics. The asymmetric shape of the molecule causes a double layer crystal structure at room temperature. In this work we report its thin film growth by physical vapor deposition starting from the monolayer regime up to thick films. The films are studied in terms of their morphology, crystallographic properties, and thermal stability by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. It is found that the bulk molecular packing of the bilayer is formed at the initial thin film growth stage. After a thickness of one double layer, a transition into a new polymorph is observed which is of metastable character. The new phase represents a single layer phase; the crystal structure could be solved by a combination of X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. The observed thin film growth is outstanding in terms of surface crystallization: the formation of a metastable phase is not associated with the initial thin film growth, since the first growth stage represents rather the bulk crystal structure of this molecule. Its formation is associated with cross-nucleation of one polymorph by another, which explains why a metastable phase can be formed on top of a thermodynamically more stable phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hofer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Hofer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Division
of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Ramsey
- Institute
of Physics, Karl-Franzens University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute
of Physics, Karl-Franzens University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- International
Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre
de Bruxelles, Boulevard
du Triomphe, CP 231, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Zhang Y, Chen A, Kim MW, Alaei A, Lee SS. Nanoconfining solution-processed organic semiconductors for emerging optoelectronics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9375-9390. [PMID: 34231620 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution-processable organic materials for emerging electronics can generally be divided into two classes of semiconductors, organic small molecules and polymers. The theoretical thermodynamic limits of device performance are largely determined by the molecular structure of these compounds, and advances in synthetic routes have led to significant progress in charge mobilities and light conversion and light emission efficiencies over the past several decades. Still, the uncontrolled formation of out-of-equilibrium film microstructures and unfavorable polymorphs during rapid solution processing remains a critical bottleneck facing the commercialization of these materials. This tutorial review provides an overview of the use of nanoconfining scaffolds to impose order onto solution-processed semiconducting films to overcome this limitation. For organic semiconducting small molecules and polymers, which typically exhibit strong crystal growth and charge transport anisotropy along different crystallographic directions, nanoconfining crystallization within nanopores and nanogrooves can preferentially orient the fast charge transport direction of crystals with the direction of current flow in devices. Nanoconfinement can also stabilize high-performance metastable polymorphs by shifting their relative Gibbs free energies via increasing the surface area-to-volume ratio. Promisingly, such nanoconfinement-induced improvements in film and crystal structures have been demonstrated to enhance the performance and stability of emerging optoelectronics that will enable large-scale manufacturing of flexible, lightweight displays and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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5
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Cranston RR, Lessard BH. Metal phthalocyanines: thin-film formation, microstructure, and physical properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21716-21737. [PMID: 35478816 PMCID: PMC9034105 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines (MPcs) are an abundant class of small molecules comprising of a highly conjugated cyclic structure with a central chelated metal ion. Due to their remarkable chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability MPcs have become popular for a multitude of applications since their discovery in 1907. The potential for peripheral and axial functionalization affords structural tailoring to create bespoke MPc complexes for various next generation applications. Specifically, thin-films of MPcs have found promising utility in medical and electronic applications where the need to understand the relationship between chemical structure and the resulting thin-film properties is an important ongoing field. This review aims to compile the fundamental principles of small molecule thin-film formation by physical vapour deposition and solution processing focusing on the nucleation and growth of crystallites, thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, and effects of deposition parameters on MPc thin-films. Additionally, the structure-property relationship of MPc thin-films is examined by film microstructure, morphology and physical properties. The topics discussed in this work will elucidate the foundations of MPc thin-films and emphasize the critical need for not only molecular design of new MPcs but the role of their processing in the formation of thin-films and how this ultimately governs the performance of the resulting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R Cranston
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa ON Canada
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6
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Moris M, Van Den Eede MP, Koeckelberghs G, Deschaume O, Bartic C, Clays K, Van Cleuvenbergen S, Verbiest T. Solvent Role in the Self-Assembly of Poly(3-alkylthiophene): A Harmonic Light Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Moris
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marie-Paule Van Den Eede
