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Wiström E, Hyacinthe JN, Lê TP, Gruetter R, Capozzi A. 129Xe Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Demystified: The Influence of the Glassing Matrix on the Radical Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2957-2965. [PMID: 38453156 PMCID: PMC10961830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
129Xe dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a controversial topic. The gold standard technique for hyperpolarized xenon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is spin exchange optical pumping, which received FDA approval in 2022. Nevertheless, the versatility of DNP for enhancing the signal of any NMR active nucleus might provide new perspectives for hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR/MRI. Initial publications about 129Xe DNP underlined the increased complexity in the sample preparation and lower polarization levels when compared to more conventional 13C-labeled molecules, at same experimental conditions, despite very close gyromagnetic ratios. Herein, we introduce, using a Custom Fluid Path system, a user-friendly and very robust sample preparation method. Moreover, investigating the radical properties at real DNP conditions by means of LOngitudinal Detected Electron Spin Resonance, we discovered a dramatic shortening of the electron spin longitudinal relaxation time (T1e) of nitroxyl radicals in xenon DNP samples' matrices, with respect to more commonly used water:glycerol ones. Mitigating those challenges through microwave frequency modulation, we achieved over 20% 129Xe polarization without employing any deuterated solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wiström
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Noël Hyacinthe
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Phong Lê
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- LIFMET,
Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- HYPERMAG,
Department of Health Technology, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Rooney CHE, Gamliel A, Shaul D, Tyler DJ, Grist JT, Katz‐Brull R. Directly Bound Deuterons Increase X-Nuclei Hyperpolarization using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300144. [PMID: 37431622 PMCID: PMC10947409 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated 13 C sites in sugars (D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose) showed 6.3-to-17.5-fold higher solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) levels than their respective protonated sites at 3.35T. This effect was found to be unrelated to the protonation of the bath. Deuterated 15 N in sites bound to exchangeable protons ([15 N2 ]urea) showed a 1.3-fold higher polarization than their respective protonated sites at the same magnetic field. This relatively smaller effect was attributed to incomplete deuteration of the 15 N sites due to the solvent mixture. For a 15 N site that is not bound to protons or deuterons ([15 N]nitrate), deuteration of the bath did not affect the polarization level. These findings suggest a phenomenon related to DNP of X-nuclei directly bound to deuteron(s) as opposed to proton(s). It appears that direct binding to deuterons increases the solid-state DNP polarization level of X-nuclei which are otherwise bound to protons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of RadiologyHadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9112011Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
| | - David Shaul
- Department of RadiologyHadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9112011Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance ResearchDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - James T. Grist
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance ResearchDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of RadiologyOxford University HospitalsOxfordUK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Rachel Katz‐Brull
- Department of RadiologyHadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9112011Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational MedicineHadassah Medical OrganizationJerusalemIsrael
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3
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Deo T, Cheng Q, Paul S, Qiang W, Potapov A. Application of DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR to studies of amyloid-β peptide interaction with lipid membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105071. [PMID: 33716023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular membrane disruption induced by the aggregation of Aβ peptide has been proposed as a plausible cause of neuronal cell death during Alzheimer's disease. The molecular-level details of the Aβ interaction with cellular membranes were previously probed using solid state NMR (ssNMR), however, due to the limited sensitivity of the latter, studies were limited to samples with high Aβ-to-lipid ratio. The dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique for increasing the sensitivity of NMR. In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of DNP-enhanced ssNMR studies of Aβ40 peptide interacting with various model liposomes: (1) a mixture of zwitterionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and negatively charged 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (POPG); (2) a mixture of POPC, POPG, cholesterol, sphingomyelin and ganglioside GM1; (3) the synaptic plasma membrane vesicles (SPMVs) extracted from rat brain tissues. In addition, DNP-ssNMR was applied to capturing changes in Aβ40 conformation taking place upon the peptide insertion into POPG liposomes. The signal enhancements under conditions of DNP allow carrying out informative 2D ssNMR experiments with about 0.25 mg of Aβ40 peptides (i.e. reaching Aβ40-to-lipid ratio of 1:200). In the studied liposome models, the 13C NMR chemical shifts at many 13C-labelled sites of Aβ40 are characteristic of β-sheets. In addition, in POPG liposomes the peptide forms hydrophobic contacts F19-L34 and F19-I32. Both the chemical shifts and hydrophobic contacts of Aβ40 in POPG remain the same before and after 8 h of incubation. This suggests that conformation at the 13C-labelled sites of the peptide is similar before and after the insertion process. Overall, our results demonstrate that DNP helps to overcome the sensitivity limitation of ssNMR, and thereby expand the applicability of ssNMR for charactering the Aβ peptide interacting with lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Deo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Qinghui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, the State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Subhadip Paul
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Wei Qiang
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, the State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alexey Potapov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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4
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Hyperpolarization via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization: new technological and methodological advances. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 34:5-23. [PMID: 33185800 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-020-00894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution-DNP is a method to boost liquid-state NMR sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. The technique consists in hyperpolarizing samples by solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization at low temperature and moderate magnetic field, followed by an instantaneous melting and dilution of the sample happening inside the polarizer. Although the technique is well established and the outstanding signal enhancement paved the way towards many applications precluded to conventional NMR, the race to develop new methods allowing higher throughput, faster and higher polarization, and longer exploitation of the signal is still vivid. In this work, we review the most recent advances on dissolution-DNP methods trying to overcome the original technique's shortcomings. The review describes some of the new approaches in the field, first, in terms of sample formulation and properties, and second, in terms of instrumentation.
