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Sato H, Inoué S, Yoshida J, Kawamura I, Koshoubu J, Yamagishi A. Microscopic vibrational circular dichroism on the forewings of a European hornet: heterogenous sequences of protein domains with different secondary structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17918-17922. [PMID: 38888259 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
We developed a microscopic scanning for vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in which a quantum cascade laser is equipped with a highly focused infrared light source to attain a spatial resolution of 100 μm. This system was applied to the forewing of a European hornet to reveal how the protein domains are organised. Two-dimensional patterns were obtained from the VCD signals with steps of 100 μm. We scanned the 1500-1740 cm-1 wavenumber range, which covers amide I and II absorptions. Zone sequenced α-helical and β-sheet domains within an area of 200 μm2 in membranes close to where two veins cross. The sign of the VCD signal at 1650 cm-1 changed from positive to negative when probed along the zone axis, intermediated by the absence of VCD activity. The significance of this zone is discussed from the viewpoint of the mechanical properties required for flying motion. These features are unattainable using conventional FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) or FT-VCD methods with a spatial resolution of ∼10 mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Sato
- Faculty of Science, Ehime University, 1 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Sayako Inoué
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Izuru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Koshoubu
- JASCO Corporation, Ishikawa 2967-5, Hachioji Tokyo, 192-8537, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yamagishi
- Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 2 5-21-16 Oomori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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2
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Luu RK, Buehler MJ. BioinspiredLLM: Conversational Large Language Model for the Mechanics of Biological and Bio-Inspired Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306724. [PMID: 38145334 PMCID: PMC10933662 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of biological materials and bio-inspired materials science is well established; however, surprisingly little knowledge is systematically translated to engineering solutions. To accelerate discovery and guide insights, an open-source autoregressive transformer large language model (LLM), BioinspiredLLM, is reported. The model is finetuned with a corpus of over a thousand peer-reviewed articles in the field of structural biological and bio-inspired materials and can be prompted to recall information, assist with research tasks, and function as an engine for creativity. The model has proven that it is able to accurately recall information about biological materials and is further strengthened with enhanced reasoning ability, as well as with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to incorporate new data during generation that can also help to traceback sources, update the knowledge base, and connect knowledge domains. BioinspiredLLM also has shown to develop sound hypotheses regarding biological materials design and remarkably so for materials that have never been explicitly studied before. Lastly, the model shows impressive promise in collaborating with other generative artificial intelligence models in a workflow that can reshape the traditional materials design process. This collaborative generative artificial intelligence method can stimulate and enhance bio-inspired materials design workflows. Biological materials are at a critical intersection of multiple scientific fields and models like BioinspiredLLM help to connect knowledge domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Luu
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM)Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM)Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Center for Computational Science and EngineeringSchwarzman College of ComputingMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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3
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Song J, Shen Q, Shao H, Deng X. Anti-Environmental Aging Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305664. [PMID: 38148594 PMCID: PMC10933639 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling technology presents a sustainable solution for combating global warming and accompanying extreme weather, with great potential for diverse applications. The key characteristics of this cooling technology are the ability to reflect most sunlight and radiate heat through the atmospheric transparency window. However, the required high solar reflectance is easily affected by environmental aging, rendering the cooling ineffective. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the failure mechanisms, design strategies, and manufacturing technologies of daytime radiative cooling. Herein, a critical review on anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling with the goal of advancing their commercial applications is presented. It is first introduced the optical mechanisms and optimization principles of radiative cooling, which serve as a basis for further endowing environmental durability. Then the environmental aging conditions of passive daytime radiative cooling, mainly focusing on UV exposure, thermal aging, surface contamination and chemical corrosion are discussed. Furthermore, the developments of anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling materials, including design strategies, fabrication techniques, structures, and performances, are reviewed and classified for the first time. Last but not the least, the remaining open challenges and the insights are presented for the further promotion of the commercialization progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Bio‐inspired Photonics GroupYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Huijuan Shao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
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4
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Wang Z, Xie M, Guo Q, Liao Y, Zhang C, Chen Y, Dong Z, Duan H. Hyper-anti-freezing bionic functional surface to -90°C. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad177. [PMID: 37293376 PMCID: PMC10246831 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freezing phenomenon has troubled people for centuries, and efforts have been made to lower the liquid freezing temperature, raise the surface temperature, or mechanical deicing. Inspired by the elytra of beetle, we demonstrate a novel functional surface for directional penetration of liquid to reduce icing. The bionic functional surface is fabricated by projection microstereolithography (PµSL) based three dimensional printing technique with the wettability on its two sides tailored by TiO2 nanoparticle sizing agent. A water droplet penetrates from the hydrophobic side to the superhydrophilic side of such a bionic functional surface within 20 ms, but it is blocked in the opposite direction. Most significantly, the penetration time of a water droplet through such a bionic functional surface is much shorter than the freezing time on it, even though the temperature is as low as -90°C. This work opens a gate for the development of functional devices for liquid collection, condensation, especially for hyperantifogging/freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.); (H.D.)
| | - Mingzhu Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 1 South Lushan, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qing Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yibo Liao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Low-carbon Technology and Equipment, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 1 South Lushan, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), 104 Youyi Road, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Yongping Chen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.); (H.D.)
| | - Zhichao Dong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.); (H.D.)
| | - Huigao Duan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Z.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.); (H.D.)