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Cleuvenbergen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, KU Leuven−KULAK, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Simbrunner J, Schrode B, Hofer S, Domke J, Fritz T, Forker R, Resel R. Searching for New Polymorphs by Epitaxial Growth. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:618-626. [PMID: 33488907 PMCID: PMC7818500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of unknown polymorphs due to the crystallization at a substrate surface is frequently observed. This phenomenon is much less studied for epitaxially grown molecular crystals since the unambiguous proof of a new polymorph is a challenging task. The existence of multiple epitaxial alignments of the crystallites together with the simultaneous presence of different polymorphs does not allow simple phase identification. We present grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies on conjugated molecules like perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), pentacene, dibenzopentacene (trans-DBPen), and dicyanovinylquater-thiophene (DCV4T-Et2) grown by physical vapor deposition on single crystalline surfaces like Ag(111), Cu(111), and graphene. A new method for indexing the observed Bragg peaks allows the determination of the crystallographic unit cells so that the type of crystallographic phase can be clearly identified. This approach even works when several polymorphs are simultaneously present within a single sample as shown for DCV4T-Et2 on Ag(111). Additionally, epitaxial relationships between the epitaxially grown crystallites and the single crystalline surfaces are determined. In a subsequent step, the experimental data are used for the crystal structure solution of an unknown polymorph, as shown for the example trans-DBPen grown on Cu(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Simbrunner
- Department
of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jari Domke
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Roman Forker
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
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Courté M, Ye J, Jiang H, Ganguly R, Tang S, Kloc C, Fichou D. Tuning the π-π overlap and charge transport in single crystals of an organic semiconductor via solvation and polymorphism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19855-19863. [PMID: 32851393 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03109g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism is a central phenomenon in materials science that often results in important differences of the electronic properties of organic crystals due to slight variations in intermolecular distances and positions. Although a large number of π-conjugated organic compounds can grow as polymorphs, it is necessary to have at disposal a series of several polymorphs of the same molecule to establish clear and predictive structure-property relationships. We report here on the occurrence of two solvates and three polymorphs in single crystalline form of the organic p-type semiconductor 2,2',6,6'-tetraphenyldipyranylidene (DIPO). When grown from chlorobenzene or toluene, the DIPO crystals spontaneously capture solvent molecules to form two pseudopolymorphic 1 : 1 binary solvates. Independently, three solvent-free DIPO polymorphs are obtained either from the vapor phase or from acetonitrile and benzene. Surprisingly, single crystal field-effect transistors (SC-FETs) reveal that the DIPO 1 : 1 binary solvate grown from chlorobenzene possesses a higher hole mobility (1.1 cm2 V-1 s-1) than the three solvent-free polymorphs (0.02-0.64 cm2 V-1 s-1). A refined crystallographic analysis combined with a theoretical transport model clearly shows that the higher mobility of the solvate results from an improved π-π overlap. Our observations demonstrate that solvation allows to tune the π-π overlap and transport properties of organic semiconductors by selecting appropriate solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Courté
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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Kim JH, Choi MW, Yoon WS, Oh S, Hong SH, Park SY. Structural and Electronic Origin of Bis-Lactam-Based High-Performance Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8301-8309. [PMID: 30698409 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein the comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies on the transistor mobility of organic semiconductors by correlating a two-dimensional (2D) intermolecular interaction with thin-film morphology and the electronic coupling structure. We developed a novel bis-lactam-based small molecule, 1,5-dioctyl-3,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1,5-naphthyridine-2,6-dione (C8-NTDT), with a 2D-type C-H···O═C intermolecular interaction along the in-plane directions of the crystal packing structure, which is characteristically different from the one-dimensional-type intermolecular interaction shown in the typical bis-lactam molecule of 2,5-dioctyl-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (C8-DPPT). Experimentally and theoretically, C8-NTDT exhibited more favorable thin-film morphology and an electronic coupling structure for charge transport because of its unique 2D intermolecular interactions compared with C8-DPPT. In fact, C8-NTDT exhibited a hole mobility of up to 1.29 cm2 V-1 s-1 and an on/off ratio of 107 in a vacuum-processed device. Moreover, the high solubility with the 2D electronic coupling structure of C8-NTDT enables versatile solution processing for device fabrication without performance degradation compared to the vacuum-processed device. As an example, we could demonstrate a hole mobility of up to 1.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the spin-coated devices, which is one of the best performances among the solution-processed organic field-effect transistors based on bis-lactam-containing small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Kim
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Min-Woo Choi
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Won Sik Yoon
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Sangyoon Oh
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Hong
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
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Brum RS, Monich PR, Fredel MC, Contri G, Ramoa SDAS, Magini RS, Benfatti CAM. Polymer coatings based on sulfonated-poly-ether-ether-ketone films for implant dentistry applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:132. [PMID: 30094472 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is one of the most important biocompatible polymers and its sulfonation has been studied for biomedical applications. The aim of the present study is to produce, to characterize and to assess bioactivity of PEEK coatings with sulfonated PEEK (SPEEK) films. Biomedical grade PEEK (Invibio®, Batch: D0602, grade: NI1) was functionalized using sulfuric acid 98%. SPEEK was dissolved into DMSO or into DMF, both at 10% mass/volume. PEEK bars (N = 18) and cylinders (N = 27) were manufactured by compression molding and heating. SPEEK/DMSO and SPEEK/DMF were drop casted at PEEK bars and dip coated at PEEK cylinders (PEEK + SPEEK/DMSO and PEEK + SPEEK/DMF). Characterization was performed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and contact angle measurements. Bioactivity was assessed by immersion of samples at SBF for 1, 7 and 21 days, followed by SEM, energy-dispersive analysis (EDX) and FTIR analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p = 0.05). Characteristic bands of PEEK and SPEEK, were identified through FTIR spectrum analysis, while semicrystallinity was confirmed by XRD. PEEK + SPEEK/DMF showed more evident physicochemical modifications. PEEK + SPEEK/DMSO provided a more regular and hydrophobic surface, observed through SEM and contact angle measurements. SEM/EDX showed that precipitates of calcium were formed at PEEK + SPEEK/DMSO and PEEK + SPEEK/DMF at all experimental times, but materials were not considered bioactive. Interesting surface properties were achieved with SPEEK coatings but the production of SPEEK films at PEEK surface has to be further improved and biologically tested. Schematic diagram showing the methodology applied in this study to prepare PEEK and SPEEK samples, as well as the promising application of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Brum
