1
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Liu S, Quek SY, Huang K. An Ecofriendly Nature-Inspired Microcarrier for Enhancing Delivery, Stability, and Biocidal Efficacy of Phage-Based Biopesticides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403465. [PMID: 38940376 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of sustainable agricultural production, the development of environmentally friendly and effective biopesticides is essential to improve food security and environmental sustainability. Bacteriophages, as emerging biocontrol agents, offer an alternative to conventional antibiotics and synthetic chemical pesticides. The primary challenges in applying phage-based biopesticides in agricultural settings are their inherent fragility and low biocidal efficacy, particularly the susceptibility to sunlight exposure. This study addresses the aforementioned challenges by innovatively encapsulating phages in sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which are derived from plant pollen grains. The size of the apertures on SECs could be controlled through a non-thermal and rapid process, combining reinflation and vacuum infusion techniques. This unique feature facilitates the high-efficiency encapsulation and controlled release of phages under various conditions. The proposed SECs could encapsulate over 9 log PFU g-1 of phages and significantly enhance the ultraviolet (UV) resistance of phages, thereby ensuring their enhanced survivability and antimicrobial efficacy. The effectiveness of SECs encapsulated phages (T7@SECs) in preventing and treating bacterial contamination on lettuce leaves is further demonstrated, highlighting the practical applicability of this novel biopesticide in field applications. Overall, this study exploits the potential of SECs in the development of phage-based biopesticides, presenting a promising strategy to enhancing agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kang Huang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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2
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Meligi NM, Dyab AKF. Natural sporopollenin microcapsules: biological evaluation and application in regulating hepatic toxicity of diclofenac sodium in vivo. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6193-6209. [PMID: 37522344 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00638g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (DIC) is a pain reliever and anti-nociceptive medication. Significant limitations of DIC treatment stem from its adverse effects. This study investigates the feasibility of using natural Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS) microcapsules loaded with DIC to mitigate the hepatotoxicity associated with DIC treatment. In addition, LCS microcapsules were tracked in the blood, stomach, small intestine, and feces of rats to demonstrate their morphological integrity and uptake behavior. Four groups (6 per group) of adult male albino rats were administered normal saline (control), empty LCS (30 mg kg-1), plain DIC (10 mg kg-1), and DIC-loaded LCS (40 mg kg-1) orally for seven consecutive days. The first comprehensive histological examination of the rat stomach demonstrated the robustness and bioadhesion ability of LCS under severe conditions. The findings suggested that these versatile microcapsules are unlikely to be digested in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The administration of DIC-loaded LCS was found to play a potential protective role in regulating DIC-induced substantially increased serum levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, DIC-loaded LCS restored the antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage, and liver histological architecture abnormalities caused by DIC. Microencapsulation of DIC into pollen-derived biomaterials could be employed as an efficient platform with enough safety coverage on rat liver, pending further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Meligi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | - Amro K F Dyab
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
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3
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Kolipaka T, Khairnar P, Phatale V, Pandey G, Famta P, Shah S, Asthana A, Nanduri S, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S. Multifaceted roles of pollen in the management of cancer. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123278. [PMID: 37516214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery of microparticles demonstrates shortcomings like aggregation, decreased loading capacity and batch-to-batch variation, which limits its scale-up. Later, porous structures gained attention because of their large surface-to-volume ratio, high loading capacity and ability to carry biomacromolecules, which undergo degradation in GIT. But there are pitfalls like non-uniform particle size distribution, the impact of porogen properties, and harsh chemicals. To circumvent these drawbacks, natural carriers like pollen are explored in drug delivery, which withstands harsh environments. This property helps to subdue the acid-sensitive drug in GIT. It shows uniform particle size distribution within the species. On the other side, they contain phytoconstituents like flavonoids and polysaccharides, which possess various pharmacological applications. Therefore, pollen has the capability as a carrier system and therapeutic agent. This review focuses on pollen's microstructure, composition and utility in cancer management. The extraction strategies, characterisation techniques and chemical structure of sporopollenin exine capsule, its use in the oral delivery of antineoplastic drugs, and emerging cancer treatments like photothermal therapy, immunotherapy and microrobots have been highlighted. We have mentioned a note on the anticancer activity of pollen extract. Further, we have summarised the regulatory perspective, bottlenecks and way forward associated with pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Asthana
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Khann B, Polpanich D, Opaprakasit P, Wongngam Y, Thananukul K, Kaewsaneha C. Fabrication of Sacha Inchi Oil-Loaded Microcapsules Employing Natural-Templated Lycopodium clavatum Spores and Their Pressure-Stimuli Release Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20937-20948. [PMID: 37323417 PMCID: PMC10268288 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric particles have attracted vast attention for use in various fields, especially as drug carriers and cosmetics, due to their excellent ability to protect active ingredients from the environment until reaching a target site. However, these materials are commonly produced from conventional synthetic polymers, which impose adverse effects on the environment due to their non-degradable nature, leading to waste accumulation and pollution in the ecosystem. This work aims to utilize naturally occurring Lycopodium clavatum spores to encapsulate sacha inchi oil (SIO), which contains active compounds with antioxidant activity, by applying a facile passive loading/solvent diffusion-assisted method. Sequential chemical treatments by acetone, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid were employed to remove native biomolecules from the spores before encapsulation effectively. These are mild and facile processes compared to other synthetic polymeric materials. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the clean, intact, and ready-to-use microcapsule spores. After the treatments, the structural morphology of the treated spores remained significantly unchanged compared to the untreated counterparts. With an oil/spore ratio of 0.75:1.00 (SIO@spore-0.75), high encapsulation efficiency and capacity loading values of 51.2 and 29.3%, respectively, were obtained. Using antioxidant assay (DPPH), the IC50 of SIO@spore-0.75 was 5.25 ± 3.04 mg/mL, similar to that of pure SIO (5.51 ± 0.31 mg/mL). Under pressure stimuli (1990 N/cm3, equivalent to a gentle press), a high amount of SIO was released (82%) from the microcapsules within 3 min. At an incubation time of 24 h, cytotoxicity tests showed a high cell viability of 88% at the highest concentration of the microcapsules (10 mg/mL), reflecting biocompatibility. The prepared microcapsules have a high potential for cosmetic applications, especially as functional scrub beads in facial washing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunthoeurn Khann
- School
of Integrated Science and Innovation, Sirindhorn
International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Polpanich
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum
Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pakorn Opaprakasit
- School