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5
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Tauber F, Desmulliez M, Piccin O, Stokes AA. Perspective for soft robotics: the field's past and future. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:035001. [PMID: 36764003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acbb48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since its beginnings in the 1960s, soft robotics has been a steadily growing field that has enjoyed recent growth with the advent of rapid prototyping and the provision of new flexible materials. These two innovations have enabled the development of fully flexible and untethered soft robotic systems. The integration of novel sensors enabled by new manufacturing processes and materials shows promise for enabling the production of soft systems with 'embodied intelligence'. Here, four experts present their perspectives for the future of the field of soft robotics based on these past innovations. Their focus is on finding answers to the questions of: how to manufacture soft robots, and on how soft robots can sense, move, and think. We highlight industrial production techniques, which are unused to date for manufacturing soft robots. They discuss how novel tactile sensors for soft robots could be created to enable better interaction of the soft robot with the environment. In conclusion this article highlights how embodied intelligence in soft robots could be used to make soft robots think and to make systems that can compute, autonomously, from sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Tauber
- Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Desmulliez
- Research Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems (ISSS), School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Piccin
- ICube-INSA Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adam A Stokes
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Goczał J, Beutel RG. Beetle elytra: evolution, modifications and biological functions. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220559. [PMID: 36855857 PMCID: PMC9975656 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of forewings into hardened covers, elytra, was a ground-breaking morphological adaptation that has contributed to the extraordinary evolutionary success of beetles. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the functional aspects of these structures is still fragmentary and scattered across a large number of studies. Here, we have synthesized the presently available information on the evolution, development, modifications and biological functions of this crucial evolutionary novelty. The formation of elytra took place in the earliest evolution of Coleoptera, very likely already in the Carboniferous, and was achieved through the gradual process of progressive forewing sclerotization and the formation of inward directed epipleura and a secluded sub-elytral space. In many lineages of modern beetles, the elytra have been distinctly modified. This includes multiple surface modifications, a rigid connection or fusion of the elytra, or partial or complete reduction. Beetle elytra can be involved in a very broad spectrum of functions: mechanical protection of hind wings and body, anti-predator strategies, thermoregulation and water saving, water harvesting, flight, hind wing folding, diving and swimming, self-cleaning and burrow cleaning, phoresy of symbiotic organisms, mating and courtship, and acoustic communication. We postulate that the potential of the elytra to take over multiple tasks has enormously contributed to the unparalleled diversification of beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Goczał
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, 07743 Jena, Germany
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7
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Captain America without the shield: elytra loss and the evolution of alternative defence strategies in beetles. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-023-00593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe formation of protective covers called elytra is considered to be a crucial morphological adaptation that has greatly supported the extraordinary radiation of beetles. However, in some beetle lineages, a reduction of elytra has occurred. Evolutionary consequences of this mysterious biological phenomenon have never been systematically discussed. In this study, a suggestive analogy to pop culture was used to illustrate a wide range of incredible defence strategies that can be found in several groups of beetles characterised by reduced elytra. This might include for instance: the hardening of the abdominal tergites, Batesian mimicry, aposematic coloration, chemical protection or defensive bioluminescence. It is not clear whether these new inventions have evolved as a direct response to the elytra loss, but it is very likely that the alternative defence strategies, common in brachelytrous beetles, might compensate for the loss of the primary protective structures. The use of suggestive analogies to pop culture icons, constitutes a promising tool for scientists to construct new theoretical templates, as well as to communicate and promote their recent findings, bridging the gap between researchers and the public.
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8
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Foday EH, Sesay T, Baion YM, Koroma EB, Jalloh AY, Kokofele K, Baion FW. Efficient Water Collection from Biodesigned and Natural Inclined Surfaces: Influence of Inclination Angle on Atmospheric Water Collection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43574-43581. [PMID: 36506142 PMCID: PMC9730469 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water is one of the most important and crucial indicators of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for humans and other living organisms. Water demand has outstripped supply, resulting in shortage on a worldwide scale, particularly in arid regions. This water scarcity has impeded agricultural productivity and other developmental projects with the ongoing global warming and other anthropogenic activities making it more complicated. To address the worldwide water crisis, it is worthwhile to convert atmospheric air to drinking water. Sequel to that, a hydrophobic surface was designed using facile lithography to compare its water harvesting efficiency with a hydrophilic surface at different orientation angles. For the research, the hydrophobic designed surface is called biodesigned material, while the hydrophilic natural surface is a Mangifera indica leaf (MIL). It is against this background that we seek to investigate the most suitable orientation angle good for efficient water harvesting. To that end, a 60° inclination angle is the most efficacious orientation for water collection as it outperformed the 30 and 45° orientation angles. To minimize re-evaporation, absorption, suction, and other environmental challenges that impede efficient collection, atmospheric moisture should be collected immediately from functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hingha Foday
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710064, P.R China
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Taiwo Sesay
- School
of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710064, P.R China
| | - Yagbasuah Maada Baion
- College
of Economics and Management, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Emmanuel Bartholomew Koroma
- Department
of Geography-Environment and Natural Resources Management, Faculty
of Social and Management Sciences, Ernest
Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Magburaka City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Alpha Yayah Jalloh
- School
of Economics and Management, Chang’an
University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Kejan Kokofele
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Florence Wuyah Baion
- Faculty of
Education, Eastern Technical University
of Sierra Leone, Combema
Road, Kenema City 00232, Sierra Leone
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9
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Gehrke A, Richeux J, Uksul E, Mulleners K. Aeroelastic characterisation of a bio-inspired flapping membrane wing. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:065004. [PMID: 35917821 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural fliers like bats exploit the complex fluid-structure interaction between their flexible membrane wings and the air with great ease. Yet, replicating and scaling the balance between the structural and fluid-dynamical parameters of unsteady membrane wings for engineering applications remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a novel bio-inspired membrane wing design and systematically investigate the fluid-structure interactions of flapping membrane wings. The membrane wing can passively camber, and its leading and trailing edges rotate with respect to the stroke plane. We find optimal combinations of the membrane properties and flapping kinematics that out-perform their rigid counterparts both in terms of increased stroke-average lift and efficiency, but the improvements are not persistent over the entire input parameter space. The lift and efficiency optima occur at different angles of attack and effective membrane stiffnesses which we characterise with the aeroelastic number. At optimal aeroelastic numbers, the membrane has a moderate camber between 15% and 20% and its leading and trailing edges align favourably with the flow. Higher camber at lower aeroelastic numbers leads to reduced aerodynamic performance due to negative angles of attack at the leading edge and an over-rotation of the trailing edge. Most of the performance gain of the membrane wings with respect to rigid wings is achieved in the second half of the stroke when the wing is decelerating. The stroke-maximum camber is reached around mid-stroke but is sustained during most of the remainder of the stroke which leads to an increase in lift and a reduction in power. Our results show that combining the effect of variable stiffness and angle of attack variation can significantly enhance the aerodynamic performance of membrane wings and has the potential to improve the control capabilities of micro air vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gehrke