- Center for Research on Dental Implants (CEPID), School of Dentistry (ODT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - P R Monich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - M C Fredel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - G Contri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - S D A S Ramoa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - R S Magini
- Center for Research on Dental Implants (CEPID), School of Dentistry (ODT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - C A M Benfatti
- Center for Research on Dental Implants (CEPID), School of Dentistry (ODT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis/SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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12
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Hiszpanski AM, Dsilva CJ, Kevrekidis IG, Loo YL. Data Mining for Parameters Affecting Polymorph Selection in Contorted Hexabenzocoronene Derivatives. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:3330-3337. [PMID: 31178626 PMCID: PMC6550467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The macroscopic properties of molecular materials can be drastically influenced by their solid-state packing arrangements, of which there can be many (e.g., polymorphism). Strategies to controllably and predictively access select polymorphs are thus highly desired, but computationally predicting the conditions necessary to access a given polymorph is challenging with the current state of the art. Using derivatives of contorted hexabenzocoronene, cHBC, we employed data mining, rather than first-principles approaches, to find relationships between the crystallizing molecule, postdeposition solvent-vapor annealing conditions that induce polymorphic transformation, and the resulting polymorphs. This analysis yields a correlative function that can be used to successfully predict the appearance of either one of two polymorphs in thin films of cHBC derivatives. Within the postdeposition processing phase space of cHBC derivatives, we have demonstrated an approach to generate guidelines to select crystallization conditions to bias polymorph access. We believe this approach can be applied more broadly to accelerate the predictions of processing conditions to access desired molecular polymorphs, making progress toward one of the grand challenges identified by the Materials Genome Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Hiszpanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Carmeline J. Dsilva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ioannis G. Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Resel R, Jones AOF, Schweicher G, Fischer R, Demitri N, Geerts YH. Polymorphism of terthio-phene with surface confinement. IUCRJ 2018; 5:304-308. [PMID: 29755746 PMCID: PMC5929376 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of unknown polymorphic phases within thin films is still not well understood. This work reports on crystals of the molecule terthio-phene which were grown by thermal gradient crystallization using glass-plate substrates. The crystalline domains displayed a plate-like morphology with an extended lateral size of about 100 µm, but a thickness of only a few µm. Specular X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of a new polymorph of terthio-phene. Crystal structure solution from a single crystal peeled from the film revealed a structure with an extremely large unit-cell volume containing 42 independent molecules. In contrast to the previously determined crystal structure of terthio-phene, a herringbone packing motif was observed where the terminal ends of the molecules are arranged within one plane (i.e. the molecular packing conforms to the flat substrate surface). This type of molecular packing is obtained by 180° flipped molecules combined with partially random (disordered) occupation. A densely packed interface between terthio-phene crystallites and the substrate surface is obtained, this confirms that the new packing motif has adapted to the flat substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Resel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, S. S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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14
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Schrode B, Jones AOF, Resel R, Bedoya N, Schennach R, Geerts YH, Ruzié C, Sferrazza M, Brillante A, Salzillo T, Venuti E. Substrate-Induced Phase of a Benzothiophene Derivative Detected by Mid-Infrared and Lattice Phonon Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:993-1000. [PMID: 29498172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a substrate-induced polymorph of 2,7-dioctyloxy[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene is probed in microscopic crystals and in thin films. Two experimental techniques are used: lattice phonon Raman and IR spectroscopy. The bulk crystal and substrate-induced phase have an entirely different molecular packing, and therefore, their Raman spectra are characteristic fingerprints of the respective polymorphs. These spectra can be unambiguously assigned to the individual polymorphs. Drop-cast and spin-coated thin films on solid substrates are investigated in the as-prepared state and after solvent-vapor annealing. Because Raman spectroscopy is less sensitive with decreasing film thickness, IR spectroscopy is shown to be a more feasible tool for phase detection. The surface-induced phase is mainly present in the as-prepared thin films, whereas the bulk phase is present after solvent-vapor annealing. This result suggests that the surface-induced phase is a metastable polymorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Bedoya
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Schennach