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5
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Wang Q, Parish C, Niedbalski P, Ratnakar J, Kovacs Z, Lumata L. Hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP complex as a chemical shift-based NMR sensor for pH at the physiological range. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 320:106837. [PMID: 33039915 PMCID: PMC7895333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Yttrium (III) complexes are interesting due to the similarity of their chemistry with gadolinium complexes that are used as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or imaging (MRI). While most of the paramagnetic Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents are T1 or T2 relaxation-based sensors such as Gd3+-complexes for zinc or pH detection, a number of diamagnetic Y3+-complexes rely on changes in the chemical shift for potential quantitative MRI in biological milieu. 89Y, however, is a challenging nucleus to work with in conventional NMR or MRI due to its inherently low sensitivity and relatively long T1 relaxation time. This insensitivity problem in 89Y-based complexes can be circumvented with the use of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which allows for several thousand-fold enhancement of the NMR or MRI signal relative to thermal equilibrium signal. Herein, we report on the feasibility of using hyperpolarized 89Y-complexes with phosphonated open-chain ligands, 89Y-EDTMP and 89Y-DTPMP, as potential chemical shift-based pH NMR sensors. Our DNP-NMR data show that hyperpolarized 89Y-DTPMP has an apparent pKa ~ 7.01 with a 4 ppm-wide chemical shift dispersion with the signal disappearing at pH below 6.2. On the other hand, pH titration data on hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP show that it has an apparent pKa of pH 6.7 and a 16-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 5-9 range. In comparison, the previously reported hyperpolarized pH NMR sensor 89Y-DOTP has a pKa of 7.64 and ~ 10-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 4-9 range. Overall, our data suggest that hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP is better than hyperpolarized 89Y-DOTP in terms of pH sensing capability at the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - James Ratnakar
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 750390, USA
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 750390, USA.
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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6
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Parish C, Niedbalski P, Wang Q, Khashami F, Hayati Z, Liu M, Song L, Lumata L. Effects of glassing matrix deuteration on the relaxation properties of hyperpolarized 13C spins and free radical electrons at cryogenic temperatures. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234307. [PMID: 31228902 PMCID: PMC6588520 DOI: 10.1063/1.5096036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glassing matrix deuteration could be a beneficial sample preparation method for 13C dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) when large electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) width free radicals are used. However, it could yield the opposite DNP effect when samples are doped with small EPR width free radicals. Herein, we have investigated the influence of solvent deuteration on the 13C nuclear and electron relaxation that go along with the effects on 13C DNP intensities at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. For 13C DNP samples doped with trityl OX063, the 13C DNP signals decreased significantly when the protons are replaced by deuterons in glycerol:water or DMSO:water solvents. Meanwhile, the corresponding solid-state 13C T1 relaxation times of trityl OX063-doped samples generally increased upon solvent deuteration. On the other hand, 13C DNP signals improved by a factor of ∼1.5 to 2 upon solvent deuteration of samples doped with 4-oxo-TEMPO. Despite this 13C DNP increase, there were no significant differences recorded in 13C T1 values of TEMPO-doped samples with nondeuterated or fully deuterated glassing matrices. While solvent deuteration appears to have a negligible effect on the electron T1 relaxation of both free radicals, the electron T2 relaxation times of these two free radicals generally increased upon solvent deuteration. These overall results suggest that while the solid-phase 13C DNP signals are dependent upon the changes in total nuclear Zeeman heat capacity, the 13C relaxation effects are related to 2H/1H nuclear spin diffusion-assisted 13C polarization leakage in addition to the dominant paramagnetic relaxation contribution of free radical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | | | - Qing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Fatemeh Khashami
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Likai Song
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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7
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Jähnig F, Himmler A, Kwiatkowski G, Däpp A, Hunkeler A, Kozerke S, Ernst M. A spin-thermodynamic approach to characterize spin dynamics in TEMPO-based samples for dissolution DNP at 7 T field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 303:91-104. [PMID: 31030064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spin dynamics of dissolution DNP samples consisting of 4.5 M [13C]urea in a mixture of (1/1)Vol glycerol/water using 4-Oxo-TEMPO as a radical was investigated. We analyzed the DNP dynamics as function of radical concentration at 7 T and 3.4 T static magnetic field as well as function of deuteration of the solvent matrix at the high field. The spin dynamics could be reproduced in all cases, at least qualitatively, by a thermodynamic model based on spin temperatures of the nuclear Zeeman baths and an electron non-Zeeman (dipolar) bath. We find, however, that at high field (7 T) and low radical concentrations (25 mM) the nuclear spins do not reach the same spin temperature indicating a weak coupling of the two baths. At higher radical concentrations, as well as for all radical concentrations at low field (3.4 T), the two nuclear Zeeman baths reach the same spin temperature within experimental errors. Additionally, the spin system was prepared with different initial conditions. For these cases, the thermodynamic model was able to predict the time evolution of the system well. While the DNP profiles do not give clear indications to a specific polarization transfer mechanism, at high field (7 T) increased coupling is seen. The EPR line shapes cannot clarify this in absence of ELDOR type experiments, nevertheless DNP profiles and dynamics under frequency-modulated microwave irradiation illustrate the expected increase in coupling between electrons with increasing radical concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Jähnig
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Himmler
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Däpp
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hunkeler
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Capozzi A, Patel S, Gunnarsson CP, Marco-Rius I, Comment A, Karlsson M, Lerche MH, Ouari O, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH. Efficient Hyperpolarization of U- 13 C-Glucose Using Narrow-Line UV-Generated Labile Free Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1334-1339. [PMID: 30515929 PMCID: PMC6531289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals generated by UV-light irradiation of a frozen solution containing a fraction of pyruvic acid (PA) have demonstrated their dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) potential, providing up to 30 % [1-13 C]PA liquid-state polarization. Moreover, their labile nature has proven to pave a way to nuclear polarization storage and transport. Herein, differently from the case of PA, the issue of providing dDNP UV-radical precursors (trimethylpyruvic acid and its methyl-deuterated form) not involved in any metabolic pathway was investigated. The 13 C dDNP performance was evaluated for hyperpolarization of [U-13 C6 ,1,2,3,4,5,6,6-d7 ]-d-glucose. The generated UV-radicals proved to be versatile and highly efficient polarizing agents, providing, after dissolution and transfer (10 s), a 13 C liquid-state polarization of up to 32 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capozzi
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Saket Patel
- Institut de Chimie Radicalire, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 (France)
| | - Christine Pepke Gunnarsson
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge (United Kingdom)
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge (United Kingdom)
- General Electric Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP (United Kingdom)
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Mathilde H. Lerche
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut de Chimie Radicalire, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 (France)
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800 Kgs Lyngby (Denmark)
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9