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jules Richeux
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esra Uksul
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen Mulleners
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Datta B, Spero EF, Martin-Martinez FJ, Ortiz C. Socially-Directed Development of Materials for Structural Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2100939. [PMID: 35373398 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancing a socially-directed approach to materials research and development is an imperative to address contemporary challenges and mitigate future detrimental environmental and social impacts. This paper reviews, synergizes, and identifies cross-disciplinary opportunities at the intersection of materials science and engineering with humanistic social sciences fields. Such integrated knowledge and methodologies foster a contextual understanding of materials technologies embedded within, and impacting broader societal systems, thus informing decision making upstream and throughout the entire research and development process toward more socially responsible outcomes. Technological advances in the development of structural color, which arises due to the incoherent and coherent scattering of micro-and nanoscale features and possesses a vast design space, are considered in this context. Specific areas of discussion include material culture, narratives, and visual perception, material waste and use, environmental and social life cycle assessment, and stakeholder and community engagement. A case study of the technical and social implications of bio-based cellulose (as a source for structurally colored products) is provided. Socially-directed research and development of materials for structural color hold significant capacity for improved planetary and societal impact across industries such as aerospace, consumer products, displays and sensors, paints and dyes, and food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Datta
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ellan F Spero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - Francisco J Martin-Martinez
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Station1, 280 Merrimack Street, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
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11
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Yu K, Reddy GVP, Schrader J, Guo X, Li Y, Jiao Y, Shi P. A nondestructive method of calculating the wing area of insects. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8792. [PMID: 35386866 PMCID: PMC8975793 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most insects engage in winged flight. Wing loading, that is, the ratio of body mass to total wing area, has been demonstrated to reflect flight maneuverability. High maneuverability is an important survival trait, allowing insects to escape natural enemies and to compete for mates. In some ecological field experiments, there is a need to calculate the wing area of insects without killing them. However, fast, nondestructive estimation of wing area for insects is not available based on past work. The Montgomery equation (ME), which assumes a proportional relationship between leaf area and the product of leaf length and width, is frequently used to calculate leaf area of plants, in crops with entire linear, lanceolate leaves. Recently, the ME was proved to apply to leaves with more complex shapes from plants that do not have any needle leaves. Given that the wings of insects are similar in shape to broad leaves, we tested the validity of the ME approach in calculating the wing area of insects using three species of cicadas common in eastern China. We compared the actual area of the cicadas’ wings with the estimates provided by six potential models used for wing area calculation, and we found that the ME performed best, based on the trade‐off between model structure and goodness of fit. At the species level, the estimates for the proportionality coefficients of ME for three cicada species were 0.686, 0.693, and 0.715, respectively. There was a significant difference in the proportionality coefficients between any two species. Our method provides a simple and powerful approach for the nondestructive estimation of insect wing area, which is also valuable in quantifying wing morphological features of insects. The present study provides a nondestructive approach to estimating the wing area of insects, allowing them to be used in mark and recapture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yu
- College of Biology and the Environment Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Gadi V. P. Reddy
- USDA‐ARS‐Southern Insect Management Research Unit Stoneville Mississippi USA
| | - Julian Schrader
- School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Xuchen Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Yirong Li
- College of Biology and the Environment Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Yabing Jiao
- College of Biology and the Environment Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Peijian Shi
- College of Biology and the Environment Bamboo Research Institute Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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12
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Sun JY, Yan YW, Li FD, Zhang ZJ. Generative design of bioinspired wings based on deployable hindwings of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky. Micron 2021; 151:103150. [PMID: 34583291 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In view of the application prospect of the hindwing of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky in the field of foldable Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), this paper investigated the morphology, macro/microstructure of the hindwing, and the nanomechanical properties of the wing veins and the wing membrane. It revealed the variation of nanohardness and elastic modulus between different veins and different positions of the same wing veins. This paper established a 3D coupling model of the hindwing based on the principle of coupling bionics. This paper presents a simulation analysis of the structural statics (uniform load distribution) and aerodynamics (under different attack angles, flight velocities, and flapping frequencies). Two 3D coupling models (HW-I and HW-II) of the hindwing were discussed the deformation and flight aerodynamic performance of Workbenches and Fluent. On that basis, the bionic wing was generatively designed, and a 3D bionic wing (BioW) model was established using the generative design method. Simulation analyses were performed through structural statics and aerodynamics. The results showed that the stress distribution was relatively uniform and that the overall displacement deformation was minimal for the BioW model. Moreover, the BioW model had better flight efficiency and aerodynamic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Y W Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - F D Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Z J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability (Ministry of Education) and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, PR China.
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13
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Hou J, Aydemir BE, Dumanli AG. Understanding the structural diversity of chitins as a versatile biomaterial. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200331. [PMID: 34334022 PMCID: PMC8326827 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has adopted many different structural conformations using a combination of different natural processes like biopolymerization, crystallization and non-equilibrium self-assembly. This leads to a number of striking physical effects like complex light scattering and polarization as well as unique mechanical properties. In doing so, chitin uses a fine balance between the highly ordered chain conformations in the nanofibrils and random disordered structures. In this opinion piece, we discuss the structural hierarchy of chitin, its crystalline states and the natural biosynthesis processes to create such specific structures and diversity. Among the examples we explored, the unified question arises from the generation of completely different bioarchitectures like the Christmas tree-like nanostructures, gyroids or helicoidal geometries using similar dynamic non-equilibrium growth processes. Understanding the in vivo development of such structures from gene expressions, enzymatic activities as well as the chemical matrix employed in different stages of the biosynthesis will allow us to shift the material design paradigms. Certainly, the complexity of the biology requires a collaborative and multi-disciplinary research effort. For the future's advanced technologies, using chitin will ultimately drive many innovations and alternatives using biomimicry in materials science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Berk Emre Aydemir
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Atypical laminin spots and pull-generated microtubule-actin projections mediate Drosophila wing adhesion. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109667. [PMID: 34496252 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila metamorphosis, dorsal and ventral wing surfaces adhere, separate, and reappose in a paradoxical process involving cell-matrix adhesion, matrix production and degradation, and long cellular projections. The identity of the intervening matrix, the logic behind the adhesion-reapposition cycle, and the role of projections are unknown. We find that laminin matrix spots devoid of other main basement membrane components mediate wing adhesion. Through live imaging, we show that long microtubule-actin cables grow from those adhesion spots because of hydrostatic pressure that pushes wing surfaces apart. Formation of cables resistant to pressure requires spectraplakin, Patronin, septins, and Sdb, a SAXO1/2 microtubule stabilizer expressed under control of wing intervein-selector SRF. Silkworms and dead-leaf butterflies display similar dorso-ventral projections and expression of Sdb in intervein SRF-like patterns. Our study supports the morphogenetic importance of atypical basement-membrane-related matrices and dissects matrix-cytoskeleton coordination in a process of great evolutionary significance.