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP223, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Schrode B, Bodak B, Riegler H, Zimmer A, Christian P, Werzer O. Solvent Vapor Annealing of Amorphous Carbamazepine Films for Fast Polymorph Screening and Dissolution Alteration. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5582-5590. [PMID: 28983522 PMCID: PMC5623942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solubility enhancement and thus higher bioavailability are of great importance and a constant challenge in pharmaceutical research whereby polymorph screening and selection is one of the most important tasks. A very promising approach for polymorph screening is solvent vapor annealing where a sample is exposed to an atmosphere saturated with molecules of a specific chemical/solvent. In this work, amorphous carbamazepine thin films were prepared by spin coating, and the transformation into crystalline forms under exposure to solvent vapors was investigated. Employing grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, four distinct carbamazepine polymorphs, a solvate, and hydrates could be identified, while optical microscopy showed mainly spherulitic morphologies. In vitro dissolution experiments revealed different carbamazepine release from the various thin-film samples containing distinct polymorphic compositions: heat treatment of amorphous samples at 80 °C results in an immediate release; samples exposed to EtOH vapors show a drug release about 5 times slower than this immediate one; and all the others had intermediate release profiles. Noteworthy, even the sample of slowest release has a manifold faster release compared to a standard powder sample demonstrating the capabilities of thin-film preparation for faster drug release in general. Despite the small number of samples in this screening experiment, the results clearly show how solvent vapor annealing can assist in identifying potential polymorphs and allows for estimating their impact on properties like bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitta Bodak
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Riegler
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NAWI Graz, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University Graz, Universtitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Dohr M, Ehmann HMA, Jones AOF, Salzmann I, Shen Q, Teichert C, Ruzié C, Schweicher G, Geerts YH, Resel R, Sferrazza M, Werzer O. Reversibility of temperature driven discrete layer-by-layer formation of dioctyl-benzothieno-benzothiophene films. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2322-2329. [PMID: 28261727 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Film forming properties of semiconducting organic molecules comprising alkyl-chains combined with an aromatic unit have a decisive impact on possible applications in organic electronics. In particular, knowledge on the film formation process in terms of wetting or dewetting, and the precise control of these processes, is of high importance. In the present work, the subtle effect of temperature on the morphology and structure of dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) films deposited on silica surfaces by spin coating is investigated in situ via X-ray diffraction techniques and atomic force microscopy. Depending on temperature, bulk C8-BTBT exhibits a crystalline, a smectic A and an isotropic phase. Heating of thin C8-BTBT layers at temperatures below the smectic phase transition temperature leads to a strong dewetting of the films. Upon approaching the smectic phase transition, the molecules start to rewet the surface in the form of discrete monolayers with a defined number of monolayers being present at a given temperature. The wetting process and layer formation is well defined and thermally stable at a given temperature. On cooling the reverse effect is observed and dewetting occurs. This demonstrates the full reversibility of the film formation behavior and reveals that the layering process is defined by an equilibrium thermodynamic state, rather than by kinetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dohr
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - H M A Ehmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - I Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Q Shen
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - C Teichert
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - C Ruzié
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - G Schweicher
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - Y H Geerts
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - R Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - M Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 223, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Truger M, Roscioni O, Röthel C, Kriegner D, Simbrunner C, Ahmed R, Głowacki ED, Simbrunner J, Salzmann I, Coclite A, Jones AOF, Resel R. Surface-Induced Phase of Tyrian Purple (6,6'-Dibromoindigo): Thin Film Formation and Stability. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2016; 16:3647-3655. [PMID: 27418882 PMCID: PMC4937453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of surface-induced phases of molecular crystals is a frequently observed phenomenon in organic electronics. However, despite their fundamental importance, the origin of such phases is not yet fully resolved. The organic molecule 6,6'-dibromoindigo (Tyrian purple) forms two polymorphs within thin films. At growth temperatures of 150 °C, the well-known bulk structure forms, while at a substrate temperature of 50 °C, a surface-induced phase is observed instead. In the present work, the crystal structure of the surface-induced polymorph is solved by a combined experimental and theoretical approach using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. A comparison of both phases reveals that π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds are common motifs for the intermolecular packing. In-situ temperature studies reveal a phase transition from the surface-induced phase to the bulk phase at a temperature of 210 °C; the irreversibility of the transition indicates that the surface-induced phase is metastable. The crystallization behavior is investigated ex-situ starting from the sub-monolayer regime up to a nominal thickness of 9 nm using two different silicon oxide surfaces; island formation is observed together with a slight variation of the crystal structure. This work shows that surface-induced phases not only appear for compounds with weak, isotropic van der Waals bonds, but also for molecules exhibiting strong and highly directional hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Truger
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otello
M. Roscioni
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Kriegner
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University
Prague, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Simbrunner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- National
Center for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University
Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Eric D. Głowacki
- Physical
Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division
of Neuroradiology, Medical University of
Graz, Auenbruggerplatz
9, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department
of Physics, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor
Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna
Maria Coclite