of Integrated Science and Innovation, Sirindhorn
International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Yodsathorn Wongngam
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum
Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kamonchanok Thananukul
- School
of Integrated Science and Innovation, Sirindhorn
International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Chariya Kaewsaneha
- School
of Integrated Science and Innovation, Sirindhorn
International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
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5
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Zhao D, Li Y, Zhang Z, Xu T, Ye C, Shi T, Wang Y. Extraordinary microcarriers derived from spores and pollens. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1121-1139. [PMID: 36637068 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01236g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spores and pollens refer to the reproductive cells of seed plants and asexually reproducing sporophytes, exhibiting a natural core-shell structure and exquisite surface morphology. They possess extraordinary dimensional homogeneity, porosity, amphiphilicity and adhesion. Their sporopollenin exine layer endows them with chemically stable, UV resistant, and biocompatible properties, which can also be facilely functionalized due to sufficient groups on the surface. The unique characteristics of spores and pollens have facilitated a wide range of applications in drug carriers, biological imaging, food science, microrobotics, environmental purification, flexible electronics, cell scaffolds, 3D printing materials and biological detection. This review showcases the common structural composition and physicochemical properties of spores and pollens, describes the extraction and processing methods, and summarizes the recent research on their applications in various fields. Following these sections, this review analyzes the existing challenges in spores and pollen research and provides a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danshan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Tian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Tianqiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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6
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Sporopollenin-inspired design and synthesis of robust polymeric materials. Commun Chem 2022; 5:110. [PMID: 36697794 PMCID: PMC9814627 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporopollenin is a mechanically robust and chemically inert biopolymer that constitutes the outer protective exine layer of plant spores and pollen grains. Recent investigation of the molecular structure of pine sporopollenin revealed unique monomeric units and inter-unit linkages distinct from other previously known biopolymers, which could be harnessed for new material design. Herein, we report the bioinspired synthesis of a series of sporopollenin analogues. This exercise confirms large portions of our previously proposed pine sporopollenin structural model, while the measured chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the synthetic sporopollenins constitute favorable attributes of a new kind of robust material. This study explores a new design framework of robust materials inspired by natural sporopollenins, and provides insights and reagents for future elucidation and engineering of sporopollenin biosynthesis in plants.
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7
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Spore exines increase vitamin D clinical bioavailability by mucoadhesion and bile triggered release. J Control Release 2022; 350:244-255. [PMID: 35973473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) are microcapsules derived from the outer shells (exines) of plant spore and pollen grains. This work reports the first clinical study on healthy volunteers to show enhanced bioavailability of vitamin D encapsulated in SpECs from Lycopodium clavatum L. spore grains vs vitamin D alone, and the first evidence (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) of mechanisms to account for the enhancement and release of the active in the small intestine. Evidence for mucoadhesion of the SpECs contributing to the mechanism of the enhancement is based on: (i) release profile over time of vitamin D in a double blind cross-over human study showing significant release in the small intestine; (ii) in vivo particle counting data in rat showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iii) ex vivo99mTc labelling and counting data using rat small intestine sections showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iv) in vitro mucoadhesion data. Triggered release by bile in the small intestine was shown in vitro using solid state NMR and HPLC.
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8
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Mohammed ASY, Dyab AKF, Taha F, Abd El-Mageed AIA. Pollen-derived microcapsules for aspirin microencapsulation: in vitro release and physico-chemical studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22139-22149. [PMID: 36043102 PMCID: PMC9364082 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02888c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is one of the most crucial therapies needed and/or used in a basic health system. Using biocompatible materials to encapsulate ASA would improve its therapeutic efficacy and reduce its side effects via controlled release in physiological environments. Consequently, we explore in this study the feasibility of encapsulation of ASA into robust Lycopodium clavatum L. sporopollenin (LCS) microcapsules. After extracting sporopollenin from their natural micrometer-sized raw spores, the physico-chemical features of the extracted sporopollenin, pure ASA, and sporopollenin loaded with ASA were characterised using various methods, including optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis.) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, we demonstrate the in vitro release profile of ASA in a triggered gastrointestinal environment utilizing kinetics analysis to investigate the mechanism of release. The LCS microcapsules were found to be excellent encapsulants for the crucial ASA drug and achieved controlled in vitro release, that would enable further investigations to rationally design versatile controlled delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Shymaa Y Mohammed
- Colloids & Advanced Materials Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Amro K F Dyab
- Colloids & Advanced Materials Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Fouad Taha
- Colloids & Advanced Materials Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Ahmed I A Abd El-Mageed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, GALALA University Galala City Suez 43711 Egypt.,Colloids & Advanced Materials Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
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9
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Wang X, Gao S, Yun S, Zhang M, Peng L, Li Y, Zhou Y. Microencapsulating Alginate-Based Polymers for Probiotics Delivery Systems and Their Application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:644. [PMID: 35631470 PMCID: PMC9144165 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exhibit many health benefits and a great potential for broad applications in pharmaceutical fields, such as prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), prevention and therapy of allergies, certain anticancer effects, and immunomodulation. However, their applications are limited by the low viability and metabolic activity of the probiotics during processing, storage, and delivery in the digestive tract. To overcome the mentioned limitations, probiotic delivery systems have attracted much attention. This review focuses on alginate as a preferred polymer and presents recent advances in alginate-based polymers for probiotic delivery systems. We highlight several alginate-based delivery systems containing various types of probiotics and the physical and chemical modifications with chitosan, cellulose, starch, protein, fish gel, and many other materials to enhance their performance, of which the viability and protective mechanisms are discussed. Withal, various challenges in alginate-based polymers for probiotics delivery systems are traced out, and future directions, specifically on the use of nanomaterials as well as prebiotics, are delineated to further facilitate subsequent researchers in selecting more favorable materials and technology for probiotic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanxia Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (X.W.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (L.P.); (Y.L.)