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15
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Zhang J, Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Pang H, Rajabi H, Wu Z, Wu J. Elytra coupling of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctatafunctions as an energy absorber in intentional falls. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:056018. [PMID: 34384068 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac1cef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Some insects, such as bees, wasps, and bugs, have specialized coupling structures to synchronize the wing motions in flight. Some others, such as ladybirds, are equipped with coupling structures that work only at rest. By locking elytra into each other, such structures provide hindwings with a protective cover to prevent contamination. Here, we show that the coupling may play another significant role: contributing to energy absorption in falls, thereby protecting the abdomen against mechanical damage. In this combined experimental, numerical and theoretical study, we investigated free falls of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata), and discovered that upon collision to the ground, the coupling may fail and the elytra may unlock. This unlocking of the coupling increased the energy absorption by 33%, in comparison to when the elytra remain coupled. Using micro-computed tomography scanning, we developed comparative models that enabled us to simulate impact scenarios numerically. Our results showed that unlocking of the coupling, here called elytra splitting, reduces both the peak impact force and rebound velocity. We fabricated the insect-inspired coupling mechanism using 3D printing and demonstrated its application as a damage preventing on system for quadcopters in accidental collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Yuan
- School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Jiang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Pang
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamed Rajabi
- Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhigang Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wing shape optimization design inspired by beetle hindwings in wind tunnel experiments. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104642. [PMID: 34284264 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flighted beetles have deployable hindwings, which enable them to directly reduce their body size, and thus are excellent bioinspired prototypes for microair vehicles (MAVs). The wing shape of MAVs has an important influence on their aerodynamics. In this paper, wing shapes, inspired from three beetle species' hindwings and designed in terms of the wing camber angle, geometry (including wing length, aspect ratio (AR), and taper ratio (TR)) and wing area, were selected and varied to optimize lift together with the efficiency of wing. All the wings were fabricated by a Tyvek membrane and tested in a wind tunnel. The camber angle and AR were found to have a critical role in force production. The best performance was obtained by a wing with a camber angle of 10°, wing length of 125 mm, AR of 7.06, TR of 0.40 and wing area of 4115 mm2.
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17
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A review: Learning from the flight of beetles. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104397. [PMID: 33895456 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some Coleoptera (popularly referred to as beetles) can fly at a low Reynolds number with their deployable hind wings, which directly enables a low body weight-a good bioinspiration strategy for miniaturization of micro-air vehicles (MAVs). The hind wing is a significant part of the body and has a folding/unfolding mechanism whose unique function benefits from different structures and materials. This review summarizes the actions, factors, and mechanisms of beetle flight and bioinspired MAVs with deployable wings. The elytron controlled by muscles is the protected part for the folded hind wing and influences flight performance. The resilin, the storage material for elasticity, is located in the folding parts. The hind wings' folding/unfolding mechanism and flight performance can be influenced by vein structures of hollow, solid and wrinkled veins, the hemolymph that flows in hollow veins and its hydraulic mechanism, and various mechanical properties of veins. The action of beetle flight includes flapping flight, hovering, gliding, and landing. The hind wing is passively deformed through force and hemolymph, and the attack angle of the hind wing and the nanomechanics of the veins, muscles and mass body determine the flight performance. Based these factors, bioinspired MAVs with a new deployable wing structure and new materials will be designed to be much more effective and miniaturized. The new fuels and energy supply are significant aspects of MAVs.
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18
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Ingrole A, Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Donahue SW. Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104518. [PMID: 33882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (e.g., calcium carbonate), which have unremarkable intrinsic mechanical properties individually, are used to produce biopolymer-bioceramic composites with unique hierarchical architectures, thus producing biomaterial-architectures with extraordinary mechanical properties. Several biomaterials have inspired the design and manufacture of novel material architectures to address various engineering problems requiring high energy absorption capabilities. For example, the microarchitecture of seashell nacre has inspired multi-material 3D printed architectures that outperform the energy absorption capabilities of monolithic materials. Using the hierarchical architectural features of biological materials, iterative design approaches using simulation and experimentation are advancing the field of bioinspired material design. However, bioinspired architectures are still challenging to manufacture because of the size scale and architectural hierarchical complexity. Notwithstanding, additive manufacturing technologies are advancing rapidly, continually providing researchers improved abilities to fabricate sophisticated bioinspired, hierarchical designs using multiple materials. This review describes the use of additive manufacturing for producing innovative synthetic materials specifically for energy absorption applications inspired by nacre, conch shell, shrimp shell, horns, hooves, and beetle wings. Potential applications include athletic prosthetics, protective head gear, and automobile crush zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Ingrole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Trevor G Aguirre
- Manufacturing Science Division, Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luca Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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19
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Bera T, Wu L, Ding H, Semey H, Barnes A, Liu Z, Vyas H, Tong W, Xu J. Optimized imaging methods for species-level identification of food-contaminating beetles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7957. [PMID: 33846381 PMCID: PMC8041796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the exact species of pantry beetle responsible for food contamination, is imperative in assessing the risks associated with contamination scenarios. Each beetle species is known to have unique patterns on their hardened forewings (known as elytra) through which they can be identified. Currently, this is done through manual microanalysis of the insect or their fragments in contaminated food samples. We envision that the use of automated pattern analysis would expedite and scale up the identification process. However, such automation would require images to be captured in a consistent manner, thereby enabling the creation of large repositories of high-quality images. Presently, there is no standard imaging technique for capturing images of beetle elytra, which consequently means, there is no standard method of beetle species identification through elytral pattern analysis. This deficiency inspired us to optimize and standardize imaging methods, especially for food-contaminating beetles. For this endeavor, we chose multiple species of beetles belonging to different families or genera that have near-identical elytral patterns, and thus are difficult to identify correctly at the species level. Our optimized imaging method provides enhanced images such that the elytral patterns between individual species could easily be distinguished from each other, through visual observation. We believe such standardization is critical in developing automated species identification of pantry beetles and/or other insects. This eventually may lead to improved taxonomical classification, allowing for better management of food contamination and ecological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bera
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Leihong Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hongjian Ding
- Food Chemistry Laboratory-1, Arkansas Laboratory (ARKL), Office of Regulatory Sciences, Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORS/ORA), FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Howard Semey
- Food Chemistry Laboratory-1, Arkansas Laboratory (ARKL), Office of Regulatory Sciences, Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORS/ORA), FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Amy Barnes
- Food Chemistry Laboratory-1, Arkansas Laboratory (ARKL), Office of Regulatory Sciences, Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORS/ORA), FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Himansu Vyas
- Food Chemistry Laboratory-1, Arkansas Laboratory (ARKL), Office of Regulatory Sciences, Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORS/ORA), FDA, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Joshua Xu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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20