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Resel R, Bainschab M, Pichler A, Dingemans T, Simbrunner C, Stangl J, Salzmann I. Multiple scattering in grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction: impact on lattice-constant determination in thin films. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:729-734. [PMID: 27140152 PMCID: PMC4853871 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical scattering effects are observed in grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction experiments using an organic thin film of 2,2':6',2''-ternaphthalene grown on oxidized silicon as substrate. Here, a splitting of all Bragg peaks in the out-of-plane direction (z-direction) has been observed, the magnitude of which depends both on the incidence angle of the primary beam and the out-of-plane angle of the scattered beam. The incident angle was varied between 0.09° and 0.25° for synchrotron radiation of 10.5 keV. This study reveals comparable intensities of the split peaks with a maximum for incidence angles close to the critical angle of total external reflection of the substrate. This observation is rationalized by two different scattering pathways resulting in diffraction peaks at different positions at the detector. In order to minimize the splitting, the data suggest either using incident angles well below the critical angle of total reflection or angles well above, which sufficiently attenuates the contributions from the second scattering path. This study highlights that the refraction of X-rays in (organic) thin films has to be corrected accordingly to allow for the determination of peak positions with sufficient accuracy. Based thereon, a reliable determination of the lattice constants becomes feasible, which is required for crystallographic structure solutions from thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Bainschab
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Theo Dingemans
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Simbrunner
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julian Stangl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Institute of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Röthel C, Ehmann HMA, Baumgartner R, Reischl D, Werzer O. Alteration of texture and polymorph of phenytoin within thin films and its impact on dissolution. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By a change of texture and polymorph the dissolution characteristic of a drug molecule changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Röthel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed – Graz
| | - Heike M. A. Ehmann
- Graz University of Technology
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Baumgartner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH
| | - Daniela Reischl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed – Graz
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20
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Reischl D, Röthel C, Christian P, Roblegg E, Ehmann HA, Salzmann I, Werzer O. Surface-Induced Polymorphism as a Tool for Enhanced Dissolution: The Example of Phenytoin. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2015; 15:4687-4693. [PMID: 26366128 PMCID: PMC4561386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism and morphology can represent key factors tremendously limiting the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), in particular, due to solubility issues. Within this work, the generation of a yet unknown surface-induced polymorph (SIP) of the model drug, 5,5-diphenylimidazolidin-2,4-dion (phenytoin), is demonstrated in thin films through altering the crystallization kinetics and the solvent type. Atomic force microscopy points toward the presence of large single-crystalline domains of the SIP, which is in contrast to samples comprising solely the bulk phase, where extended dendritic phenytoin networks are observed. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction reveals unit cell dimensions of the SIP significantly different from those of the known bulk crystal structure of phenytoin. Moreover, the aqueous dissolution performance of the new polymorph is benchmarked against a pure bulk phase reference sample. Our results demonstrate that the SIP exhibits markedly advantageous drug release performance in terms of dissolution time. These findings suggest that thin-film growth of pharmaceutical systems in general should be explored, where poor aqueous dissolution represents a key limiting factor in pharmaceutical applications, and illustrate the experimental pathway for determining the physical properties of a pharmaceutically relevant SIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Reischl
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heike
M. A. Ehmann
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department
of Physics, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor
Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail:
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21
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Lercher C, Röthel C, Roscioni OM, Geerts YH, Shen Q, Teichert C, Fischer R, Leising G, Sferrazza M, Gbabode G, Resel R. Polymorphism of dioctyl-terthiophene within thin films: The role of the first monolayer. Chem Phys Lett 2015; 630:12-17. [PMID: 31007269 PMCID: PMC6472291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The origins of specific polymorphic phases within thin films are still not well understood. The polymorphism of the molecule dioctyl-terthiophene is investigated during the presence of a silicon-oxide surface during the crystallisation process. It is found that a monolayer of molecules forms two-dimensional crystals on the surface. In the case of thicker films crystalline islands are formed, a comparison of the three polymorphic phases observed within thin films and the thermodynamically more stable single crystal phases reveals distinct differences which can be related to an adaption of the molecular packing with the flat surface of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lercher
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ams AG, Tobelbader Strasse 30, 8141 Unterpremstätten, Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otello Maria Roscioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale, “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Quan Shen
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Christian Teichert
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Leising
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gabin Gbabode