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10
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Yaacob SFFS, Jamil RZR, Suah FBM. Sporopollenin based materials as a versatile choice for the detoxification of environmental pollutants - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:990-1004. [PMID: 35381287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Before making the transfer to land, plants survive in water for millions of years to avoid the severe circumstances that prevail on lands, such as drought and UV radiation. All land plant spores are coated in sporopollenin, a substance that has developed to endow pollen and spore shells with exceptional, one-of-a-kind qualities. In a nutshell, sporopollenin-coated spores are a unique invention only seen in land plants. Sporopollenin, discovered in the outer exine layer of pollen walls, is a lipid and phenolic-based polymer with high carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen cross-linking. Products based on sporopollenin can remediate toxic pollutant contamination in the aquatic environment. This research and development are now underway. In this review, we show how sporopollenin-based adsorbents act in environmental challenges and their immense promise for this application via remarkable physical and chemical characteristics. A comparison is made of the benefits of various sporopollenin-modified structures. This strategy will further our understanding of how a biopolymer's structure can be accommodated to address emerging environmental challenges, revealing more about sporopollenin's dynamical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fariq Fathullah Syed Yaacob
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Raja Zalinda Raja Jamil
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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11
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Taha NF, Dyab AK, Emara LH, Meligi NM. Microencapsulation of Diclofenac Sodium into natural Lycopodium clavatum spores: In vitro release and gastro-ulcerogenic evaluations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Design of sporopollenin-based functional ingredients for gastrointestinal tract targeted delivery. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Eudragit-Coated Sporopollenin Exine Microcapsules (SEMC) of Phoenix dactylifera L. of 5-Fluorouracil for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111921. [PMID: 34834336 PMCID: PMC8621040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded pollens of Phoenix dactylifera and their coating with ERS was done and evaluated for the colon-targeted delivery of 5-FU to treat colon cancer. Sporopollenin exine microcapsules (SEMC) from the pollens of Phoenix dactylifera were extracted by the reflux method and 5-FU into SEMC was encapsulated by the vacuum-assisted loading method. 5-FU loaded SEMC was coated with Eudragit® RS-100 (ERS) by the organic solvent-evaporation technique under vacuum to avoid the discharge of 5-FU in the stomach and small intestine. Morphological and physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded SEMC (coated/uncoated) was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, XRD, and DSC. The encapsulation and drug loading were determined by the direct method, and an in vitro release study was performed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF/SIF). The colon-specific delivery of 5-FU from the SEMC was assessed in terms of pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal tract distribution after oral administration in rats. The successful encapsulation and loading of 5-FU into SEMC by a vacuum-assisted loading technique and its coating with ERS by a solvent-evaporation technique were achieved. SEM images of uncoated SEMC have shown porous structures, and coating with ERS reserved their morphology with a smooth surface and discrete microstructures and the 5% w/v ERS acetone solution. ERS-coated SEMC sustained the release of 5-FU until 24 h in SIF, while it was up to 12 h only from uncoated SEMC. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5-FU from uncoated SEMC was 102.82 μg/mL after 1 h, indicating a rapid release of 5-FU in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This concentration decreased quickly with a half-life of 4 h, AUC0-t was 264.1 μg/mL.h, and MRT0-inf was 5.2 h. The Cmax of 5-FU from ERS-coated SEMC was 19.47 μg/mL at 16 h. The Cmax of 5-FU in small intestines was 406.2 μg/g at 1 h from uncoated SEMC and 1271.5 μg/g at 12 h from coated SEMC. Conclusively, a 249.9-fold higher relative bioavailability of 5-FU was achieved with the ERS-coated SEMC in colon tissues than that from uncoated SEMC.
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14
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Ourani-Pourdashti S, Azadi A. Pollens in therapeutic/diagnostic systems and immune system targeting. J Control Release 2021; 340:308-317. [PMID: 34763004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pollen is an excellent natural substance that plays an essential role in the reproduction of plants. In this review, we explain the structure, compositions, and characteristics of pollens. We consider pollen as a multifunctional tool that can be used in therapeutic/diagnostic systems. This microcapsule can be used in the forms of the hollow microcapsule, microgel, and composite, and also can be a tool for the synthesis of micro/nanostructures in various medical applications and used for the production of genetically modified plants that affect human health. In addition, we investigate the capability of this multifunctional tool in the immune system targeting that acts as an immunomodulator. In all applications and capabilities, we explain the potential of using nanostructures as parts of these systems and as auxiliary tools for promoting the applications of pollen. It is expected that soon, with the help of pollen-based therapeutic/diagnostic systems with the ability to immune system targeting, we will achieve effective and targeted therapeutic systems for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we suggest some ideas that may be a new step for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ourani-Pourdashti
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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15
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Deng Z, Li J, Song R, Zhou B, Li B, Liang H. Carboxymethylpachymaran/alginate gel entrapping of natural pollen capsules for the encapsulation, protection and delivery of probiotics with enhanced viability. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Qi H, Dun J, Zhao F, Qi X. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of taste-masked ibuprofen formulated in oral dry emulsions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1318-1325. [PMID: 34605349 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1989458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a pediatric oral preparation for ibuprofen. SIGNIFICANCE Ibuprofen is widely used for defervescence in children, but medication compliance is poor due to its bitter taste. Dry emulsions possess good stability and can be transported and stored in solid form; they can be dispersed into liquid emulsions with water and easily administered to children. METHODS In this study, a dry emulsion excipient was prepared by spray drying: a mixture of orange peel and corn oils (3:7, w/w) was used as the oil phase and solvent for ibuprofen; gum arabic and gum tragacanth were chosen as emulsifiers; and maltodextrin was used as a solid carrier. RESULTS The particle sizes of the liquid and reconstituted emulsions were 5.75 µm and 6.11 µm, respectively; the average particle size distribution of the dry emulsion powder was 8.13 µm; scanning electron microscopy showed that the dry emulsion powder was composed of evenly distributed smooth spheres. At a drug loading of 36.52 ± 1.15 mg/g, 90% of ibuprofen was released from the dry emulsion excipient within 30 min. Sensory evaluations using human volunteers, rats, and an electronic tongue demonstrated that the emulsion had a taste-masking effect on ibuprofen. It was further corroborated by in vivo studies using a rat model that highlighted a 1.76-fold increase in ibuprofen absorption when the drug was administered as an emulsion compared with granules. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the dry emulsion for taste-masking is promising and valuable in the development of ibuprofen for pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Jiening Dun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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17
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Encapsulation of folic acid (vitamin B 9) into sporopollenin microcapsules: Physico-chemical characterisation, in vitro controlled release and photoprotection study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112271. [PMID: 34474830 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is a crucial vitamin for all living creatures. However, it is susceptible to degradation under pH, heat, ultraviolet (UV) and day sunlight conditions, resulting in lowering its bioavailability. Therefore, a versatile protective encapsulation system for FA is highly required to overcome its inherent instability. We report the use of the robust Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS) microcapsules, extracted from their natural micrometer-sized raw spores, for FA microencapsulation. The physico-chemical characterisation of the LCS microcapsules are comprehensively investigated before and after the microencapsulation using SEM, elemental, CLSM, FTIR, TGA/DTG and XRD analyses, revealing a successful FA encapsulation within the LCS in an amorphous form. The phenylpropanoid acids, responsible for the UV protection and the autofluorescence of the LCS, were found in the LCS as evidenced by FTIR analysis. TGA/DTG results revealed that the hemi-cellulose and cellulose are the major component of the LCS. A controlled and sustained release of FA from FA-loaded LCS were achieved where the release profile of FA-loaded LCS was found to be pH-dependent. The percentages of cumulative FA released after 10 h at 37 ± 0.5 °C were 45.5% and 76.1% in pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively, ensuring controlled and slow release in simulated physiological conditions. The FA release kinetic studies indicated the prevalence of the Fickian diffusion mechanism in pH 1.2, while anomalous non-Fickian transport was ascribed for FA release in pH 7.4. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that the obtained formulations were biocompatible against the human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line. The versatile LCS microcapsules exhibited intriguing photostability for FA under UV or sunlight irradiation. Concretely, the obtained FA sustained delivery and photoprotection properties of these LCS microcapsules validate their multifunctional characteristics, opening up intriguing applications in oral and topical drug delivery as well as in food industry.
