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Martínez-Fernández L, Ranković ML, Canon F, Nahon L, Giuliani A, Milosavljević AR, Martin-Somer A. Photodissociation of leucine-enkephalin protonated peptide: an experimental and theoretical perspective. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16809-16820. [PMID: 38784408 PMCID: PMC11112675 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the competing processes that govern far ultraviolet photodissociation (FUV-PD) of biopolymers such as proteins is a challenge. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of FUV-PD of protonated leucine-enkephalin pentapeptide ([YGGFL + H]+) in the gas-phase. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations in combination with experiments and previous results for amino acids and shorter peptides help in rationalizing the evolution of the excited states. The results confirm that fragmentation of [YGGFL + H]+ results mainly from vibrationally excited species in the ground electronic state, populated after internal conversion. We also propose fragmentation mechanisms for specific photo-fragments such as tyrosine side chain loss (with an extra hydrogen) or hydrogen loss. In general, we observe the same mechanisms as for smaller peptides or protonated Tyr and Phe, that are not quenched by the presence of other amino acids. Nevertheless, we also found some differences, as for H loss, in part due to the fact that the charge is solvated by the peptide chain and not only by the COOH terminal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, CSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Miloš Lj Ranković
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11080 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Francis Canon
- SOLEIL l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- SOLEIL l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- SOLEIL l'Orme des Merisiers, St Aubin, BP48, F-91192 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
- INRAE, Dpet. Transform UAR1008, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627 F-44316 Nantes France
| | | | - Ana Martin-Somer
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 14 28049 Spain
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2
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Dezalay J, Broquier M, Soorkia S, Hirata K, Ishiuchi SI, Fujii M, Grégoire G. Excited-state proton transfer in protonated adrenaline revealed by cryogenic UV photodissociation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11498-11507. [PMID: 32393956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive study of the structures and deactivation processes of protonated adrenaline through cryogenic UV photodissociation spectroscopy. Single UV and double-resonance UV-UV hole burning spectroscopies have been performed and compared to coupled-cluster SCS-CC2 calculations performed on the ground and first electronic states. Three conformers were assigned, two lowest energy gauche conformers along with a higher energy conformer with an extended structure which is indeed the global minimum in solution. This demonstrates the kinetic trapping of this high energy gas phase conformer during the electrospray process. At the band origin of all conformers, the main fragmentation channel is the Cα-Cβ bond cleavage, triggered by an excited state proton transfer to the catechol ring. Internal conversion leading to the water loss channel competes with the direct dissociation and tends to prevail with the increase of excess energy brought by the UV laser. Picosecond time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy was performed to measure the excited state lifetimes of the three conformers of AdH+, which decay with the increase of excess energy in the ππ* state, from 2 ns at the band origin down to few hundreds of picoseconds 0.5 eV to the blue. Finally, about 0.8 eV above the band origin, the πσ* state is directly reached, leading to the opening of the H-loss channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Dezalay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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3
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Soorkia S, Jouvet C, Grégoire G. UV Photoinduced Dynamics of Conformer-Resolved Aromatic Peptides. Chem Rev 2019; 120:3296-3327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, PIIM UMR 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Grégoire
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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4
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Ben Nasr F, Alata I, Scuderi D, Lepère V, Brenner V, Jaïdane NE, Zehnacker A. Effects of complexation with sulfuric acid on the photodissociation of protonated Cinchona alkaloids in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15439-15451. [PMID: 31257399 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of complexation with sulfuric acid on the photo-dissociation of protonated Cinchona alkaloids, namely cinchonidine (Cd), quinine (Qn) and quinidine (Qd), is studied by combining laser spectroscopy with quantum chemical calculations. The protonated complexes are structurally characterized in a room-temperature ion trap by means of infra-red multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in the fingerprint and the ν(XH) (X = C, N, O) stretch regions. Comparison with density functional theory calculations including dispersion (DFT-D) unambiguously shows that the complex consists of a doubly protonated Cinchona alkaloid strongly bound to a bisulfate HSO4- anion, which bridges the two protonated sites of the Cinchona alkaloid. UV excitation of the complex does not induce loss of specific photo fragments, in contrast to the protonated monomer or dimer, for which photo-specific fragments were observed. Indeed the UV-induced fragmentation pattern is identical to that observed in collision-induced dissociation experiments. Analysis of the nature of the first electronic transitions at the second order approximate coupled-cluster level (CC2) explains the difference in the behavior of the complex relative to the monomer or dimer towards UV excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Ben Nasr