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Khattri RB, Sirusi AA, Suh EH, Kovacs Z, Merritt ME. The influence of Ho 3+ doping on 13C DNP in the presence of BDPA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18629-18635. [PMID: 31414686 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polarization transfer from unpaired electron radicals to nuclear spins at low-temperature is achieved using microwave irradiation by a process broadly termed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The resulting signal enhancement can easily exceed factors of 104 when paired with cryogenic cooling of the sample. Dissolution-DNP couples low temperature polarization methods with a rapid dissolution step, resulting in a highly polarized solution that can be used for metabolically sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate is a powerful metabolic imaging agent for investigation of in vitro and in vivo cellular metabolism by means of NMR spectroscopy and MRI. Radicals (trityl OX063 and BDPA) with narrower EPR linewidths typically produce higher nuclear polarizations when carbon-13 is the target nucleus. Increased solid-state polarization is observed when narrow line radicals are doped with lanthanide ions such as Gd3+, Ho3+, Dy3+, and Tb3+. Earlier results have demonstrated an incongruence between DNP experiments with trityl and BDPA, where the optimal concentrations for polarization transfer are disparate despite similar electron spin resonance linewidths. Here, the effects of Ho-DOTA on the solid-state polarization of [1-13C]pyruvic acid were compared for 3.35 T (1.4 K) and 5 T (1.2 K) systems using BDPA as a radical. Multiple concentrations of BDPA were doped with variable concentrations of Ho-DOTA (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM), and dissolved in 1 : 1 (v/v) of [1-13C] pyruvic acid/sulfolane mixture. Our results reveal that addition of small amounts of Ho-DOTA in the sample preparation increases the solid-state polarization for [1-13C] pyruvic acid, with the optimum Ho-DOTA concentration of 0.2 mM. Without Ho-DOTA doping, the optimum BDPA concentration found for 3.35 T (1.4 K) is 40 mM, and for 5 T (1.2 K) system it is about 60 mM. In both systems, inclusion of Ho-DOTA in the 13C DNP sample leads to a change in the breadth (ΔDNP) of the extrema between the P(+) and P(-) frequencies in microwave spectra. At no combination of BDPA and Ho3+ did polarizations reach those achievable with trityl. Simplified analysis of increased polarization as a function of decreased electron T1e used to explain results in trityl are insufficient to describe DNP with BDPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Khattri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
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10
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Capozzi A, Patel S, Gunnarsson CP, Marco-Rius I, Comment A, Karlsson M, Lerche MH, Ouari O, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH. Efficient Hyperpolarization of U-13
C-Glucose Using Narrow-Line UV-Generated Labile Free Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capozzi
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance; Department of Electrical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Building 349 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Saket Patel
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, ICR UMR 7273; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Christine Pepke Gunnarsson
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance; Department of Electrical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Building 349 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Cancer Research (UK) Cambridge Institute; University of Cambridge; Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Cancer Research (UK) Cambridge Institute; University of Cambridge; Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge United Kingdom
- General Electric Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles Buckinghamshire HP8 4SP UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance; Department of Electrical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Building 349 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mathilde H. Lerche
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance; Department of Electrical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Building 349 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, ICR UMR 7273; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance; Department of Electrical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Building 349 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
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11
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Niedbalski P, Kiswandhi A, Parish C, Wang Q, Khashami F, Lumata L. NMR Spectroscopy Unchained: Attaining the Highest Signal Enhancements in Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5481-5489. [PMID: 30179503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) via the dissolution method is one of the most successful methods for alleviating the inherently low Boltzmann-dictated sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This emerging technology has already begun to positively impact chemical and metabolic research by providing the much-needed enhancement of the liquid-state NMR signals of insensitive nuclei such as 13C by several thousand-fold. In this Perspective, we present our viewpoints regarding the key elements needed to maximize the NMR signal enhancements in dissolution DNP, from the very core of the DNP process at cryogenic temperatures, DNP instrumental conditions, and chemical tuning in sample preparation to current developments in minimizing hyperpolarization losses during the dissolution transfer process. The optimization steps discussed herein could potentially provide important experimental and theoretical considerations in harnessing the best possible sensitivity gains in NMR spectroscopy as afforded by optimized dissolution DNP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Fatemeh Khashami
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
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12
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Parish C, Niedbalski P, Kiswandhi A, Lumata L. Dynamic nuclear polarization of carbonyl and methyl 13C spins of acetate using 4-oxo-TEMPO free radical. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:054302. [PMID: 30089385 DOI: 10.1063/1.5043378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization of 13C-enriched biomolecules via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has enabled real-time metabolic imaging of a variety of diseases with superb specificity and sensitivity. The source of the unprecedented liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic or imaging signal enhancements of >10 000-fold is the microwave-driven DNP process that occurs at a relatively high magnetic field and cryogenic temperature. Herein, we have methodically investigated the relative efficiencies of 13C DNP of single or double 13C-labeled sodium acetate with or without 2H-enrichment of the methyl group and using a 4-oxo-TEMPO free radical as the polarizing agent at 3.35 T and 1.4 K. The main finding of this work is that not all 13C spins in acetate are polarized with equal DNP efficiency using this relatively wide electron spin resonance linewidth free radical. In fact, the carbonyl 13C spins have about twice the solid-state 13C polarization level of methyl 13C spins. Deuteration of the methyl group provides a DNP signal improvement of methyl 13C spins on a par with that of carbonyl 13C spins. On the other hand, both the double 13C-labeled [1,2-13C2] acetate and [1,2-13C2, 2H3] acetate have a relative solid-state 13C polarization at the level of [2-13C] acetate. Meanwhile, the solid-state 13C T1 relaxation times at 3.35 T and 1.4 K were essentially the same for all six isotopomers of 13C acetate. These results suggest that the intramolecular environment of 13C spins plays a prominent role in determining the 13C DNP efficiency, while the solid phase 13C T1 relaxation of these samples is dominated by the paramagnetic effect due to the relatively high concentration of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Sirusi AA, Suh EH, Kovacs Z, Merritt ME. The effect of Ho 3+ doping on 13C dynamic nuclear polarization at 5 T. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:728-731. [PMID: 29242884 PMCID: PMC5761062 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization was introduced in 2003 as a method for producing hyperpolarized 13C solutions suitable for metabolic imaging. The signal to noise ratio for the imaging experiment depends on the maximum polarization achieved in the solid state. Hence, optimization of the DNP conditions is essential. To acquire maximum polarization many parameters related to sample preparation can be modulated. Recently, it was demonstrated that Ho3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, and Gd3+ complexes enhance the polarization at 1.2 K and 3.35 T when using the trityl radical as the primary paramagnetic center. Here, we have investigated the influence of Ho-DOTA on 13C solid state DNP at 1.2 K and 5 T. We have performed 13C DNP on [1-13C] sodium acetate in 1 : 1 (v/v) water/glycerol with 15 mM trityl OX063 radicals in the presence of a series of Ho-DOTA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 mM). We have found that adding a small amount of Ho-DOTA in the sample preparation not only enhances the 13C polarization but also decreases the buildup time. The optimum Ho-DOTA concentration was 2 mM. In addition, the microwave sweep spectrum changes character in a manner that suggests both the cross effect and thermal mixing are active mechanisms for trityl radical at 5 T and 1.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Sirusi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Eul Hyun Suh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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In-Vitro Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Sensitivity Enhancement of NMR with Biological Molecules. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2017; 1688:155-168. [PMID: 29151209 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7386-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) is a technique to prepare hyperpolarized nuclear spin states, yielding a signal enhancement of several orders of magnitude for liquid-state NMR. Here, we describe experimental procedures for the application of D-DNP in high-resolution NMR of biochemical compounds, to determine the time evolution of biochemical processes and intermolecular interactions.