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Vasiljević D, Pavlović D, Lazović V, Kolarić B, Salatić B, Zhang W, Zhang D, Pantelić D. Thermal radiation management by natural photonic structures: Morimus asper funereus case. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102932. [PMID: 34016354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Convective, conductive and radiative mechanisms of thermal management are extremely important for life. Photonic structures, used to detect infrared radiation (IR) and enhance radiative energy exchange, were observed in a number of organisms. Here we report on sophisticated radiative mechanisms used by Morimus asper funereus, a longicorn beetle whose elytra possess a suitably aligned array of lenslets and blackbodies. Additionally, a dense array of microtrichia hyperuniformly covers blackbodies and operates as a stochastic, full-bandgap, IR-photonic structure. All these features, whose characteristic dimensions cover a range from several hundred down to a few micrometres, operate synergistically to improve the absorption, emission and, possibly, detection of IR radiation. We present a morphological characterization of the elytron, thermal imaging measurements and a theoretical IR model of insect elytron, uncovering a synergistic operation of all structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Vasiljević
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Danica Pavlović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Lazović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Branko Kolarić
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia; Micro- and Nanophotonic Materials Group, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Branislav Salatić
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Wang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
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21
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Asgari M, Alderete NA, Lin Z, Benavides R, Espinosa HD. A matter of size? Material, structural and mechanical strategies for size adaptation in the elytra of Cetoniinae beetles. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:236-248. [PMID: 33359296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nature's masterfully synthesized biological materials take on greater relevance when viewed through the perspective of evolutionary abundance. The fact that beetles (order Coleoptera) account for a quarter of all extant lifeforms on Earth, makes them prime exponents of evolutionary success. In fact, their forewings are acknowledged as key traits to their radiative-adaptive success, which makes the beetle elytra a model structure for next-generation bioinspired synthetic materials. In this work, the multiscale morphological and mechanical characteristics of a variety of beetle species from the Cetoniinae subfamily are investigated with the aim of unraveling the underlying principles behind Nature's adaptation of the elytral bauplan to differences in body weight spanning three orders of magnitude. Commensurate with the integral implications of size variation in organisms, a combined material, morphological, and mechanical characterization framework, across spatial scales, was pursued. The investigation revealed the simultaneous presence of size-invariant strategies (chemical compositions, layered-fibrous architectures, graded motifs) as well as size-dependent features (scaling of elytral layers and characteristic dimensions of building blocks), synergistically combined to achieve similar levels of biomechanical functionality (stiffness, energy absorption, strength, deformation and toughening mechanisms) in response to developmental and selection constraints. The integral approach here presented seeks to shed light on Nature's solution to the problem of size variation, which underpins the diversity of beetles and the living world.
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22
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Orłowski G, Niedzielski P, Karg J, Proch J. Colour-assisted variation in elytral ICP-OES-based ionomics in an aposematic beetle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22262. [PMID: 33335273 PMCID: PMC7746717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about how the elemental composition (ionome) of an insect cuticle varies as a result of different colouration. Using inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), we established ionomic profiles in microsamples of two adjacent regions of an insect cuticle with a contrasting colour pattern, namely, the black and orange regions of the elytra of the aposematic burying beetle Nicrophorus vespillo. The analysis revealed 53 elements (ranging in atomic weight from Na to Bi) occurring above the detection limit. The frequency of detectability of individual elements varied strongly, and only ten elements (Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Rb, Sb and Zn) were present in concentrations exceeding the detection limit in all the samples. The sum of concentrations of all elements in the orange regions of the elytra was 9% lower than in the black ones. The opposite distribution was displayed by the rare earth elements (REEs), the sum of which was 17% lower in the black elytral regions than in the orange ones. The concentrations of six elements were significantly higher in the black than in the orange regions: Al (by 97%), Cu (41%), Mn (14%), Na (46%), Se (97%) and W (47%). The concentrations of essential elements measured in both the black and orange regions exhibited very considerable variance: Ca (σ2 = 1834; 1882, respectively), K (145; 82) P (97; 76), Na (84; 53), Mg (24; 26) and Ba (9; 13). This, in part, could be attributed to individual differences, e.g. those resulting from the consumption of animal carcasses of different quality/chemical composition, but interference between elements and the consequent lowering of measurement quality are also possible. We highlight the fact that deeper insight into the basic relationship between insect colouration and variation in elemental composition requires micro-sampling of the homogeneous layers of an exoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Orłowski
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60-809, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Karg
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, ZielonaGóra, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Proch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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23
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Chen PY. Diabolical ironclad beetles inspire tougher joints for engineering applications. Nature 2020; 586:502-504. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Rivera J, Hosseini MS, Restrepo D, Murata S, Vasile D, Parkinson DY, Barnard HS, Arakaki A, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Toughening mechanisms of the elytra of the diabolical ironclad beetle. Nature 2020; 586:543-548. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Pei Y, Molley TG, Kilian KA. Enzyme Responsive Inverse Opal Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900555. [PMID: 32003532 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structured color in nature is controlled by nano- and micro-structured interfaces giving rise to a photonic bandgap. This study presents a biomimetic optical material based on polymeric inverse opals that respond to enzyme activity. Polymer colloids provide a template in which acryloyl-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) is integrated; dissolution of the colloids leads to a hydrogel inverse opal that can be lithographically patterned using transfer printing. Incorporating enzyme substrates within the voids provides a material that responds to the presence of proteases through a shift in the optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas G Molley
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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Zhou M, Huang D, Su X, Zhong J, Hassanein MF, An L. Analysis of microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of beetle forewings, Allomyrina dichotoma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110317. [PMID: 31761217 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the internal microstructure of the forewings of Allomyrina dichotoma is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results of SEM test show that the inner microstructure of the forewings possesses an integrated sandwich-like plate supported by trabeculae, which is composed of upper and lower skins of unequal thicknesses, and a honeycomb core with trabeculae. Beetle forewing is a natural composite material composed of chitin fibres and proteins. Also, based on the micro dimensions of the forewings observed by SEM, two groups of micro finite element (FE) models of the forewings (i.e., core with trabeculae and core without trabeculae) are established to compare and comprehensively understand the effect of trabeculae on the mechanical properties of the forewings. The FE simulation results demonstrate that the trabeculae could effectively (1) improve the stress state on the upper skin, lower skin, and core layer of the forewings, (2) improve the overall bending stiffness of the forewings, (3) enhance the peeling resistance between the skins and core layer, and (4) improve the buckling strength of the thin-walled core layer. The unique forewing structure of the Allomyrina dichotoma can provide an excellent bionic model for optimizing the traditional honeycomb panel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China.
| | - Dingqi Huang
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Xiaolong Su
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Jitao Zhong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 271019, China
| | - Mostafa Fahmi Hassanein
- Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Civil Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan
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27
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Structure, mechanics and material properties of claw cuticle from mole cricket Gryllotalpaorientalis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222116. [PMID: 31491009 PMCID: PMC6730930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Powerful shovel-like forelimbs with special shape, structure and biological materials enable mole cricket to digging efficiently. During digging, the tip of the claw needs to wedge into the soil, and the base needs to withstand considerable anti-shear force. In this study, we analysed the structural characteristics, material composition and mechanical properties of the claw teeth using scanning electron microscopy, plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, nanoindentation and finite element analysis. The results show that the tips of claw teeth have a dense and homogeneous structure and a higher hardness and contents of Mn and Zn compared with the base. The structure of the base of claw teeth has an obvious laminar structure and higher fracture resistance. Moreover, it is speculated from the simulation results that basal position of the claw teeth is tough enough to withstand high stress, and the presence of the ribs effectively improves the mechanical stability and load-bearing capacity of the teeth during excavation. The results of this study can provide inspiration for the design of efficient mechanical components and agricultural implements.