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18
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Ageitos JM, Robla S, Valverde-Fraga L, Garcia-Fuentes M, Csaba N. Purification of Hollow Sporopollenin Microcapsules from Sunflower and Chamomile Pollen Grains. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2094. [PMID: 34202181 PMCID: PMC8271440 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen grains are natural microcapsules comprised of the biopolymer sporopollenin. The uniformity and special tridimensional architecture of these sporopollenin structures confer them attractive properties such as high resistance and improved bioadhesion. However, natural pollen can be a source of allergens, hindering its biomedical applicability. Several methods have been developed to remove internal components and allergenic compounds, usually involving long and laborious processes, which often cannot be extended to other pollen types. In this work, we propose an abridged protocol to produce stable and pristine hollow pollen microcapsules, together with a complete physicochemical and morphological characterization of the intermediate and final products. The optimized procedure has been validated for different pollen samples, also producing sporopollenin microcapsules from Matricaria species for the first time. Pollen microcapsules obtained through this protocol presented low protein content (4.4%), preserved ornamented morphology with a nanoporous surface, and low product density (0.14 g/cm3). These features make them interesting candidates from a pharmaceutical perspective due to the versatility of this biomaterial as a drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Noemi Csaba
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Department Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.M.A.); (S.R.); (L.V.-F.); (M.G.-F.)
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19
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Iravani S, Varma RS. Plant Pollen Grains: A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:128. [PMID: 34138347 PMCID: PMC8124031 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications such as drug/vaccine delivery, catalyst support, and the removal of heavy metals. The natural microcapsules comprising spore shells and pollen grain are designed for protecting the genetic materials of plants from exterior impairments. Two layers make up the shell, the outer layer (exine) that comprised largely of sporopollenin, and the inner layer (intine) that built chiefly of cellulose. These microcapsule shells, namely hollow sporopollenin exine capsules have some salient features such as homogeneity in size, non-toxic nature, resilience to both alkalis and acids, and the potential to withstand at elevated temperatures; they have displayed promising potential for the microencapsulation and the controlled drug delivery/release. The important attribute of mucoadhesion to intestinal tissues can prolong the interaction of sporopollenin with the intestinal mucosa directing to an augmented effectiveness of nutraceutical or drug delivery. Here, current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs and vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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20
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Hegedüs K, Fehér C, Jalsovszky I, Kristóf Z, Rohonczy J, Vass E, Farkas A, Csizmadia T, Friedbacher G, Hantz P. Facile isolation and analysis of sporopollenin exine from bee pollen. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9952. [PMID: 33976296 PMCID: PMC8113464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present facile methods to obtain purified sporopollenin exine capsules, and provide mass balances for classical and novel purification procedures. An ionic liquid, tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxide turned out to be the most effective in removing the intine wall. The sporopollenin capsules were investigated by fluorescent microscopy, AFM, solid-state NMR and infrared Raman spectroscopy. The latter two methods showed that sunflower and rape exines have different proportions of O-aliphatic and aromatic constituents. Purified exine capsules were coated with functionalized fluorophores. The procedures presented in this paper could contribute to further spread of the applications of this hollow, and chemically highly resistant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fehér
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - István Jalsovszky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kristóf
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - János Rohonczy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Elemér Vass
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Hantz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Fibervar Llc., Str. Bolintineanu Nr. 20, 400062, Cluj/Kolozsvár, Romania.
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, 1113, Hungary.
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21
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Austin AJ, Gilbert JDJ. Solitary bee larvae prioritize carbohydrate over protein in parentally provided pollen. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Austin
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
- Strategy & Environment Ku‐ring‐gai Council Gordon NSW Australia
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22
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Deng Z, Wang S, Pei Y, Zhou B, Li J, Hou X, Li B, Liang H. Tuning of Molecular Interactions between Zein and Tannic Acid to Modify Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules: Enhanced Stability and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Macromolecules. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2686-2695. [PMID: 35014307 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles for the storage and digestion of orally administered bioactive macromolecules. This study developed a low-cost and sustained-release delivery system (sporopollenin exine capsules with zein/tannic acid modification) of proteins with excellent storage stability, and at the same time provided insights into the sustained-release mechanism through exploring the interaction between zein and tannic acid (TA). β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) was utilized as a model protein and loaded into sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which were then coated with the zein/TA system. Under the optimized zein/TA conditions, the zein/TA system showed better performance than the zein alone system in the sustained release of β-Gal, with the residual activity of about 70.26% after 24 h of simulated digestion. Evaluation of the storage stability demonstrated a β-Gal residual activity of nearly 90% for 28 days at 25 °C. Additionally, FTIR analysis demonstrated that the stability of the zein/TA system depends on both hydrogen bonding and certain covalent bonding through the Schiff-base reaction, and the sustained release is regulated by the bonding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.,Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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23
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Newly isolated sporopollenin microcages from Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra as carrier for Oxaliplatin; xCELLigence RTCA-based release assay. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Deng Z, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhou B, Hou X, Li J, Li B, Liang H. Designable Carboxymethylpachymaran/Metal Ion Architecture on Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules as Delivery Vehicles for Bioactive Macromolecules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13990-14000. [PMID: 33174430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for oral administration of bioactive macromolecules. Here, we engineered an oral delivery vehicle (sporopollenin exine capsules with carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP)/metal ion modification) with targeted release based on food-grade ingredients and processing operations. Then, the interaction and binding mechanisms between CMP and metal ions in the vehicle were investigated. By using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as a model protein, the systems were characterized for the surface morphology and monitored by the in vitro release profile of β-Gal. Notably, the CMP/metal ion systems not only markedly decreased the CMP dosage but also achieved a valid long-term release compared with the previously reported CMP system. Among all the systems, the CMP/3% AlCl3 system showed the best ability to control the release with the maximum residual activity of β-Gal at nearly 72% after 24 h of treatment. Subsequently, the interaction mechanism between CMP and metal ions within the system was characterized by the perspectives of microstructure, rheological properties, and spectroscopy characteristics. The results indicated that the low pH conditions are conducive to the further cross-linking of CMP and metal ions, resulting in a high gel strength and thus a dense structure, which can impact the controlled release of β-Gal in the GIT. Overall, the system may be utilized in the administration of medical and functional foods, specifically for the delivery of bioactive proteins via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
- Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
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25
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Engineering oral delivery of hydrophobic bioactives in real-world scenarios. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Carboxymethylpachymaran-zein coated plant microcapsules-based β-galactosidase encapsulation system for long-term effective delivery. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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28