- Département de Physique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Jones AOF, Knauer P, Resel R, Ringk A, Strohriegl P, Werzer O, Sferrazza M. Thermal Stability and Molecular Ordering of Organic Semiconductor Monolayers: Effect of an Anchor Group. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1712-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Jones AOF, Geerts YH, Karpinska J, Kennedy AR, Resel R, Röthel C, Ruzié C, Werzer O, Sferrazza M. Substrate-induced phase of a [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivative and phase evolution by aging and solvent vapor annealing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1868-73. [PMID: 25569633 DOI: 10.1021/am5075908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Substrate-induced phases (SIPs) are polymorphic phases that are found in thin films of a material and are different from the single crystal or "bulk" structure of a material. In this work, we investigate the presence of a SIP in the family of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) organic semiconductors and the effect of aging and solvent vapor annealing on the film structure. Through extensive X-ray structural investigations of spin coated films, we find a SIP with a significantly different structure to that found in single crystals of the same material forms; the SIP has a herringbone motif while single crystals display layered π-π stacking. Over time, the structure of the film is found to slowly convert to the single crystal structure. Solvent vapor annealing initiates the same structural evolution process but at a greatly increased rate, and near complete conversion can be achieved in a short period of time. As properties such as charge transport capability are determined by the molecular structure, this work highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the structure of organic semiconductor films and presents a simple method to control the film structure by solvent vapor annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP223, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Ehmann HA, Baumgartner R, Reischl D, Roblegg E, Zimmer A, Resel R, Werzer O. One Polymorph and Various Morphologies of Phenytoin at a Silica Surface Due to Preparation Kinetics. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2015; 15:326-332. [PMID: 25593545 PMCID: PMC4288062 DOI: 10.1021/cg501391j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of solid crystalline films at surfaces is of great interest in a variety of fields. Within this work the preparation of pharmaceutically relevant thin films containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient phenytoin is demonstrated. The preparation techniques applied include drop casting, spin coating, and vacuum deposition. For the solution processed samples a decisive impact of the solution concentration and the applied film fabrication technique is observed; particular films form for all samples but with their extensions along different crystallographic directions strongly altered. Vacuum deposition of phenytoin reveals amorphous films, which over time crystallize into needle-like or particular-type structures whereby a nominal thickness of 50 nm is required to achieve a fully closed layer. Independent of all preparation techniques, the resulting polymorph is the same for each sample as confirmed by specular X-ray diffraction scans. Thus, morphologies observed via optical and atomic force microscope techniques are therefore a result of the preparation technique. This shows that the different time scales for which crystallization is obtained is the driving force for the various morphologies in phenytoin thin films rather than the presence of another polymorph forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike
M. A. Ehmann
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Baumgartner
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Reischl
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center
Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail:
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25
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Tsutsui Y, Sakurai T, Minami S, Hirano K, Satoh T, Matsuda W, Kato K, Takata M, Miura M, Seki S. Evaluation of the intrinsic charge carrier transporting properties of linear- and bent-shaped π-extended benzo-fused thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9624-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00785b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The local-scale hole mobilities of two isomeric linear- and bent-shaped π-extended thienoacenes were investigated using flash-photolysis and field-induced time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP- and FI-TRMC) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Sojiro Minami
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Tetsuya Satoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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26
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Diao Y, Lenn KM, Lee WY, Blood-Forsythe MA, Xu J, Mao Y, Kim Y, Reinspach JA, Park S, Aspuru-Guzik A, Xue G, Clancy P, Bao Z, Mannsfeld SCB. Understanding Polymorphism in Organic Semiconductor Thin Films through Nanoconfinement. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17046-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507179d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Diao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kristina M. Lenn
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wen-Ya Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Martin A. Blood-Forsythe
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, The State key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, The
National Laboratory of Nanjing Microstructure Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Yisha Mao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeongin Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia A. Reinspach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steve Park
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gi Xue
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, The State key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, The
National Laboratory of Nanjing Microstructure Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stefan C. B. Mannsfeld
- Center for
Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Kellner T, Ehmann HMA, Schrank S, Kunert B, Zimmer A, Roblegg E, Werzer O. Crystallographic textures and morphologies of solution cast Ibuprofen composite films at solid surfaces. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4084-91. [PMID: 25275801 PMCID: PMC4223873 DOI: 10.1021/mp500264e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The preparation of thin composite
layers has promising advantages
in a variety of applications like transdermal, buccal, or sublingual
patches. Within this model study the impact of the matrix material
on the film forming properties of ibuprofen–matrix composite
films is investigated. As matrix materials polystyrene, methyl cellulose,
or hydroxyl-ethyl cellulose were used. The film properties were either
varied by the preparation route, i.e., spin coating or drop casting,
or via changes in the relative ratio of the ibuprofen and the matrix
material. The resulting films were investigated via X-ray diffraction
and atomic force microscope experiments. The results show that preferred
(100) textures can be induced via spin coating with respect to the
glass surface, while the drop casting results in a powder-like behavior.