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28
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Godeau G, Orange F, Godeau RP, Szczepanski CR, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Variations in surface structures and wettability in the genus Pachnoda Burmeister. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2019. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to grow and live, all species need access to water and often the ability to control their intake thereof. Among species throughout the world, several animals and plants are known for unique surface patterns and features that influence their wettability in such a way that water is always readily accessible, even in arid and hot climates. In this work, the authors report a journey into the genus Pachnoda, studying 12 species or subspecies to compare their surface properties and wettabilities. This work reveals exceptional natural surface morphologies based on a honeycomb structure with significant variations depending on the Pachnoda genus. Even if the materials present on their surface are intrinsically hydrophilic, some of the species have parahydrophobic properties with apparent contact angles of up to 145° and extremely strong water adhesion. Only the Cassie–Baxter equation can explain these results indicating the presence of trapped air within these surface structures when a liquid, such as water, makes contact. Among the species explored here, water hydrophobicity and adhesion are controlled by the dimensions of the honeycombs, the presence of lamellar structures on the border of these features and the presence of roughness in their internal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Godeau
- Nature Inspires Creativity Engineers Lab, Institut méditerranéen du risque de l’environnement et du développement durable, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - François Orange
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - René-Paul Godeau
- Retired Nature Inspires Creativity Engineers Lab, Institut méditerranéen du risque de l’environnement et du développement durable, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Nature Inspires Creativity Engineers Lab, Institut méditerranéen du risque de l’environnement et du développement durable, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- Nature Inspires Creativity Engineers Lab, Institut méditerranéen du risque de l’environnement et du développement durable, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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Sun J, Liu C, Bhushan B. A review of beetle hindwings: Structure, mechanical properties, mechanism and bioinspiration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 94:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Li L, Guo C, Xu S, Ma Y, Yu Z. Nanoindentation Properties and Finite Element Analysis of the Rostrum of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:786-797. [PMID: 30898184 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the application of nanoindentation measurements and the finite element method for analyzing the mechanical properties of the rostrum of the outstanding driller Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer. Nanoindentation tests were carried out to measure the Young's modulus and hardness of the rostrum, with the results for the "dry" samples being 13.886 ± 0.75 and 0.368 ± 0.0445 GPa, respectively. The values for the "fresh" samples showed no clear difference from those of the "dry" ones. Moreover, field observation was conducted to determine the motion behaviors of the rostrum on the weevil. Micro-computed tomography technology was employed to obtain structural information about the rostrum, using 9 µm slices. A real three-dimensional model of the rostrum was created using the MIMICS application. Finally, the mechanical properties of the rostrum were determined by finite element analysis. It was concluded that the rostrum provides an ideal biological template for the design of biocomposite materials and lightweight tube-shaped structures. The properties determined in this study can potentially be applied in different fields, such as in the design of automotive hybrid transmission shafts, helicopter tail drive shafts, robotic arms, and other sandwich structures in aerospace engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016,People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Guo
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016,People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University at Nanling Campus,5988 Renmin Street,Changchun 130025,People's Republic of China
| | - Yaopeng Ma
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016,People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016,People's Republic of China
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31
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Meng L, Liang H, Yu H, Yang J, Li F, Wang Z, Zeng X. The energy absorption and bearing capacity of light-weight bio-inspired structures produced by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 93:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Zheng K, Zou Q, Yang Y, Mao Y, Zhang J, Cheng J. The Chromogen, Structure, Inspirations, and Applications of a Photo-, pH-, thermal-, Solvent-, and Mechanical-Response Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yacheng Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingzhu Mao
- China Architecture Design & Research Group, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Yazawa K, Numata K, Norma-Rashid Y. Morphological and mechanical properties of flexible resilin joints on damselfly wings (Rhinocypha spp.). PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513694 PMCID: PMC5841740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilin functions as an elastic spring that demonstrates extraordinary extensibility and elasticity. Here we use combined techniques, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illuminate the structure and study the function of wing flexibility in damselflies, focusing on the genus Rhinocypha. Morphological studies using LSCM and SEM revealed that resilin patches and cuticular spikes were widespread along the longitudinal veins on both dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. Nanoindentation was performed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the wing samples were divided into three sections (membrane of the wing, mobile and immobile joints). The resulting topographic images revealed the presence of various sizes of nanostructures for all sample sections. The elasticity range values were: membrane (0.04 to 0.16 GPa), mobile joint (1.1 to 2.0 GPa) and immobile joint (1.8 to 6.0 GPa). The elastomeric and glycine-rich biopolymer, resilin was shown to be an important protein responsible for the elasticity and wing flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Yazawa
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Enzyme Research Team, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Norma-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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34
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Zheng Y, Zhou X, Xing Z, Tu T. Fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface with underwater air-retaining properties by electrostatic flocking. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10719-10726. [PMID: 35541509 PMCID: PMC9078960 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13262j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic fern salvinia can retain an air layer on its hairy leaf surface when submerged under water, which is an inspiration for biomimetic applications like drag reduction. In this research, an electrostatic flocking technique is used to produce a hairy surface to mimic the air-trapping performance of the salvinia leaf. Viscose and nylon flocks with different sizes were selected. A volumetric method was established to analyze the air-retaining performance of the flocking samples, Salvinia molesta and lotus leaves as well. Through air volume change analyses, it is found that another factor that can affect the Salvinia molesta air-retaining ability is the curving of the leaf under water. A flocking sample fabricated by a kind of nylon flock is demonstrated to have a comparable air-retaining ability under static conditions as a Salvinia molesta leaf in its flat form. A flocking sample with underwater air-trapping abilities mimicking the Salvinia molesta leaf was fabricated and evaluated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Zhiqi Xing
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Tianmin Tu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
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35
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Zhang J, Zhang N, Liu Q, Ren H, Li P, Yang K. Investigation of Hybrid Materials Based on Polyurethane Modified with Aliphatic Side Chains Combined with Nano-TiO2. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetrahydrofuran ether diol (PTMG) were used as the raw materials for the synthesis of polyurethane (PU). 1,4-Butanediol, glyceryl monostearate, d-sorbitol tetrastearate, or d-trehalose hexastearate, all containing different amounts of aliphatic side chains, were used as the chain extenders and to introduce C18 side chains into the hard segments of PU, and hybrid materials were then fabricated by mixing PUs with nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2). The effects of the different chain extenders on the surface properties of PU coatings and the hybrid materials were investigated. All the materials were characterised by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, polarising microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and contact angle measurements. The results indicate that incremental changes in the number of side chains decrease the degree of microscale separation from the PU coating and increase the crystallinity of the aliphatic side chains. By introducing the aliphatic side chains, the surface coating presents many tiny protrusions, which enhance the surface roughness and the contact angle. Moreover, both the nano-TiO2 and aliphatic side chain content affect the contact angle of the hybrid materials. The as-obtained superhydrophobic materials exhibit contact angles above 150° with a sliding angle below 3° and present excellent mechanical properties such as hardness and Young’s modulus. The nano-TiO2 was chemically bonded to the molecular chains of PU, resulting in superhydrophobic materials with good acidic and alkaline resistance and anti-stripping properties.