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Becherini S, Mitmoen M, Tran CD. Natural Sporopollenin Microcapsules Facilitated Encapsulation of Phase Change Material into Cellulose Composites for Smart and Biocompatible Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44708-44721. [PMID: 31725254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) are empty microcapsules that are 25 μm in diameter and have extensive networks of ∼200 nm diameter holes obtained by chemically removing all external and internal cytoplastic materials from the natural pollen grains. We have demonstrated that a phase change material (PCM) such as n-eicosane (EIS), a natural paraffin wax, can be successfully encapsulated in the SECs to produce [EIS@SEC]. The high stability and robust nature of SECs retain EIS in the microcavity even during phase transitions, enabling EIS to fully maintain its phase change property while also protecting the EIS from elevated temperatures and corrosive environments. [EIS@SEC] can, therefore, be incorporated into cellulose (CEL) composites with a synthetic process that uses the simple ionic liquid butylmethylimmidazolium chloride to produce [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites. Similar to EIS alone, EIS in the [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites melts when heated and crystallizes when cooled. The energies associated with the crystallization and melting processes enable the [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites to fully exhibit the properties expected of PCMs, i.e., heating the surroundings when they cool and absorbing energy from the surroundings when they warm. The efficiency of latent heat storage and release of [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites was estimated to be around 57% relative to pure EIS. The fact that the DSC curves of the [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites remain the same after going through the heating-melting cycle 220 times clearly indicates that SEC effectively retains EIS in its cavity and protects it from leaking and that the [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites are highly stable and reliable as a phase change material. The [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites are superior to any other available materials based on encapsulated PCM because they are not only robust, reliable, and stable and have strong mechanical properties. They are also are sustainable and biocompatible because as they are synthesized from all naturally abundant materials using a green and recyclable synthesis. These features enable the [CEL+EIS@SEC] composites to be uniquely suited as high performance materials for such uses as dressings to treat burnt wounds, smart textiles for clothing, smart building materials, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Becherini
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201 , United States
| | - Mark Mitmoen
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201 , United States
| | - Chieu D Tran
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201 , United States
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29
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Bailey CS, Zarins-Tutt JS, Agbo M, Gao H, Diego-Taboada A, Gan M, Hamed RB, Abraham ER, Mackenzie G, Evans PA, Goss RJM. A natural solution to photoprotection and isolation of the potent polyene antibiotic, marinomycin A. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7549-7553. [PMID: 31588306 PMCID: PMC6761879 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoprotection and isolation of marinomycin A using sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) derived from the spores of the plant Lycopodium clavatum is described. The marinomycins have a particularly short half-life in natural light, which severely impacts their potential biological utility given that they display potent antibiotic and anticancer activity. The SpEC encapsulation of the marinomycin A dramatically increases the half-life of the polyene macrodiolide to the direct exposure to UV radiation by several orders of magnitude, thereby making this a potentially useful strategy for other light sensitive bioactive agents. In addition, we report that the SpECs can also be used to selectively extract culture broths that contain the marinomycins, which provides a significantly higher recovery than with conventional XAD resins and provides concomitant photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Bailey
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Joseph S Zarins-Tutt
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Matthias Agbo
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alberto Diego-Taboada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Hull , HU6 7RX , UK .
- Sporomex Ltd. , Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, East Yorkshire , Bridlington , YO16 4LZ , UK
| | - Maoluo Gan
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Refaat B Hamed
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Emily R Abraham
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Grahame Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Hull , HU6 7RX , UK .
- Sporomex Ltd. , Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, East Yorkshire , Bridlington , YO16 4LZ , UK
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , ON K7L 3N6 , Canada .
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- Department of Chemistry , BSRC , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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30
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Deng Z, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhou B, Li J, Hou X, Li J, Li B, Liang H. Carboxymethylpachymaran entrapped plant-based hollow microcapsules for delivery and stabilization of β-galactosidase. Food Funct 2019; 10:4782-4791. [PMID: 31313784 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) as a dietary supplement can alleviate symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, β-Gal is deactivated due to the highly acidic conditions and proteases in the digestive tract. In this work, β-Gal was encapsulated into L. clavatum sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) to fabricate an oral-controlled release system and increase the stability of β-Gal in the digestive tract. The SEC extraction process was optimized. A 3-hour vacuum loading was determined as the optimal loading time. Five different initial ratios of SECs : β-Gal were optimized with the maximum enzyme retention rate reaching 79.40 ± 1.96%. Furthermore, β-Gal-loaded SECs entrapped in carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP) could control the release of β-Gal under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGC). The optimal enzyme retention rate reached 65.33 ± 1.46% within 24 h under SGC. Collectively, these results indicated that the entrapped SECs could be used as an effective oral delivery vehicle of β-Gal to improve its performance as a dietary supplement in the digestion of lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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31
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Fan TF, Potroz MG, Tan EL, Ibrahim MS, Miyako E, Cho NJ. Species-Specific Biodegradation of Sporopollenin-Based Microcapsules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9626. [PMID: 31270392 PMCID: PMC6610089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporoderms, the outer layers of plant spores and pollen grains, are some of the most robust biomaterials in nature. In order to evaluate the potential of sporoderms in biomedical applications, we studied the biodegradation in simulated gastrointestinal fluid of sporoderm microcapsules (SDMCs) derived from four different plant species: lycopodium (Lycopodium clavatum L.), camellia (Camellia sinensis L.), cattail (Typha angustifolia L.), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.). Dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to investigate the morphological characteristics of the capsules, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate their chemical properties. We found that SDMCs undergo bulk degradation in a species-dependent manner, with camellia SDMCs undergoing the most extensive degradation, and dandelion and lycopodium SDMCs being the most robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Shahrudin Ibrahim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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Uddin MJ, Abidi N, Warzywoda J, Gill HS. Investigation of the Fate of Proteins and Hydrophilicity/Hydrophobicity of Lycopodium clavatum Spores after Organic Solvent-Base-Acid Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20628-20641. [PMID: 31082202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules extracted from lycopodium ( Lycopodium clavatum) spores have been increasingly used as an oral therapeutic carrier. A series of sequential treatments involving acetone, KOH, and H3PO4 are used to extract a protein-free hollow microcapsule. This study focuses on two critical aspects of lycopodium spores: the fate of native proteins and the wettability of the spores after a chemical treatment. Protein-free spores are desired to prevent an allergic reaction, whereas the wettability is critical for the formulation development. Although the chemically treated lycopodium spores are generally regarded as protein free, the studies that have reported this have not gone into significant depths to understand the nature of residual nitrogen observed even in spores thought to be protein free. Wettability of spores has not received any significant attention. Accordingly, in this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of natural spores and spores after each chemical treatment step. We show that natural lycopodium spores are hydrophobic and contain low-molecular-weight proteins (∼10 kD). Acetone treatment partially solubilizes unsaturated phospholipids from the spores. Nevertheless, the acetone-treated spores retain native proteins and are still hydrophobic. KOH treatment, however, removes a significant amount of proteins and partially hydrolyzes esters to carboxylic acid salts and results in a hydrophilic spore with a good wettability. Finally, we show that the H3PO4 treatment removes residual proteins, hydrolyzes remaining esters to carboxylic acids, and dissolves carbohydrates. H3PO4 treatment temperature controls carbohydrate dissolution, which in turn affects the hydroxyl functional groups and hydrophilicity (wettability) of the treated spores. Spores treated at 60 °C as opposed to 160 °C are amphiphilic in nature due to the abundance of hydroxyl functional groups on the surface. In conclusion, this study confirms the removal of native proteins from treated spores and sheds light on the chemical changes that the spores undergo after chemical treatment and correlates these changes to their wettability.