The morphologies of the films are strongly impacted by the ibuprofen
amount rather than the preparation method. A comparison of the various
matrix materials in terms of their impact on the dissolution properties
show a two times faster zero order release from methyl cellulose matrix
compared to a polystyrene matrix. The slowest rate was observed within
the hydroxyl ethyl cellulose as the active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) release is limited by diffusion through a swollen matrix. The
investigation reveals that the ibuprofen crystallization and film
formation is only little effected by the selected matrix material
than that compared to the dissolution. A similar experimental approach
using other matrix materials may therefore allow to find an optimized
composite layer useful for a defined application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kellner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens University Graz , 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Gbabode G, Dohr M, Niebel C, Balandier JY, Ruzié C, Négrier P, Mondieig D, Geerts YH, Resel R, Sferrazza M. X-ray structural investigation of nonsymmetrically and symmetrically alkylated [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivatives in bulk and thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13413-13421. [PMID: 25083814 DOI: 10.1021/am5015315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed structural study of the bulk and thin film phases observed for two potential high-performance organic semiconductors has been carried out. The molecules are based on [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) as conjugated core and octyl side groups, which are anchored either symmetrically at both sides of the BTBT core (C8-BTBT-C8) or nonsymmetrically at one side only (C8-BTBT). Thin films of different thickness (8-85 nm) have been prepared by spin-coating for both systems and analyzed by combining specular and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. In the case of C8-BTBT-C8, the known crystal structure obtained from single-crystal investigations is observed within all thin films, down to a film thickness of 9 nm. In the case of C8-BTBT, the crystal structure of the bulk phase has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data with a consistent matching of experimental and calculated X-ray diffraction patterns (Rwp = 5.8%). The packing arrangement of C8-BTBT is similar to that of C8-BTBT-C8, that is, consisting of a lamellar structure with molecules arranged in a "herringbone" fashion, yet with lamellae composed of two head-to-head (or tail-to-tail as the structure is periodic) superimposed molecules instead of only one molecule for C8-BTBT-C8. As for C8-BTBT-C8, we demonstrate that the same phase is observed in bulk and thin films for C8-BTBT whatever the film thickness investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabin Gbabode
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, and ‡Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Ehmann HMA, Werzer O. Surface Mediated Structures: Stabilization of Metastable Polymorphs on the Example of Paracetamol. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2014; 14:3680-3684. [PMID: 25126023 PMCID: PMC4125415 DOI: 10.1021/cg500573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of typically thermodynamically unstable polymorphic structures is a challenge. However, solid surfaces are well established aids for the formation and stabilization of polymorphic structures within, for instance, organic electronics. In this study, we report the stabilization of a pharmaceutically relevant substance via a solid surface at ambient conditions. Form III of paracetamol, which is typically unstable in the bulk at standard conditions, can be stabilized with a model silica surface by a standard spin coating procedure followed by rapid heat treatment. Such a preparation technique allows the use of atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements revealing detailed information on the morphology and structure of the polymorph. Furthermore, the results exhibit that this polymorph is stable over a long period of time revealing surface mediated stabilization. These findings demonstrate a novel approach to provide thermodynamic stability when applied to similar molecules with specific applications.
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30
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Gutt C, Grodd L, Mikayelyan E, Pietsch U, Kline RJ, Grigorian S. Local Orientational Structure of a P3HT π-π Conjugated Network Investigated by X-ray Nanodiffraction. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2335-2339. [PMID: 26279556 DOI: 10.1021/jz500757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We employed nanobeam X-ray diffraction using an X-ray spot size of 150 nm to investigate the local structure of P3HT thin films. We derived nanoscale real space maps of the X-ray diffraction properties at the π-π (020) diffraction peak. The X-ray data reveal a complex nanoscale structure of the polymer network with strong local variation where some areas of the film display a rather high degree of angular order. We quantify both the magnitude and direction of the angular order. Our results provide new insights into the local structural properties and connectivity of P3HT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gutt
- †Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Linda Grodd
- †Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Eduard Mikayelyan
- †Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ullrich Pietsch
- †Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - R Joseph Kline
- ‡Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Souren Grigorian
- †Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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31
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Ehmann HA, Baumgartner R, Kunert B, Zimmer A, Roblegg E, Werzer O. Morphologies of Phenytoin Crystals at Silica Model Surfaces: Vapor Annealing versus Drop Casting. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2014; 118:12855-12861. [PMID: 24966892 PMCID: PMC4065161 DOI: 10.1021/jp502330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The controlled preparation of different crystal morphologies with varying preferential orientation with respect to the substrate is of crucial importance in many fields of applications. In this work, the controlled preparation of different phenytoin morphologies and the dependency of the preferential orientation of those crystallites is related with the preparation method (solvent annealing vs drop casting), as well as the physical-chemical interaction with the solvents in use. While solvent annealing induces the formation of particular structures that are partially dewetted, the drop casting technique from various solvent results in the formation of needle-like and elongated structures, with each having a distinct morphology. The morphologies are explained via the Hansen solubility parameters and correlated with the solvent vapor pressures. X-ray diffraction experiments reveal preferential orientations with respect to the solid substrate and indicate the surface-mediated stabilization of an unknown polymorph of phenytoin with an elongated unit cell in the b-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike
M. A. Ehmann
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, Graz University
of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center
Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail:
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32