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France. and Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications (LSAMA) Université de Tunis El Manar, LSAMA, Tunis 1060, Tunisia
| | - Ivan Alata
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Debora Scuderi
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, and CNRS, Orsay, F-91405, France
| | - Valeria Lepère
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
| | | | - Nejm-Eddine Jaïdane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications (LSAMA) Université de Tunis El Manar, LSAMA, Tunis 1060, Tunisia
| | - Anne Zehnacker
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
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5
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Zhang P, Chan W, Ang IL, Wei R, Lam MMT, Lei KMK, Poon TCW. Revisiting Fragmentation Reactions of Protonated α-Amino Acids by High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Collision-Induced Dissociation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6453. [PMID: 31015571 PMCID: PMC6478932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation reactions of protonated α-amino acids (AAs) were studied previously using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of unit mass resolution. Isobaric fragmentation products and minor fragmentation products could have been overlooked or misannotated. In the present study, we examined the fragmentation patterns of 19 AAs using high-resolution electrospray ionization MS/MS (HR-ESI-MS/MS) with collision-induced dissociation (CID). Isobaric fragmentation products from protonated Met and Trp were resolved and identified for the first time. Previously unreported fragmentation products from protonated Met, Cys, Gln, Arg, and Lys were observed. Additionally, the chemical identity of a fragmentation product from protonated Trp that was incorrectly annotated in previous investigations was corrected. All previously unreported fragmentation products and reactions were verified by pseudo MS3 experiments and/or MS/MS analyses of deuterated AAs. Clearer pictures of the fragmentation reactions for Met, Cys, Trp, Gln, Arg and Lys were obtained in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhang
- Pilot Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene L Ang
- Pilot Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Pilot Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Melody M T Lam
- Proteomics Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Kate M K Lei
- Pilot Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Terence C W Poon
- Pilot Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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6
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DeBlase AF, Harrilal CP, Lawler JT, Burke NL, McLuckey SA, Zwier TS. Conformation-Specific Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Cold [YAPAA+H]+ and [YGPAA+H]+ Ions: A Stereochemical “Twist” on the β-Hairpin Turn. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5481-5493. [PMID: 28353347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. DeBlase
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christopher P. Harrilal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - John T. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Nicole L. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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7
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Kopysov V, Makarov A, Boyarkin OV. Nonstatistical UV Fragmentation of Gas-Phase Peptides Reveals Conformers and Their Structural Features. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1067-1071. [PMID: 26950179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solving the 3D structure of a biomolecule requires recognition of its conformers and measurements of their individual structural identities, which can be compared with calculations. We employ the phenomenon of nonstatistical photofragmentation, detected by a combination of UV cold ion spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, to identify the main conformers of gas-phase peptides and to recover individual UV absorption and mass spectra of all of these conformers in a single laser scan. We first validate this approach with a benchmark dipeptide, Tyr-Ala, and then apply it to a decapeptide, gramicidin S. The revealed characteristic structural difference between the conformers of the latter identifies some of the previously calculated structures of gramicidin S as the most likely geometries of its remaining unsolved conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kopysov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station-6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Makarov
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , Hanna-Kunath Str. 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Oleg V Boyarkin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station-6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Kumar S, Lucas B, Fayeton J, Scuderi D, Alata I, Broquier M, Barbu-Debus KL, Lepère V, Zehnacker A. Photofragmentation mechanisms in protonated chiral cinchona alkaloids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22668-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photo-fragmentation of protonated alkaloids results in C8–C9 cleavage accompanied or not by hydrogen migration, with a stereochemistry-dependent branching ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Jacqueline Fayeton