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Niedbalski P, Parish CR, Wang Q, Hayati Z, Song L, Cleveland ZI, Lumata L. Enhanced Efficiency of 13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Doping. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:19505-19511. [PMID: 31768206 PMCID: PMC6876865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Attainment of high NMR signal enhancements is crucial to the success of in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized NMR or imaging (MRI) experiments. In this work, we report on the use of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) MRI contrast agent Feraheme (ferumoxytol) as a beneficial additive in 13C samples for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Our DNP data at 3.35 T and 1.2 K reveal that addition of 11 mM elemental iron concentration of Feraheme in trityl OX063-doped 3 M [1-13C] acetate samples resulted in a substantial improvement of 13C DNP signal by a factor of almost 3-fold. Concomitant with the large DNP signal increase is the narrowing of the 13C microwave DNP spectra for samples doped with SPION. W-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy data suggest that these two prominent effects of SPION doping on 13C DNP can be ascribed to the shortening of trityl OX063 electron T 1 as explained within the thermal mixing DNP model. Liquid-state 13C NMR signal enhancements as high as 20,000-fold for SPION-doped samples were recorded after dissolution at 9.4 T and 297 K, which is about 3 times the liquid-state NMR signal enhancement of the control sample. While the presence of SPION in hyperpolarized solution drastically reduces 13C T 1, this can be mitigated by polarizing smaller aliquots of DNP samples. Moreover, we have shown that Feraheme nanoparticles (~30 nm in size) can be easily and effectively removed from the hyperpolarized liquid by simple mechanical filtration, thus one can potentially incorporate an in-line filtration for these SPIONS along the dissolution pathway of the hyperpolarizer-a significant advantage over other DNP enhancers such as the lanthanide complexes. The overall results suggest that the commercially-available and FDA-approved Feraheme is a highly efficient DNP enhancer that could be readily translated for use in clinical applications of dissolution DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Zahra Hayati
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Likai Song
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Zackary I. Cleveland
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
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Kiswandhi A, Niedbalski P, Parish C, Ferguson S, Taylor D, McDonald G, Lumata L. Construction and 13 C hyperpolarization efficiency of a 180 GHz dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization system. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:828-836. [PMID: 28407455 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) via the dissolution method has become one of the rapidly emerging techniques to alleviate the low signal sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging. In this paper, we report on the development and 13 C hyperpolarization efficiency of a homebuilt DNP system operating at 6.423 T and 1.4 K. The DNP hyperpolarizer system was assembled on a wide-bore superconducting magnet, equipped with a standard continuous-flow cryostat, and a 180 GHz microwave source with 120 mW power output and wide 4 GHz frequency tuning range. At 6.423 T and 1.4 K, solid-state 13 C polarization P levels of 64% and 31% were achieved for 3 M [1-13 C] sodium acetate samples in 1 : 1 v/v glycerol:water glassing matrix doped with 15 mM trityl OX063 and 40 mM 4-oxo-TEMPO, respectively. Upon dissolution, which takes about 15 s to complete, liquid-state 13 C NMR signal enhancements as high as 240 000-fold (P=21%) were recorded in a nearby high resolution 13 C NMR spectrometer at 1 T and 297 K. Considering the relatively lower cost of our homebuilt DNP system and the relative simplicity of its design, the dissolution DNP setup reported here could be feasibly adapted for in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized 13 C NMR or magnetic resonance imaging at least in the pre-clinical setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Sarah Ferguson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - George McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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Ni QZ, Yang F, Can TV, Sergeyev IV, D’Addio SM, Jawla SK, Li Y, Lipert MP, Xu W, Williamson RT, Leone A, Griffin RG, Su Y. In Situ Characterization of Pharmaceutical Formulations by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced MAS NMR. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8132-8141. [PMID: 28762740 PMCID: PMC5592962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A principal advantage of magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy lies in its ability to determine molecular structure in a noninvasive and quantitative manner. Accordingly, MAS should be widely applicable to studies of the structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and formulations. However, the low sensitivity encountered in spectroscopy of natural abundance APIs present at low concentration has limited the success of MAS experiments. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances NMR sensitivity and can be used to circumvent this problem provided that suitable paramagnetic polarizing agent can be incorporated into the system without altering the integrity of solid dosages. Here, we demonstrate that DNP polarizing agents can be added in situ during the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) via spray drying and hot-melt extrusion so that ASDs can be examined during drug development. Specifically, the dependence of DNP enhancement on sample composition, radical concentration, relaxation properties of the API and excipients, types of polarizing agents and proton density, has been thoroughly investigated. Optimal enhancement values are obtained from ASDs containing 1% w/w radical concentration. Both polarizing agents TOTAPOL and AMUPol provided reasonable enhancements. Partial deuteration of the excipient produced 3× higher enhancement values. With these parameters, an ASD containing posaconazole and vinyl acetate yields a 32-fold enhancement which presumably results in a reduction of NMR measurement time by ∼1000. This boost in signal intensity enables the full assignment of the natural abundance pharmaceutical formulation through multidimensional correlation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thach V. Can
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ivan V. Sergeyev
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Suzanne M. D’Addio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sudheer K. Jawla
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongjun Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maya P. Lipert
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - R. Thomas Williamson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anthony Leone