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Qin W, He Y, Guo Z, Zhang L, Wu L, Yin X, Shakya S, Maharjan A, Tang Y, Zhu W, Zhang J. Optimization of taste-masking on ibuprofen microspheres with selected structure features. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:174-182. [PMID: 32104449 PMCID: PMC7032204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsphere was a primary particulate system for taste-masking with unique structural features defined by production process. In this article, ibuprofen lipid microspheres of octadecanol and glycerin monostearate were prepared to mask the undesirable taste of ibuprofen via three kinds of spray congealing processes, namely, air-cooling, water-cooling and citric acid solution-cooling. The stereoscopic and internal structures of ibuprofen microspheres were quantitatively analyzed by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT) to establish the relationship between the preparation process and microsphere architectures. It was found that the microstructure and morphology of the microspheres were significantly influenced by preparation processes as the primary factors to determine the release profiles and taste-masking effects. The sphericity of ibuprofen microspheres congealed in citric acid solution was higher than that of other two and its morphology was more regular than that being congealed in air or distilled water, and the contact angles between congealing media and melted ibuprofen in octadecanol and glycerin monostearate well demonstrated the structure differences among microspheres of three processes which controlled the release characteristics of the microspheres. The structure parameters like porosity, sphericity, and radius ratio from quantitative analysis were correlated well with drug release behaviors. The results demonstrated that the exterior morphology and internal structure of microspheres had considerable influences on the drug release behaviors as well as taste-masking effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanzhi He
- Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shailendra Shakya
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Abi Maharjan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Fan TF, Potroz MG, Tan EL, Park JH, Miyako E, Cho NJ. Human blood plasma catalyses the degradation of Lycopodium plant sporoderm microcapsules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2944. [PMID: 30814619 PMCID: PMC6393489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sporoderm are among the most robust biomaterials in nature. We investigate the erosion of Lycopodium sporoderm microcapsules (SDMCs) triggered by human blood plasma. Dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrate the degradation events, suggesting bulk erosion as the dominant mechanism for SDMCs fragmentation in human blood. These results should prove valuable in discerning the behaviour of SDMCs in potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae H Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore.
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Uddin MJ, Gill HS. From allergen to oral vaccine carrier: A new face of ragweed pollen. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:286-294. [PMID: 29729407 PMCID: PMC6223656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of vaccines is highly desirable, yet it has met with limited success. Previously we developed allergen-free pollen grains as a novel approach for oral vaccination. We showed that spores of Lycopodium clavatum can be used for oral vaccination. However, it is unknown if pollens of other species can be similarly used as an oral vaccine carrier. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated common ragweed (RW) pollen (Ambrosia elatior) for its oral vaccination potential. Allergen-free RW pollens were prepared from natural pollens through chemical treatment. Eight weekly oral doses of ovalbumin (OVA) formulated with treated RW generated strong systemic (anti-OVA IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA) and mucosal (anti-OVA IgA) immune responses that sustained for at least three months after vaccination. Mucosal IgA against OVA was found in the lung lavage, feces, saliva, and vaginal secretion. Moreover, three and half months after the last immunization OVA-specific plasma cells were found in the bone marrow that actively secreted IgG and IgG1 antibodies. No IgE against RW-specific proteins was detected in the serum. Overall, RW pollen demonstrated potential for oral vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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36
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Gonzalez-Cruz P, Uddin MJ, Atwe SU, Abidi N, Gill HS. A chemical treatment method for obtaining clean and intact pollen shells of different species. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2319-2329. [PMID: 31106262 PMCID: PMC6516503 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as a novel biomaterial for a broad range of applications including oral drug and vaccine delivery, catalyst support, and removal of heavy metals. However, before pollens can be used, their intrinsic biomolecules, which occupy a large part of the pollen inner cavity must be removed not only to create empty space but because they have potential to cause allergies when used in vivo. These intrinsic materials in the pollen core can be extracted through a chemical treatment to generate clean pollen shells. The commonly used method involves a series of sequential treatments with organic solvents, alkalis, and acids to remove the native pollen biomolecules. This method, though successful for treating lycopodium (Lycopodium clavatum) spores, fails for other species of pollens such as common ragweed (Ambrosia elatior) and thus prevents widespread investigation of different pollens. Herein, we report a new chemical treatment for obtaining clean pollen shells from multiple plant species. This new method involves sequential treatment with acetone, phosphoric acid, and potassium hydroxide. Scanning electron micrographs and protein quantification have shown that the new method can successfully produce clean, intact, and hollow shells from many pollen species including ragweed, sunflower, black alder, and lamb's quarters. These results demonstrate the broad applicability of this method to clean pollens of different species, and paves the way to start investigating them for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonzalez-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Shashwati U. Atwe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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37
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Fan T, Park JH, Pham QA, Tan EL, Mundargi RC, Potroz MG, Jung H, Cho NJ. Extraction of cage-like sporopollenin exine capsules from dandelion pollen grains. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6565. [PMID: 29700313 PMCID: PMC5920053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen-based microcapsules such as hollow sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) have emerged as excellent drug delivery and microencapsulation vehicles. To date, SECs have been extracted primarily from a wide range of natural pollen species possessing largely spherical geometries and uniform surface features. Nonetheless, exploring pollen species with more diverse architectural features could lead to new application possibilities. One promising class of candidates is dandelion pollen grains, which possess architecturally intricate, cage-like microstructures composed of robust sporopollenin biopolymers. Here, we report the successful extraction and macromolecular loading of dandelion SECs. Preservation of SEC morphology and successful removal of proteinaceous materials was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, elemental CHN analysis, dynamic image particle analysis (DIPA) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Among the tested processing schemes, acidolysis using 85% (v/v) phosphoric acid refluxed at 70 °C for 5 hours yielded an optimal balance of intact particle yield, protein removal, and preservation of cage-like microstructure. For proof-of-concept loading, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was encapsulated within the dandelion SECs with high efficiency (32.23 ± 0.33%). Overall, our findings highlight how hollow microcapsules with diverse architectural features can be readily prepared and utilized from plant-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quynh Anh Pham
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghavendra C Mundargi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haram Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore.