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36
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Chen J, Xu M, Okabe Y, Guo Z, Yu X. Structural characteristics of the core layer and biomimetic model of the ladybug forewing. Micron 2017; 101:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Szczepanski CR, Guittard F, Darmanin T. Recent advances in the study and design of parahydrophobic surfaces: From natural examples to synthetic approaches. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 241:37-61. [PMID: 28132673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrophobic surfaces are an interesting class of materials that combines both high contact angles and very strong adhesion with wetting fluids, most commonly water. This unique set of properties makes parahydrophobic surfaces attractive for a variety of applications, including water harvesting and collection, guided fluid transport, and membrane development, amongst many others. Taking inspiration from natural surfaces that display this same behavior such as rose petals and gecko feet, synthetic approaches aim to incorporate the nano- and micro-scale topography as well as the low surface energy chemistry found on these interfaces. Here, we discuss the chemical and physical factors that contribute to parahydrophobic behavior and provide a comprehensive overview on the current technologies and procedures used towards constructing surfaces that mimic this behavior already observed in nature. This includes etching processes, colloidal assemblies, deposition methods, and in situ growth of surface features. Furthermore, issues such as ease of scale-up, efficiency of technical procedures, and other current challenges associated with these methods will be discussed to provide insight as to the future directions for this growing area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université Côte d'Azur, NICE Lab, IMREDD, 61-63 Av. Simon Veil, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Thierry Darmanin
- Université Côte d'Azur, NICE Lab, IMREDD, 61-63 Av. Simon Veil, 06200 Nice, France.
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38
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Wang L, Chen D, Jiang K, Shen G. New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6764-6815. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Materials based on biological materials are becoming increasingly competitive and are likely to be critical components in flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute & Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA
- Chinese PLA Medical School
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing 100853
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
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39
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Neinhuis C. Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20160191. [PMID: 27354736 PMCID: PMC4928508 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000 different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced. Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450 million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years. Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997. Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - M Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - C Neinhuis
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden 01217, Germany B CUBE Innovation Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01217, Germany
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40
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Characteristics of the tensile mechanical properties of fresh and dry forewings of beetles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 65:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Bajerlein D, Adamski Z, Kacalak W, Tandecka K, Wiesner M, Jurga S. To attach or not to attach? The effect of carrier surface morphology and topography on attachment of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropoda orbicularis (Acari). Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:61. [PMID: 27379399 PMCID: PMC4933732 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on preferences of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropodina for attachment sites have shown that they frequently select smooth and hydrophobic surfaces. The aim of our study was to provide the detailed morphological and topographical characteristics of beetle body surfaces to which deutonymphs frequently attach and to verify how the presence of setae and surface sculpture affects deutonymph attachment. The study was conducted on Uropoda orbicularis (Müller, 1776) and its common beetle carriers: Aphodius prodromus (Brahm, 1790), Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Margarinotus carbonarius (Hoffmann, 1803). Morphology and topography of elytra, femora, propygidia and pygidia of beetles were analysed mainly using SEM methods supported with CLSM and AFM techniques. The hypothesis that deutonymphs may attach to surfaces covered with setae, if seta density is low enough not to disturb mite movement, was tested. The study revealed that deutonymphs attach to surfaces of various types as follows: (i) smooth, (ii) hairy, i.e., covered with setae, (iii) flat and (iv) sculptured. Smooth body parts and body parts covered with setae of low density were most frequently and intensively occupied with deutonymphs. Surfaces of high seta density were avoided by mites. Within elytra of Aphodius beetles, deutonymphs definitely preferred flat surfaces of elytral intervals. On the contrary, densely punctuated propygidium and pygidium in M. carbonarius were heavily infested with deutonymphs. We conclude that carrier surface morphology and topography are important for Uropodina deutonymph attachment, but these two factors cannot fully explain the observed relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bajerlein
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory/Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kacalak
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, 75-620, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tandecka
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, 75-620, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Maciej Wiesner
- Department of Crystal Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.,NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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42
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Xiang J, Du J, Li D, Zhen C. Functional morphology and structural characteristics of wings of the ladybird beetle,Coccinella septempunctata(L.). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:550-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Xiang
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jianxun Du
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Daochun Li
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Chong Zhen
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Beijing 100191 China
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43
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Lin H, Qu Z, Meredith JC. Pressure sensitive microparticle adhesion through biomimicry of the pollen-stigma interaction. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2965-2975. [PMID: 26883733 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many soft biomimetic synthetic adhesives, optimized to support macroscopic masses (∼kg), have been inspired by geckos, insects and other animals. Far less work has investigated bioinspired adhesion that is tuned to micro- and nano-scale sizes and forces. However, such adhesive forces are extremely important in the adhesion of micro- and nanoparticles to surfaces, relevant to a wide range of industrial and biological systems. Pollens, whose adhesion is critical to plant reproduction, are an evolutionary-optimized system for biomimicry to engineer tunable adhesion between particles and micro-patterned soft matter surfaces. In addition, the adhesion of pollen particles is relevant to topics as varied as pollinator ecology, transport of allergens, and atmospheric phenomena. We report the first observation of structurally-derived pressure-sensitive adhesion of a microparticle by using the sunflower pollen and stigma surfaces as a model. This strong, pressure-sensitive adhesion results from interlocking between the pollen's conical spines and the stigma's receptive papillae. Inspired by this behavior, we fabricated synthetic polymeric patterned surfaces that mimic the stigma surface's receptivity to pollen. These soft mimics allow the magnitude of the pressure-sensitive response to be tuned by adjusting the size and spacing of surface features. These results provide an important new insight for soft material adhesion based on bio-inspired principles, namely that ornamented microparticles and micro-patterned surfaces can be designed with complementarity that enable a tunable, pressure-sensitive adhesion on the microparticle size and length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Lin
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, USA.
| | - Zihao Qu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, USA.
| | - J Carson Meredith
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, USA.