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert G. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Niedbalski P, Parish C, Wang Q, Kiswandhi A, Hayati Z, Song L, Lumata L. 13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Using a Trimeric Gd 3+ Complex as an Additive. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28631929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most successful techniques that resolves the insensitivity problem in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) by amplifying the signal by several thousand-fold. One way to further improve the DNP signal is the inclusion of trace amounts of lanthanides in DNP samples doped with trityl OX063 free radical as the polarizing agent. In practice, stable monomeric gadolinium complexes such as Gd-DOTA or Gd-HP-DO3A are used as beneficial additives in DNP samples, further boosting the DNP-enhanced solid-state 13C polarization by a factor of 2 or 3. Herein, we report on the use of a trimeric gadolinium complex as a dopant in 13C DNP samples to improve the 13C DNP signals in the solid-state at 3.35 T and 1.2 K and consequently, in the liquid-state at 9.4 T and 298 K after dissolution. Our results have shown that doping the 13C DNP sample with a complex which holds three Gd3+ ions led to an improvement of DNP-enhanced 13C polarization by a factor of 3.4 in the solid-state, on par with those achieved using monomeric Gd3+ complexes but only requires about one-fifth of the concentration. Upon dissolution, liquid-state 13C NMR signal enhancements close to 20 000-fold, approximately 3-fold the enhancement of the control samples, were recorded in the nearby 9.4 T high resolution NMR magnet at room temperature. Comparable reduction of 13C spin-lattice T1 relaxation time was observed in the liquid-state after dissolution for both the monomeric and trimeric Gd3+ complexes. Moreover, W-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data have revealed that 3-Gd doping significantly reduces the electron T1 of the trityl OX063 free radical, but produces negligible changes in the EPR spectrum, reminiscent of the results with monomeric Gd3+-complex doping. Our data suggest that the trimeric Gd3+ complex is a highly beneficial additive in 13C DNP samples and that its effect on DNP efficiency can be described in the context of the thermal mixing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Zahra Hayati
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Likai Song
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
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Niedbalski P, Parish C, Kiswandhi A, Kovacs Z, Lumata L. Influence of 13C Isotopic Labeling Location on Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Acetate. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3227-3233. [PMID: 28422500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) via the dissolution method has alleviated the insensitivity problem in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy by amplifying the signals by several thousand-fold. This NMR signal amplification process emanates from the microwave-mediated transfer of high electron spin alignment to the nuclear spins at high magnetic field and cryogenic temperature. Since the interplay between the electrons and nuclei is crucial, the chemical composition of a DNP sample such as the type of free radical used, glassing solvents, or the nature of the target nuclei can significantly affect the NMR signal enhancement levels that can be attained with DNP. Herein, we have investigated the influence of 13C isotopic labeling location on the DNP of a model 13C compound, sodium acetate, at 3.35 T and 1.4 K using the narrow electron spin resonance (ESR) line width free radical trityl OX063. Our results show that the carboxyl 13C spins yielded about twice the polarization produced in methyl 13C spins. Deuteration of the methyl 13C group, while proven beneficial in the liquid-state, did not produce an improvement in the 13C polarization level at cryogenic conditions. In fact, a slight reduction of the solid-state 13C polarization was observed when 2H spins are present in the methyl group. Furthermore, our data reveal that there is a close correlation between the solid-state 13C T1 relaxation times of these samples and the relative 13C polarization levels. The overall results suggest the achievable solid-state polarization of 13C acetate is directly affected by the location of the 13C isotopic labeling via the possible interplay of nuclear relaxation leakage factor and cross-talks between nuclear Zeeman reservoirs in DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas , 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080 United States
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Adamson EB, Ludwig KD, Mummy DG, Fain SB. Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized agents: methods and applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R81-R123. [PMID: 28384123 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6be8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, hyperpolarized (HP) contrast agents have been under active development for MRI applications to address the twin challenges of functional and quantitative imaging. Both HP helium (3He) and xenon (129Xe) gases have reached the stage where they are under study in clinical research. HP 129Xe, in particular, is poised for larger scale clinical research to investigate asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrotic lung diseases. With advances in polarizer technology and unique capabilities for imaging of 129Xe gas exchange into lung tissue and blood, HP 129Xe MRI is attracting new attention. In parallel, HP 13C and 15N MRI methods have steadily advanced in a wide range of pre-clinical research applications for imaging metabolism in various cancers and cardiac disease. The HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRI technique, in particular, has undergone phase I trials in prostate cancer and is poised for investigational new drug trials at multiple institutions in cancer and cardiac applications. This review treats the methodology behind both HP gases and HP 13C and 15N liquid state agents. Gas and liquid phase HP agents share similar technologies for achieving non-equilibrium polarization outside the field of the MRI scanner, strategies for image data acquisition, and translational challenges in moving from pre-clinical to clinical research. To cover the wide array of methods and applications, this review is organized by numerical section into (1) a brief introduction, (2) the physical and biological properties of the most common polarized agents with a brief summary of applications and methods of polarization, (3) methods for image acquisition and reconstruction specific to improving data acquisition efficiency for HP MRI, (4) the main physical properties that enable unique measures of physiology or metabolic pathways, followed by a more detailed review of the literature describing the use of HP agents to study: (5) metabolic pathways in cancer and cardiac disease and (6) lung function in both pre-clinical and clinical