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38
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Dyab AKF, Sadek KU. Microwave assisted one-pot green synthesis of cinnoline derivatives inside natural sporopollenin microcapsules. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23241-23251. [PMID: 35540124 PMCID: PMC9081757 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a green and efficient approach for the synthesis of novel cinnoline derivatives inside natural Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS) microcapsules via a one-pot microwave (MW) assisted reaction for the first time. We also propose the concept that the robust micrometre-sized sporopollenin microcapsules can act as MW microreactors. We demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by in situ synthesising 8-hydroxy-7-nitro-6-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-oxo-2-(p-tolyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrocinnoline-4-carbonitrile inside the LCS microcapsules via a microwave (MW) assisted reaction of ethyl 5-cyano-4-methyl-6-oxo-1-(p-tolyl)-1,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxylate with 1-nitro-2-phenylethylene in the presence of piperidine as a base at 100 °C for 20 minutes. The LCS microparticles are extensively characterised before and after the MW induced reaction using several techniques. The formation of the cinnoline compound inside the LCS microcapsules is confirmed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) analyses, we show that the structural integrity of the cinnoline compound, recovered from the cinnoline loaded (cinn-loaded) LCS, is preserved. The pure cinnoline is found to show promising optical properties with two λmax absorption peaks at 310 and 610 nm. Both the pure cinnoline and cinn-loaded LCS show promising antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Bacillus cereus (Gram-negative) human pathogenic bacterial strains. The successful MW induced reaction of the prominent cinnoline derivative inside the biocompatible LCS microreactors can open up intriguing applications in materials and pharmaceutical sciences. We have achieved in situ microwave assisted green syntheses of a novel cinnoline derivative inside natural sporopollenin microreactors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro K. F. Dyab
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Minia University
- Minia 61519
- Egypt
| | - Kamal Usef Sadek
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Minia University
- Minia 61519
- Egypt
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Dyab AKF, Mohamed MA, Meligi N, Mohamed SK. Encapsulation of erythromycin and bacitracin antibiotics into natural sporopollenin microcapsules: antibacterial, cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo release studies for enhanced bioavailability. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33432-33444. [PMID: 35548145 PMCID: PMC9086482 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature produces large quantities of superbly complex and highly reliable microcapsules. The micrometre-sized Lycopodium clavatum spores are one example of these robust capsules. The encapsulation of erythromycin (EM) and bacitracin (BAC) antibiotics into the Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS) extracted from these spore species is explored for the first time. The LCS microparticles are extensively characterised before and after loading using SEM, CLSM, TGA and FTIR techniques. The loading capacity and entrapping efficiency of EM were 16.2 and 32.4%, respectively. The antibacterial activities of pure antibiotics, empty LCS and the antibiotic-loaded LCS were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram-negative) human pathogenic bacterial strains. A remarkable increase in the antibacterial fold activity of both EM- and BAC-loaded LCS compared to that of the pure antibiotics is observed. Crucial for drug delivery applications, empty LCS, EM- and BAC-loaded LCS were found to be nontoxic against human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2 as revealed by the cytotoxicity evaluation. The in vitro release mechanism of EM in pH 7.4 showed a deviation from Fick's law. In vivo release of EM from EM-loaded LCS (an oral dose of 50 mg kg−1) revealed high values of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–6 h and AUC0–∞ were 1620 and 2147 μg h L−1, respectively) indicative of the enhanced EM bioavailability. The successful loading of antibiotics into the nontoxic LCS and the enhanced bioavailability can open up intriguing applications in oral and topical drug delivery strategies. Antibacterial activity and bioavailability of antibiotics are enhanced after a successful loading into nontoxic natural Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin microcapsules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro K. F. Dyab
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Minia University
- Minia 61519
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Mohamed
- Plant Pathology Research Institute
- Agricultural Research Center
- Giza 12655
- Egypt
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia)
| | - Noha M. Meligi
- Zoology Department
- Faculty of Science
- Minia University
- Minia 61519
- Egypt
| | - Shaaban K. Mohamed
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Faculty of Science & Engineering
- School of Healthcare Science
- Manchester
- UK
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40
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Wu D, Liang Y, Huang K, Jing X, Li B, Liang H. Leveraging plant exine capsules as pH-responsive delivery vehicles for hydrophobic nutraceutical encapsulation. Food Funct 2018; 9:5436-5442. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant exine capsules are natural microscale capsules that are highly physically robust and chemically resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Youyan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Xinyi Jing
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
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41
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Uddin MJ, Gill HS. Ragweed pollen as an oral vaccine delivery system: Mechanistic insights. J Control Release 2017; 268:416-426. [PMID: 29054371 PMCID: PMC5831719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed pollen grains (PGs) as a unique method to deliver vaccines orally. Extensive chemical processing ensures allergen-free pollen microcapsules that can be loaded with vaccine antigens. Successful oral vaccine delivery has been previously demonstrated by us in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms that help the processed PGs to achieve this goal were not fully understood. In this study, we wanted to understand the effects of chemically processed ragweed pollen (Ambrosia elatior) on the innate immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. This study has shown that in response to ragweed pollen all these cells release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that macrophages can engulf ragweed pollen. In addition, in the presence of ragweed, mouse dendritic cells upregulated their activation markers, that is, CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II molecules. Ragweed pollens did not cause significant cell membrane damage as compared to similarly sized poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) particles. Moreover, ragweed did not affect the integrity of the intestinal epithelial cells. Ragweed pollens were also found in the subepithelial region of the small intestine 24h after pollens were gavaged to mice. Our current findings lead to the conclusion that besides transporting the vaccine cargo, ragweed pollen shells have additional immunomodulatory properties that help the orally delivered antigen to effectively induce an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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42
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Bi L, Pan G. From harmful Microcystis blooms to multi-functional core-double-shell microsphere bio-hydrochar materials. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15477. [PMID: 29133868 PMCID: PMC5684341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) induced by eutrophication is becoming a serious global environmental problem affecting public health and aquatic ecological sustainability. A novel strategy for the utilization of biomass from HABs was developed by converting the algae cells into hollow mesoporous bio-hydrochar microspheres via hydrothermal carbonization method. The hollow microspheres were used as microreactors and carriers for constructing CaO2 core-mesoporous shell-CaO2 shell microspheres (OCRMs). The CaO2 shells could quickly increase dissolved oxygen to extremely anaerobic water in the initial 40 min until the CaO2 shells were consumed. The mesoporous shells continued to act as regulators restricting the release of oxygen from CaO2 cores. The oxygen-release time using OCRMs was 7 times longer than when directly using CaO2. More interestingly, OCRMs presented a high phosphate removal efficiency (95.6%) and prevented the pH of the solution from rising to high levels in comparison with directly adding CaO2 due to the OH- controlled-release effect of OCRMs. The distinct core-double-shell micro/nanostructure endowed the OCRMs with triple functions for oxygen controlled-release, phosphorus removal and less impact on water pH. The study is to explore the possibility to prepare smarter bio-hydrochar materials by utilizing algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bi
- Department of Environmental Nano-materials, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gang Pan
- Department of Environmental Nano-materials, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK.