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Debora Scuderi
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique
- UMR8000, and CNRS
- Orsay
- France
| | - Ivan Alata
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Michel Broquier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Katia Le Barbu-Debus
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Valeria Lepère
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
| | - Anne Zehnacker
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO)
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- France
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9
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Alata I, Scuderi D, Lepere V, Steinmetz V, Gobert F, Thiao-Layel L, Le Barbu-Debus K, Zehnacker-Rentien A. Exotic Protonated Species Produced by UV-Induced Photofragmentation of a Protonated Dimer: Metastable Protonated Cinchonidine. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Alata
- Institut des Sciences
Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Debora Scuderi
- Laboratoire de
Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Valeria Lepere
- Institut des Sciences
Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Steinmetz
- Laboratoire de
Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Fabrice Gobert
- Laboratoire de
Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Thiao-Layel
- Laboratoire de
Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Katia Le Barbu-Debus
- Institut des Sciences
Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut des Sciences
Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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10
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Soorkia S, Dehon C, S SK, Pérot-Taillandier M, Lucas B, Jouvet C, Barat M, Fayeton JA. Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions and Fragmentation Times: Cα-Cβ Chromophore Bond Dissociation Channel. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2070-2074. [PMID: 26266504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation times corresponding to the loss of the chromophore (Cα-Cβ bond dissociation channel) after photoexcitation at 263 nm have been investigated for several small peptides containing tryptophan or tyrosine. For tryptophan-containing peptides, the aromatic chromophore is lost as an ionic fragment (m/z 130), and the fragmentation time increases with the mass of the neutral fragment. In contrast, for tyrosine-containing peptides the aromatic chromophore is always lost as a neutral fragment (mass = 107 amu) and the fragmentation time is found to be fast (<20 ns). These different behaviors are explained by the role of the postfragmentation interaction in the complex formed after the Cα-Cβ bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Dehon
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Sunil Kumar S
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Marie Pérot-Taillandier
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- ‡Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), UMR 7345, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Michel Barat
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jacqueline A Fayeton
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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11
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Zabuga AV, Kamrath MZ, Boyarkin OV, Rizzo TR. Fragmentation mechanism of UV-excited peptides in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:154309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4897158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra V. Zabuga
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Z. Kamrath
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oleg V. Boyarkin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Soorkia S, Dehon C, Kumar SS, Pedrazzani M, Frantzen E, Lucas B, Barat M, Fayeton JA, Jouvet C. UV Photofragmentation Dynamics of Protonated Cystine: Disulfide Bond Rupture. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1110-6. [PMID: 26274457 DOI: 10.1021/jz500158j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds (S-S) play a central role in stabilizing the native structure of proteins against denaturation. Experimentally, identification of these linkages in peptide and protein structure characterization remains challenging. UV photodissociation (UVPD) can be a valuable tool in identifying disulfide linkages. Here, the S-S bond acts as a UV chromophore and absorption of one UV photon corresponds to a σ-σ* transition. We have investigated the photodissociation dynamics of protonated cystine, which is a dimer of two cysteines linked by a disulfide bridge, at 263 nm (4.7 eV) using a multicoincidence technique in which fragments coming from the same fragmentation event are detected. Two types of bond cleavages are observed corresponding to the disulfide (S-S) and adjacent C-S bond ruptures. We show that the S-S cleavage leads to three different fragment ions via three different fragmentation mechanisms. The UVPD results are compared to collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-induced dissociation (EID) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Dehon
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Sunil Kumar
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Pedrazzani
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Frantzen
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Michel Barat
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jacqueline A Fayeton
- †Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- ‡Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM UMR 7375, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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