research studies, concluding with (7) some future directions and challenges, and (8) an overall summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Adamson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Siddiqui S, Kadlecek S, Pourfathi M, Xin Y, Mannherz W, Hamedani H, Drachman N, Ruppert K, Clapp J, Rizi R. The use of hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance for molecular imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:3-23. [PMID: 27599979 PMCID: PMC5783573 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, molecular imaging using magnetic resonance (MR) has been limited by the modality's low sensitivity, especially with non-proton nuclei. The advent of hyperpolarized (HP) MR overcomes this limitation by substantially enhancing the signal of certain biologically important probes through a process known as external nuclear polarization, enabling real-time assessment of tissue function and metabolism. The metabolic information obtained by HP MR imaging holds significant promise in the clinic, where it could play a critical role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the developments made in the field of hyperpolarized MR, including advancements in polarization techniques and delivery, probe development, pulse sequence optimization, characterization of healthy and diseased tissues, and the steps made towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Siddiqui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William Mannherz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hooman Hamedani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Drachman
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kai Ruppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Clapp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Niedbalski P, Parish C, Kiswandhi A, Fidelino L, Khemtong C, Hayati Z, Song L, Martins A, Sherry AD, Lumata L. Influence of Dy 3+ and Tb 3+ doping on 13C dynamic nuclear polarization. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:014303. [PMID: 28063445 PMCID: PMC5218971 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique that uses a microwave-driven transfer of high spin alignment from electrons to nuclear spins. This is most effective at low temperature and high magnetic field, and with the invention of the dissolution method, the amplified nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals in the frozen state in DNP can be harnessed in the liquid-state at physiologically acceptable temperature for in vitro and in vivo metabolic studies. A current optimization practice in dissolution DNP is to dope the sample with trace amounts of lanthanides such as Gd3+ or Ho3+, which further improves the polarization. While Gd3+ and Ho3+ have been optimized for use in dissolution DNP, other lanthanides have not been exhaustively studied for use in C13 DNP applications. In this work, two additional lanthanides with relatively high magnetic moments, Dy3+ and Tb3+, were extensively optimized and tested as doping additives for C13 DNP at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. We have found that both of these lanthanides are also beneficial additives, to a varying degree, for C13 DNP. The optimal concentrations of Dy3+ (1.5 mM) and Tb3+ (0.25 mM) for C13 DNP were found to be less than that of Gd3+ (2 mM). W-band electron paramagnetic resonance shows that these enhancements due to Dy3+ and Tb3+ doping are accompanied by shortening of electron T1 of trityl OX063 free radical. Furthermore, when dissolution was employed, Tb3+-doped samples were found to have similar liquid-state C13 NMR signal enhancements compared to samples doped with Gd3+, and both Tb3+ and Dy3+ had a negligible liquid-state nuclear T1 shortening effect which contrasts with the significant reduction in T1 when using Gd3+. Our results show that Dy3+ doping and Tb3+ doping have a beneficial impact on C13 DNP both in the solid and liquid states, and that Tb3+ in particular could be used as a potential alternative to Gd3+ in C13 dissolution DNP experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Leila Fidelino
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Chalermchai Khemtong
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zahra Hayati
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Likai Song
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - André Martins
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Niedbalski P, Parish C, Kiswandhi A, Lumata L. 13 C dynamic nuclear polarization using isotopically enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free radicals. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:962-967. [PMID: 27377643 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitroxide-based free radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) is a widely used polarizing agent in NMR signal amplification via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). In this study, we have thoroughly investigated the effects of 15 N and/or 2 H isotopic labeling of 4-oxo-TEMPO free radical on 13 C DNP of 3 M [1-13 C] sodium acetate samples in 1 : 1 v/v glycerol : water at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. Four variants of this free radical were used for 13 C DNP: 4-oxo-TEMPO, 4-oxo-TEMPO-15 N, 4-oxo-TEMPO-d16 and 4-oxo-TEMPO-15 N,d16 . Our results indicate that, despite the striking differences seen in the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectral features, the 13 C DNP efficiency of these 15 N and/or 2 H-enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free radicals are relatively the same compared with 13 C DNP performance of the regular 4-oxo-TEMPO. Furthermore, when fully deuterated glassing solvents were used, the 13 C DNP signals of these samples all doubled in the same manner, and the 13 C polarization buildup was faster by a factor of 2 for all samples. The data here suggest that the hyperfine coupling contributions of these isotopically enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free radicals have negligible effects on the 13 C DNP efficiency at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. These results are discussed in light of the spin temperature model of DNP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Hyperpolarized MRS: New tool to study real-time brain function and metabolism. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:270-277. [PMID: 27665679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) led to the emergence of a new kind of magnetic resonance (MR) measurements providing the opportunity to probe metabolism in vivo in real time. It has been shown that, following the injection of hyperpolarized substrates prepared using dissolution DNP, specific metabolic bioprobes that can be used to differentiate between healthy and pathological tissue in preclinical and clinical studies can be readily detected by MR thanks to the tremendous signal enhancement. The present article aims at reviewing the studies of cerebral function and metabolism based on the use of hyperpolarized MR. The constraints and future opportunities that this technology could offer are discussed.