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Prabhakar AK, Lai HY, Potroz MG, Corliss MK, Park JH, Mundargi RC, Cho D, Bang SI, Cho NJ. Chemical processing strategies to obtain sporopollenin exine capsules from multi-compartmental pine pollen. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Akyuz L, Sargin I, Kaya M, Ceter T, Akata I. A new pollen-derived microcarrier for pantoprazole delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:937-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sudareva N, Suvorova O, Saprykina N, Vilesov A, Bel'tiukov P, Petunov S, Radilov A. Two-level delivery systems for oral administration of peptides and proteins based on spore capsules of Lycopodium clavatum. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7711-7720. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01681f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-level delivery systems for oral administration of therapeutic proteins and peptides were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sudareva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science
- St. Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga Suvorova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science
- St. Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Saprykina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science
- St. Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Vilesov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Science
- St. Petersburg
- Russian Federation
- I.P. Pavlov St. Petersburg Medical University
- St. Petersburg
| | - Petr Bel'tiukov
- Research Institute of Hygiene
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology
- Leningrad Region
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Petunov
- Research Institute of Hygiene
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology
- Leningrad Region
- Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Radilov
- Research Institute of Hygiene
- Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology
- Leningrad Region
- Russian Federation
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46
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Harris TL, Wenthur CJ, Diego-Taboada A, Mackenzie G, Corbitt TS, Janda KD. Lycopodium clavatum exine microcapsules enable safe oral delivery of 3,4-diaminopyridine for treatment of botulinum neurotoxin A intoxication. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4187-90. [PMID: 26906286 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Diaminopyridine has shown promise in reversing botulinum intoxication, but poor pharmacokinetics and a narrow therapeutic window limit its clinical utility. Thus, we developed a pH-dependent oral delivery platform using club moss spore exines. These exine microcapsules slowed 3,4-diaminopyridine absorption, limited its seizure activity, and enabled delivery of doses which prolonged mouse survival after botulism neurotoxin A intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - C J Wenthur
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - A Diego-Taboada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, England and Sporomex Limited, Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, Bridlington, East Yorkshire Y016 4LZ, England
| | - G Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, England and Sporomex Limited, Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, Bridlington, East Yorkshire Y016 4LZ, England
| | - T S Corbitt
- Sporomex Limited, Medina House, 2 Station Avenue, Bridlington, East Yorkshire Y016 4LZ, England
| | - K D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Yusuf K, Aqel A, Dyab AKF, ALOthman ZA, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY. Effect of sporopollenin microparticle incorporation into the hexyl methacrylate-based monolithic columns for capillary liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1243559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Aqel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amro K. F. Dyab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Zeid A. ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Maltas E, Gubbuk IH, Yildiz S. Development of doxorubicin loading platform based albumin-sporopollenin as drug carrier. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:201-205. [PMID: 28955907 PMCID: PMC5613350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Albumin is thought as an drug carrier for doxorubicin (DOX). The binding of doxorubicin to albumin was studied on the surface of sporopolleninin (SP) to produce a new drug system based natural materials. Human serum albumin (HSA) was immobilized on SPIONs in 20 mM Tris buffer, 7.4 of pH. Data showed that binding amount of HSA has been found to be as 285.53 µg to the 25 mg of Sporopolleninin which also bounded 319.76 µM of DOX. Binding of protein and drug to Sp were clarified by SEM, EDX and FT-IR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Maltas
- Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Salih Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
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50
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Park JH, Seo J, Jackman JA, Cho NJ. Inflated Sporopollenin Exine Capsules Obtained from Thin-Walled Pollen. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28017. [PMID: 27302853 PMCID: PMC4908411 DOI: 10.1038/srep28017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporopollenin is a physically robust and chemically resilient biopolymer that comprises the outermost layer of pollen walls and is the first line of defense against harsh environmental conditions. The unique physicochemical properties of sporopollenin increasingly motivate the extraction of sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) from pollen walls as a renewable source of organic microcapsules for encapsulation applications. Despite the wide range of different pollen species with varying sizes and wall thicknesses, faithful extraction of pollen-mimetic SECs has been limited to thick-walled pollen capsules with rigid mechanical properties. There is an unmet need to develop methods for producing SECs from thin-walled pollen capsules which constitute a large fraction of all pollen species and have attractive materials properties such as greater aerosol dispersion. Herein, we report the first successful extraction of inflated SEC microcapsules from a thin-walled pollen species (Zea mays), thereby overcoming traditional challenges with mechanical stability and loss of microstructure. Morphological and compositional characterization of the SECs obtained by the newly developed extraction protocol confirms successful protein removal along with preservation of nanoscale architectural features. Looking forward, there is excellent potential to apply similar strategies across a wide range of unexplored thin-walled pollen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Jeongeun Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive 637459, Singapore
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