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Sun J, Wu W, Ling M, Bhushan B, Tong J. The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:904-13. [PMID: 27547607 PMCID: PMC4979654 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The diving beetles (Dytiscidae, Coleoptera) are families of water beetles. When they see light, they fly to the light source directly from the water. Their hind wings are thin and fragile under the protection of their elytra (forewings). When the beetle is at rest the hind wings are folded over the abdomen of the beetle and when in flight they unfold to provide the necessary aerodynamic forces. In this paper, the unfolding process of the hind wing of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera) was investigated. The motion characteristics of the blood in the veins of the structure system show that the veins have microfluidic control over the hydraulic mechanism of the unfolding process. A model is established, and the hind wing extending process is simulated. The blood flow and pressure changes are discussed. The driving mechanism for hydraulic control of the folding and unfolding actions of beetle hind wings is put forward. This can assist the design of new deployable micro air vehicles and bioinspired deployable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2); The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Mingze Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Dynamic Simulation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2); The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA
| | - Jin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
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Chen J, Xie J, Wu Z, Elbashiry EMA, Lu Y. Review of beetle forewing structures and their biomimetic applications in China: (I) On the structural colors and the vertical and horizontal cross-sectional structures. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:605-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Review of beetle forewing structures and their biomimetic applications in China: (II) On the three-dimensional structure, modeling and imitation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:620-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Guo HY, Li Q, Zhao HP, Zhou K, Feng XQ. Functional map of biological and biomimetic materials with hierarchical surface structures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties and functions of both biological and artificial materials with hierarchical surface structures are reviewed to establish the functional map of various hierarchical surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Qunyang Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Hong-Ping Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering
- AML
- Department of Engineering Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
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Webb HK, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Wettability of natural superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 210:58-64. [PMID: 24556235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the 'Lotus Effect' by Barthlott and Neinhuis in 1997, the existence of superhydrophobic surfaces in the natural world has become common knowledge. Superhydrophobicity is associated with a number of possible evolutionary benefits that may be bestowed upon an organism, ranging from the ease of dewetting of their surfaces and therefore prevention of encumbrance by water droplets, self-cleaning and removal of particulates and potential pathogens, and even to antimicrobial activity. The superhydrophobic properties of natural surfaces have been attributed to the presence of hierarchical microscale (>1 μm) and nanoscale (typically below 200 nm) structures on the surface, and as a result, the generation of topographical hierarchy is usually considered of high importance in the fabrication of synthetic superhydrophobic surfaces. When one surveys the breadth of data available on naturally existing superhydrophobic surfaces, however, it can be observed that topographical hierarchy is not present on all naturally superhydrophobic surfaces; in fact, the only universal feature of these surfaces is the presence of a sophisticated nanoscale structure. Additionally, several natural surfaces, e.g. those present on rose petals and gecko feet, display high water contact angles and high adhesion of droplets, due to the pinning effect. These surfaces are not truly superhydrophobic, and lack significant degrees of nanoscale roughness. Here, we discuss the phenomena of superhydrophobicity and pseudo-superhydrophobicity in nature, and present an argument that while hierarchical surface roughness may aid in the stability of the superhydrophobic effect, it is nanoscale surface architecture alone that is the true determinant of superhydrophobicity.
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Clark AJ, Triblehorn JD. Mechanical properties of the cuticles of three cockroach species that differ in their wind-evoked escape behavior. PeerJ 2014; 2:e501. [PMID: 25101230 PMCID: PMC4121590 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and material properties of insect cuticle remain largely unexplored, even though they comprise the majority (approximately 80%) of animals. Insect cuticle serves many functions, including protection against predatory attacks, which is especially beneficial to species failing to employ effective running escape responses. Despite recent advances in our understanding of insect escape behaviors and the biomechanics of insect cuticle, there are limited studies on the protective qualities of cuticle to extreme mechanical stresses and strains imposed by predatory attacks, and how these qualities vary between species employing different escape responses. Blattarians (cockroaches) provide an appropriate model system for such studies. Wind-evoked running escape responses are strong in Periplaneta americana, weak in Blaberus craniifer and absent in Gromphodorhina portentosa, putting the latter two species at greater risk of being struck by a predator. We hypothesized that the exoskeletons in these two larger species could provide more protection from predatory strikes relative to the exoskeleton of P. americana. We quantified the protective qualities of the exoskeletons by measuring the puncture resistance, tensile strength, strain energy storage, and peak strain in fresh samples of thoracic and abdominal cuticles from these three species. We found a continuum in puncture resistance, tensile strength, and strain energy storage between the three species, which were greatest in G. portentosa, moderate in B. craniifer, and smallest in P. americana. Histological measurements of total cuticle thickness followed this same pattern. However, peak strain followed a different trend between species. The comparisons in the material properties drawn between the cuticles of G. portentosa, B. craniifer, and P. americana demonstrate parallels between cuticular biomechanics and predator running escape responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Clark
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Jeffrey D Triblehorn
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston , Charleston, SC , USA ; Program in Neuroscience, College of Charleston , Charleston, SC , USA
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The hydraulic mechanism of the unfolding of hind wings in Dorcus titanus platymelus (order: Coleoptera). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6009-18. [PMID: 24722572 PMCID: PMC4013611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In most beetles, the hind wings are thin and fragile; when at rest, they are held over the back of the beetle. When the hind wing unfolds, it provides the necessary aerodynamic forces for flight. In this paper, we investigate the hydraulic mechanism of the unfolding process of the hind wings in Dorcus titanus platymelus (Oder: Coleoptera). The wing unfolding process of Dorcus titanus platymelus was examined using high speed camera sequences (400 frames/s), and the hydraulic pressure in the veins was measured with a biological pressure sensor and dynamic signal acquisition and analysis (DSA) during the expansion process. We found that the total time for the release of hydraulic pressure during wing folding is longer than the time required for unfolding. The pressure is proportional to the length of the wings and the body mass of the beetle. A retinal camera was used to investigate the fluid direction. We found that the peak pressures correspond to two main cross-folding joint expansions in the hind wing. These observations strongly suggest that blood pressure facilitates the extension of hind wings during unfolding.
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