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25
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Kiswandhi A, Niedbalski P, Parish C, Kaur P, Martins A, Fidelino L, Khemtong C, Song L, Sherry AD, Lumata L. Impact of Ho(3+)-doping on (13)C dynamic nuclear polarization using trityl OX063 free radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21351-9. [PMID: 27424954 PMCID: PMC5199769 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03954e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of Ho-DOTA doping on the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of [1-(13)C] sodium acetate using trityl OX063 free radical at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. Our results indicate that addition of 2 mM Ho-DOTA on 3 M [1-(13)C] sodium acetate sample in 1 : 1 v/v glycerol : water with 15 mM trityl OX063 improves the DNP-enhanced (13)C solid-state nuclear polarization by a factor of around 2.7-fold. Similar to the Gd(3+) doping effect on (13)C DNP, the locations of the positive and negative (13)C maximum polarization peaks in the (13)C microwave DNP sweep are shifted towards each other with the addition of Ho-DOTA on the DNP sample. W-band electron spin resonance (ESR) studies have revealed that while the shape and linewidth of the trityl OX063 ESR spectrum was not affected by Ho(3+)-doping, the electron spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of trityl OX063 was prominently reduced at cryogenic temperatures. The reduction of trityl OX063 electron T1 by Ho-doping is linked to the (13)C DNP improvement in light of the thermodynamic picture of DNP. Moreover, the presence of Ho-DOTA in the dissolution liquid at room temperature has negligible reduction effect on liquid-state (13)C T1, in contrast to Gd(3+)-doping which drastically reduces the (13)C T1. The results here suggest that Ho(3+)-doping is advantageous over Gd(3+) in terms of preservation of hyperpolarized state-an important aspect to consider for in vitro and in vivo NMR or imaging (MRI) experiments where a considerable preparation time is needed to administer the hyperpolarized (13)C liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Kiswandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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26
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Akbey Ü, Oschkinat H. Structural biology applications of solid state MAS DNP NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 269:213-224. [PMID: 27095695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has long been an aim for increasing sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, delivering spectra in shorter experiment times or of smaller sample amounts. In recent years, it has been applied in magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR to a large range of samples, including biological macromolecules and functional materials. New research directions in structural biology can be envisaged by DNP, facilitating investigations on very large complexes or very heterogeneous samples. Here we present a summary of state of the art DNP MAS NMR spectroscopy and its applications to structural biology, discussing the technical challenges and factors affecting DNP performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Akbey
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz Institute für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), NMR Supported Structural Biology, Robert Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Lee Y. Hyperpolarized NMR Analysis of Enzymatic Reaction: Extension of Observable Reaction Time by Deuterium Isotope Labeling. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngbok Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Hanyang University; Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77845 USA
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28
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Cheng T, Mishkovsky M, Junk MJN, Münnemann K, Comment A. Producing Radical-Free Hyperpolarized Perfusion Agents for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Using Spin-Labeled Thermoresponsive Hydrogel. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1074-8. [PMID: 27184565 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) provides a way to tremendously improve the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Once the spins are hyperpolarized by dissolution DNP, the radicals used as polarizing agents become undesirable since their presence is an additional source of nuclear spin relaxation and their toxicity might be an issue. This study demonstrates the feasibility of preparing a hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]2-methylpropan-2-ol (tert-butanol) solution free of persistent radicals by using spin-labeled thermoresponsive hydrophilic polymer networks as polarizing agents. The hyperpolarized (13) C signal can be detected for up to 5 min before the spins fully relax to their thermal equilibrium. This approach extends the applicability of spin-labeled thermoresponsive hydrogel to the dissolution DNP field and highlights its potential as polarizing agent for preparing neat slowly relaxing contrast agents. The hydrogels are especially suited to hyperpolarize deuterated alcohols which can be used for in vivo perfusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mor Mishkovsky
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias J N Junk
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD) and Laboratory of Advanced Spin Engineering (LASE), University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Lama B, Collins JHP, Downes D, Smith AN, Long JR. Expeditious dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization without glassing agents. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:226-231. [PMID: 26915792 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hyperpolarization of metabolic substrates at low temperature using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), followed by rapid dissolution and injection into an MRSI or NMR system, allows in vitro or in vivo observation and tracking of biochemical reactions and metabolites in real time. This article describes an elegant approach to sample preparation which is broadly applicable for the rapid polarization of aqueous small-molecule substrate solutions and obviates the need for glassing agents. We demonstrate its utility for solutions of sodium acetate, pyruvate and butyrate. The polarization behavior of substrates prepared using rapid freezing without glassing agents enabled a 1.5-3-fold time savings in polarization buildup, whilst removing the need for toxic glassing agents used as standard for dissolution DNP. The achievable polarization with fully aqueous substrate solutions was equal to that observed using standard approaches and glassing agents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Lama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James H P Collins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Downes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joanna R Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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30
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Kiswandhi A, Lama B, Niedbalski P, Goderya M, Long J, Lumata L. The effect of glassing solvent deuteration and Gd3+ doping on 13C DNP at 5 T. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the influence of glassing solvent deuteration and Gd3+ doping on 13C dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) performed on [1-13C] sodium acetate at B0 = 5 T and 1.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bimala Lama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | | | - Mudrekh Goderya
- Department of Physics
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Joanna Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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31
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Perras FA, Reinig RR, Slowing II, Sadow AD, Pruski M. Effects of biradical deuteration on the performance of DNP: towards better performing polarizing agents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 18:65-9. [PMID: 26619055 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We study the effects of the deuteration of biradical polarizing agents on the efficiency of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) via the cross-effect. To this end, we synthesized a series of bTbK and TOTAPol biradicals with systematically increased deuterium substitution. The deuteration increases the radicals' relaxation time, thus contributing to a higher saturation factor and larger DNP enhancement, and reduces the pool of protons within the so-called spin diffusion barrier. Notably, we report that full or partial deuteration leads to improved DNP enhancement factors in standard samples, but also slows down the build-up of hyperpolarization. Improvements in DNP enhancements factors of up to 70% and time savings of up to 38% are obtained upon full deuteration. It is foreseen that this approach may be applied to other DNP polarizing agents thus enabling further sensitivity improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A Perras
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, 230 Spedding Hall, Ames, IA 50011-3020, USA.
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32
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Kubicki DJ, Casano G, Schwarzwälder M, Abel S, Sauvée C, Ganesan K, Yulikov M, Rossini AJ, Jeschke G, Copéret C, Lesage A, Tordo P, Ouari O, Emsley L. Rational design of dinitroxide biradicals for efficient cross-effect dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Sci 2015; 7:550-558. [PMID: 29896347 PMCID: PMC5952883 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 37 dinitroxide biradicals have been prepared and their performance studied as polarizing agents in cross-effect DNP NMR experiments at 9.4 T and 100 K in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE). We observe that in this regime the DNP performance is strongly correlated with the substituents on the polarizing agents, and electron and nuclear spin relaxation times, with longer relaxation times leading to better enhancements. We also observe that deuteration of the radicals generally leads to better DNP enhancement but with longer build-up time. One of the new radicals introduced here provides the best performance obtained so far under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Martin Schwarzwälder
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Claire Sauvée
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Karthikeyan Ganesan
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon , Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS / ENS de Lyon / UCB-Lyon 1) , Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs , 69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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33
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Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Hyperpolarized (13)C Magnetic Resonance and Its Use in Metabolic Assessment of Cultured Cells and Perfused Organs. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:73-106. [PMID: 26358902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diseased tissue is often characterized by abnormalities in intermediary metabolism. Observing these alterations in situ may lead to an improved understanding of pathological processes and novel ways to monitor these processes noninvasively in human patients. Although (13)C is a stable isotope safe for use in animal models of disease as well as human subjects, its utility as a metabolic tracer has largely been limited to ex vivo analyses employing analytical techniques like mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neither of these techniques is suitable for noninvasive metabolic monitoring, and the low abundance and poor gyromagnetic ratio of conventional (13)C make it a poor nucleus for imaging. However, the recent advent of hyperpolarization methods, particularly dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), makes it possible to enhance the spin polarization state of (13)C by many orders of magnitude, resulting in a temporary amplification of the signal sufficient for monitoring kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living tissue through magnetic resonance spectroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we review DNP techniques to monitor metabolism in cultured cells, perfused hearts, and perfused livers, focusing on our experiences with hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. We present detailed approaches to optimize the DNP procedure, streamline biological sample preparation, and maximize detection of specific metabolic activities. We also discuss practical aspects in the choice of metabolic substrates for hyperpolarization studies and outline some of the current technical and conceptual challenges in the field, including efforts to use hyperpolarization to quantify metabolic rates in vivo.