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Schweicher G, Olivier Y, Lemaur V, Geerts YH. What Currently Limits Charge Carrier Mobility in Crystals of Molecular Semiconductors? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Kaminker R, Lahav M, Altman M, Evmenenko G, Dutta P, Gulino A, van der Boom ME. Surface-confined core-shell structures based on gold nanoparticles and metal-organic networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4635-8. [PMID: 24671268 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47865c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we show a step-wise approach for the formation of continuous shell-structures on surface-confined gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticle-cores induce order in the shell-structure, which consists of metal-organic networks. Communication between the organic and inorganic parts is reflected in their optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Kaminker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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34
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Zhang L, Colella NS, Cherniawski BP, Mannsfeld SCB, Briseno AL. Oligothiophene semiconductors: synthesis, characterization, and applications for organic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5327-43. [PMID: 24641239 DOI: 10.1021/am4060468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligothiophenes provide a highly controlled and adaptable platform to explore various synthetic, morphologic, and electronic relationships in organic semiconductor systems. These short-chain systems serve as models for establishing valuable structure-property relationships to their polymer analogs. In contrast to their polymer counterparts, oligothiophenes afford high-purity and well-defined materials that can be easily modified with a variety of functional groups. Recent work by a number of research groups has revealed functionalized oligothiophenes to be the up-and-coming generation of advanced materials for organic electronic devices. In this review, we discuss the synthesis and characterization of linear oligothiophenes with a focus on applications in organic field effect transistors and organic photovoltaics. We will highlight key structural parameters, such as crystal packing, intermolecular interactions, polymorphism, and energy levels, which in turn define the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Polymer Research Center, University of Massachusetts , 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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35
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Werzer O, Baumgartner R, Zawodzki M, Roblegg E. Particular film formation of phenytoin at silica surfaces. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:610-6. [PMID: 24417472 PMCID: PMC3915752 DOI: 10.1021/mp4006479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing number of poorly soluble and thus poorly bioavailable active pharmaceutical materials, there is a demand for innovative formulation platforms for such molecules. Thus a focus on enhancing dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs exists. Within this study, the spin coating of acetone solutions containing 5,5-diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione (phenytoin) in various concentrations is evaluated. The results reveal strong variations of the morphology of deposited phenytoin crystals at silica surfaces. Individual separated particles are obtained on low phenytoin concentrations, and closely packed particular films form when the concentration is increased. As the material is isomorphic, these various morphologies have the same crystalline structure. Dissolution experiments reveal that both the apparent maximum solubility and as the dissolution rate are strongly enhanced compared to bulk powder, suggesting that formulation based on this preparative technique will allow overcoming the low solubility problematic for a variety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz , 8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Ehmann HMA, Kellner T, Werzer O. Non-contact-mode AFM induced versus spontaneous formed phenytoin crystals: the effect of layer thickness. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work the model substance phenytoin is vacuum deposited onto silica substrates resulting in amorphous films which are transferred via a non-contact AFM method into crystalline phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M. A. Ehmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kellner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz, Austria
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37
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Dohr M, Werzer O, Shen Q, Salzmann I, Teichert C, Ruzié C, Schweicher G, Geerts YH, Sferrazza M, Resel R. Dynamics of Monolayer-Island Transitions in 2,7-Dioctyl-benzothienobenzthiophene Thin Films. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2554-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Mei J, Diao Y, Appleton AL, Fang L, Bao Z. Integrated Materials Design of Organic Semiconductors for Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6724-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400881n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anthony L. Appleton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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39
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Werzer O, Resel R. Model-Independent X-ray Reflectivity Fitting for Structure Analysis of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - R. Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 810
Graz, Austria
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40
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Neuhold A, Brandner H, Ausserlechner SJ, Lorbek S, Neuschitzer M, Zojer E, Teichert C, Resel R. X-ray based tools for the investigation of buried interfaces in organic electronic devices. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 2013; 14:479-487. [PMID: 23565069 PMCID: PMC3608035 DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
X-ray reflectivity combined with grazing incidence diffraction is a valuable tool for investigating organic multilayer structures that can be used in devices. We focus on a bilayer stack consisting of two materials (poly-(3-hexylthiophene)) (P3HT) and poly-(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) spin cast from orthogonal solvents (water in the case of PSSA and chloroform or toluene for P3HT). X-ray reflectivity is used to determine the thickness of all layers as well as the roughness of the organic-organic hetero-interface and the P3HT surface. The surface roughness is found to be consistent with the results of atomic force microscopy measurements. For the roughness of P3HT/PSSA interface, we observe a strong dependence on the solvent used for P3HT deposition. The solvent also strongly impacts the texturing of the P3HT crystallites as revealed by grazing incidence diffraction. When applying the various PSSA/P3HT multilayers in organic thin-film transistors, we find an excellent correlation between the determined interface morphology, structure and the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Neuhold
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hannes Brandner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simon J. Ausserlechner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Lorbek
- Institute of Physics, Montan Universität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Markus Neuschitzer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Li L, Fu YQ, Guo F, Gao J, Tong J, Zhou ZF. Polymorphism and photoluminescence in a naphthalene-based ligand, and its supramolecular structures through second-sphere coordination with the [CoCl4]2− anion. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22748k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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