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Filibian M, Colombo Serra S, Moscardini M, Rosso A, Tedoldi F, Carretta P. The role of the glassy dynamics and thermal mixing in the dynamic nuclear polarization and relaxation mechanisms of pyruvic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:27025-36. [PMID: 25382595 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02636e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of (1)H and (13)C nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 has been studied in the 1.6-4.2 K temperature range in pure pyruvic acid and in pyruvic acid containing trityl radicals at a concentration of 15 mM. The temperature dependence of 1/T1 is found to follow a quadratic power law for both nuclei in the two samples. Remarkably the same temperature dependence is displayed also by the electron spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1e in the sample containing radicals. These results are explained by considering the effect of the structural dynamics on the relaxation rates in pyruvic acid. Dynamic nuclear polarization experiments show that below 4 K the (13)C build up rate scales with 1/T1e, in analogy to (13)C 1/T1 and consistently with a thermal mixing scenario where all the electrons are collectively involved in the dynamic nuclear polarization process and the nuclear spin reservoir is in good thermal contact with the electron spin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filibian
- Università degli studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica e Unità CNISM, Via Bassi, 6, Pavia, Italy.
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36
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Lund A, Hsieh MF, Siaw TA, Han SI. Direct dynamic nuclear polarization targeting catalytically active 27Al sites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25449-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study demonstrating the viability of targeted 27Al DNP characterization by varying the functional side groups of mono-radical spin probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Ming-Feng Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Ting-Ann Siaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Song-I. Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara
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Comment A, Merritt ME. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance as a sensitive detector of metabolic function. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7333-57. [PMID: 25369537 PMCID: PMC4255644 DOI: 10.1021/bi501225t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance
allows for noninvasive measurements
of biochemical reactions in vivo. Although this technique
provides a unique tool for assaying enzymatic activities in intact
organs, the scope of its application is still elusive for the wider
scientific community. The purpose of this review is to provide key
principles and parameters to guide the researcher interested in adopting
this technology to address a biochemical, biomedical, or medical issue.
It is presented in the form of a compendium containing the underlying
essential physical concepts as well as suggestions to help assess
the potential of the technique within the framework of specific research
environments. Explicit examples are used to illustrate the power as
well as the limitations of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Comment
- Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lumata LL, Martin R, Jindal AK, Kovacs Z, Conradi MS, Merritt ME. Development and performance of a 129-GHz dynamic nuclear polarizer in an ultra-wide bore superconducting magnet. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 28:195-205. [PMID: 25120071 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-014-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to build a dynamic nuclear polarization system for operation at 4.6 T (129 GHz) and evaluate its efficiency in terms of (13)C polarization levels using free radicals that span a range of ESR linewidths. MATERIALS AND METHODS A liquid helium cryostat was placed in a 4.6 T superconducting magnet with a 150-mm warm bore diameter. A 129-GHz microwave source was used to irradiate (13)C enriched samples. Temperatures close to 1 K were achieved using a vacuum pump with a 453-m(3)/h roots blower. A hyperpolarized (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal was detected using a saddle coil and a Varian VNMRS console operating at 49.208 MHz. Samples doped with free radicals BDPA (1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl), trityl OX063 (tris{8-carboxyl-2,2,6,6-benzo(1,2-d:4,5-d)-bis(1,3)dithiole-4-yl}methyl sodium salt), galvinoxyl ((2,6-di-tert-butyl-α-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-p-tolyloxy), 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 4-oxo-TEMPO (4-Oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) were assayed. Microwave dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) spectra and solid-state (13)C polarization levels for these samples were determined. RESULTS (13)C polarization levels close to 50 % were achieved for [1-(13)C]pyruvic acid at 1.15 K using the narrow electron spin resonance (ESR) linewidth free radicals trityl OX063 and BDPA, while 10-20 % (13)C polarizations were achieved using galvinoxyl, DPPH and 4-oxo-TEMPO. CONCLUSION At this field strength free radicals with smaller ESR linewidths are still superior for DNP of (13)C as opposed to those with linewidths that exceed that of the (1)H Larmor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd L Lumata
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Cheng T, Capozzi A, Takado Y, Balzan R, Comment A. Over 35% liquid-state 13C polarization obtained via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization at 7 T and 1 K using ubiquitous nitroxyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:20819-22. [PMID: 24217111 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most versatile method to increase liquid-state (13)C NMR sensitivity is dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. The use of trityl radicals is usually required to obtain very large (13)C polarization via this technique. We herein demonstrate that up to 35% liquid-state (13)C polarization can be obtained in about 1.5 h using ubiquitous nitroxyl radicals in (13)C-labeled sodium salts by partially deuterating the solvents and using a polarizer operating at 1 K and 7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- Institute of Physics of Biological System, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Vuichoud B, Milani J, Bornet A, Melzi R, Jannin S, Bodenhausen G. Hyperpolarization of deuterated metabolites via remote cross-polarization and dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1411-5. [PMID: 24397585 DOI: 10.1021/jp4118776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In deuterated molecules such as [1-(13)C]pyruvate-d3, the nuclear spin polarization of (13)C nuclei can be enhanced by combining Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization (CP) at low temperatures (1.2 K) with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP). The polarization is transferred from remote solvent protons to the (13)C spins of interest. This allows one not only to slightly reduce build-up times but also to increase polarization levels and extend the lifetimes T1((13)C) of the enhanced (13)C polarization during and after transfer from the polarizer to the NMR or MRI system. This extends time scales over which metabolic processes and chemical reactions can be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Vuichoud
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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